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  • Articles  (510)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Oxford University Press
  • 2015-2019  (510)
  • 1950-1954
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (510)
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  • Articles  (510)
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  • 1
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    Calculations of effectiveness factors and the criteria of mass transfer effect for high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Natural gas is an extremely important bridge fuel to a low-carbon energy economy for improving local air quality. Coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG) is an effective way to convert the high-carbon energy (coal) into the low-carbon energy with rich hydrogen (natural gas). For the modern coal to SNG industry, the high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst plays an important role, and the advanced evaluation process should necessitate the elimination of mass transfer effect. Some simple but effective model catalysts, such as slab and sphere, can be very helpful in defining the reaction conditions, and thus facilitating the evaluation process for real HTM catalysts. In this work, slab and sphere model catalysts were adopted to derive mass transfer and reaction-coupled equations, the numerical methods were used to solve the coupled equations for the concentration profiles in catalysts, and the effectiveness factors were accordingly calculated. By taking advantage of the Thiele module and the Weisz–Prater module , the criteria for the elimination of mass transfer effect in the HTM catalyst evaluation process were successfully defined. This work also complements the Weisz–Prater criterion by incorporating ‘negative reaction orders’.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    A novel low-carbon space conditioning system incorporating phase-change materials and earth-air heat exchangers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The energy expended for conditioning buildings around the world is worryingly large and increasing every year. Currently, almost half of houses around the world use some type of energy-expensive conventional air-conditioning system. These systems are high emitters of gases such as carbon dioxide and so high contributors to climate change. Consequently, alternatives must be considered. Earth–air heat exchangers (EAHEs) and phase-change materials (PCMs) may be options; they have, however, limitations. This paper proposes a novel hybrid space-conditioning system combining EAHEs with PCMs, which uses surfaces as sources of heating or cooling to provide better temperature distribution across a space and comfort enhancement with low energy use. The idea is to use an EAHE to provide cool air to discharge the PCM, consequently helping to overcome most of the limitations of both strategies. Two of a series of experiments undertaken to test the proposed system are reported in this article. The EAHE + PCM system compared with a reference room could decrease temperature swings by up to 47%. The system was proved to work although further work is required to make it commercially viable.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    3D analysis of the incident diffuse irradiance on the building's surfaces in an urban environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The design of a future building with very high-energy efficiency demands from the architect to study the available solar resources in this urban environment. The purpose of the presented methodology is to study the variations in all components of the incident solar radiation daily, monthly and seasonally for all building facades. This is realized in the computer program 3D–SOLARIA. In the focus of the paper is the estimation of the background component of the incident diffuse solar irradiation on a building facade under orthogonally obstructed sky, using anisotropic sky view factors.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    An integrated approach for sustainable design and assessment of residential building envelope: part I (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The assessment of building envelope sustainability using existing building performance assessment methods is still a challenge and yet to be fully addressed. This is due to the single-dimensional nature and lack of integration of sustainable performance values. Besides, the issue of sustainability assessment in the building envelope requires considering many factors including life cycle considerations. As such, in an effort to develop an integrated approach that combines relevant sustainable development factors and life cycles, an integrated performance model (IPM) was developed. The IPM is an essential tool developed to aid the sustainable design of the residential building envelope that can reduce carbon emission and whole residential building energy consumption and ensure sustainable performance of the building envelope.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Towards the generation of distributed electric power: self-consumption with net balance (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The results and considerations on one self-consumption photovoltaic installation with net balance in Granada (South of Spain) are presented and discussed in this paper. The use of the building (one faculty) makes it optimal for this kind of consumption. Finally, the potential benefits and problems of self-consumption with net balance are presented.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Numerical investigation of turbulent flow heat transfer and pressure drop of AL2O3/water nanofluid in helically coiled tubes (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Passive convective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by improving the thermo-physical properties of the working fluid, changing flow geometry or both. This work presents a numerical study to investigate the combined effect of using helical coils and nanofluids on the heat transfer characteristics and pressure losses in turbulent flow regime. The developed computational fluid dynamics models were validated against published experimental data and empirical correlations. Results have shown that combining the effects of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles and tube coiling could enhance the heat transfer coefficient by up to 60% compared with that of pure water in straight tube at the same Reynolds number. Also, results showed that the pressure drop in helical coils using Al 2 O 3 nanofluid for volume fraction of 3% was six times that of water in straight tubes (80% of the pressure drop increase is due to nanoparticles addition), while the effect of Reynolds number on the pressure drop penalty factor was found to be insignificant.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Control strategies for indoor environment quality and energy efficiency--a review (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The demand for better indoor environment has led to a wide use of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. However, this demanding cannot be sustained without a strategy to reduce the energy consumption of HVAC systems. Employing advanced HVAC control is one of the strategies to maintain high-quality indoor thermal comfort with low energy consumption. This paper reviews the development of control technologies for HVAC systems. It summarizes the problems in existing reviews and gives a future perspective on HVAC control systems for occupant comfort and energy efficiency.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Tracer gas technique for measurement of air infiltration and natural ventilation: case studies and new devices for measurement of mechanical air ventilation in ducts (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In buildings without mechanical ventilation, the fresh air needed by the occupants is supplied only by air infiltration or natural ventilation. Its quantification by analytical methods is difficult, and so experimental methods such as the tracer gas technique are very useful. In this work, several case studies are presented, where one may see the potential of this technique to detect small differences in building air tightness, due to different envelope elements, namely the type of window frames and location of blinds' boxes. The applicability of this technique to other spaces rather than buildings can also be analyzed. When dealing with mechanical ventilation, it is difficult to measure the duct air flow rate precisely, because of the minimum duct length necessary to obtain a good mixing of the tracer gas with the air, when conventional probes are used. Research was carried out with the development of new probes to overcome this situation, and results are also shown. With accurate measurements of air flow rates, it is possible to reduce CO 2 emissions due to air heating or cooling in buildings.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Readdressing working fluid selection with a view to designing a variable geometry ejector (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: A number of factors influence the performance of an ejector, e.g. working fluid, geometry and operating conditions. In the present work, six low-environmental-impact working fluids were evaluated for their use in an ejector cooling system running on low-temperature thermal energy. The numerical analysis was based on a model applying the 1D constant-pressure mixing theory. Ejector performance was assessed for the temperatures of the generator, evaporator and condenser in the range of 80–120°C, 5–15°C and 25–40°C, respectively. The results indicated that owing to its high coefficient of performance and moderate operating pressures throughout the entire ejector cycle, isobutane is a good choice for a refrigerant. The area ratio required for running the ejector in critical mode, under changing operating conditions, varied in a significant range regardless of the selected refrigerant. This clearly indicates the importance of a variable geometry ejector design to strengthen the position of ejector cooling systems among other refrigeration technologies.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Constructal optimization of a disc-shaped body with cooling channels for specified power pumping (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The thermal performance of a disc-shaped heat generation body with cooling channels is investigated by using constructal theory based on previous model of heat convection on a disc and previous analytical method of heat conduction on a disc. By taking minimum dimensionless maximum thermal resistance as optimization objective, the optimal aspect ratio of the elemental sector in the radial-pattern disc is obtained for the specified power pumping of the elemental sector; the optimal width ratio of the first-order and elemental cooling channels and the optimal dimensionless radius of the elemental sector are obtained for the specified power pumping of the disc. There exists a critical radius of the disc to determine whether the radial-pattern design and branched-pattern design should be adopted. These conclusions are different from those obtained by Wechsatol et al. 's model, and the essential reason for these differences is that the power pumping is specified in this article, but not the specified flow rate number in Wechsatol et al. 's model. Finally, the assumption about the heat capacity of the coolant and the thermal conductivity of the disc is validated. An analytical method is introduced in this article, which can provide another thought for the constructal optimization of disc with heat convection. The optimal constructs of the discs are obtained for the specified power pumping, which provides some different guidelines for the design of disc with heat convection.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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  • 11
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    Theoretical investigation of hot box solar cookers having conventional and finned absorber plates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In this paper, solar box cookers with ordinary and finned absorber plates are theoretically investigated in terms of thermodynamic performance parameters. For a typical summer and winter day, temperatures of solar cooker components such as glass cover, internal air, absorber plate, cooking vessel and the liquid are determined theoretically versus time. The analysis is carried out for conventional and finned absorber plates, and accuracy of the results is verified by a previously published experimental work. Energy and exergy efficiencies of box-type solar cookers are plotted versus time for various cases. The methodology presented in this paper enables to make a preliminary evaluation of ordinary and modified solar box cookers with respect to changes in main environmental parameters such as temperature and illumination intensity. Some recommendations are also made to enhance the power outputs of the aforementioned solar cookers.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
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    Design of a celestial vault image capture device for its application in the solar radiation field (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The sun is the more plentiful source of natural power that we have in the Earth. However, the amount of radiation reaching the Earth's surface depends on astronomical and climatic factors. One of the factors exerting a greater influence is cloudiness. For that reason, it is important to quantify its influence on solar radiation. According to that, in this work, a prototype to capture images of the celestial vault is designed and implemented to be able to measure parameters related to the cloud properties and, later, to determine their influence on solar radiation.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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  • 13
