Publication Date:
2019-12-06
Description:
Electrostatic forces acting at the particle scale can be an important drive behind water weakening of chalk. Upon the replacement of oil with brine, ions present in the imbibing brine can exchange with ions already adsorbed to the calcite surface, leading to a change in the surface potential. This can cause an increase in the disjoining pressure between particles, either reducing the cohesion of particles connected via contact cement or decreasing friction between free particles. We have assessed the effect of electrostatic forces by measuring pore-water effects on porosity in sediment columns using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry. Samples of calcite, quartz, or kaolinite powder were saturated with brines containing ions found in seawater ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) at varying ionic strengths and as a nonpolar reference, with ethylene glycol. The difference in porosity between samples saturated with glycol and with brines reflects the disjoining pressure. For calcite samples, saturation with solutions containing divalent cations ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) lead to higher repulsive forces between the grains, whereas adsorption of [Formula: see text] counteracts the initially positive surface charge, lowering the repulsive forces. Calcium-based brines induced the highest repulsion, probably due to higher surface coverage of [Formula: see text] than that of [Formula: see text] due to its smaller hydrated radius. For kaolinite, differences in potential between the silica and alumina faces as well as the edges can either lead to repulsion between particles or to flocculation, depending on the ionic strength and ionic species of the fluid. Our results indicate that low-salinity water flooding may lead to kaolinite mobilization within reservoirs. A comparison of the results from our calcite powder experiments with results from mechanical tests performed on chalk samples indicates that electrical double layer-related forces can contribute to the weakening of chalk. Saturating brines for which the repulsion between grains in powder experiments was larger corresponds to weaker chalk samples.
Print ISSN:
0016-8033
Electronic ISSN:
1942-2156
Topics:
Geosciences
,
Physics
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