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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (10,897)
  • Organic Chemistry  (10,313)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (6,314)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (5,332)
  • 1985-1989  (14,281)
  • 1980-1984  (12,190)
  • 1970-1974  (6,385)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: The test capabilities of the Stability Wind Tunnel of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University are described, and calibrations for curved and rolling flow techniques are given. Oscillatory snaking tests to determine pure yawing derivatives are considered. Representative aerodynamic data obtained for a current fighter configuration using the curved and rolling flow techniques are presented. The application of dynamic derivatives obtained in such tests to the analysis of airplane motions in general, and to high angle of attack flight conditions in particular, is discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Dyn. Stability Parameters; 13 p
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Applications of supercritical airfoils to transport aircraft designs
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA AIRCRAFT SAFETY AND OPERATING PROBL., VOL. 1 1971; P 165-176
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Flight tests for evaluating effect of wing-tip vortex wake generated by large jet transports on smaller aircraft
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA AIRCRAFT SAFETY AND OPERATING PROBL., VOL. 1 1971; P 115-126
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Effect of wing-tip vortex wakes generated by large jet transport aircraft on smaller airplanes
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA AIRCRAFT SAFETY AND OPERATING PROBL., VOL. 1 1971; P 101-113
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  • 5
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Alleviation of lateral and longitudinal gust effects on aircraft
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: PERFORMANCE AND DYN. OF AEROSPACE VEHICLES 1971; P 505-553
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Effects of aeroelasticity on static longitudinal aerodynamic derivatives
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: PERFORMANCE AND DYN. OF AEROSPACE VEHICLES 1971; P 375-438
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Minimizing drag and increasing performance of optimum shapes at hypersonic flight
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: PERFORMANCE AND DYN. OF AEROSPACE VEHICLES 1971; P 103-174
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  • 8
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Least squares method and iteration technique for obtaining aerodynamic stability derivatives
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: PERFORMANCE AND DYN. OF AEROSPACE VEHICLES 1971; P 71-101
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Jet induced flow field effects on V/STOL aircraft in subsonic transition flight
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 683-702
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Iterative method for designing supersonic body of revolution from surface pressure distribution
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 75-84
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Ground wind loads on reusable space shuttles
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 143-160
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  • 12
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Space shuttle buffeting and aerodynamic noise
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 238-247
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Ducted fan interference analysis for transport aircraft
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON ANAL. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 703-719
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Time-dependent numerical method for blunt body flow field solutions
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 177-195
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Prediction methods for boundary layer and flow field characteristics in shock wave-boundary layer interaction
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 515-539
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Numerical analysis of three dimensional viscous supersonic flow fields about slender bodies
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINTON ANAL. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 265-321
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The problem of in-flight aerodynamic noise has been studied by reliable estimates of full scale surface-pressure fluctuations from scale model tests in wind tunnels. Scaling relationships have been verified, and many details of the fluctuating pressure characteristics such as spatial correlation and convection velocities are understood. The effects of the wind tunnel environmental turbulence and noise have also been investigated sufficiently so that threshold levels of usable data are known.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA Space Shuttle Technol. Conf.; p 71-96
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Method of characteristics for computerized design of optimal supersonic inlets
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 569-581
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Aerodynamic method of characteristics for pressure field calculations about wing-body combinations
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 215-227
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  • 20
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Numerical analysis of propeller-wing flow interaction with slipstreams
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON ANAL. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 721-742
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Wind tunnel simulation of ground wind shear and turbulence spectra and application to space shuttle launching
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. LEWIS RES. CENTER SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 161-175
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Lift and pressure distribution calculations for winged body with leading edge vortices
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON ANAL. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 113-129
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Finite difference solution for compressible turbulent boundary layer equations of swept slab with leading edge blowing
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 417-472
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Review of prediction methods for compressible turbulent boundary layers
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 355-416
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Finite difference analysis of hyperbolic partial differential equations
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 245-264
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Computer programs for predicting flow field properties in supersonic and hypersonic inlets
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 583-595
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Wing-body interference theory for calculating lift slope and stability at hypersonic speed
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 101-111
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Numerical lifting surface theory with spanwise distribution of control points
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 1-35
