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  • Diffusion
  • Springer  (33)
  • MDPI  (1)
  • Madrid : Secc
  • 2015-2019  (1)
  • 1980-1984  (33)
  • 1
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    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 10 (1981), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Gouy Interferometry ; methylurea ; 1,3-dimethylurea ; ethylurea ; 1,3-diethylurea ; aqueous solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The free diffusion coefficients of aqueous solutions of methyl-, 1,3-dimethyl-, ethyl-, and 1,3-diethylurea have been measured at 25°C by the Gouy interferometric technique. With the help of literature activity data the thermodynamic diffusion and the frictional coefficients are computed and a qualitative discussion of their concentration dependence is attempted.
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  • 2
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    Journal of solution chemistry 13 (1984), S. 563-570 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Diffusion ; tris(acetylacetonato)cobalt(III) ; hydrophobic solute ; metal chelate ; Stokes-Einstein coefficient ; water structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The diffusion coefficients of tris(acetylacetonato)-cobalt(III) in water (5, 15, 25, and 40°C), methanol (25°C), ethanol (15, 25, and 45°C), 1-propanol (25°C), 1-butanol (45°C), acetone (25 and 40°C), 2-butanone (25°C), acetonitrile (25°C), tetrahydrofuran (25°C), benzen (25°C), toluene (25°C), and carbon tetrachloride (25°C) have been measured at concentrations close to infinite dilution. The Stokes-Einstein coefficient (f=kT/Dπηr) has been calculated for Co(acac)3 in each solvent and is found to be larger in water than in organic solvents. Furthermore, it increases as the temperature is lowered (or as the viscosity is increased) in water while it decreases with increasing viscosity of organic solvents. The differences are discussed in terms of the enhancement of the water structure by the solute.
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  • 3
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 1143-1149 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Halobenzenes ; Aprotic solvents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über das polarographische Verhalten von Fluor-, Chlor-, Brom- und Iodbenzol in Dimethylformamid, Dimethylsulfoxid und Acetonitril bei 25 °C berichtet. Viskositäten und Dichten wurden in diesen drei Lösungsmitteln gemessen und die entsprechenden Viskositäts-B-Koeffizienten und die molaren partiellen Volumina für unendliche Verdünnung der Halogenbenzole bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse, die eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Lösungsmittel zeigen, werden mittels der Wechselwirkung Lösungsmittel —gelöster Stoff und Lösungsmittelstruktur interpretiert.
    Notes: Abstract The polarographic behaviour of fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodobenzene in dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and acetonitrile at 25 °C is reported. The viscosities and densities of these species in the three solvents have been measured and the corresponding viscosityB-coefficients and molar partial volumes at infinite dilution for halobenzenes are reported. The results, which show a clear dependence upon solvent nature, are analysed in terms of solute-solvent interactions and solvent structure.
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  • 4
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    Journal of statistical physics 31 (1983), S. 255-278 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; order statistics ; mean first passage times ; mean trapping times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the problem of the first passage times for absorption (trapping) of the firstj (j = 1,2, ....) ofk, j 〈k, identical and independent diffusing particles for the asymptotic case k≫〉1. Our results are a special case of the theory of order statistics. We show that in one dimension the mean time to absorption at a boundary for the first ofk diffusing particles, μ1,k , goes as (lnk)−1 for the set of initial conditions in which none of thek particles is located at a boundary and goes ask −2 for the set of initial conditions in which some of thek particles may be located at the boundary. We demonstrate that in one dimension our asymptotic results (k21) are independent of the potential field in which the diffusion takes place for a wide class of potentials. We conjecture that our results are independent of dimension and produce some evidence supporting this conjecture. We conclude with a discussion of the possible import of these results on diffusion-controlled rate processes.
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  • 5
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    Journal of statistical physics 31 (1983), S. 433-450 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; random hopping model ; disordered lattice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The velocity and the diffusion constant are obtained for a periodic onedimensional hopping model of arbitrary periodN. These two quantities are expressed as explicit functions of all the hopping rates. The velocity and the diffusion constant of random systems are calculated by taking the limit N→Β. One finds by varying the distribution of hopping rates that the diffusion constant and the velocity are singular at different points. Lastly, several possible applications are proposed.
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  • 6
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    Journal of statistical physics 27 (1982), S. 473-485 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; trapping ; one-dimensional system ; excitations ; survival fraction ; master equation ; scattering analogy ; coherent potential approximation ; first passage time approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An exact solution is obtained for the survival fraction in the one-dimensional diffusion problem with randomly distributed deep traps. The time decay is studied both with and without a bias field. The small concentration (x) long time (t) decay behaves as exp[-(x 2 t/t 0)1/3]. The exact results are compared with the coherent potential approximation (CPA) and the first passage time approach (FPT). We find that in most cases of practical interest the FPT is superior to the CPA.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 560-582 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Water level ; Fault creep ; Pore pressure ; Dislocation ; Deformation ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Water-well-level fluctuations associated with episodic creep are studied using a coupled deformation-diffusion solution for the pore pressure produced by a plane-strain shear dislocation moving steadily at a speedV in a linear elastic, saturated porous medium. For largeVr/2c, wherer is distance from the dislocation andc is diffusivity, the solution approaches the form of the uncoupled elastic solution used by Wesson (1981) to analyze water-level changes due to creep events. The differences between the two solutions are significant within 10 diffusion lengths (20c/V) from the fault plane. More specifically, the pore pressure predicted by the coupled solution reverses sign behind the dislocation and is much smaller in magnitude than that predicted by the uncoupled solution. For an undrained Poisson ratio of 0.3, Skempton's coefficient of 0.8 and a shear modulus of 30 GPa, the coupled solution predicts a peak pore-pressure change of 13.7 kPa (137 mbar) per millimeter of slip forV=1 km/day andc=1.0 m2/sec. The spectrum of the coupled solution is limited to a band of frequencies, centered at a value proportional toV and approximately inversely proportional to the distance from the observation point to the fault plant. Thus, close to the fault plane the frequency band occupied by the coupled solution may lie above the range at which water wells can respond. The coupled solution is used in interpreting the same creep-associated water-level change observed by Johnson (1973) and modeled by Wesson (1981) using the uncoupled solution. Although there are uncertainties in properties of the rock material and in the speed of the creep event, the coupled solution predicts a water-level change comparable in magnitude to the observed change.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 758-771 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dye plumes were generated at three depths in the seasonal thermocline between 7 and 11 m, 22 km south of Key West on 21 August 1980 and photographed at about 10 second intervals with an underwater camera system. Eleven pairs of consecutive pictures are analyzed to determine the mean current vertical shear and the width of the plumes by positioning reference points relative to the rod attached to the camera system. The relative distances of reference points are calibrated with the stereophotogrammetric method for one pair. The eddy diffusivity is calculated by use of a model of turbulent diffusion developed byTaylor (1921). Its values range from 5 to 25 cm2s−1 for the plume widths ranging from 33 to 132 cm. The Richardson number is calculated for each pair of pictures with the vertical density gradient estimated from temperature profiles. Its values are higher than the critical value of 0.25 except for one case. The diffusivity was higher by orders of magnitude than the molecular one and indicates the presence of turbulence together with billow like features of the plumes in spite of high Richardson numbers. This suggests that the billow turbulence might be caused by effects of surface gravity waves and not by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Diffusion ; H2O ; Ions ; Vitamin D ; Diphosphonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The rates of diffusion of small ions and neutral molecules through isolated calvaria have been determined. Compared with data published on self-diffusion and diffusion through cartilage, H2O, 3-O-methylglucose, lactate, sulfate, and methylamine diffuse at approximately 2/3 the expected rate. Diffusion of H2O and sulfate was unaffected by the administration of the diphosphonate 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), although phosphate fluxes are markedly diminished. Diffusion of water was nearly doubled by vitamin D deficiency. A 1-week treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on H2O diffusion while returning calcium influx to normal. It is concluded that bone matrix permits a flow of small neutral and ionized molecules nearly comparable to that in cartilage. When changes in calcium and phosphate influx are observed, they can be ascribed to the exchange properties of bone mineral and not to changes in matrix permeability.
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  • 10
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    Oxidation of metals 19 (1983), S. 19-25 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Diffusion ; layer growth ; defects ; iron sulfide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The growth of a defective scale is analyzed in terms of an idealized, singlelayer, moving-boundary problem with constant diffusivity. The form of the solution is chosen to emphasize the magnitude of the departure from a linear concentration gradient of the diffusing species in the growing scale. The departure is shown to be a function of the k p /D ratio (where kp is the parabolic rate constant, and D is the chemical diffusivity), and thus is directly related to the defect concentration. For iron sulfide under most conditions, and for other compound scales with defect concentrations less than about 10%, the linear gradient assumption is shown to be reasonable.
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  • 11
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    Journal of mathematical biology 16 (1982), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Stability ; Diffusion ; Parabolic equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Models for a single species that inhabits an environment that is spatially varying are presented. Simple necessary and sufficient conditions for stability, which are independent of the exact details of the dispersal process, are developed in the case of large diffusion rates. The results highlight the important stabilizing nature of diffusion in a spatially varying environment.
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  • 12
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    Journal of mathematical biology 14 (1982), S. 133-151 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Bifurcation ; Nonlinear reaction ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We first treat the Gierer-Meinhardt equations by linear stability analysis to determine the critical parameter, at which the homogeneous distributions of activator and inhibitor concentrations become unstable. We find two types of instabilities: one leading to spatial pattern formation and another one leading to temporal oscillations. We consider the case where two instabilities are present. Using the method of generalized Ginzburg-Landau equations introduced earlier we then analyze the nonlinear equations. As we are mainly interested in spatial pattern formation on a sphere we consider the problem under an appropriate constraint. Combining the two occurring solutions we find patterns well-known in biology, such as a gradient system and temporal oscillations.
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  • 13
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    Journal of mathematical biology 12 (1982), S. 73-90 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Reaction ; Diffusion ; Perturbation ; Expansions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Wyman's equation for facilitated diffusion of a ligand through a solution slab containing a carrier is recast and solved by means of a regular perturbation expansion in the parameter representing the driving force for facilitation. This new solution is complementary to the previously exploited singular perturbation solution due to Murray and represents facilitation in the low facilitation parameter regime. The most significant physical realization of this regime occurs when there is a large affinity between ligand and carrier, as in the carbon monoxide-hemoglobin system. The validity domains of the regular perturbation solution and the singular perturbation solution of Mitchell and Murray and Rubinow and Dembo are delineated. The equation for facilitated diffusion is solved numerically for parameter values appropriate to the oxygen-myoglobin experiments of Wittenberg, and to the carbon monoxide-hemoglobin experiments of Mochizuki and Forster, and Wittenberg. This solution provides a norm for comparison of the utility of the perturbation solutions. We show how the theory explains the apparent contradiction between the positive observations of Mochizuki and Forster and the negative observations of Wittenberg on facilitation of carbon monoxide transport through a slab of hemoglobin solution.
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  • 14
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 11 (1983), S. 401-416 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Microcirculation ; Oxygenation ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model of deoxygenation of blood in the microcirculation is used to estimate the mass transfer resistance in the blood and to examine certain assumptions used in prior work on simulation of the microcirculation: the treatment of blood as a continuum and the use of a single-step reaction kinetics model. The erythrocytes are treated as cylindrical slugs which alternate with plasma gaps such that oxygen transport is by radial diffusion in the cell. The system of equations including reaction kinetics and oxyhemoglobin diffusion is solved numerically. The results are of direct applicability in estimation of oxygen concentration profiles in tissue. The results also indicate that the resistance to oxygen transport in the capillary (relative to that in the surrounding tissue) is much higher than predicted by the continuum approach used by most prior workers. The resistance in the capillary is a significant fraction of the overall resistance. Other results give quantitative estimates of the error incurred from use of a single-step kinetic model.
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  • 15
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 12 (1984), S. 385-405 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Convective exchange length ; Diffusion ; Mass transfer resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model of high-frequency ventilation (HFV) is presented based on the physical convective exchange process that occurs due to the irreversibility of gas velocity profiles in oscillatory flow through the bronchial airways. Mass transport during the convective exchange process can be characterized by a convective exchange length, $$\bar L_E $$ , which depends only on the irreversibility of bronchial velocity profiles and can be measured by the experimental technique of photographic flow visualization in bronchial tree models. Using the exchange length and the molecular diffusivity, a simple model of overall bronchial mass transfer is developed. The model allows a prediction of the mean gas concentration profiles along the airways, the site of maximum mass transfer resistance, and overall flow rate of the gas of interest in or out of the lung as functions of the parameters of HFV. The results predicted by the model agree with the limited experimental data available for animals and humans. For normal unassisted ventilation, total bronchial cross-sectional area around the 15th Weibel bronchial generation is predicted to be the single most important parameter in controlling the total gas transport rate along the airways. For the breathing of room air, values of the respiratory quotient around 0.78 are predicted, which are insensitive to VT and f. The model represents a fruitful combination of fluid mechanical theory and experiment with physiologic data to yield new and deeper insight into the operation of the human respiratory system during HFV and normal breathing.
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  • 16
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    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 973-977 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Poly(butylene terephthalate) ; Gaspermeability ; Diffusion ; Solubility ; Glass transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The permeability of poly(butylene terephthalate) was examined for He, Ne, Ar and CO2 at the temperature range of 293–338 K and an upstream pressure to 1,2 bar. The energies of activation of permeation and diffusion in case of Ne, Ar and CO2 are higher above glass transition temperature than below, while they are nearly constant in case of He. The dependence of temperature of solubility coefficients does not change at the glass transition temperature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Permeabilität von Polybutylenterephthalat wurde für He, Ne, Ar und CO2 im Temperaturbereich von 293–338 K und Druckdifferenzen bis 1,2 bar untersucht. Die Aktivierungsenergien der Permeation und Diffusion von Ne, Ar und CO2 sind oberhalb der Einfriertemperatur größer als unterhalb, während sie für He nahezu konstant bleiben. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Löslichkeitskoeffizienten ändert sich bei der Einfriertemperatur nicht.
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  • 17
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Buffer power ; Diffusion ; Nutrient influx ; Phosphorus ; Root hair density ; Root hair length ; Soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root hairs increase phosphorus, P, uptake over that due to the plant root alone. A mechanistic model using 16 parameters was developed to describe this process. The model was verified with an experiment using six species that varied widely in root hair length, density and radius. A sensitivity analysis was conducted and the results are included to illustrate the situations where root hairs contribute significantly to P uptake. Length of root hair, root hair density and root hair radius all influenced predicted P uptake with root hair length being particularily significant.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Oxygen ; Soil-root contact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In relation to explanations of anaerobiosis in the field, mathematical models presented in part I are evaluated in the light of the disparity between the low oxygen pressure required by plant roots in well-stirred nutrient solutions and the rather high values apparently required in the field. Water film and rhizosphere respiration do not fully explain this disparity. Soil-root contact as described in part I is shown to considerably affect the partial pressure of oxygen required for unrestricted aerobic respiration.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Conformal mapping ; Diffusion ; Oxygen ; Soil-root contact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A mathematical model is presented for diffusive transport of oxygen inside the root, for the case that oxygen can enter only through part of the root's perimeter because the remainder is blocked by soil-root contact. Without soil-root contact, concentration profiles inside the root can be shown to converge rapidly to a steady-state solution. For the case of soil-root contact a steady-state solution is presented. Steady-state solutions have also been obtained for the presence of a water film, with and without rhizosphere respiration inside the water film. Results are presented in the form of isoconcentration lines.
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  • 20
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    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 179-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Anaerobic ; Diffusion ; Flooding ; Injury ; Metabolism ; Oxygen ; Roots ; Structure ; Temperature ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 21
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    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 917-925 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Ausheilung ; Bruchvorgänge ; Diffusion ; Kettenverschlaufungen (entanglements) ; Schädigung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The (re)healing of cracks in thermoplastic polymers depends on the interfacial contact, in some cases on the exchange of matter during forced flow processes, and, in particular, on the interdiffusion of molecules. In this paper a short review on investigations of the first two phenomena will be given. Fracture mechanics studies of the interfacial strength (G c ) will then be dealt with more extensively. The observation thatG c increases with the square root of the healing timet p is explained by a diffusion model of entanglement formation. The energy of activation of the diffusion process has been determined directly for PMMA and SAN (to be 274 kJ mol−1), the diffusion constant and the average depth of interpenetration (2 to 3 nm) of the molecular coils across the interface have been calculated from a reptation model. The infrared spectroscopic determination of the interdiffusion of SAN in PMMA leads to comparable diffusion constants.
    Abstract: Résumé La cicatrisation des fissures dans les thermoplastes dépend du contact interfacial, le cas échéant d'un échange de matière dans le processus de fluage, mais surtout de l'inter diffusion des macromolécules. Cet article donne un bref résumé des deux premiers phénomènes. Les mesures de la résistance interfaciale,G c , par la mécanique de rupture seront ensuite discutées de manière approfondie. L'observation queG c augmente avec la racine carrée du temps de cicatrisation,t p , est expliquée par un modèle de formation des enchevêtrements par diffusion. L'énergie d'activation pour la diffusion a été déterminée directement pour le PMMA et le SAN (274 kJ mol−1), la constante de diffusion et la distance moyenne d'interpénétration (2 à 3 nm) ont été calculées sur la base d'un modèle de reptation. La mesure de l'interdiffusion du SAN en PMMA par spectroscopie infrarouge donne des constantes de diffusion comparables à celles qui ont été calculées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ausheilung von Brüchen in thermoplastischen Polymeren spielen der Grenzflächenkontakt, gegebenenfalls die Durchmischung während erzwungener Fließprozesse, vor allem jedoch die Interdiffusion eine Rolle. In dieser Arbeit wird eine kurze Übersicht über Untersuchungen der ersten beiden Phänomene gegeben. Ausführlicher wird dann auf bruchmechanische Untersuchungen der Grenzflächenfestigkeit (G c ) eingegangen. Die Beobachtung, daßG c mit der Quadratwurzel aus der Ausheilzeitt p zunimmt, läßt sich durch ein Diffusionsmodell der Bildung von Kettenverschlaufungen erklären. Die Aktivierungsenergie des Diffusionsprozesses wurde für PMMA und SAN direkt (zu 274 kJ mol−1) bestimmt, die Diffusionskonstante und die mittlere Eindringtiefe (2 bis 3 nm) der Molekülknäuel über die Grenzfläche hinweg aus einem Reptationsmodell berechnet. Infrarotspektroskopische Messungen der Interdiffusion von SAN in PMMA führen zu vergleichbaren Diffusionskonstanten.
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    Journal of statistical physics 28 (1982), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; disordered lattice ; long time tail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent treatments of diffusion in a one-dimensional disordered lattice by Machta using a renormalization-group approach, and by Alexander and Orbach using an effective medium approach, lead to a frequency-dependent (or non-Markoffian) diffusion coefficient. Their results are confirmed by a direct calculation of the diffusion coefficient.
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  • 23
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    Journal of statistical physics 30 (1983), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; one-dimensional ; lattice ; master equation ; nearest neighbor ; transfer rates ; random variables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diffusion on the one-dimensional lattice ℤ is described by a master equation with nearest-neighbor transfer rates (symmetric or asymmetric). The transfer rates associated with bonds are assumed to be independent, equally distributed random variables. Under various conditions on their common distribution the large time behavior of averaged site probabilities and/or related quantities is exhibited.
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  • 24
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    Journal of statistical physics 34 (1984), S. 477-495 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; random media ; fluctuations ; long time tails ; Lorentz model ; hopping models ; velocity correlation functions ; mode coupling theory ; diffusion coefficients ; Burnett coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diffusion of moving particles in stationary disordered media is studied using a phenomenological mode-coupling theory. The presence of disorder leads to a generalized diffusion equation, with memory kernels having power law long time tails. The velocity autocorrelation function is found to decay like t−(d/2+1), while the time correlation function associated with the super-Burnett coefficient decays liket −d/2 for long times. The theory is applicable to a wide variety of dynamical and stochastic systems including the Lorentz gas and hopping models. We find new, general expressions for the coefficients of the long time tails which agree with previous results for exactly solvable hopping models and with the low-density results obtained for the Lorentz gas. Finally we mention that if the moving particles are charged, then the long time tails imply that there is an ω d/2 contribution to the low-frequency part of the frequency-dependent electrical conductivity.
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  • 25
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    Journal of statistical physics 34 (1984), S. 895-930 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; fractals ; percolation clusters ; squig models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The three topics discussed in this paper are largely independent. Part 1: Fractal “squig clusters” are introduced, and it is shown that their properties can match to a remarkable extent those of percolation clusters at criticality. Physics on these new geometric shapes should prove tractable. As background, the author's theories of squig intervals and squig trees are reviewed, and restated in more versatile form. Part 2: The notion of “latent” fractal dimensionality is introduced and motivated by the desire to simplify the algebra of dimensionality. Scaling noises are touched upon. A common formalism is presented for three forms of anomalous diffusion: the ant in the fractal labyrinth, fractional Brownian motion, and Lévy stable motion. The fractal dimensionalities common to diverse shapes generated by diffusion are given, in Table I, as functions of the latent dimensionalities of the support of the motion and of the diffusion itself. Part 3: It is argued that every fractal point set has a unique fractal dimensionality, but it is pointed out that many fractals involve diverse combinations of many fractal point sets. Such is, in particular, the case for fractal measures and for fractal graphs, often called hierarchical lattices. The fractal measures that the author had introduced in the early 1970s are described, including new developments.
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  • 26
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    Journal of statistical physics 36 (1984), S. 603-614 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; trapping ; fractals ; percolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A study is presented of migration of optical or magnetic excitations on percolation clusters which terminates upon reaching a trapping site. The theory is based on the extension of results from the theory of random walks to systems without translational invariance, together with the use of scaling concepts. For the case of an excitation which resides on one type of atom in a randomly mixed crystal near the percolation threshold, new power laws for the time and concentration dependences of the mean number of sites visited at timet of the kinetics of arrival at traps are obtained. Some of these results are also tested for the first time by numerical simulations.
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  • 27
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    Journal of statistical physics 37 (1984), S. 369-384 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; disordered structures ; evolution ; localization ; random processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A diffusion equation including source terms, representing randomly distributed sources and sinks is considered. For quasilinear growth rates the eigenvalue problem is equivalent to that of the quantum mechanical motion of electrons in random fields. Correspondingly there exist localized and extended density distributions dependent on the statistics of the random field and on the dimension of the space. Besides applications in physics (nonequilibrium processes in pumped disordered solid materials) a new evolution model is discussed which considers evolution as hill climbing in a random landscape.
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  • 28
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetic acid ; Barley ; Diffusion ; Silt loam ; Straw ; Water absorption ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Freshly harvested wheat straw contained 0.096 g water g−1 dry straw and 180 mM acetic acid. The straw absorbed water more rapidly from wet soil. The concentration of acetic acid fell to about 10 mM within 6 h of incorporation of straw in the soil and then remained relatively constant for a period of 12 days, irrespective of soil moisture content. In soil at its maximum water holding capacity after gravitational drainage, the decline in acetic acid concentration (c) with distance (d) from wheat or barley straw was exponential, with c=co e−nd where co is the concentration of acetic acid at the straw surface and n is a constant (0.46 for barley and 0.42 for wheat straw). The presence of acetic acid seems to be a major cause of poor establishment and growth when seeds and seedling roots come into contact with straw.
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  • 29
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 407-421 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Convection ; Diffusion ; Nutrient ; Root ; Uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the roots assumed growing at an exponential rate the effects of the diffusive and convective components of flux and nutrient uptake are examined in a non-dimensional setting. Two cases considered are root-root on no root-root competition. Several examples are presented to illustrate the general effects of interroot competition.
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  • 30
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 21 (1983), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Haemocompatibility ; Hydrogel ; In vivo reference electrode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A hydrogel basedin vivo reference electrode catheter has been developed. A simple diffusion model of ion transport was applied to study chloride ion transport through polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA) membranes. Based on an experimentally derived effective diffusion coefficient of Deff=4·04±0·5×10−8 cm2s−1, a reference electrode catheter was fabricated featuring a dimensionally appropriate pHEMA porous liquid junction, a gelled Ringer's solution internal electrolyte compartment and a Ag/AgCl internal half cell. The reference electrode potential is not a function of pH from pH6 to pH9 and is linearly related to temperature by 0·33 m VoC−1. In animal trials, the intravascular catheter electrodes exhibit an average stability of ±0·92mV for 6–8h. Stability in blood can be attributed to the haemocompatibility and transport properties of pHEMA.
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  • 31
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 21 (1983), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Blood flow ; Diffusion ; Dispersion ; Indicator dilution ; Radioactive clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dispersion of I 131 and I 131 -HSA in plasma and whole pig's blood has been studied by observing the clearance of a well mixed bolus, containing the radioactive labelled solute, at a point downstream, during flow through flexible straight and curved tubes. The dispersion of I 131 -HSA in plasma flow through a straight tube is consistent with a mechanism of diffusion superimposed on a parabolic velocity profile. In curved tubes, secondary flows produce additional dispersion of I 131 -HSA in plasma. With whole blood additional dispersion of I 131 -HSA occurs in straight tubes owing to the tumbling and rolling of red blood cells near the vessel wall. The onset of secondary flows and increased dispersion in curved tubes requires a relatively high flow rate with whole blood owing to its increased viscosity at low shear rates. At high flow rates, above a velocity of 10 cm s−1, a phase separation of cells and plasma occurs, with the formation of a relatively stagnant cell-free plasma layer on the inner wall of the bend.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Blood cell interactions ; Diffusion ; Ion transport ; Poly (2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transport chamber experiments were conducted to elucidate the role of surface-oriented blood cell/serum protein interactions in modulating the potassium ion (K+) transport properties of poly (2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) membranes. The effects were achieved by carefully exposing one side of pHEMA membranes to freshly drawn whole blood for a period of 10 min. A simple steady-state diffusion model is presented and verified for both the control and experimental membranes. The results indicate that the presence of blood components rapidly decreases the rate of K+ transport to a new steady-state value which is described by a surface area multiplication factor of γT≃0.60. This observation is useful in the design of medical devices for biomedical electroanalysis and haemodialysis, where ion transport is the main function. This transport chamber approach is flexible and useful in measuring the effects of various microenvironmental manipulations to simulate variousin vivo conditions.
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  • 33
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Electrochemical electrodes ; Palladium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A novel design for the internally charged palladium hydride α—β electrode is proposed, based on the Wheatstone-bridge principle. The construction of the electrode and electronic control circuit require little specialist skills. Both long- and short-term tests have shown that the proposed reference electrode system possesses remarkable stability and response time in changing conditions. The design permits a number of improvements to be made in the construction and optimisation of the performance.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Le Roux, V., & Liang, Y. Ophiolitic pyroxenites record boninite percolation in subduction zone mantle. Minerals, 9(9), (2019): 565, doi: 10.3390/min9090565.
    Description: The peridotite section of supra-subduction zone ophiolites is often crosscut by pyroxenite veins, reflecting the variety of melts that percolate through the mantle wedge, react, and eventually crystallize in the shallow lithospheric mantle. Understanding the nature of parental melts and the timing of formation of these pyroxenites provides unique constraints on melt infiltration processes that may occur in active subduction zones. This study deciphers the processes of orthopyroxenite and clinopyroxenite formation in the Josephine ophiolite (USA), using new trace and major element analyses of pyroxenite minerals, closure temperatures, elemental profiles, diffusion modeling, and equilibrium melt calculations. We show that multiple melt percolation events are required to explain the variable chemistry of peridotite-hosted pyroxenite veins, consistent with previous observations in the xenolith record. We argue that the Josephine ophiolite evolved in conditions intermediate between back-arc and sub-arc. Clinopyroxenites formed at an early stage of ophiolite formation from percolation of high-Ca boninites. Several million years later, and shortly before exhumation, orthopyroxenites formed through remelting of the Josephine harzburgites through percolation of ultra-depleted low-Ca boninites. Thus, we support the hypothesis that multiple types of boninites can be created at different stages of arc formation and that ophiolitic pyroxenites uniquely record the timing of boninite percolation in subduction zone mantle.
    Description: This study was supported by National Science Foundation grants EAR-1220440 to V.L.R. and EAR-1624516 to Y.L. We thank the reviewers for their helpful suggestions, as well as Taylor Hough, Gretchen Swarr, Alberto Saal, Soumen Mallick, and Nilanjan Chatterjee for help with LA-ICP-MS and EPMA analyses, and Mark Kurz for help with sample collection.
    Keywords: Ophiolite ; Boninite ; Pyroxenite ; Josephine peridotite ; REE temperatures ; Diffusion ; Melt percolation ; Subduction zones
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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