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    Investigation of concentrating and nonconcentrating evacuated tube solar water heaters using 2D particle imaging velocimetry (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Under transient climatic conditions, solar water heaters using heat pipes are more effective at capturing incident solar radiation than other equivalent sized solar water heaters. The cost must be reduced to improve uptake of such systems. To investigate two methods were considered by this study: thermosyphon fluid flow and reflective concentrators. A physical reconfigurable laboratory model of the manifold and associated condensers of a heat-pipe-evacuated tube system were fabricated; fluid circulation was via thermosyphonic action, particle imaging velocimetry derived velocity maps and the use of concentrators was simulated. When condenser spacing was doubled, the Nusselt number increased by 43%, the velocity by 55% but the heat transfer efficiency of the model manifold decreased by 9%. Potential annual energy savings of 10 207 GWh could be realized if such systems could be successfully fabricated.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    The impact of surface characteristics on ambient temperature at urban micro scale: comparative field study in two climates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: This paper presents the results of two field studies to examine the differences in ambient temperatures in a micro-scale environment (at distances of 50–200 m between measuring points) in two different climates during typical summer weather conditions at two similar sites in terms of construction and activities. The analysis considered the land use around the measuring locations split into three categories (built, green and open) as well as climatic conditions and studied the effect of these on ambient temperature at each measuring location. It was found that, similarly to macro-scale studies at the urban level, measuring locations with a higher green cover have a lower ambient temperature compared with measuring locations with a higher built and/or open land cover. The results provide measured evidence in two different climates that small green areas distributed within the urban environment can provide a reduction in the ambient temperature thus contributing to the mitigation of urban heat island.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Computational study of a 2D capillary pump evaporator (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Capillary pump loop (CPL) is a two-phase heat transfer device considered as a useful solution for thermal control applications in spacecrafts, satellites and electronic components. The purpose of this paper is to study various aspects of the working state of the CPL evaporator. A two-dimensional computational model was developed in order to analyze the flow and the phase transformation inside a cylindrical evaporator. At the present analysis, different cases were studied by changing liquid saturation temperature, inclination angle of the evaporator and the length of the porous heated wick. Water, ammonia, acetone and freon-134 were used as working liquids for numerical experiments. Results present the evaporator capability to vaporize each working liquid and find out its possibility of dry-out causing failure. This information is useful in choosing the best working liquid for an evaporator, enabling bigger amounts of heat to be transferred.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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  • 16
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    Failure of natural ventilation strategy in a sustainable house in China (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In recent years, the concept of green building is becoming popular in China. Architects and engineers have the opportunity to actually implement green building practices. This paper reveals the failure of a naturally ventilated LEED-certified townhouse development project in China mentioned in recent research. The house owners made great alterations for the purpose of decoration, which removed or minimized the effectiveness of natural ventilation elements in the original design. The research shows that the houses show ‘International Style’ because the natural ventilation design principles were not fully applied in the design and the localized natural ventilation strategies were not fully considered by means of computational simulation in the design stage. Also, the lack of communication between designers and the owners caused the removal of most natural ventilation elements of these houses during the occupancy period. The authors advocate three criteria to avoid failures of natural ventilation design: localized/ climate adaptive design, relationship among design elements and design intention awareness.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Design guideline for application of earth-to-air heat exchanger coupled with solar chimney as a natural heating system (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In the present paper, design of solar chimney (SC) and earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) to meet the thermal need of flat buildings are studied regarding adaptive thermal comfort criteria. Investigation on the effects of geometric features shows that the design of SC with the air gap and outlet sizes of 0.2 m and also EAHE with the diameter and length of 0.5 and 25.0 m reveals better performance. Thermal comfort analysis shows that the SC is capable to power the underground heating system during few hours of the sunny days even at the ambient temperature as low as 0°C and the heating demand of 1000 W without needing the auxiliary devices. In addition, the required numbers of SCs and the underground air channels are strongly influenced by environmental outdoor conditions and heating demand of building and are approximately calculated by: $$\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ and }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ 2 }\times (\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 })+\hbox{ 1, }$$ respectively.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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  • 18
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    Adaptive facade design for the daylighting performance in an office building: the investigation of an opening design strategy with cellular automata (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Daylighting has an important role in sustainable architecture as it affects the energy consumption in a building. Especially for an office building, daylight helps not only to reduce the load on artificial lighting but also to promote work efficiency through promoting good human health, well-being and user comfort. The objective of this research is to develop an innovative façade design strategy that comes from the development of digital technology and dynamic daylight performance measuring methods. Thus, the various parameters are studied through the computational process of cellular automata (CA) to generate the several alternative opening patterns on the building façade. Each CA design value was tested under static and dynamic sky condition to analyze the quality and quantity of daylight and visual comfort throughout the year. The results were compared to find an optimum alternative design in terms of the daylighting design criteria, from building code, standard and design guidelines for the office building. Finally, research of an adaptive façade design strategy was concluded with the results from the above hybridization of generative and performative design methodology. This study discovers the architectural design approach from the CA and it will make not only progress in building façade esthetics, but also human comfort with building sustainability.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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  • 19
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    Performance analysis of a cascaded solar Organic Rankine Cycle with superheating (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A cascaded Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with scroll expanders is investigated in this paper, the system performances under various configurations are evaluated and the effect of superheating on the system efficiency is clarified. The efficiency of two-stage ORC system is 38.9% higher than that of single-stage system when R245fa is used as the working fluid, while the efficiency of two-stage ORC system is 10% lower than that of single stage when R134a is adopted. The specific work of single-stage ORC system with R245fa increases linearly with the degree of superheat. There is an optimal superheated degree for the system output power and efficiency, which is 35 K for the expansion ratio of 3.5 and 45 K for the expansion ratio of 5.
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  • 20
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    Investigation of the effect of design parameters on power output and thermal efficiency of a Stirling engine by thermodynamic analysis (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: This article demonstrates a study on finite-time thermodynamic assessment and analysis of a Stirling heat engine. Finite-time thermodynamics is performed to specify the net thermal efficiency and power output of the Stirling system with finite-rate heat transfer, regenerative heat loss, conductive thermal bridging loss and finite regeneration process time. The model investigates effects of the inlet temperature of the heat source, the volumetric ratio of the engine, effectiveness of heat exchangers and heat capacitance rates on the net power output and thermal efficiency of the engine. Output power of the Stirling engine is maximized under two optimization scenarios. In the first scenario, the higher working temperature of the Stirling engine is considered as a decision design parameter (decision variable) while in the second scenario, in addition to the higher working temperature, the temperature ratio of the engine is also considered as a design parameter. Furthermore, the thermal efficiency of the cycle corresponding to the magnitude of the maximized power of the engine is evaluated. Finally, sensitivities of results towards shift in the thermal parameters of the engine are studied.
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  • 21
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    Energy saving potential of indirect evaporative cooler under Indian climates (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Vapour compression refrigeration-based air conditioners are being used for comfort cooling in residences, offices and commercial buildings in many countries throughout the world. These systems consume substantial power and energy and produce harmful effect on environment by damaging ozone layer. This article presents an analytical evaluation of energy saving potential of an indirect evaporative cooler for summer months in Indian climates. Three climates likely to be suitable for indirect evaporative cooling, namely composite, hot and dry and moderate, have been selected for this purpose. The monthly average environmental data for three Indian cities namely Delhi, Jodhpur and Bangalore representing three different climates were used for this study. Summer month—May was selected for the study. It has been found that in order to produce same cooling effect under the same climatic conditions, the power needed by indirect evaporative cooler to be about 55% less than that needed by a conventional air conditioner. The performance of an indirect evaporative cooler in the climates, hot and dry and composite, has been found to be almost similar. Thus, substantial energy can be saved by using this alternative in summer months.
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  • 22
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    Development of a nano-heat transfer fluid carrying direct absorbing receiver for concentrating solar collectors (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A MATLAB-based computer model to design a novel directly absorbing receiver system (DARS) for concentrating solar collectors employing nanofluid-based solar radiation volumetric absorption is presented. Graphene and aluminum nanosphere-based suspensions in Therminol VP-1 were simulated to identify the optimum thermo-geometric configuration of a DARS comprising a transparent all glass tubular absorber. Several particle concentrations were simulated scrutinizing the optical response of the two colloidal dispersions to yield a minimum supply temperature of 250°C; further investigated are the implications of fluid flow velocity upon system yield. The resulting temperature fields and geometric dimensions of the DARS are predicted. Findings demonstrate that the DARS is able to deliver heat at ~265°C with a receiver tube diameter of 5 mm opposed to commercially available 70-mm diameter metallic absorbers.
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  • 23
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    Mean-line modeling and CFD analysis of a miniature radial turbine for distributed power generation systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Distributed power generation (DPG) based on organic Rankine cycle offers potential in the effective use of energy from low grade heat sources up to 200°C. In this regard, developing an effective expander plays a major role in determining the overall cycle efficiency. In this work mean-line modeling and CFD techniques are employed to develop a small-scale radial turbine for DPG systems with a power output of ~5 kWe. A parametric study is carried out using the mean-line approach to investigate the effects of key input parameters such as operating conditions, velocity ratio, rotational speed and rotor flow angles on the turbine rotor inlet diameter and overall performance. Results from the mean-line approach show that in order to achieve high power output, inlet total temperature, mass flow rate and pressure ratio should be increased. However, for reducing the rotor inlet diameter the velocity ratio should be decreased. CFD technique is then used to assess the flow field and to improve the blade loading by modification of blade angle distribution. CFD is also used to determine the minimum number of rotor blades and the results show that the value suggested by mean-line modeling overestimates this parameter. By using these two approaches a wide range of design configurations are explored and the most effective design is identified to be with specific diameter of 4.83 (rotor inlet diameter of 0.0787 m), specific speed of 0.433 (rotational speed of 55 000 rpm), 10 blades and output power of 4.662 kW.
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    Hybrid hydrogen PEM fuel cell and batteries without DC-DC converter (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Concerns about greenhouse gases as well as the price and security of oil supply have acted as a spur to sustainable automobile development. The hydrogen fuel cells electric vehicle (HFCEV) is generally recognised by leading automobile manufacturers and scientists as one of the optimum technologies for long-term future low carbon vehicle. In a typical HFCEV power train, a DC–DC converter is required to balance the voltage difference between the fuel cells (FCs) stack and batteries. However, research shows that a considerable amount of energy generated by the hydrogen FCs stack is deplete during this conversion process as heat. This experiment aims to improve the power train efficiency by eliminating the DC–DC converter by finding the best combination of FC stack and batteries, matching the size and capacity of the electrical components.
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    Energy and exergy analysis of passive solar distillation systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: In this communication, a comprehensive thermodynamic model for exergy analysis of a passive solar distillation system is presented. Temperatures of basin-liner, saline water body and inner and outer glass cover are estimated theoretically with the help of a computer program using a set of typical design and operating parameters. Energy and exergy analysis of a single-effect, single-slope horizontal passive solar still has been carried out under climatic conditions of India. It has been shown that the passive solar still can produce 4.17 l/m 2 of freshwater daily. Energy and exergy efficiency of the solar still are 30.42 and 4.93%, respectively. Causes, quantity and place of exergy destruction have also been explored for further research and improvement in the design and performance of solar stills. Exergy destruction or irreversibility in the process of each component, i.e. basin-liner, saline water body and glass cover, has been evaluated as 3353, 1633 and 362 W/m 2 , respectively, corresponding to the total solar exergy input of 6958 W/m 2 on a typical day. Their corresponding exergy efficiencies are found to be 3.91, 17.67 and 42.36%. The global exergy efficiency of the solar still is also estimated as 23.14%, taking these exergy destructions into account. The basin-liner is identified as the component around which there is highest possibility of improvement.
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    Experimental study of a capillary pumped loop in comparison with the prediction of a 3D CFD (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A comparison is presented between experimental and numerical results regarding the operation of a capillary pumped loop evaporator. Two cylindrical evaporators were tested, with different heated porous lengths, 20 and 40 mm, respectively. Both have 22 mm external diameter, 9 mm porous thickness and 80 mm porous length. The working liquid was water. The loop was made from copper tubes and the evaporator from copper porous wick covered with aluminum with grooves formed in the inner surface. All tests took place on a horizontal level using heat load applied to the evaporator surface from an 85-W electric resistance. The experimental measurements were compared with the predictions of a three-dimensional CFD model of the evaporator and were found to be in satisfactory agreement. For the 20-mm wick heated length evaporator CFD model with water initial temperature of 20°C the divergence with the experimental pressure drop mean value was 0 Pa for volume flow rates between 0.4 and 0.6 l/min and 50 Pa for the rest of the values. For 30°C the divergence was 0 Pa 〈0.4 l/min and 50 Pa for larger flow rates. Moreover, for 40°C the difference was up to 50 Pa from 0 to 0.9 l/min. In every case predictions were below the wick capillary limit. The computed outflow temperature presented a maximum difference of 1.5% compared with the experimental data, which is very satisfying. On the other hand, the predictions of the evaporator CFD model with a 40-mm wick heated length were even better.
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    A feasible energy-saving analysis of a new system for CO2 cryogenic capture (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A new CO 2 cryogenic capture and liquefaction system has been proposed previously in order to separate CO 2 from exhausted gases and make it as a resource for industry. This system combines CO 2 cryogenic capture with N 2 /O 2 separation together. Its energy consumption is lower than the traditional amine solution capture process as theoretical analysis. In this study, the simulation of the proposed system with several improvements was carried out aiming to reduce the energy consumption further. Many heat exchangers were introduced and the heat exchanger arrangements were optimized to recycle the refrigeration capacity from the returned N 2 after the N 2 /O 2 separation. The discharge pressure of mixture gas from the compressor was reduced from 10 to 3.493 MPa. The simulation results showed that the compression work could be greatly reduced and the energy consumption of CO 2 capture in this new system after these improvements reached 2.884 GJ/ton CO 2 . The new system is promising because not only liquid or solid CO 2 could be produced but also N 2 and O 2 could be separated.
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    Spanish photovoltaic learning curve (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Learning by doing, or learning through market experience, reduces costs for energy production technologies. This phenomenon is modelled by using experience curves which reflect the changes in the cost of the technology as it becomes increasingly used. This article calculates the Spanish photovoltaic (PV) learning curve over the period 2001–12 by using cost data from the PV sector itself (installers, distributors and even engineers) and determines the accuracy of the obtained progress ratio by using both the coefficient of determination R 2 and also the error PR , which is directly determined from fitting the data. The results show a curve with a strong structural change in the speed of cost reduction in October 2009.
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    An innovative psychometric solar-powered water desalination system (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Important advances have been made in solar water desalination technology but their wide application is restricted by relatively high capital and running costs. Until recently, solar concentrator collectors had usually been employed to distill water in compact desalination systems. Currently, it is possible to replace these collectors by the more efficient evacuated tube collectors, which are now widely available on the market at lower prices. This paper describes the results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the operation of a novel small-scale solar water desalination technology using the psychometric humidification and dehumidification process coupled with a heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector with an aperture area of ~1.73 m 2 . Solar radiation during spring in the Middle East was simulated by an array of halogen floodlights. A synthetic brackish water solution was used for the tests and its total dissolved solids (TDSs) and electrical conductivity were measured. A mathematical model was developed to describe the system's operation. A computer program was written to solve the system of governing equations to perform the theoretical calculations of the humidification and dehumidification processes. The experimental and theoretical values for the total daily distillate output were found to be closely correlated. The test results demonstrate that, at temperatures of 55–60°C, the system produces ~5–6 kg/h of clean water with a high desalination efficiency. Following the experimental calibration of the mathematical model, it was demonstrated that the performance of the system could be improved to produce a considerably higher amount of fresh water.
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    Thermal analysis of PCM-filled glass windows in hot summer and cold winter area (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Phase change material (PCM)-filled glass window was suitable for absorbing or releasing more heat than conventional glass window. Comparisons of thermal performance between PCM-filled glass windows and insulated glass windows (double glass windows filled with dry air and surrounded by sealing strips) were presented in this paper. A 3D unsteady model was built in FLUENT to obtain the internal and external surface temperature fluctuations of these windows in 48 h. Compared with insulated glass windows, thermal performance (especially the thermal regulation effect) of double glass windows filled with Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O was quite satisfactory in sunny days of summer, while double glass windows filled with CaCl 2 ·6H 2 O had a better thermal performance in overcast and rainy days of summer. Because the phase change temperature of these PCM is higher than the ambient temperature in winter, the thermal regulation effects of them were not as good as expected.
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    Simultaneous synthesis of heat exchanger network with the non-isothermal mixing (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Optimization of heat exchanger network is attributed to improving the process industrial energy utilization ratio. Energy consumption reduction plays an important role in the low-carbon economic development. Several synthesis approaches for heat exchanger network have been proposed and extended during the last three decades. With the evolution of the computer technology, the simultaneous synthesis method via mathematic programming attracts a great deal of attention worldwide. However, some difficulties still need to be overcome, for instance, model simplification and computational complexity. In this work, the simultaneous stage-wise synthesis model without the assumption of isothermal mixing is presented and implemented using effective initialization strategies and a novel two-level algorithm. Three case studies illustrated the better performance of the initialization strategies and two-level algorithm for heat exchanger network synthesis problems, considering non-isothermal mixing.
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    Capturing atmospheric carbon: biological and nonbiological methods (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Atmospheric carbon dioxide is one of the primary greenhouse gases on earth and its continuous emission by manmade activities is leading to a rise in atmospheric temperature. On the other hand, various natural phenomena exist that contribute to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, i.e. its capture and long-term storage. These phenomena include oceanic, geological and chemical processes happening on earth. In addition to the above-mentioned nonbiological methods, various biological methods viz. soil carbon sequestration and phytosequestration have also been contributing to fixation of atmospheric carbon. Phytosequestration is mainly performed by several photosynthetic mechanisms such as C 3 , C 4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathways of plants, carboxysomes of cyanobacteria and pyrenoids of microalgae. For an effective mitigation of global climate change, it is required to stabilize the CO 2 concentration to viable levels. It requires various permutations and combinations of naturally existing and engineering strategies. Although numerous strategies are in commodious use in the present times, the issues of sustainability and long-term stability still exist. We present an overview of the natural and manmade biological and nonbiological processes used today to reduce atmospheric CO 2 levels and discuss the scope and limitations of each of them.
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    Performance of U-tube solar water heater with vertical and inclined panels (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A conventional natural convection flat plate solar collector needs to be placed at an incline to the horizontal and exposed to the sun in order for the solar hot water heater system to work. This arrangement is satisfactory where there is ample roof top space to locate the collector and storage tank. In a high-rise apartment, space is at a premium and also the hot-water recticulation requires long lengths of piping to distribute the hot water supply to the individual apartment. Most every modern high-rise apartment has a balcony facing outward from the wall structure. Balcony-type solar water heaters (SWHs) are catching up fast in China. Their performance would depend on collector and storage tank designs and sizes, weather conditions (solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature) and direction in which the balconies are facing. This article compares the outdoor performance of two SWH systems incorporating the evacuated glass U-tube solar collectors operating under natural convection. The panels were tested in both the vertical and inclined positions using the same tank but at different times of the year. It was found that the inclined panel system performed better than the system with the vertical panel system.
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    Design and commission a zero-carbon building for hot and humid climate (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: The Construction Industry Council (CIC) Zero-Carbon Building is a net zero-carbon building that was designed for local hot and humid climate of sub-tropical Hong Kong. Over 80 sustainability features of the architecture and building systems have considered the life-cycle carbon emissions, including the embodied carbon of construction materials, emissions associated with the construction process, the 50-years of operation and decommission of the building. The total life-cycle carbon emission was off-set by on-site renewable energy generated by photovoltaics (PV) and bio-diesel combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) system. To optimise the design, a series of climate-responsive strategies on passive architecture were applied to the construction of the building. These include the high-performance facade, effective air tightness and optimised window design that allows the application of natural ventilation and daylighting. Reduction of 20% energy demand was achieved by these passive designs. To further lower the carbon emission on operation, energy-efficient air-conditioning (A/C) systems using desiccant dehumidification, underfloor air supply and radiant cooling have also contributed on achieving an ultralow energy use value. Amalgamated saving of these passive and active systems are over 45% when compared with the design per existing local building energy codes.
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    The retrofitting of an old style semi-detached house for energy reduction and carbon savings under the UK climate (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The impact of climatic change through greenhouse gas emission is a recognized major global crisis. Energy use in residential and commercial buildings is a major part of the total consumption in European countries and is estimated to be ~40% of the total load. Currently, the concept of building retrofit has become a top priority for the UK government in order to meet the national plans for reducing CO 2 emissions by 80% compared with 1990 levels by 2050. This study presents the simulation results for a case study of energy and CO 2 emission savings of a nineteenth century semi-detached building in the UK. The building was refurbished to high standards of energy efficiency, with four simulation scenarios developed for analysis: As-built, As-built 1965, As-reality and post-retrofit. DesignBuilder software was used to simulate the annual energy consumption and carbon emissions in all cases. In addition to this, thermal imaging and air-tightness tests were conducted and the results were used to validate the models. The post-retrofit results showed there is a significant reduction in energy consumption that exceeded 80% with carbon emissions being reduced above 70%. Economic analysis of each retrofit scenario was then undertaken, and results showed payback varied between 9 and 40 years due to the fluctuation in fuel prices and construction retrofit materials. The models indicate performance of the building post-retrofit can be significantly improved in terms of energy reduction and CO 2 emission savings. Further research is being performed to improve performance through field monitoring and installation of innovative retrofit technologies.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Numerical analysis of solar-assisted seasonal 'open' thermochemical heat storage (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: In the last decade, interest in heat storage systems has been increasing. These systems will have increasing importance for utilization of solar energy in domestic heating systems. As solar energy is a diurnal cyclic resource, storing excess solar energy for long- or short-term periods will both increase the utilization of solar energy systems and decrease fossil fuel consumption. The relatively new heat storage method using thermochemical storage has shown some significant advantages such as low heat loss (-〉 zero), high heat storage density and low space requirement. These important properties make thermochemical storage a promising alternative for long-term energy storage. In the present study, a numerical investigation on ‘open’ seasonal thermochemical storage has been undertaken. The simulation results show that the volume/mass of the absorbent, mass flow rate and relative humidity of air have significant importance on the reaction kinetics and system performance during the system discharging process. Conversely, total collector area, solar radiation and mass flow rate of air are important parameters during the charging process. The results conclude that, overall, reactor design is the most important factor for storage performance. In addition, reaction advancement ( X ) has a significant importance on process efficiency.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    High-efficiency ventilation and heating systems by means of solar air collectors for industry building refurbishment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: For the purpose of energy conservation, modern buildings are becoming more and more air-tight and generally rely on a mechanical ventilation system. According to the literature, solar air heating systems can contribute in a cost-effective way to the heating and ventilation of utility buildings. Especially cost-efficient, unglazed, façade-integrated solar air collectors seem to be an attractive new market for façade renovation. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of generating heating energy on facades, a demonstration plant based on an unglazed solar air collector was installed in 2013 in the façade of a demonstration building and was intensively studied using energy metering.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Solar low-pressure turbo-ejector Maisotsenko cycle-based power system for electricity, heating, cooling and distillation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The article describes the innovative solutions of power, heating and cooling generation utilizing low- or medium-grade heat sources. The proposed technology based on the well-known irreversible Brayton cycle and the revolutionary Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) operates at atmospheric or sub-atmospheric pressures. Such energetic systems are simple and reliable and utilize moisture-saturated air as a working fluid. The ejector replacing the mechanical compressor in the Brayton cycle system allows increasing the cycle work by three to five times at the constant airflow. At the same time, the utilized heat serves for simultaneous heating and cooling production that makes the system economically viable and environmentally friendly with the increased integral performance. For system's performance improvement, the schematic and the cycle were upgraded allowing the off-the-shelf components to be employed and replace the electrically driven fan with fluidic jet-fan that served for energy saving of the innovative turbo-ejector system operation.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Optimization of building-integrated photovoltaic thermal air system combined with thermal storage (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: Photovoltaic (PV) combined with phase change material (PV/PCM) system is a hybrid solar system that uses a PCM to reduce the PV temperature and to store energy for other applications. This study aims to increase the integrated PV efficiency of buildings by incorporating PCM while utilizing the stored heat in PCM for controlling indoor conditions. Experiments have been carried out on a prototype PV/PCM air system using monocrystalline PV modules. Transient simulations of the system performance have also been performed using a commercial computational fluid dynamics package based on the finite volume method. The results from simulation were validated by comparing it with experimental results. The results indicate that PCM is effective in limiting temperature rise in PV device and the heat from PCM can enhance night ventilation and decrease the building energy consumption to achieve indoor thermal comfort for certain periods of time.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Thermal energy storage: the role of the heat pipe in performance enhancement (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: Heat pipes and thermosyphons—devices of high effective thermal conductivity—have been studied for many years for enhancing the performance of solid, liquid and phase change material (PCM) heat stores. However, as the applications of heat storage widen, from micro-electronics thermal control to concentrated solar heat storage and vehicle thermal management, and even for chemical reactor isothermalization, the challenges facing heat storage increasingly are moving from those associated with the ‘standard’ diurnal storage, in itself a problem for low thermal conductivity materials, to response times measured in a few hours or even minutes. While high thermal conductivity metals such as foams can be impregnated with a PCM, for example, to increase local conductivity, the rapid heat input and removal necessitates a more radical approach—heat pipes, possibly with feedback control, with innovative PCM interfaces. This paper reviews the use of heat pipes in conventional and rapid response PCM and liquid or cold storage applications and introduces some novel concepts that might overcome current limitations.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Identifying bottlenecks in charging infrastructure of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through agent-based traffic simulation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The effect of different charging infrastructure configurations on the electric-driven distance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (e-mileage) has been investigated, using an agent-based traffic simulation. Our findings suggest that the same e-mileage can be achieved with fewer charging poles if the poles support charging from several parking slots around them, and the charging cable is switched from one vehicle to the next. We also find that the charging power supported by most Finnish charging stations, 3.7 kW, and the cable switching delay of 1 h seem to be sufficient for effective workplace charging.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Review of heat pipe heat exchangers for enhanced dehumidification and cooling in air conditioning systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Heat pipe heat exchangers could be employed as run-around coils in air conditioning systems for enhanced dehumidification and cooling. This article reviews some of the works conducted on the cooling and dehumidification aspects in various air conditioning systems. They have been proved to be effective in enhancing dehumidification and reducing air conditioning costs especially in hot and humid tropical countries.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Towards clean and sustainable distributed energy system: the potential of integrated PEMFC-CHP (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The mitigation options to meet the ambitious carbon reduction targets set by the UK government are discussed in this paper, including the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, clean renewable energy integration and a proposed system of integrated fuel cell combined heat and power (FC-CHP) technology. Analysis shows that the use of CCS technology within the current infrastructure can abate half the electricity-associated CO 2 emissions; however, this comes at a high cost penalty. The emissions associated with domestic heat cannot be prevented without changes in the energy infrastructure. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells can provide clean energy at a range of scales and high efficiencies, especially when employed with a CHP system. However, production of CO 2 -free hydrogen is essential for fuel cell technology to contribute substantially to a low carbon economy globally. In this work, three methods were investigated for small-scale distributed hydrogen production, namely steam methane reforming, water electrolysis (WE) and cold plasma jet (CPJ). The criteria used for comparisons include the associated CO 2 emissions and the cost of energy production. CPJ decomposition of methane shows a high potential when combined with integrated FC-CHP technology for economically viable and CO 2 -free generation of energy, especially in comparison to WE. Including the value of the solid carbon product makes the plasma system most attractive economically.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    A comprehensive assessment of sectoral energy consumption in the UK: past, present and future (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Primary energy consumption has increased by 49% and CO 2 emissions by 43% during the last two decades, and the predictions indicate that the growing trend will continue as a consequence of the notable growth in world population. Nations with developing economies (South America, Middle East, Africa and Southeast Asia) have an average annual energy consumption rate of 3.2%, whereas the rate is 1.1% for most of the developed economies (North America, Japan, Australia and Western Europe). In this paper, overall energy consumption in the UK by sector is evaluated from 1973 oil crisis to the present. The scope is split into four sectors as transport, domestic, industrial and services sector and the results for each are presented in a comparable way. Percentage of total primary energy consumption and final energy consumption by fuel type are presented. Several factors affecting the overall energy consumption are also investigated.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Endoreversible modeling and optimization of multistage isothermal chemical engines under linear mass transfer law via Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: A multistage continuous isothermal endoreversible chemical engine system with a finite driving fluid is investigated in this paper, and the mass transfer law obeys the linear mass transfer law [ $$g\propto \mathrm{\Delta }\mu $$ ]. Under the condition that both the initial time and the initial key component concentration in the driving fluid are fixed, the maximum power output of the multistage chemical engine system and the corresponding optimal concentration configuration of the key component in the driving fluid are derived by applying Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) theory, and numerical examples for three different boundary conditions are given. The results show that the difference between the chemical potential of the key component and the Carnot chemical potential for the maximum power output is a constant, and the key component concentration in the driving fluid decreases with the increase of time nonlinearly; when both the process period and the final concentration of the key component are fixed, there is an optimal control strategy for the maximum power output of the multistage chemical engine system, and the maximum power outputs of the system and the corresponding optimal control strategies are different for different final concentrations. The obtained results can provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal designs and operations of practical energy conversion systems.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    The performance and in-use experience of low to zero carbon technologies in an experimental energy home (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: In the UK, finances and resources are invested into the application of new technologies, construction materials and control systems for homes, with the aim of improving energy efficiency. One such example is the experimental BASF house, built to study the thermal performance to achieve a comfortable home that uses energy efficiently. The house includes low to zero carbon (LZC) technologies that are promoted to reach a higher level within the UK Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH). For this study a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design (Creswell JW. Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd edn. Sage Publication, 2009; Nataliya VI, Creswell JW, Stick SL. Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: from theory to practice. Field Methods 2006;18:3) that has been developed in the field of social and behavioural sciences has been applied, consisting of two distinctive phases: quantitative and qualitative. The rationale behind is for the quantitative data and its analysis is used to understand system performances while the qualitative data explain the numerical results in-depth, through the subjects in study, the occupants' perceptions. This article presents conclusions from an investigation into the use and performance of a biomass boiler and passive design features, derived from a live-in experience in a well-insulated and airtight CSH Level 4 home over two consecutive winter periods (2008–9 and 2009–10), which is part of on-going research project. The study also discusses a number of issues regarding the effective efficiency and appropriateness of the systems, which were selected based on a desire to comply with regulations for a better rated home rather than on their user friendliness and comfort for the occupants of a sustainable home; jeopardizing people's safety in times.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Alternative coating technologies for metal-ceramic nanocomposite films: potential application for solar thermal absorber (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Metal–ceramic nanocomposite films for solar absorbers have been obtained by electro-deposition. This coating technique uses a mixed solution of nickel nanoparticles and sub-micron alumina particles. The relative ratio of Ni-to-Al in these films is varied by tuning the concentration of nickel and alumina particles in the starting solution. Three films with different Ni/Al ratio have been prepared and characterized with X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. Even in absence of any heat treatment, significant amount of nickel in metallic state has been found in all three samples.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Performance study of a static low-concentration evacuated tube solar collector for medium-temperature applications (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: With the development of the energy demands, solar energy medium-temperature applications (〉80°C) for refrigeration, building heating, seawater desalination, thermal power generation etc. has become popular research fields. The article presents an investigation on a static low-concentration evacuated tube (LCET) solar collector for medium-temperature applications. Ray trace outcome at the incident angles between 0 and 60° shows that the average optical efficiency can reach 76.9%. The experimental testing was conducted in the medium temperature range of 80 and 140°C which indicates the instantaneous thermal efficiency is still larger than about 30.0%, and the instantaneous exergetic efficiency is 〉5.92%. The results comprehensively indicate the good performance of LCET solar collector for medium-temperature applications.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Heating load and COP optimization of a double resonance energy selective electron (ESE) heat pump (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: A model of a double resonance energy selective electron (ESE) heat pump in one-dimensional system with two idealized energy filters is established in this paper. The analytical expressions of heating load and coefficient of performance (COP) for the ESE heat pump are derived. The optimum heating load and COP performances of the double resonance ESE heat pump are analyzed by using the theory of finite time thermodynamics. The effective regions of central energy level and heating load are obtained. The influences of energy space as well as resonance width of the two resonances on the performance of the ESE heat pump are discussed by detailed numerical examples. The values of some important performance parameters are also obtained by numerical calculations. The performance of the double resonance device is compared with that of the single resonance device. It is found that the maximum heating load decreases with the increase of energy space or the decrease of resonance width, while the maximum COP decreases with the increase of energy space or resonance width. By reasonable choices of the first resonance energy level, the energy space and the resonance width, the heat pump can be controlled to operate under the maximum COP condition. The results obtained herein can provide some theoretical guidelines for the design of practical multi-barrier nanostructured devices.
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    Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of the Atkinson engine by using NSGA-II (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Recently, several studies have been conducted regarding the Atkinson cycle and Atkinson engine which have resulted in various thermal efficiency and output power analysis. In the present study, output power and engine thermal efficiency are maximized via employing the NSGA-II approach and thermodynamic analysis. The multi-objective evolutionary approach on the basis of the NSGA-II method is implemented throughout this work for optimizing the above-mentioned variables. To evaluate the aforementioned goal, two objective functions which comprises the power output ( W ) and cycle efficiency ( ) have been included in the optimization process simultaneously.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Improving photovoltaics performance by using yellow petroleum jelly as phase change material (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Indonesia is blessed with solar energy. Photovoltaic (PV) experiences an internal problem of efficiency reduction due to temperature increase. The use of phase change material as a passive cooling has been conducted to address this problem. In this study, yellow petroleum jelly is used as passive cooling on photovoltaic. The jelly performs effectively in reducing the temperature of PV. Therefore, the application of yellow petroleum jelly on PV is proven to suppress PV temperature, increase the efficiency and the power of the PV.
    Keywords: Renewable energy systems
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Numerical assessment of energy contribution by building integrated photovoltaics in a commercial/office building refurbishment in UK (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The generation and supply of electricity to residential and commercial/office buildings has been well established in different parts of the world for some decades now. However, sources like coal, nuclear and gas turbine electric generators which constitute most of the technologies applied in grid power stations usually involve fossil fuels and carbon dioxide emissions which are not environmentally friendly. As a solution to reduce the global carbon footprint and provide sustainable source of electricity, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) or solar electricity has been identified as one of the most attractive sustainable energy technologies in the building sectors. This research work aims at assessing the energy impact of a grid connected solar electric system integrated in a commercial/office high-rise building in UK for a period of 1 year, by carrying out a numerical evaluation based on measured daily BIPV system energy outputs and the overall electrical energy demand of the applied building before and after the installation of the BIPV system. The results of the assessment showed that BIPV has the capacity to provide ~0.4% of the total electrical energy required in applied building.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Applying a sophisticated approach to predict CO2 solubility in brines: application to CO2 sequestration (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Specification of CO 2 and brine phase behaviour plays a vital role in CO 2 sequestration and CO 2 reduction from atmosphere to deep saline aquifers. Because CO 2 solubility in brines determine how much carbon can be stored in deep saline aquifers. To tackle the referred issue, high precise model with low uncertainty parameters called ‘least square support vector machine (LS-SVM)’ was executed to predict CO 2 –brine solubility. The proposed intelligent-based approach is examined by using extensive experimental data reported in open literature. Results obtained from the proposed numerical solution model were compared with the relevant experimental CO 2 –brine solubility data. The average relative absolute deviation between the model predictions and the relevant experimental data was found to be 〈0.1% for LS-SVM model.
    Keywords: Hydrogen generation, storage and carbon capture
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    Introductory Remarks (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-04
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Meteorological, emissions and air-quality modeling of heat-island mitigation: recent findings for California, USA (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: There exists a number of environmental and energy measures that, when deployed at urban scale, can directly impact energy use and emissions from power generation and indirectly affect the atmospheric environment which, in turn, impacts energy demand, emissions of greenhouse gas and ozone precursors and photochemical production of ozone. Atmospheric modeling is an important tool in evaluating the indirect effects, both beneficial and inadvertent, of urban heat-island mitigation. In this article, we provide a brief background discussion of heat-island research and modeling and present findings from three recent projects we have completed for California.
    Keywords: Energy policy, management and control
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    Experimental study of the urban microclimate mitigation potential of green roofs and green walls in street canyons (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: This paper presents the design and the results of a reduced-scale experimental bench to study the effect of green roofs and green facades on local urban microclimate. An analysis of experimental data was carried out on three street canyons: one reference street, one street between two buildings with green roofs and one with a green wall to the west. The results show a hygrothermal effect of green envelopes on buildings on urban heat island mitigation. In the detailed analysis of these green coating techniques, we highlighted that green facades modify strongly the radiative balance of the street and improve the hygrothermal comfort in urban canyons through reducing the overheating in the street in hot summer days.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    Mitigation countermeasures to face urban warming (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Modeling methods to assess urban fluxes and heat island mitigation measures from street to city scale (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: The urban microclimate is due to complex physical interactions with the contribution of water balance, thermo-radiative exchanges and airflows. In this paper, we present and discuss modeling of heat island effects and mitigation techniques in order to give consistent results considering different time and space scales, and different fluxes (heat, water and winds) from ground to urban canopy, including buildings. The models and numerical descriptions are presented in detail and illustrated on typical examples of heat island mitigation techniques. At the neighborhood scale, alternative rainwater management techniques are studied by considering their impact on both seasonal water table depth and surface-atmosphere heat fluxes. Assessing the building thermal performance interactions with the microclimate requires adapted models that have to be refined for a better description of building envelope and systems effects. Two examples at the street and the neighborhood scale, modifying the building radiative properties or using green envelopes, show how simulation brings out the potential benefits of these techniques for the heat island mitigation and building energy performance.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    The study of height variation on outdoor ventilation for Singapore's high-rise residential housing estates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: This article is concerned with external ventilation levels within a multi-story Housing and Development Board (HDB) residential estate, focusing toward a deeper understanding of wind flow with respect to different levels of height variation (HV). This study analyzed through parametric study, using numerical simulations with the realizable k – turbulence model, the various scenarios of HV within a typical residential HDB estate or precinct. It is found that external wind flow within the precinct for both the pedestrian and mid-height levels are affected differently by the HV value. Some rules of thumbs can be established for HVs in the efficient use of outdoor ventilation.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Improving the performance of thermochromic coatings with the use of UV and optical filters tested under accelerated aging conditions (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: The role of the materials used in the urban fabric is highly important for the microclimate and the energy loads of the cities. This has led to the research and development of innovative solutions with advanced thermal and optical properties. Thermochromic coatings that are reflective in summertime and absorptive in wintertime can address the demand for lower surface temperatures and energy savings. The function, however, of thermochromic materials in outdoor spaces is complex as they degrade when interacting with solar radiation. Various techniques with UV absorbers and UV filters prove that ultraviolet radiation is not the only parameter that affects thermochromism. This study aims to go one step forward and investigate the factors that destroy the reversible thermochromic circle besides UV radiation. Combinations of UV and optical filters were used on thermochromic coatings applied on concrete tiles under accelerated aging conditions of a one-month period to isolate the parts of solar spectrum that cause the photodegradation. The measurements of reflectance and color prove that the use of UV filter did not improve significantly the dark phase of thermochromic effect, while at the white phase, SR was reduced by 5% and SRvis was reduced by 9.7% compared with the uncovered sample. Covering the sample with red filter, which cuts off wavelengths below 600nm, protects most efficiently the reversible color change of the thermochromic coating as the solar reflectance at the dark phase remains unaffected during the whole experimental period.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Quantification and mitigation of long-term impacts of urbanization and climate change in the tropical coastal city of San Juan, Puerto Rico (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: Urbanization, along with other cases of land cover and land use changes, has significant climate impacts in tropical regions with the added complexity of occurring within the context of global warming (GW). The individual and combined effects of these two factors on the surface energy balance of a tropical city are investigated by the use of an integrated atmospheric modeling approach, taking the San Juan Metropolitan Area (SJMA), Puerto Rico, as the test case. To achieve this goal, an ensemble of climate and weather simulations is performed, with climate scenarios combining urban development and sprawl with regional climate change over the past 50 years and the short-term simulations designed to test the sensitivity to different urban vegetation configurations as mitigating alternatives. As indicator of change, we use the thermal response number (TRN), which is a measure of the sensible heating to the thermal storage of a surface or region, and the Bowen ratio, which is defined as the ratio of sensible to latent heat fluxes. The TRN of the area occupied by the SJMA has decreased as a consequence of replacing the lowland coastal plain vegetation with man-made materials, indicating that it takes less energy to raise the surface temperature of the urban area, whereas the TRN of forested regions has remained virtually unchanged. The GW signal also has effects on the thermal response of the SJMA, where dryer current conditions generate lower TRN values. Differences owing to GW are more evident in the Bowen ratio pattern, mostly associated with the drier present conditions observed and its effects on sensible and latent heat fluxes. In terms of testing different mitigation strategies, the short-term simulations show that the urban area is more efficient in partitioning surface energy balance terms when green roofs are specified, as opposed to including vegetation inside the urban core.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    Urban forests and solar power generation: partners in urban heat island mitigation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: The urban forest is generally decreasing in areal extent. At the same time, human population is urbanizing and urban areal extent per capita is increasing. Eighty percent of North Americans are now living in urbanized areas. Urban forests directly affect quality of life for residents of cities via the ecosystem services and psychosocial restoration they provide. The urban forest canopy is a key component of reducing the urban heat island, slowing stormwater runoff and making urban environments more efficient and livable. Municipalities in North America are reacting to concerns about urbanization and economic trends by permitting an increasing number of compact developments that may conflict with beneficial Green Infrastructure. Compact development may also present challenges to solar access for solar power generation. This paper identifies and illustrates key strategies to increase urban forest cover and decrease infrastructure conflicts by implementing given innovative design details, detailing specific zoning and code language, and providing best practices from multiple disciplines. These strategies to increase urban forest canopy cover frame a coherent set of ideas to decrease the effects of the urban heat island, increase solar power generation and improve urban quality of life in cities.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    NOTICE OF RETRACTION: China's 12th five-year plan: challenges and opportunities for sustainable energy technologies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Keywords: Energy policy, management and control
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Control of micro-CHP and thermal energy storage for minimising electrical grid utilisation (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The efficient use of combined heat and power (CHP) systems in buildings presents a control challenge due to their simultaneous production of thermal and electrical energy. The use of thermal energy storage coupled with a CHP engine provides an interesting solution to the problem—the electrical demands of the building can be matched by the CHP engine, while the resulting thermal energy can be regulated by the thermal energy store. Based on the thermal energy demands of the building the thermal store can provide extra thermal energy or absorb surplus thermal energy production. This paper presents a multi-input multi-output inverse-dynamics-based control strategy that will minimise the electrical grid utilisation of a building, while simultaneously maintaining a defined operative temperature. Electrical demands from lighting and appliances within the building are considered. In order to assess the performance of the control strategy, a European Standard validated simplified dynamic building physics model is presented that provides verified heating demands. Internal heat gains from solar radiation and internal loads are included within the model. Results indicate the control strategy is effective in minimising the electrical grid use and maximising the utilisation of the available energy when compared with conventional heating systems.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Energy performance of a residential building-integrated micro-cogeneration system upon varying thermal load and control logic (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: This work investigated the energy performance of a 6.0 kW el micro-cogeneration device integrated with a multi-family house by using a dynamic simulation software. The analyses were performed upon varying the climatic conditions, the control logic of the cogeneration unit, the number of flats composing the building and the target temperature of hot water produced for heating purposes. The simulation data were used to compare the performance of the proposed system with those of a conventional system composed of a natural gas-fired boiler and a power plant mix connected to the electric grid from an energy point of view.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Simulating the influence of microclimatic design on mitigating the Urban Heat Island effect in the Hangzhou Metropolitan Area of China (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: There are many indications that Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a significant contributor to the increased emission of greenhouse gases due to the increase in energy consumption for cooling during summer. Hangzhou is currently the second hottest city in China, and this paper investigates how the West Lake and the Xixi Wetland areas in the city act as passive thermal comfort systems in improving the outdoor built environment and mitigating UHI effect. Through using ENVI-met, this research evaluates the most effective development scenarios of West Lake and Xixi Wetland area for reliving UHI effect. The energy consumptions for cooling in a typical office building located close to the West Lake and Xixi Wetland under different development scenarios of these two ecological resources are then also compared. It was shown that the average atmosphere temperature and urban heat intensity in urban area increased by more than 0.5°C if the West Lake and Xixi Wetland are both transformed to building construction areas. Moreover, the cooling demand of a typical office building in summer would increase by 10.8% due to ambient temperature increasing by 0.5°C.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Toolbox engineering software for the analysis of sunlight on buildings (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: In this report, solar radiation and daylight functions for the analysis of shadows, irradiance and radiant exposure on building facades in urban environments are presented. The functions are fully developed in MS Excel using Visual Basic for Applications.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    An integrated approach for sustainable design and assessment of residential building envelope: part II (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The impact of environment on building and the impact of building on the environment have necessitated that building envelopes be made sustainable. Besides, the issue of sustainability assessment in building envelopes requires considering many factors including life cycle consideration through an integrated approach. As such, an integrated performance model that combines sustainable development values in a single performance framework was developed. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to apply this model to selected building envelope case studies. The model application indicates that sustainable performance of building envelope in an extreme weather and climatic condition is significantly influenced by the energy efficiency performance of the development.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Thermodynamic optimization of a triple-shaft open intercooled, recuperated gas turbine cycle. Part 2: power and efficiency optimization (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The power and the efficiency of a triple-shaft open intercooled, recuperated gas turbine cycle are analyzed and optimized based on the model established using thermodynamic optimization theory in Part 1 of this paper by adjusting the low-pressure compressor inlet relative pressure drop, the mass flow rate and the distribution of pressure losses along the flow path. First, the power output is optimized by adjusting the intercooling pressure ratio, the air mass flow rate or the distribution of pressure losses along the flow path. Second, the thermodynamic first-law efficiency is optimized subject to a fixed fuel flow rate and a fixed overall size by seeking the optimal intercooling pressure ratio, the compressor inlet pressure drop and optimal flow area allocation ratio between the low-pressure compressor inlet and the power turbine outlet. The numerical examples show that increase in effectiveness of intercooler increases power output and its corresponding efficiency and increase in effectiveness of recuperator decreases power output appreciably but increases its corresponding efficiency; there exist an optimal low-pressure compressor inlet relative pressure drop and an optimal intercooling pressure ratio, which lead to a maximum power. For a fixed fuel mass rate and a fixed overall area of low-pressure compressor inlet and power turbine outlet, maximum thermodynamic first-law efficiency is obtained by optimizing low-pressure compressor inlet relative pressure drop and intercooling pressure ratio. The double-maximum thermodynamic first-law efficiency is obtained by searching optimal flow area allocation between low-pressure compressor inlet and power turbine outlet.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Electricity use in the commercial kitchen (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: Academic and industrial literature concerning the energy use of commercial kitchens is scarce. Electricity consumption data were collected from distribution board current transformers in a sample of fourteen UK public house-restaurants. This was set up to identify patterns of appliance use as well as to assess the total energy consumption of these establishments. The electricity consumption in the selected commercial kitchens was significantly higher than current literature estimates. On average, 63% of the premises' electricity consumption was attributed to the catering activity. Key appliances that contributed to the samples’ average daily electricity consumption of the kitchen were identified as refrigeration (70 kWh, 41%), fryers (11 kWh, 13%), combination ovens (35 kWh, 12%), bain maries (27 kWh, 9%) and grills (37 kWh, 12%). Behavioural factors and poor maintenance were identified as major contributors to excessive electricity usage with potential savings of 70 and 45%, respectively. Initiatives are required to influence operator behaviour, such as the expansion of mandatory energy labelling, improved feedback information and the use of behaviour change campaigns. Strict maintenance protocols and more appropriate sizing of refrigeration would be of great benefit to energy reduction.
    Keywords: Energy efficiency improvement
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    Transient simulation of a solar absorption cooling system (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: With non-renewable energy sources depleting quickly, solar energy could prove a viable option owing to its abundance and eco-friendliness. Modeling and simulation of a solar energy-driven single-stage absorption chiller was carried out using the transient simulation software ‘TRNSYS’. An evacuated tube collector coupled with an insulated tank served as heat source for the absorption chiller. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency parameters of the collector as well as the loss coefficient for the storage tank. These parameters along with standard chiller performance data were used to model the system. The influence of climatic conditions, storage capacity and various control schemes with and without auxiliary heating on the output of the system is analyzed and presented in the paper.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Thermochemical cooling system based on adsorption pumping pipe (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: Based upon the theoretical principle of the thermochemical energy storage pumping pipe system, a new cooling system has been presented. In order to analyse the performance and design of the system based on adsorption pumping pipe process, a simplified mathematical model is developed. Both simulation and experimental results are given and discussed. The comparison of various methods (ammonium dissolves, evaporation of CO 2 , etc.) showed that it is the simplest and most reliable to use adsorbents such as zeolite in this cooling system. A total of 250 g zeolite 13X could reduce the temperature of 330 ml by 15°C in 2–3 min (for beverage self-cooling applications). For future work, a large scale demonstration system is required to prove the viability and long term performance of thermochemical cooling/energy storage system.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Thermal modeling and experimental validation of solar tunnel dryer: a clean energy option for drying surgical cotton (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: A battery of three walk-in-type solar tunnel dryers was commissioned at M/s Cotton Product of India, Udaipur (27' 42°N, 75' 33°E), for drying surgical cotton. Each dryer has a drying capacity of 600 kg of surgical cotton, with moisture content reduction averaging 40 to 5% (wb) in a single solar day. This investigation presents thermal modeling, energy and exergy analyses for a walk-in-type solar tunnel dryer. The predicted drying air temperature was 2–3°C higher than experimental values. The experimental and predicted values for energy efficiency of the drying process were found to vary from 1.051–1.793% and 1.298–2.224%, respectively, whereas those of exergy efficiency were found to vary from 0.039–0.072% and 0.030–0.058%, respectively. An economic analysis of the tunnel dryer under consideration has also been completed, and its greenhouse-gas mitigation potential has been calculated to better determine its usefulness as a replacement for light diesel oil (LDO) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) drying units. It was found that the payback periods of the solar tunnel dryer, when replacing LDO and LPG units, were 3.03 and 2.26 years, respectively whereas the benefit–cost ratio was 2.12 with respect to LDO units and 3.03 with respect to LPG units. Additionally, it was determined that a single unit of a tunnel dryer can reduce CO 2 emissions by 12.15 tons per year when replacing an LDO unit, and by 6.72 tons per year when replacing an LPG unit.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Thermodynamic optimization of a triple-shaft open intercooled-recuperated gas turbine cycle. Part 1: description and modeling (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: Considering the flow processes of the working fluid with the pressure drops, a thermodynamic model for a triple-shaft open intercooled-recuperated gas turbine cycle is established using thermodynamic optimization theory in Part 1 of this paper. The relative pressure drops associated with the flow through various cross-sectional areas are derived as functions of the low-pressure compressor inlet relative pressure drop. The analytical formulae of the cycle's power and efficiency are derived. The performance of the model cycle is optimized by adjusting the compressor inlet pressure, the mass flow rate and the distribution of pressure losses along the flow path in Part 2 of this paper.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Existing buildings' operation and maintenance: renovation project of Chow Yei Ching Building at the University of Hong Kong (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Existing buildings' operation and maintenance is the key part of improving the buildings' performance and energy consumption saving. Being different from the new building, existing buildings' retrofits have many difficulties and challenges. This paper is based on a real project at the University of Hong Kong, and studies the process of the retrofits and energy audit for the existing buildings. It also studies how to optimize the operation and maintenance of the building and how to measure and verify the results after the retrofits.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Analysis of a SrCl2-NH3 solid sorption refrigeration system (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: The performance of a solid sorption refrigeration system that uses SrCl 2 and NH 3 as the working pair is analysed based on the heat and mass transfer aspects of the solid sorbent reactors (absorber/generator). The transient, heat and mass transfer model duly considers the effects of reactor wall mass and contact conductance between the reactor wall and the bed. A decent comparison is obtained between the theoretical results and published experimental results on a reactor. The complete system consisting of two absorber/generators, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator is then analysed using the heat and mass transfer model of the reactors. Results are obtained in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP). Results show the possibility of optimizing the bed and operating parameters so as to obtain high COP and/or SCP. The bed thickness, sink temperature and the global reaction advancement are found to affect the performance of the system significantly.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    An innovative wind-solar hybrid street light: development and early testing of a prototype (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: An innovative renewable hybrid microgeneration unit has been designed to be fully embedded into a dedicated LED street lighting system. The key feature of this new concept is the arrangement of a multiple Savonius vertical axis wind turbine into the structure itself of the post. A photovoltaic panel is integrated to contribute to power generation. The energy is collected by a power conversion equipment along with a storage device which ensures the lighting also during windless nights. The main application of this project is the standalone street lighting, but also a grid connected option is feasible, making the system compatible with microgrid concepts. Different Savonius rotors have been designed and characterized by wind tunnel tests. The adopted cylindrical geometry has shown a maximum power factor of 0.21. A dedicated safety equipment has been designed to prevent turbine over-speed by automatic stop in extreme wind condition. A full-scale prototype of the generator/lighting system has been installed. The experimental data acquisition is currently in progress to analyse on site performance and to allow energy simulations.
    Keywords: Renewable energy systems
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    Design configurations analysis of wind-induced natural ventilation tower in hot humid climate using computational fluid dynamics (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Wind-induced natural ventilation tower is one of the effective devices in enhancing indoor air quality. It can be designed and integrated as part of building components. This paper investigates the performance of various design configurations of a wind-induced natural ventilation tower with the focus on Venturi-shaped roofs and towers. The Venturi-shaped roofs and towers are used to create negative pressure in order to enhance the extraction air flow rates of the wind-induced natural ventilation tower. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used to analyse each of the design configurations. The different design configurations are based on roof tilt angles, roofs' shapes, tower heights and shapes of the wind-induced natural ventilation tower. The parameters analysed are extraction air flow rates and air flow pattern. Based on the CFD simulation results of various design configurations, the ‘biconcave’-shaped wind tower has the best design configuration with 14 568.66 m 3 /h extraction air flow rates at 0.8 m/s external wind velocity.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Energy savings analysis of fuel-cell microgeneration systems with ground source heat pumps in load-sharing buildings (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: This paper presents the potential energy savings of implementing a combination of fuel-cell microgeneration (FCMG) systems and ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems in load-sharing buildings. The energy modeling and simulation technology is used to evaluate the effectiveness of FCMG systems in buildings. There are a number of simulation programs to evaluate the performance of buildings with various electric, mechanical and thermal systems. However, it is still a challenge to model and simulate the FCMG systems using the existing whole-building simulation programs. This paper first overviews the current technology of simulation modeling of FCMG, and then presents the results of energy savings analyses obtained from the FCMG systems.
    Keywords: Fuel cells systems
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    The numerical simulation and experimental study on rack cooling effect in date center with UFAD system (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: In order to analyze the way of improving the cooling effect of the data center with the UFAD system, the HVAC simulation software—Airpak—was applied. Numerical simulations for the interior temperature of the rack at different porosity ratios were carried out, and the simulated results indicate that the way of partly enhancing the porosity ratio of the front door and back door can improve the cooling effect. To solve the issue of the thermal current recycle in the exhaust outlet and airflow distribution disorder, the measure of the cold aisle regional closure was taken, and the comparison of data before and after the closure of the cold aisle proved its positive influence on the cooling effect: to lowering the inlet air temperature of racks, to improve airflow distribution inside and outside of the rack and to solve the thermal current recycle in the exhaust outlet.
    Keywords: Energy efficiency improvement
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    Economic feasibility evaluation of solar distillation systems based on the equivalent cost of environmental degradation and high-grade energy savings (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: Solar distillation systems have been found economically feasible in desalination of saline water. It is a simple and cost-effective low-carbon technology. Free of cost, non-polluting, non-exhaustible solar energy is used to produce distilled water inside a solar still. In this article, the usual economic analysis model has been modified by incorporating the factor of equivalent cost of environmental degradation and high-grade energy savings for solar stills. The unit cost of desalination of saline water is estimated to be US$ 0.034/L corresponding to 30.42% energy efficiency of a passive solar still. It decreases to US$ 0.024/L using the modified model. Double-slope passive solar stills desalinate at a lowest cost of US$ 0.007/L. Due to higher capital cost of active solar stills, the unit cost of desalination of saline water is higher even if productivity is more. Effects of variation of energy efficiency, useful life, capital cost, etc. are also studied. The payback periods of the passive solar still are found to be in the range of 1.1 to 7.6 years if the selling price of distilled water decreases from US$ 0.18 to 0.04/L.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
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    Effect of flow pulsation on energy consumption of a radiator in a centrally heated building (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: Currently used central heating systems utilise radiators operating on constant flow with on/off control strategy that consumes significant amount of energy. Therefore, enhancing the thermal performance of central heating systems can play a major role in reducing buildings’ energy consumption. This work aims to improve the performance of hot water heating system by changing the radiator inlet flow strategy from constant to pulsed flow without changing the installed radiator or compromising the user comfort. Using the Simulink/Matlab software, a mathematical model of a room with single radiator was developed. This model couples the thermal performance of the radiator, air within the heated space, walls and windows. Pulsed flow with amplitudes ranging from 0.024 to 0.048 kg/s, frequencies ranging from 0.0017 to 0.017 Hz and duty cycles ranging from 50 to 80% were investigated and compared with the constant flow. Results showed that up to 22% of the energy consumed for heating can be saved by changing the constant flow to pulsed flow. In addition to the energy saving achieved using this pulsed flow, the indoor temperature response is also shortened from 600 s for the constant flow case to 450 s. Further improvement was achieved by introducing the proportional integral differential (PID) control system with the pulsed flow where the results showed that the fluctuation in the indoor temperature decreased to ±1 K of the desired temperature of 20°C and energy saving can be increased to 27%.
    Keywords: Energy efficiency improvement
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    Power and power density analyzes of an endoreversible modified variable-temperature reservoir Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The mistakes in recent literatures are analyzed, and a new model for an endoreversible closed modified Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition coupled to variable-temperature reservoirs is established using finite-time thermodynamics in this paper. The range of isothermal heat addition modification is determined, and the analytical formulae of the dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency and dimensionless power density of the cycle are derived. The effects of the cycle parameters on the global performances of power output and power density and the performances at maximum power design and maximum power density are analyzed by numerical calculations. The results show that there exist optimal compressor pressure ratios, respectively, which lead to maximum dimensionless power output and maximum dimensionless power density, that the optimal compressor pressure ratio and the thermal efficiency at maximum power design are always smaller than the corresponding ones at maximum power density design, and that dimensionless power output and maximum specific volume at maximum power design are always bigger than the corresponding ones at maximum power density design. The results imply that the power density design possesses the advantages such as smaller equipment volume and higher thermal efficiency at the cost of disadvantages such as bigger compressor pressure ratio and power output loss. Maximizing the power density gives a compromise between power and the size of the engine. The calculations also show that an endoreversible closed modified Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition cannot work at the maximum thermal efficiency design point.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Investigating the potential of adding thermal mass to mitigate overheating in a super-insulated low-energy timber house (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Evidence suggests that many UK dwellings are subjected to overheating or will be at some point in the future. Dwellings built using modern methods of construction may have a higher overheating risk due to the low levels of thermal mass associated with most of these methods. The Nottingham HOUSE, a prefabricated timber modular building designed to zero-carbon and Passivhaus standards, was examined in terms of overheating occurrence. The ability of a high-density fibreboard and phase change materials to provide additional levels of thermal mass was examined with the results suggesting that these can help regulate internal temperatures with the benefit of being easy to integrate.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Newly invented biobased materials from low-carbon, diverted waste fibers: research methods, testing, and full-scale application in a case study structure (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: This project demonstrates newly invented, biobased construction materials developed by applying low-carbon, biomass waste sources through the Authors' engineered fiber processes and technology. If manufactured and applied large-scale the project inventions can divert large volumes of cellulose waste into high-performance, low embodied energy, environmental construction alternatives that lessen society’s dependence on greenhouse gas emitting products associated with global warming. Biobased materials produced in this work include: 1. High strength-to-weight-ratio "bioboards" as a dense, thin, multi-purpose construction hardboard from 100% waste sources and without resins, binders, or adhesives. Bioboards are used in flat and multidimensional form to create the project inventions. 2. Modular, three-dimensional-core, structural insulated wall, floor, and roof "BioSIPs" panels developed using bioboards as main structural components. BioSIPs received patenting during the project. This publication describes research and computational methodologies, testing of project materials, and their full-scale application as the exterior and interior materials and construction system for a solar-powered case-study building. The authors are currently advancing project inventions for commercialization.