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Method of characteristics for flow field analysis on elliptical winged body
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 159-176
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Finite element method for predicting aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body combinations
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 37-51
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Potential flow solution for VTOL inlets in static and crossflow operation
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 659-681
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Analysis of secondary flow effects in propeller and rotor boundary layers
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON ANAL. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 473-514
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  • 33
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Finite difference method for transonic flow solution in axial stator
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 597-621
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Method of characteristics for calculating oblique shock wave interaction with turbulent boundary layer
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 541-567
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Aerodynamic forces in supersonic panel flutter
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 335-353
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  • 36
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Static laminar Coanda jet flow around circular cylinder with external flow entrainment
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON ANAL. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 197-214
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Correlation method for estimating pressure distribution over elliptic supersonic cones
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 85-99
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Calculation methods for predicting transonic aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body combinations
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON ANAL. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 53-73
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  • 39
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Background information and exercises are provided to: (1) establish or expand understanding of the concepts, methods, and terminology of computer processing of image producing data; (2) develop insight into the advantages of computer based image processing compared with the photointerpretation approach for processing, classifying, interpreting, and applying remote sensing data; (3) foster a broad perspective on the principal of the main techniques for image enhancement, pattern recognition, and thematic classification; (4) appreciate the pros and cons of batch and interactive modes of image analysis; (5) examine and evaluate some specific computer generated products for subscenes in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and (6) interrelate these particular examples of output with more theoretical explanations of computer processing strategies and procedures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 145-232
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  • 40
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    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Aeroelasticity and unsteady flow problems of aircraft
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: PERFORMANCE AND DYN. OF AEROSPACE VEHICLES 1971; P 289-374
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Prediction of steady and unsteady airloads on space shuttles
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. LEWIS RES. CENTER SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOL. SYMP., VOL. 2 JUL. 1970; P 223-237
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 121-133
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 97-110
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  • 44
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 49-58
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 71-84
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 85-96
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 1-12
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 35-48
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: its Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 59-70
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Isolated knobs that are erosional remnants of central volcanoes or of folded rocks occur in several areas of the Altiplano are visible on both optical and images. The optically visible streaks occur in the immediate lee of the knobs, whereas the radar visible streaks occur in the zone downwind between the knobs. Aerial reconnaissance and field studies showed that the optically visible streaks consist of a series of small ( 100 m wide) barchan and barchanoid dunes, intradune sand sheets, and sand hummocks (large shrub coppice dunes) up to 15 m across and 5 m high. On LANDSAT images these features are poorly resolved but combine to form a bright streak. On the radar image, this area also appears brighter than the zone of the radar dark streak; evidently, the dunes and hummocks serve as radar reflectors. The radar dark streak consists of a relatively flat, smooth sand sheet which lacks organized aerolian bedforms, other than occasional ripples. Wind velocity profiles show a greater U value in the optically bright streak zone than in the radar dark streak.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 271-272
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The diversity of proposed origins for large Martian outflow channels results from the differing interpretations given to the landforms associated with the outflow channels. In an attempt to help limit the possible mechanisms of channel erosion, detailed studies of three of the channel features were done; the streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks. This examination involved a comparison of the martian streamlined islands with various streamlined landforms on Earth including those found in the Channel Scabland in large rivers, glacial drumlins, and desert yardangs. The comparisons included statistical analyses of the landform lengths versus widths and positions of maximum width, and an examination of the degree of shape agreement with the geometric lemniscate which was in turn demonstrated to correspond closely with true airfoil shapes. The analyses showed that the shapes of the martian islands correspond closely to the streamlined islands in rivers and the Channel Scabland land. Drumlins show a much smaller correlation. Erosional rock islands formed by glaciers are very much different in shape.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 200-202
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Multipolarized airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were acquired over a largely agricultural test site near Macomb, Illinois, in conjunction with the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) experiment in October 1984. The NASA/JPL L-band SAR operating at 1.225 GHz made a series of daily overflights with azimuth view angles both parallel and orthogonal to those of SIR-B. The SAR data was digitally recorded in the quadpolarization configuration. An extensive set of ground measurements were obtained throughout the test site and include biophysical and soil measurements of approximately 400 agricultural fields. Preliminary evaluation of some of the airborne SAR imagery indicates a great potential for crop discrimination and assessment of canopy condition. False color composites constructed from the combination of three linear polarizations (HH, VV, and HV) were found to be clearly superior to any single polarization for purposes of crop classification. In addition, an image constructed using the HH return to modulate intensity and the phase difference between HH and VV returns to modulate chroma indicates a clear capability for assessment of canopy height and/or biomass. In particular, corn fields heavily damaged by infestations of corn borer are readily distinguished from noninfested fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 67-75
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Multipolarization Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the NASA/JPL aircraft SAR were used in conjunction with LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM), Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), and Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data as part of a three-year research program to evaluate the utility of remote sensing measurements for analysis of sedimentary basins. The purpose of this research effort is to construct stratigraphic columns, map variations in the lithology, geometry, and structure of sedimentary rocks in the Wind River/Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming, and to integrate remote sensing data with conventional rain models of basin formation and evolution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 49-50
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Several digital data processing techniques were evaluated in an effort to identify and map active/abandoned, partially reclaimed, and fully revegetated surface mine areas in the central portion of Logan County. The TM data were first subjected to various enhancement procedures, including a linear contrast stretch, principal components and canonical analysis transformations. At the same time, four general procedures were followed to produce six classifications as a means of comparing the techniques involved. Preliminary results show that various feature extraction/data reduction techniques provide classification results equal or superior to the more straightforward unsupervised clustering technique. Analyst interaction time for labelling clusters is reduced using the canonical analysis and principal components procedures, though the canonical technique has clearly produced better results to date.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization Early Results, Vol. 4; p 403-414
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A KC-135A aircraft equipped with wing tip winglets was flight tested to demonstrate and validate the potential performance gain of the winglet concept as predicted from analytical and wind tunnel data. Flight data were obtained at cruise conditions for Mach numbers of 0.70, 0.75, and 0.80 at a nominal altitude of 36,000 ft. and winglet configurations of 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence, 0 deg cant/-4 deg incidence, and baseline. For the Mach numbers tested the data show that the addition of winglets did not affect the lifting characteristics of the wing. However, both winglet configurations showed a drag reduction over the baseline configuration, with the best winglet configuration being the 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence configuration. This drag reduction due to winglets also increased with increasing lift coefficient. It was also shown that a small difference exists between the 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence flight and wind tunnel predicted data. This difference was attributed to the pillowing of the winglet skins in flight which would decrease the winglet performance.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 103-116
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  • 56
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A joint NASA/USAF program was conducted to accomplish the following objectives: (1) evaluate the benefits that could be achieved from the application of winglets to KC-135 aircraft; and (2) determine the ability of wind tunnel tests and analytical analysis to predict winglet characteristics. The program included wind-tunnel development of a test winglet configuration; analytical predictions of the changes to the aircraft resulting from the application of the test winglet; and finally, flight tests of the developed configuration. Pressure distribution, loads, stability and control, buffet, fuel mileage, and flutter data were obtained to fulfill the objectives of the program.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 1-46
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A full-scale winglet flight test on a KC-135 airplane with an upper winglet was conducted. Data were taken at Mach numbers from 0.70 to 0.82 at altitudes from 34,000 feet to 39,000 feet at stabilized flight conditions for wing/winglet configurations of basic wing tip, 15/-4 deg, 15/-2 deg, and 0/-4 deg winglet cant/incidence. An analysis of selected pressure distribution and data showed that with the basic wing tip, the flight and wind tunnel wing pressure distribution data showed good agreement. With winglets installed, the effects on the wing pressure distribution were mainly near the tip. Also, the flight and wind tunnel winglet pressure distributions had some significant differences primarily due to the oilcanning in flight. However, in general, the agreement was good. For the winglet cant and incidence configuration presented, the incidence had the largest effect on the winglet pressure distributions. The incremental flight wing deflection data showed that the semispan wind tunnel model did a reasonable job of simulating the aeroelastic effects at the wing tip. The flight loads data showed good agreement with predictions at the design point and also substantiated the predicted structural penalty (load increase) of the 15 deg cant/-2 deg incidence winglet configuration.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 47-102
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A joint NASA/U.S. industry program to test advanced technology airfoils in the Langley 0.3-meter Transonic Tunnel (TCT) was formulated under the Langley ACEE Project Office. The objectives include providing U.S. industry an opportunity to compare their most advanced airfoils to the latest NASA designs by means of high Reynolds number tests in the same facility. At the same time, industry would again experience in the design and construction of cryogenic test techniques. The status and details of the test program are presented. Typical aerodynamic results obtained, to date, are presented at chord Reynolds number up to 45 x 10(6) and are compared to results from other facilities and theory. Details of a joint agreement between NASA and the Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsantalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt e.V. (DFVLR) for tests of two airfoils are also included. Results of these tests will be made available as soon as practical.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advan. Aerodyn.: Selected NASA Res.; p 37-53
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-07
    Description: Various image processing and information extraction systems are described along with the design and operation of an interactive multispectral information system, IMAGE 100. Analyses of ERTS data, using IMAGE 100, over a number of U.S. sites are presented. The following analyses are included: investigations of crop inventory and management using remote sensing; and (2) land cover classification for environmental impact assessments. