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  • Articles  (34,095)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (27,099)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 2015-2019  (19,523)
  • 1980-1984  (14,283)
  • 1935-1939  (289)
  • Biology  (34,095)
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  • Articles  (34,095)
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  • 1
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    Energy outlook for the Arctic: 2020 and beyond (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-19
    Description: Research Articles Graça Ermida Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 6 pages Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 2
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    Communities of practice in the management of an Arctic environment: monitoring knowledge as complementary to scientific knowledge and the precautionary principle? (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-04
    Description: Research Articles Torill Nyseth, Arvid Viken Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 10 pages Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 3
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    THE ARCTIC JOURNALS OF JOHN RAE . Ken McGoogan (editor). Victoria BC: TouchWood Editions. 312 p, softcover. ISBN 978-1-927129-74-6. CA$ 19.95. (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-06
    Description: Book Reviews William Barr Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 2 pages Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 4
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    THE TRAVELS OF THE OOSTENDE WHALE SKELETON . Nicholas Redman. 2015. Redman Publishing. 119p, illustrated, hardcover. ISBN 978-83-64313-74-5. £17.50. (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-13
    Description: Book Reviews Arthur G. Credland Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 1 page Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 5
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    The microorganisms of cryoconite holes (algae, Archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and Protista): a review (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: Review Articles Łukasz Kaczmarek, Natalia Jakubowska, Sofia Celewicz-Gołdyn, Krzysztof Zawierucha Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 28 pages Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 6
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    Coming of age? Asian Arctic research, 2004–2013 (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: Research Articles Iselin Stensdal Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 10 pages Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 7
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    ‘Spoken language is a prison’: ways of belonging and speaking in northwest Greenland (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-25
    Description: Research Articles Stephen Pax Leonard Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 11 pages Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 8
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    Faces from the Franklin expedition? Craniofacial reconstructions of two members of the 1845 northwest passage expedition (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-29
    Description: Research Articles Douglas R. Stenton, Anne Keenleyside, Diana P. Trepkov, Robert W. Park Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 6 pages Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 9
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    Choosing and using multiple traits in functional diversity research (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Article Commentary JONATHAN S. LEFCHECK, VINICIUS A. G. BASTAZINI, JOHN N. GRIFFIN, Environmental Conservation , Volume 42 Issue 02 , pp 104-107 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 10
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    Balancing artificial light at night with turtle conservation? Coastal community engagement with light-glow reduction (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles RUTH L. KAMROWSKI, STEPHEN G. SUTTON, RENAE C. TOBIN, MARK HAMANN, Environmental Conservation , Volume 42 Issue 02 , pp 171-181 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 11
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    Coral reef conservation and political will (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Article Commentary PETER F. SALE, Environmental Conservation , Volume 42 Issue 02 , pp 97-101 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 12
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    Biogeochemical fingerprints of life: earlier analogies with polar ecosystems suggest feasible instrumentation for probing the Galilean moons (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles J. Chela-Flores, A. Cicuttin, M.L. Crespo, C. Tuniz, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 427-434 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 13
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    Impact of a short-term exposure to spaceflight on the phenotype, genome, transcriptome and proteome of Escherichia coli (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Tianzhi Li, De Chang, Huiwen Xu, Jiapeng Chen, Longxiang Su, Yinghua Guo, Zhenhong Chen, Yajuan Wang, Li Wang, Junfeng Wang, Xiangqun Fang, Changting Liu, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 435-444 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 14
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    The NIR arm of SHARK: System for coronagraphy with High-order Adaptive optics from R to K bands (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Jacopo Farinato, Carlo Baffa, Andrea Baruffolo, Maria Bergomi, Luca Carbonaro, Alexis Carlotti, Mauro Centrone, Johanan Codona, Marco Dima, Simone Esposito, Daniela Fantinel, Giancarlo Farisato, Wolfgang Gaessler, Emanuele Giallongo, Davide Greggio, Philip Hinz, Franco Lisi, Demetrio Magrin, Luca Marafatto, Fernando Pedichini, Enrico Pinna, Alfio Puglisi, Roberto Ragazzoni, Bernardo Salasnich, Marco Stangalini, Christophe Verinaud, Valentina Viotto, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 365-373 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 15
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    Circumbinary habitability niches (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Paul A. Mason, Jorge I. Zuluaga, Pablo A. Cuartas-Restrepo, Joni M. Clark, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 391-400 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 16
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    On the abundance of extraterrestrial life after the Kepler mission (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Review Articles Amri Wandel, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 511-516 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 17
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    On the chemical diversity of the prebiotic ocean of early Earth (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Carlo Canepa, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 497-504 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 18
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    Global warming as a detectable thermodynamic marker of Earth-like extrasolar civilizations: the case for a telescope like Colossus (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Jeff R. Kuhn, Svetlana V. Berdyugina, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 401-410 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 19
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    Steps towards eta-Earth, from Kepler data (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Wesley A. Traub, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 359-363 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 20
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    Surface flux patterns on planets in circumbinary systems and potential for photosynthesis (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Duncan H. Forgan, Alexander Mead, Charles S. Cockell, John A. Raven, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 465-478 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 21
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    Long-term consequences of a short-term hypergravity load in a snail model (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Marina G. Martynova, Sergej V. Shabelnikov, Olga A. Bystrova, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 489-495 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 22
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    Light absorption efficiencies of photosynthetic pigments: the dependence on spectral types of central stars (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: Research Articles Yu Komatsu, Masayuki Umemura, Mitsuo Shoji, Megumi Kayanuma, Kazuhiro Yabana, Kenji Shiraishi, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 14 Special Issue 03 , pp 505-510 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 1473-5504
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 23
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    Hakapik . Yoanis Menge. 2016. L’Étang-du-nord: Les édition la Morue verte. 168 p, illustrated, hardcover. ISBN 978-2-924564-02-8. CA$ 59.95. (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: Book Reviews Nikolas Sellheim Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 1 page Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 24
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    [Perspective] Thinking abstractly like a duck(ling) (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?, when one of a trio of bungling prison escapees angrily asks another, “Who elected you leader of this outfit?” his buddy smugly quips, “I figured it should be the one with the capacity for abstract thought.” Indeed, abstract conceptual thought is held to be so central to being human that the idea of someone being incapable of this kind of thinking is a subject for (sometimes rather cruel) humor. Interest in understanding the capacity for abstract thought has been a matter of serious consideration that dates back at least three centuries to the famous English philosopher John Locke. Locke confidently contended that “brutes abstract not” (1) and insisted that exhibiting abstract thought definitively divided humans from all other animals. However, no science then existed to confirm or refute Locke's contention. On page 286 of this issue, Martinho and Kacelnik (2) put the claim that animals are incapable of abstract thought to a strong behavioral test. Author: Edward A. Wasserman
    Keywords: Cognition
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 25
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    [In Depth] First farmers' motley roots (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Farming was such a good idea when it was invented 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent that it was quickly adopted by several different groups of people. According to three teams who used new techniques to gain glimpses of the nuclear DNA of the world's very first farmers, farming was adopted by at least three genetically distinct groups scattered across the Middle East and Anatolia. The research found that early farmers of Israel and Jordan were genetically distinct from those in the Zagros Mountains, and that both populations were distinct from the western Anatolians. This shows that farming wasn't spread initially by just one group of people, but that it was invented more than once—or was an idea that spread rapidly between groups. Author: Ann Gibbons
    Keywords: Ancient DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 26
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    [Policy Forum] Crisis informatics—New data for extraordinary times (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Crisis informatics is a multidisciplinary field combining computing and social science knowledge of disasters; its central tenet is that people use personal information and communication technology to respond to disaster in creative ways to cope with uncertainty. We study and develop computational support for collection and sociobehavioral analysis of online participation (i.e., tweets and Facebook posts) to address challenges in disaster warning, response, and recovery. Because such data are rarely tidy, we offer lessons—learned the hard way, as we have made every mistake described below—with respect to the opportunities and limitations of social media research on crisis events. Authors: Leysia Palen, Kenneth M. Anderson
    Keywords: Social Media Research
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 27
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    [Perspective] How much biodiversity loss is too much? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: How much of something do we need to keep people safe and well? This question is frequently asked by those working in risk management. Across diverse sectors from flood protection to health care, practitioners assess risk as the product of the impact of a given event and the probability of its occurrence. Although these estimates are often uncertain, policy-makers must ultimately make spending decisions aimed at averting these risks, because the costs of inaction to society can be substantial. Biodiversity loss is a similarly critical, yet uncertain, issue. On page 288 of this issue, Newbold et al. (1) quantify global biodiversity losses, providing much-needed information on the encroachment of proposed “safe limits.” Author: Tom H. Oliver
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 28
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    [Book Review] A toxic timeline (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In the 1970s, residents of a Niagara Falls neighborhood realized that chemicals from a toxic waste dump had leached into their homes, parks, and neighborhood school. Their cancers, miscarriages, and myriad chronic ailments told the tale, and in 1978 they organized, filed lawsuits, and demanded intervention. The federal government eventually complied, evacuating the residents and creating the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund Act, which provides a framework for cleaning up such sites. In his new book, Love Canal: A Toxic History from Colonial Times to the Present, Richard S. Newman urges us to see the Love Canal disaster stretched out in time, rooted in the long history of the Niagara Falls area. The crisis itself, he says, was an outcome of patterns established generations earlier that pitted developmental pressures against environmental and human health and created a "cycle of disposable land use that had long dominated area politics and economics." Author: Jacob Darwin Hamblin
    Keywords: Environmental Policy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    [Introduction to Special Issue] Nature's Fury (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Authors: Brent Grocholski, Robert Coontz
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 30
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    [Letter] Mining undermining Brazil's environment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Authors: Hani Rocha El Bizri, Jonathan Christopher Bausch Macedo, Adriano Pereira Paglia, Thaís Queiroz Morcatty
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 31