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    Effects of thermocouples physical size on the performance of the TEG-TEH system (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The effects of thermocouples physical size on the performance of a thermoelectric heat pump (TEH) driven by a thermoelectric generator (TEG) device are investigated in this article. The physical size refers to the length and the cross-sectional area of the thermocouples. The performance analysis is multiobjective, including stable electrical current, heating load, coefficient of performance, maximum heating load and maximum heating temperature difference. A characteristic parameter, i.e. area–length ratio, is defined to describe the thermocouples physical size. The influences of the parameter are analyzed by detailed numerical examples. A practical example is proposed to show how to select appropriate thermoelectric modules (TEMs) to construct a high-performance TEG–TEH system satisfying different requirements. The results show that an improvement in its performance is possible by optimizing internal physical size of thermocouples. The conclusion obtained could be used for the selection of TEMs and the design of the TEG–TEH system.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Effect of the working liquid to the capillary pumped loop performance (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical analysis of the capillary pumped loop (CPL) performance using different working liquids. CPL is a passive heat transfer device, using no mechanical pump to circulate the working liquid, usually composed of a liquid tank, an evaporator, a condenser, a liquid and a vapor line. Heat load is applied on the external surface of the evaporator, partially transferred to the wick inside. Because of this heat load capillary forces are developed inside the porous structure, due to meniscus formation between liquid and vapor surface of the liquid, causing a pressure oscillation capable to pump the flow out of the evaporator. In this paper CPL performance is evaluated using different working liquids, such as water, ammonia, acetone and freon-134. These have different thermophysical properties such as latent heat, viscosity and density, causing different behavior when used as working liquid. Water was found more stable for higher temperature differences, due to higher latent heat of vaporization, while ammonia could take advantage of its viscosity for small temperature differences.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Design and optimization of a thermoacoustic heat engine using reinforcement learning (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The thermoacoustic heat engine (TAHE) is a type of prime mover that converts thermal power to acoustic power. It is composed of two heat exchangers (the devices heat source and sink), some kind of porous medium where the conversion of power takes place and a tube that houses the acoustic wave produced. Its simple design and the fact that it is one of a few prime movers that do not require moving parts make such a device an attractive alternative for many practical applications. The acoustic power produced by the TAHE can be used to generate electricity, drive a heat pump or a refrigeration system. Although the geometry of the TAHE is simple, the behavior of the engine is complex with 30+ design parameters that affect the performance of the device; therefore, designing such a device remains a significant challenge. In this work, a radical design methodology using reinforcement learning (RL) is employed for the design and optimization of a TAHE for the first time. Reinforcement learning is a machine learning technique that allows optimization by specifying ‘good’ and ‘bad’ behavior using a simple reward scheme r . Although its framework is simple, it has proved to be a very powerful tool in solving a wide range of complex decision-making/optimization problems. The RL technique employed by the agent in this work is known as Q-learning. Preliminary results have shown the potential of the RL technique to solve this type of complex design problem, as the RL agent was able to figure out the correct configuration of components that would create positive acoustic power output. The learning agent was able to create a design that yielded an acoustic power output of 643.31 W with a thermal efficiency of 3.29%. It is eventually hoped that with increased understanding of the design problem, in terms of the RL framework, it will be possible to ultimately create an autonomous RL agent for the design and optimization of complex TAHEs with minimal predefined conditions/restrictions.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Experimental analysis of an unconventional desiccant-based air-conditioning system: the influence of cooling air flow and chiller on the energy and environmental performance (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Nowadays, the increasing demand of summer cooling is typically covered by electric chillers, often determining electric peak loads and black-outs. Thus, a wide interest is spreading in small scale natural gas-fired cogenerators driving desiccant-based air-conditioning systems, which represent interesting alternatives to conventional systems based on vapor compression cooling only. In this article, experimental tests performed on an air handling unit (AHU) equipped with a desiccant wheel (DW), coupled to a small scale cogenerator and an electric chiller are described. A new layout of the desiccant-based AHU is investigated, considering a third flow (the cooling air), besides the process air flow and the regeneration one. A cross-flow heat exchanger between process air and cooling air is used; the cooling air, cooled by an adiabatic humidifier, is aimed to precool the process air exiting the DW. The relevant influence of the heat exchanger and of the humidifier, as well as that of the chiller performance, on global primary energy requirements, water consumption and CO 2 equivalent emissions of the system is experimentally evaluated.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Comparison of sustainable information technologies for companies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Ensuring the diversity of energy technology and using energy-efficient information technology are the key factors of sustainable energy politics in business. In the present study, we focus especially on choosing the best alternative to improve energy efficiency in business. In this context, this question may be analyzed via a survey method. We compare energy efficiency improvement alternatives of computer use methods in companies by TOPSIS methodology, which is one of the multi-criterion decision-making techniques.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Building integration of solar renewable energy systems towards zero or nearly zero energy buildings (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: With buildings accounting for 40% of primary energy requirements in EU and the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), developing effective energy alternatives for buildings is imperative. The increasing role for renewables implies that solar thermal systems (STSs) and photovoltaics (PVs) will have a main role as they contribute directly to the heating and cooling of buildings and the provision of electricity and domestic hot water. Meeting building electrical and thermal loads will be primarily achieved through an extensive use of renewables, following standard building energy saving measures, such as good insulation or advanced glazing systems. These systems are typically mounted on building roofs with no attempt to incorporate them into the building envelope creating aesthetic challenges, space availability issues and envelope integrity problems. This paper aims to give a survey of possible solutions of PV and STS integration on the building roofs and façades. The advantages of integration are quantified and suggestions are given to address the possible problems created.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    A sustainable transport solution for a Slovenia town (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Authorities in Slovenia and other EU member states are confronted with problems of city transportation. Fossil-fuel-based transport poses two chief problems—local and global pollution, and dwindling supplies and ever-increasing costs. An elegant solution is to gradually replace the present automobile fleet with electric vehicles (EVs). This article explores the economics and practical viability of the provision of solar electricity for the charging of EVs by installation of economical available Photovoltaic modules. A steep decline in the module, inverter and installation costs is reported herein. Present estimates indicate that for the prevailing solar climate of Celje—a medium-sized Slovenian town—the cost would be only 2 euros and 11 cents per kWh of generated solar electricity.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Analysis of greenhouse gases in the emissions of Brazilian freight transport (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: The paper presents the preliminary results of tests carried out to calculate the emissions in the sector of railway freight transport in Brazil. The analysis is based on a proposition derived from a European model to determine the factors relevant to designing a model suitable for the characteristics of Brazilian cities. In this simulation the Artemis model is used with positive results for determination of the greenhouse gases in the route between the states of Mato Grosso and São Paulo.
    Keywords: Energy policy, management and control
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Cost-effective design of the alkaline electrolyser for enhanced electrochemical performance and reduced electrode degradation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: An alkaline electrolyser was developed and characterized. Three different metals, working as the electrode, were analysed using electrochemical methods to determine the best electrochemical performance. The performance of the Stainless Steel (SS316) electrode and the nickel electrode is much better than that of the conventional iron electrode. Degradation analysis of the electrode materials highlighted the need for the material to be durable and resistant to corrosion from an alkaline environment. Through SEM and mass analysis, it is shown that Nickel exhibits the strongest long-term resistance to surface and electrochemical performance degradation, when compared with Mild Steel (Iron) and SS316.
    Keywords: Fuel cells systems
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Analysis of factors affecting CO2 emissions by civil buildings in China's urban areas (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Civil buildings in urban areas are one of the main sources of CO 2 emissions. Many factors in civil buildings cause CO 2 emissions to increase in China's urban areas. Factors that have influenced CO 2 emissions from civil buildings in Chinese cities between 1997 and 2007 are studied using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method. The following factors influence the increase of CO 2 emissions: urban population, per capita floor space, building structure, building energy intensity and carbon emission coefficients. The results show that, between 1997 and 2007, increase in CO 2 emissions by civil buildings in China's urban areas was largely driven by the increasing urban population and per capita floor space, which have contributed 56 and 87%, respectively, and present a trend of significant increase. The structural proportion change of areas of residential buildings and public buildings caused less of an impact of CO 2 emissions. The reduction in the intensity of energy consumption of buildings is the major factor that could deter the increase in the rate of CO 2 emissions, contributing –45%. However, this deterrence is slowing down. While maintaining the speed of urbanization of China, the key measures to suppress the increase in civil building CO 2 emissions in urban areas are to reduce the intensity of building energy consumption and to control the per capita floor space.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Control system design for micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Fuel cells have been widely studied in the past decades due to their high energy conversion efficiency and low-carbon emissions. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) work at a high-temperature range, allowing the use of several types of fuels such as natural gas or methane. However, in operation, too high a fuel utilization (FU) leads to a large internal temperature gradient, thus the thermal shock of ceramic cracking; while a very low-FU results in carbon deposition and thus a decrease in the overall efficiency. In this work, a control system was designed for a small-scale micro-tubular SOFC (μ-SOFC) stack by employing the National Instruments™ Labview Programme and Data acquisition (DAQ) 6009 as well as related electronic components which enabled the control of the fuel flow rate for the stack and the temperature inside the furnace. The results showed that a well designed control system can not only improve the overall efficiency but also extend the working life, finally achieving a more economical μ-SOFC system.
    Keywords: Fuel cells systems
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Skills development for retrofitting a historic listed building in Scotland (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: With the current aim for a low carbon economy in Scotland, it becomes imperative to ensure that there are adequate workforce skills available to support meeting this aspiration. As such, the Scottish Government has developed a low carbon skills agenda that emphasizes rapidly developing and delivering specialist skills that are needed to enable the adoption of new technologies. Developing and delivering specialist skills are arguably not possible without having an understanding of what these skills are. This paper thus reports on the successful trial of an innovative Canadian insulation technology in a historic listed building in Aberdeenshire with a particular emphasis on providing insights into workforce skills needs. The trial was funded by the Scottish Government and the European Regional Development Fund. An ‘insulation job’ worksheet is developed as a result of the project, which can aid effective project management of insulation jobs in the future. It is evident that the current skills in the industry could be made adaptable to the skills needs for insulating historic listed buildings. Multi-skilling [in particular for small–medium size enterprise (SMEs)] may become inevitable if the size of the project is small as it was the case with the project presented in this paper. Providing learning support for local SMEs, who are still building-up their capability in insulation technologies, is thus essential. Indeed knowledge sharing and dissemination of case studies for successful retrofitting (e.g. insulation) of buildings, in particular historic ones, can inform future development of ‘Low Carbon Skills’ policy and action.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Study into solar-still performance under sealed and unsealed conditions (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Safe water is fundamental to life and sustainable development. Despite modern civilization pacing into the 21st century, global access to safe water is disparate and inadequate particularly in south Asia and Africa. The need of the hour is to promote appropriate technologies, such as desalination, which are economically viable and environmentally conducive. With increasing stress on renewable energy use, technologies based on effectively harnessing solar energy would prove sustainable. Solar-still is a desalination technology that effectively harnesses solar energy. Solar-stills generate safe water from either contaminated and/or brackish water. They are an enabling domestic technology that can suit de-centralized operation and maintenance. Their fundamental dependence on solar energy and relatively low yield has thus far impeded wide-spread adoption. The current article discusses the prospects of solar-stills as a safe-water technology. Subsequently, an innovative low internal-volume stepped solar-still has been commissioned and tested for its productivity under sealed and unsealed conditions. The results of the experimental investigation have been discussed in this article. The salient contribution in this article pertains to the performance of a stepped solar-still under sealed and unsealed conditions. Such an investigation has been found to be crucial, but hitherto unattended to.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Reverse flow in natural convection heat pipe solar water heater (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: System performance of a natural convection (thermosyphon) solar water heater depends on design and setup of collector and storage tank as well as environmental factors such as solar intensity, ambient temperature and wind conditions. The relative height separating the tank and collector mainly influences the magnitude of the thermosyphon flow rates, including both forward and reverse flow at night. In this experimental investigation, an array of evacuated tube heat pipe solar collectors was connected to an insulated hot water storage tank. The effect of the separation height between tank and collectors was investigated and reported. Thermosyphon water flow rates were measured using a dye-injection procedure in both forward and reverse flow directions. The results showed that reverse flow always occurred in the evenings and was about 5–11 times less than forward flow. The overnight mean water temperature drop was independent of the height separating the collectors and storage tank and ranged between 2 and 10°C. The temperature drop was greater when the night was cooler.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Feasibility and optimization of aerogel glazing system for building energy efficiency in different climates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Aerogel glazing system has become a promising energy-efficient window glass owing to its extremely low thermal conductivity and high visual transmittance. Two newly developed aerogel glazing systems (viz. #4 and #5) and three common glazing systems (viz. clear glass #1 and insulating glass #2 and #3) are investigated on the component heating and cooling load of a model building to evaluate their feasibility in various climates in China by using eQuest code. The building energy efficiency of 20, 11 and 9% could be obtained in Harbin, Beijing and Shanghai, respectively, as clear glass #1 were replaced with aerogel glazing system #5. The results demonstrated that the aerogel glazing system was extremely feasible in Severe Cold Region and significantly feasible in Cold and Hot-summer Cold-winter Regions. Effects of heat transfer coefficient ( U ) and shading coefficient (SC) of the glazing system on building energy loads were evaluated to further optimize glazing systems. The results demonstrated that the total heating load in colder climate reduced by 73% as the U of glass was decreased from 5.5 to 0.5 W/(m 2 K). The total cooling load in warmer climate reduced by 16% as the SC was increased from 0.916 to 0.423. The findings could be of great potential in the selection and optimization of the glazing system in different climate zones aiming at building energy efficiency.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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