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    [Special Issue News] Doomsday Machines (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In San Diego, California, a six-story tower riddled with strain gauges and accelerometers rises from the platform of one of the world's biggest earthquake machines. This device—a sort of bull ride for buildings—is one in a network built around the United States to advance natural disaster science with more realistic and sophisticated tests. The National Science Foundation initiative has helped scientists simulate some of the most powerful and destructive forces on Earth, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and landslides. The work has led to new building standards and better ways to build or retrofit everything from wharves to older concrete buildings. Now, in a new $62 million, 5-year program, the network of doomsday machines is expanding to simulate hurricanes and tornadoes and is joining forces with computer modeling to study how things too big for a physical test—such as nuclear reactors or even an entire city—will weather what Mother Nature throws at them. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Natural Hazards
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue News] Thinking the Unthinkable (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: What are the greatest threats to humanity and human civilization? Scholars think a self-induced catastrophe such as nuclear war or a bioengineered pandemic is most likely to do us in. But extreme natural hazards—including threats from space and geologic upheavals here on Earth—could also do the job. Although common, moderately severe disasters such as earthquakes attract far more funding and attention than low-probability apocalyptic ones, a handful of researchers persists in thinking the unthinkable. With knowledge and planning, they say, it's possible to prepare for—or in some cases prevent—rare but devastating natural disasters such as blasts of particles from the sun, collisions with near-Earth asteroids like the one that wiped out the dinosaurs, and supervolcanoes that dwarf any eruptions in recorded history. Author: Julia Rosen
    Keywords: Natural Hazards
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] The innate wisdom of ducklings (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Evolutionary Cognition
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue Review] Global trends in satellite-based emergency mapping (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Over the past 15 years, scientists and disaster responders have increasingly used satellite-based Earth observations for global rapid assessment of disaster situations. We review global trends in satellite rapid response and emergency mapping from 2000 to 2014, analyzing more than 1000 incidents in which satellite monitoring was used for assessing major disaster situations. We provide a synthesis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in global satellite emergency mapping efforts and show that satellite-based emergency mapping is most intensively deployed in Asia and Europe and follows well the geographic, physical, and temporal distributions of global natural disasters. We present an outlook on the future use of Earth observation technology for disaster response and mitigation by putting past and current developments into context and perspective. Authors: Stefan Voigt, Fabio Giulio-Tonolo, Josh Lyons, Jan Kučera, Brenda Jones, Tobias Schneiderhan, Gabriel Platzeck, Kazuya Kaku, Manzul Kumar Hazarika, Lorant Czaran, Suju Li, Wendi Pedersen, Godstime Kadiri James, Catherine Proy, Denis Macharia Muthike, Jerome Bequignon, Debarati Guha-Sapir
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue Review] Human influence on tropical cyclone intensity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Recent assessments agree that tropical cyclone intensity should increase as the climate warms. Less agreement exists on the detection of recent historical trends in tropical cyclone intensity. We interpret future and recent historical trends by using the theory of potential intensity, which predicts the maximum intensity achievable by a tropical cyclone in a given local environment. Although greenhouse gas–driven warming increases potential intensity, climate model simulations suggest that aerosol cooling has largely canceled that effect over the historical record. Large natural variability complicates analysis of trends, as do poleward shifts in the latitude of maximum intensity. In the absence of strong reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, future greenhouse gas forcing of potential intensity will increasingly dominate over aerosol forcing, leading to substantially larger increases in tropical cyclone intensities. Authors: Adam H. Sobel, Suzana J. Camargo, Timothy M. Hall, Chia-Ying Lee, Michael K. Tippett, Allison A. Wing
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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    [This Week in Science] The heat is on (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: H. Jesse Smith
    Keywords: Glaciers
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Adaptors conduct the EGFR symphony (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Leslie K. Ferrarelli
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] Why pay more for medicine in some places? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Brad Wible
    Keywords: Health Economics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Editors' Choice] A less personal cancer therapy? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Paula A. Kiberstis
    Keywords: Tumor Immunology
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    [Editors' Choice] Immigration and admixture in Europe (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Andrew M. Sugden
    Keywords: Paleogenomics
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Report] Discovery of robust in-plane ferroelectricity in atomic-thick SnTe (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Stable ferroelectricity with high transition temperature in nanostructures is needed for miniaturizing ferroelectric devices. Here, we report the discovery of the stable in-plane spontaneous polarization in atomic-thick tin telluride (SnTe), down to a 1–unit cell (UC) limit. The ferroelectric transition temperature Tc of 1-UC SnTe film is greatly enhanced from the bulk value of 98 kelvin and reaches as high as 270 kelvin. Moreover, 2- to 4-UC SnTe films show robust ferroelectricity at room temperature. The interplay between semiconducting properties and ferroelectricity in this two-dimensional material may enable a wide range of applications in nonvolatile high-density memories, nanosensors, and electronics. Authors: Kai Chang, Junwei Liu, Haicheng Lin, Na Wang, Kun Zhao, Anmin Zhang, Feng Jin, Yong Zhong, Xiaopeng Hu, Wenhui Duan, Qingming Zhang, Liang Fu, Qi-Kun Xue, Xi Chen, Shuai-Hua Ji
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Working Life] Wearing my disability with pride (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Zachary S. Wiersma
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Report] Ocean forcing of glacier retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In recent decades, hundreds of glaciers draining the Antarctic Peninsula (63° to 70°S) have undergone systematic and progressive change. These changes are widely attributed to rapid increases in regional surface air temperature, but it is now clear that this cannot be the sole driver. Here, we identify a strong correspondence between mid-depth ocean temperatures and glacier-front changes along the ~1000-kilometer western coastline. In the south, glaciers that terminate in warm Circumpolar Deep Water have undergone considerable retreat, whereas those in the far northwest, which terminate in cooler waters, have not. Furthermore, a mid-ocean warming since the 1990s in the south is coincident with widespread acceleration of glacier retreat. We conclude that changes in ocean-induced melting are the primary cause of retreat for glaciers in this region. Authors: A. J. Cook, P. R. Holland, M. P. Meredith, T. Murray, A. Luckman, D. G. Vaughan
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    [Report] Return to quiescence of mouse neural stem cells by degradation of a proactivation protein (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Quiescence is essential for long-term maintenance of adult stem cells. Niche signals regulate the transit of stem cells from dormant to activated states. Here, we show that the E3-ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 (HECT, UBA, and WWE domain–containing 1) is required for proliferating stem cells of the adult mouse hippocampus to return to quiescence. Huwe1 destabilizes proactivation protein Ascl1 (achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1) in proliferating hippocampal stem cells, which prevents accumulation of cyclin Ds and promotes the return to a resting state. When stem cells fail to return to quiescence, the proliferative stem cell pool becomes depleted. Thus, long-term maintenance of hippocampal neurogenesis depends on the return of stem cells to a transient quiescent state through the rapid degradation of a key proactivation factor. Authors: Noelia Urbán, Debbie L. C. van den Berg, Antoine Forget, Jimena Andersen, Jeroen A. A. Demmers, Charles Hunt, Olivier Ayrault, François Guillemot
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    [This Week in Science] Show me a sign of sweetness to come (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Behavioral Ecology
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    [This Week in Science] Cyclin suppresses antitumor immunity (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Cancer Immunotherapy
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    [This Week in Science] Eliminating paternal mitochondria (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Keywords: Mitochondria
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    [This Week in Science] How to link and separate memories (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Peter Stern
    Keywords: Memory Research
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    Social values and species conservation: the case of Baudin's and Carnaby's black-cockatoos (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles GILLIAN B. AINSWORTH, HEATHER J. ASLIN, MICHAEL A. WESTON, STEPHEN T. GARNETT, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 294-305 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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    Assessing floristic representativeness in the protected areas national system of Chile: are vegetation types a good surrogate for plant species? (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles RAFAEL URBINA-CASANOVA, FEDERICO LUEBERT, PATRICIO PLISCOFF, ROSA A. SCHERSON, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 199-207 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology
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    From self-subsistence farm production to khat: driving forces of change in Ethiopian agroforestry homegardens (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles MERSHA GEBREHIWOT, MARINE ELBAKIDZE, GUN LIDESTAV, MATS SANDEWALL, PER ANGELSTAM, HABTEMARIAM KASSA, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 263-272 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology
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    Using modern ferruginous habitats to interpret Precambrian banded iron formation deposition (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-14
    Description: Review Articles Elif Koeksoy, Maximilian Halama, Kurt O. Konhauser, Andreas Kappler, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 15 Issue 03 , pp 205-217 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    Cyanobacterial evolution during the Precambrian (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-14
    Description: Research Articles Bettina E. Schirrmeister, Patricia Sanchez-Baracaldo, David Wacey, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 15 Issue 03 , pp 187-204 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    Carbonization in Titan Tholins: implication for low albedo on surfaces of Centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-14
    Description: Research Articles Chaitanya Giri, Christopher P. McKay, Fred Goesmann, Nadine Schäfer, Xiang Li, Harald Steininger, William B. Brinckerhoff, Thomas Gautier, Joachim Reitner, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 15 Issue 03 , pp 231-238 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    Ian Whitaker (1928–2016) (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-14
    Description: Obituaries Dan Small Polar Record , FirstView Article(s) , 2 pages Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Biology , Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    [In Depth] A time capsule from Bronze Age Britain (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Reconstructing daily life in the Bronze Age has been difficult in northern Europe. Most houses were poorly preserved, traced out by postholes or barren remains of hearths, and offer up only meager fragments of pottery. A major excavation near Peterborough, U.K., promises to fill in the picture. Archaeologists have dug up 3000-year-old roundhouses that were perched on stilts above a river, perhaps for defense or facilitating trade. The building materials and much of the contents are well-preserved because the five houses were quickly abandoned during a fire and then collapsed into a river. The rich array of artifacts includes textiles, wooden objects, metal tools, and complete sets of pottery. The arrangement of artifacts could indicate how various sections of the houses were used and perhaps new details about diet. The fact that all the buildings burned down, apparently at the same time, and the belongings were left behind, suggests the fires may have been part of an attack. Author: Erik Stokstad
    Keywords: Archaeology
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    [Feature] The Avenger (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: David Fajgenbaum was in his third year of medical school at the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) 6 years ago, on an obstetrics-gynecology rotation, when he was first hit by night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. His eventual diagnosis: a deadly form of Castleman disease, a rare immune disorder for which knowledge was in depressingly short supply. So Fajgenbaum decided to dedicate himself to taking down this disease. He abandoned plans to become an oncologist, skipped medical residency, and enrolled in business school instead—building a powerhouse network of hundreds of physicians, researchers, and drug company employees around the world to help him decipher Castleman. He co-authored papers with his doctor, wrote a case study about himself, proposed a new model of the disease, and currently coordinates a dozen Castleman studies from his small office at UPenn, where he is an assistant professor. Author: Jennifer Couzin-Frankel
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    [Perspective] Butterfly communities under threat (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Butterflies are better documented and monitored worldwide than any other nonpest taxon of insects (1). In the United Kingdom alone, volunteer recorders have sampled more than 750,000 km of repeat transects since 1976, equivalent to walking to the Moon and back counting butterflies (2). Such programs are revealing regional extinctions and population declines that began before 1900 (3, 4). In a recent study, Habel et al. report a similar story based on inventories of butterflies and burnet moths since 1840 in a protected area in Bavaria, Germany (5). The results reveal severe species losses: Scarce, specialized butterflies have largely disappeared, leaving ecosystems dominated by common generalist ones. Similar trends are seen across Europe (6) and beyond, with protected areas failing to conserve many species for which they were once famed. Author: Jeremy A. Thomas
    Keywords: Ecology
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    [Perspective] Chromatin controls behavior (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Chromatin structure stabilizes and compacts the genome to package it within the nucleus. This structure also serves as a dynamic regulator of gene expression, silencing or activating transcription depending on molecular signals impinging upon it. It has been understood for the past two decades that chromatin stabilizes gene readout after cell-fate determination, establishing and perpetuating the precise pattern of genes transcribed in a given cell to maintain its phenotype (1, 2). But what about dynamic regulation of chromatin structure and its biological role? On page 300 of this issue, Yang et al. (3) describe how dynamic regulation of chromatin remodeling controls cerebellar circuit development, function, and cerebellum-dependent learning and memory, and challenge prevailing epigenetics dogma in the central nervous system. Author: J. David Sweatt
    Keywords: Gene Expression
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    [In Depth] Brain scans are prone to false positives, study says (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A new study suggests that common settings used in software for analyzing brain scans may lead to false positive results. Researchers led by Anders Eklund, an electrical engineer at Linköping University in Sweden, analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from several public databases. Certain software settings, the team found, could give rise to a false positive result up to 70% of the time. In the context of a typical fMRI experiment, that could lead researchers to wrongly conclude that activity in a certain area of the brain plays a role in a cognitive function such as perception or memory. Author: Greg Miller
    Keywords: Neuroscience
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In science news around the world, the United States sets final safety regulations for oil and gas drilling in its Arctic waters, Australian researchers announce that the AIDS epidemic in the country is over—but caution that too many people are still being infected with HIV, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration halts a trial of a cancer drug following the deaths of three young adults with leukemia, French researchers sharply criticize the nomination of a policy expert rather than a scientist as the next head of the country's agricultural research institute, and more. Also, an Italian judge clears bird flu expert Ilaria Capua of a series of criminal charges brought against her 2 years ago. And the world's largest population of chinstrap penguins may be in peril because of an erupting volcano on their remote south Atlantic island.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
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    [Editorial] Hazards without disasters (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A natural hazard need not become a human disaster if society learns and applies lessons in preparation and resilience. Earthquake history speaks well to this—engineered structures need to stand up to strong shaking. Chile learned this lesson before its 2010 earthquake of magnitude 8.8. Because it had already enforced seismic provisions of building codes, there was little loss of life due to damage to buildings. Engineered structures also performed very well during the giant 2011 Tohoku earthquake in northeast Japan; however, approximately 20,000 lives were lost to the ensuing tsunami. What survival strategies are available for communities at risk for tsunamis? Author: Marcia McNutt
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    [Perspective] Ferroelectric chalcogenides—materials at the edge (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: A ferroelectric material possesses an intrinsic electric dipole (polarization) whose direction can be reversed with an applied field. Applications of ferroelectrics include nonvolatile memories and sensors, but for high-density electronic devices or nanoscale devices, a limitation has been that as a ferroelectric film gets thinner, the maximum temperature for retaining the dipole—the Curie temperature Tc—decreases (often well below room temperature). On page 274 of this issue, Chang et al. (1) show that ultrathin layers of tin telluride (SnTe) can display robust, room-temperature, ferroelectric properties with higher Tc than that of the bulk material. Authors: Bart J. Kooi, Beatriz Noheda
    Keywords: Ferroelectrics
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    [Book Review] Big data meets human health (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: There is a "veritable explosion" in the number of people using digital and wearable devices to record, analyze, and reflect upon data created by their own bodies and behaviors. In their new book, Self-Tracking, Gina Neff and Dawn Nafus tread carefully between the twin pitfalls of techno-utopianism and techno-dystopianism to develop a nuanced position that acknowledges both the opportunities and the challenges raised by this trend. Elad Yom-Tov's Crowdsourced Health discusses a different field of digital health, in which data are generated not through the use of wearable devices but from queries entered in search engines. Based on the premise that these searches mirror our offline behavior and that the Internet offers greater privacy and accessibility than many other possible sources of information, he shows how these data could reveal information about health that would be difficult or impossible to gather in other ways. The question that has yet to be answered is what should ultimately be done with all of these data—and by whom. Author: Conor Farrington
    Keywords: Health Analytics
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    [Letter] NextGen Voices: Submit Now (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Special Issue Review] Connecting slow earthquakes to huge earthquakes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Slow earthquakes are characterized by a wide spectrum of fault slip behaviors and seismic radiation patterns that differ from those of traditional earthquakes. However, slow earthquakes and huge megathrust earthquakes can have common slip mechanisms and are located in neighboring regions of the seismogenic zone. The frequent occurrence of slow earthquakes may help to reveal the physics underlying megathrust events as useful analogs. Slow earthquakes may function as stress meters because of their high sensitivity to stress changes in the seismogenic zone. Episodic stress transfer to megathrust source faults leads to an increased probability of triggering huge earthquakes if the adjacent locked region is critically loaded. Careful and precise monitoring of slow earthquakes may provide new information on the likelihood of impending huge earthquakes. Authors: Kazushige Obara, Aitaro Kato
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    [Editors' Choice] Smashing bits to show asteroid strength (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Keith T. Smith
    Keywords: Planetary Science
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Business Office Feature] Structural biology shapes up (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Despite advances in the field of proteomics, protein folding still remains a mystery. Yet innovations in X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and data analysis (think robots and Google) are yielding answers about protein structures faster than ever before.Read the Feature (Full-Text HTML)Read the Feature (PDF)Read New Products (PDF) Author: Alan Dove
    Keywords: Business Office Feature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] African HIV/tuberculosis institutes merge (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Two prominent biomedical research institutes in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province announced that they plan to merge and form the Africa Health Research Institute. One of the partners, the Africa Centre for Population Health, has long focused on epidemiological and demographic studies. Its funder is the Wellcome Trust. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute founded the second partner, the KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV. The Africa Health Research Institute is a new lease on life for both struggling institutes, which plan to combine their clinical and basic research skills to address major research questions in both HIV and tuberculosis. The Wellcome Trust is eventually expected to take over, but, for now, both philanthropies are backing the endeavor. Author: Jon Cohen
    Keywords: Public Health
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    [In Depth] To save caribou, Alberta wants to fence them in (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: An imperiled caribou herd in western Alberta province in Canada could become a high-profile test case for a controversial plan to save some of Canada's woodland caribou from extinction: herding them into pens enclosing 100 square kilometers or more and ringed with electric fences, and killing or removing every predator inside. The approach, proposed last month by Alberta's government, is an attempt to arrest the decline of the animals, threatened by development and preyed on by wolves. But some caribou advocates are skeptical that the expensive pens will work. They also fear that the strategy, which the energy industry has helped fund, will undermine efforts to curb habitat destruction. Author: Warren Cornwall
    Keywords: Conservation
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    [In Depth] Do genomic conflicts drive evolution? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Two billion years ago, an early cell swallowed an energy-producing microbe, giving birth to the mitochondria that are the hallmarks of all eukaryotes. Evolutionary biologists now think that was just the start of the influence that the cell's "powerhouses" have on the tree of life. Mitochondria, which can exist by the scores in a eukaryotic cell, have their own set of genes, which can replicate and mutate faster than the cell's better-known complement in the nucleus. Yet both genomes code for products that have to work together in the mitochondria. Researchers are now finding hints that cells' efforts to keep nuclear and mitochondrial genes in sync could play a major role in evolution. At a recent meeting, biologists suggested out-of-sync nuclear and mitochondrial genomes may explain many biological puzzles—from why some female birds prefer the reddest mates to the evolution of new species in both plants and animals. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Evolutionary Biology
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    [In Depth] Vaginal microbiome affects HIV risk (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: South African teen girls and young women have astonishingly high rates of HIV infection, and researchers for years have suspected that there might be biological factors making them unusually susceptible to infection. New studies presented at the International AIDS Conference being held in Durban, South Africa—located in KwaZulu-Natal province, the hardest hit region in the country—suggest a possible culprit, Prevotella bivia, a bacterium found in the vagina that causes inflammation. The close examination of the vaginal microbiome found a second bacterium, Gardnerella, may help explain why a microbicide gel that contained the anti-HIV drug tenofovir failed to protect many uninfected women who used it in a clinical trial. In test tube experiments, Garnderella "gobbled up" tenofovir, rapidly reducing levels of the drug. Author: Jon Cohen
    Keywords: Infectious Disease
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    [In Depth] Wild bird comes when honey hunters call for help (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Of all relationships between wild animals and people, few are more heartwarming than that of African honey hunters and a robin-sized bird called the greater honeyguide. Flitting and calling, the bird leads the way to a bee's nest and feasts on the wax after the honey hunters have raided it. Researchers have discovered that this mutualistic relationship is even tighter than it seemed, with the bird recognizing and responding to specific calls from its human partners. In the new work, the researchers quantify the benefit to people helped by the birds and test how much more guiding occurs when the honey hunters attract the birds first with a "trill-grunt" call. This work was done in Mozambique, but it seems honey hunters elsewhere also have special calls, albeit different ones. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Animal Behavior
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    [In Depth] A lichen ménage à trois (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Lichen isn't much to look at—often just a gray, yellow-green, or garish orange crust on rock or bark. Yet lichens cover up to 6% of Earth's surface, by one estimate. Now, modern genomics is revealing that lichens are startlingly complex. For some 140 years, scientists have understood lichens to be a symbiosis between a fungus, which provides a physical structure and supplies moisture, and a photosynthesizing alga or cyanobacterium, which produces nutrients. Studies of gene activity have now revealed that many lichens are instead a threesome, with two fungi in the mix. The role of the second fungus, a yeast, is uncertain, and some lichen aficionados aren't convinced it is a true symbiotic partner. But others say it's time to throw the textbook understanding of lichens out the window. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Symbiosis
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    [Feature] Rules of the game (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Proteins consist of long chains of building blocks known as amino acids that fold up into precise 3D shapes that govern their function. David Baker, a computational biochemist at the University of Washington, Seattle, has spent years deciphering the rules that govern how these amino acid chains fold, and develop software to predict the 3D shape unknown amino acid chains are likely to take. Recent improvements to this software from Baker and others now make it possible to extend such prediction to the majority of proteins in nature. That's likely to lead to novel insights for biochemists working to understand what all these proteins do. It is also allowing Baker and his colleagues to design novel proteins to work as everything from medicines to materials, and catalysts to biochemical sensors. Author: Robert F. Service
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    [Feature] Red star rising (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: China is in the midst of launching a clutch of space science missions, with four put into space within a 13-month span. Its lunar exploration program is also increasingly science-driven, with a sample return mission scheduled for next year and the first ever landing on the far side of the moon planned for 2018. Beginning in 2020, China will launch another round of four science missions and the nation's first Mars probe. Chinese space administrators say that to build on these advances, the space science program needs reliable annual funding, instead of the 5-year lump sums now provided. They also think merging the country's different space agencies could maximize the scientific impact and lead to greater efficiencies. Author: Dennis Normile
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: In science news around the world, a United Nations panel rules against China's claim to a vast swath of the South China Sea, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research reverses course on its controversial online peer-review system, a U.S. federal appeals court finds that the Navy failed to protect whales from its low-frequency sonar, and researchers at the International Space Station prepare to test a DNA sequencer in orbit. Also, U.K. science and universities minister Jo Johnson keeps his job amid a shakeup in the cabinet, researchers demonstrate single-atom memory storage using chlorine and copper, and scientists from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III unveil the largest 3D map of the universe to date.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
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    [In Depth] Huge statue suggests early rise for Buddhism (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Archaeologists excavating at the sprawling Buddhist complex of Bhamala Stupa, north of Islamabad, at first thought they were digging up yet another stone wall. But they soon realized they had discovered the shattered remains of a massive statue—a monumental reclining Buddha that stretched more than 15 meters, the length of a shipping container. Radiocarbon dates on wood recovered from the site came back at 240 C.E. to 390 C.E.—several centuries before Buddhists were thought to have created the massive sculptures common in temples across Asia. If confirmed, the early date would make this the oldest evidence of monumental Buddhist sculpture. And big statues have big implications, because they require wealthy patrons and rulers to fund their creation. Author: Andrew Lawler
    Keywords: Archaeology
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    Thresholds of change in a multi-use conservation landscape of South Africa: historical land-cover, future transformation and consequences for environmental decision-making (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles KAERA L. COETZER-HANACK, E.T.F. WITKOWSKI, BAREND F.N. ERASMUS, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 253-262 Abstract
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
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    Community-based conservation as a potential source of conflict around a protected area in Sierra Leone (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles LINCOLN R. LARSON, APRIL L. CONWAY, KATHLEEN E. KRAFTE, SONIA M. HERNANDEZ, JOHN P. CARROLL, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 242-252 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology
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    Governance challenges for commercial exploitation of a non-timber forest product by marginalized rural communities (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles ALAINE A. BALL, PEDRO H.S. BRANCALION, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 208-220 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology
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    The consumption of wild meat in Madagascar: drivers, popularity and food security (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles KIM E. REUTER, HALEY RANDELL, ABIGAIL R. WILLS, BRENT J. SEWALL, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 273-283 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology
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    How are soil carbon and tropical biodiversity related? (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles DOUGLAS SHEIL, BRENTON LADD, LUCAS C. R. SILVA, SHAWN W. LAFFAN, MIRIAM VAN HEIST, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 231-241 Abstract
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    Rapid conservation assessment for endangered species using habitat connectivity models (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles DANICA SCHAFFER-SMITH, JENNIFER J. SWENSON, ANTONIO J. BÓVEDA-PENALBA, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 221-230 Abstract
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    Topics: Biology
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    Beyond segregative or integrative models for protected areas: a case study of French nature reserves (2016)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Research Articles CLARA THERVILLE, LIVIO CASELLA-COLOMBEAU, RAPHAËL MATHEVET, FREDERIC BIORET, Environmental Conservation , Volume 43 Issue 03 , pp 284-293 Abstract
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    [Editorial] The communities of Science (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: My father was a mathematician. When I was a teenager, I talked to him about careers. I love math, even fairly esoteric stuff. He surprised me by saying, “Math is something to pursue only if you cannot imagine doing anything else. You can follow other careers and still do math, but pure math can be very isolating; only a few people in the world are likely to really understand what you are working on.” I was surprised that he was discouraging me from his career path. But wait, what? He was also implying that science was a social activity in an essential way. Author: Jeremy Berg
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    [In Depth] Long-delayed nuclear center looks set for construction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: After many years of delays, the €1.7 billion Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, an extension of the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, may finally get built. At a council meeting on 27 and 28 June, the partner countries—eight European Union members plus India and Russia—concluded that they have enough money to cover a €320 million budget gap; they will now seek building permits from the German government. Still, some countries have yet to commit their share of the missing cash, including Russia, which had agreed to bear about 18% of FAIR's total construction cost, the second largest contribution after Germany's 70%. Author: Edwin Cartlidge
    Keywords: Physics
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    [In Depth] Titanic balloon sets record and tantalizes scientists (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The largest pressurized balloon to be launched by NASA has set a record for endurance: the longest midlatitude flight by a large scientific balloon. For decades, conventional "zero-pressure" balloons have given researchers a high-altitude platform for studying atmospheric chemistry, the cosmic microwave background, and many other phenomena. But at temperate latitudes, the endurance of conventional balloons is limited. So-called superpressure balloons promise to bring that endurance to temperate latitudes, opening new phenomena to observation. Packing 532,000 cubic meters of helium and measuring 114 meters in diameter, NASA's latest superpressure balloon circled the Southern Hemisphere for 46 days, lofting a gamma ray telescope to the edges of space. Author: Patrick Monahan
    Keywords: Astrophysics
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    [In Depth] Massive helium fields found in rift zone of Tanzania (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: A mineral exploration company called Helium One says it has found three massive fields of helium gas in Tanzania that might be big enough to supply the world with helium for decades. But experts say the fields might not be worth developing anytime soon. Helium is the world's best coolant; in liquid form, its ultralow boiling point of 4 K makes it invaluable for keeping scientific and medical equipment extremely cold. It comes from Earth's crust, where radioactive uranium and thorium in rocks emit helium nuclei when they decay. Helium One hopes to raise $40 million to start drilling in Tanzania in 2017, but the company may struggle to enter a world market that has recently swung from shortage to surplus thanks to conservation by helium users and to stepped-up output by producers such as the United States, Qatar, and Russia. Author: Eric Hand
    Keywords: Economic Geology
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    [In Depth] Heartmaker's next step: a ray ‘biohybrid’ (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Kevin Kit Parker wants to build a human heart. His young daughter loves the New England Aquarium in Boston. Now father's and daughter's obsessions have combined in an unlikely creation: a nickel-sized artificial stingray whose swimming is guided by light and powered by rat heart muscle cells. Incorporating advances in engineering, cell culture, genetics, and biomechanics, the "living" robot brings Parker's dream of a humanmade human heart a step closer. The stingray represents a step up from his previous effort, a robotic jellyfish, as the new robot can be maneuvered around obstacle courses with beams of light. But there's a long way to go to make larger biohybrids that can work in the natural environment, and an even longer way before Parker can really build his heart. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
    Keywords: Robotics
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    [Feature] Rewilding Rio (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: A team of ecologists is recreating a living rainforest in the heart of the Olympic city Author: Herton Escobar
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    [Feature] Hurdling obstacles (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Earlier this month, Marcia McNutt officially became the president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the latest in a long line of accomplishments for the geophysicist, many of them a first for a woman—she previously ran the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), was president and CEO of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, and most recently was editor-in-chief of the Science family of journals. None of those stints were easy—she dealt with the massive oil spill from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and pushed through a major reorganization while at USGS, for example. Colleagues say that a mix of decisiveness, humanity, and negotiating skill have served McNutt well both as a researcher and an administrator. "I bow my head to Marcia," says Massachusetts Institute of Technology physical oceanographer Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli. "She has a spine of iron." Author: Ellen Ruppel Shell
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    [In Depth] In Canada, peer-review changes stir outrage (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Nearly 1000 Canadian researchers are demanding that the government immediately reverse "radical" changes that the nation's main biomedical research funder has made to its grantsmaking process, arguing that they are wreaking havoc on the science community. In particular, the researchers want the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) to reinstate face-to-face meetings of peer review panels, which the agency has ended in favor of an on-line system for evaluating grant proposals. The letter represents the latest salvo against a controversial reform effort launched roughly 4 years ago by CIHR President Alain Beaudet. Responding to recommendations made in 2011 by an international review panel, the agency launched a three-pronged reform effort that revamped its funding streams, the way researchers submitted proposals, and the way proposals are reviewed. But the changes have been met with fierce criticism from researchers. Author: Wayne Kondro
    Keywords: Funding
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    [Multimedia] Cover stories: Making the robotic ray cover (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Learning to move on land (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: How did early four-limbed vertebrates, or stem tetrapods, move on land? On page 154 of this issue, McInroe and co-workers bring together expertise from several fields—including biomechanical analysis of a modern analog, mathematical modeling, controlled drag measurements in granular media, and bioinspired robotics—to address this question (1). They find that properly coordinated tail movements make locomotion efficient when limb motion is suboptimal and substrates are challenging. Thus, the tail may have helped stem tetrapods to move on land. The work exemplifies a move in paleontology toward increasingly interdisciplinary research (2). Author: John A. Nyakatura
    Keywords: Paleontology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: In science news around the world, NASA's Juno spacecraft successfully enters into orbit around Jupiter, the National Science Foundation's troubled National Ecological Observatory Network gets an additional $35 million, the Wellcome Trust prepares to launch an open-access journal that will publish only research funded by a Wellcome grant, more than 100 Nobel laureates sign a strongly worded letter chastising Greenpeace for its anti-GMO stance, and more. Also, Mexico faces particular challenges in adhering to the agreement it made with the United States and Canada to each generate 50% of their electricity from clean energy sources by 2025. And NASA announces the future of two spacecraft: Dawn will remain in orbit around Ceres, and New Horizons, which visited Pluto in 2015, will venture further to a rendezvous with an icy Kuiper belt object in 2019.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] Panel slams plan for human research rules (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: In a development certain to fuel a long-running controversy, a prominent science advisory panel is calling on the U.S. government to abandon a nearly finished update to rules on protecting human research participants. It should wait until a new high-level commission, created by Congress and the president, to recommend improvements and then start over, the panel says. The recommendation, made 29 June by a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that is examining ways to reduce the regulatory burden on academic scientists, is the political equivalent of stepping in front of a speeding car in a bid to prevent a disastrous wreck. It's not clear, however, whether the panel will succeed in stopping the regulatory express—or just get run over. Both the Obama administration, which has been pushing to complete the new rules this year, and key lawmakers in Congress would need to back the halt—and so far they've been silent. Still, many researchers and university groups are thrilled with the panel's recommendation, noting that they have repeatedly objected to some of the proposed rule changes as unworkable—with little apparent impact. Author: David Malakoff
    Keywords: Research Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Molecular sieves for gas separation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Separation and purification are critical industrial processes for separating components of chemical mixtures, and these processes account for about half of industrial energy usage (1). Gas mixtures of compounds with very similar physical properties are particularly difficult to separate. On pages 137 and 141 of this issue, Cadiau et al. (2) and Cui et al. (3), respectively, show that microporous materials can be designed to have high adsorption capacity and selectivity for particular hydrocarbons, enabling energy-efficient separation. Author: Jerry Y. S. Lin
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Network analytics in the age of big data (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: We live in a complex world of interconnected entities. In all areas of human endeavor, from biology to medicine, economics, and climate science, we are flooded with large-scale data sets. These data sets describe intricate real-world systems from different and complementary viewpoints, with entities being modeled as nodes and their connections as edges, comprising large networks. These networked data are a new and rich source of domain-specific information, but that information is currently largely hidden within the complicated wiring patterns. Deciphering these patterns is paramount, because computational analyses of large networks are often intractable, so that many questions we ask about the world cannot be answered exactly, even with unlimited computer power and time (1). Hence, the only hope is to answer these questions approximately (that is, heuristically) and prove how far the approximate answer is from the exact, unknown one, in the worst case. On page 163 of this issue, Benson et al. (2) take an important step in that direction by providing a scalable heuristic framework for grouping entities based on their wiring patterns and using the discovered patterns for revealing the higher-order organizational principles of several real-world networked systems. Authors: Nataša Pržulj, Noël Malod-Dognin
    Keywords: Network Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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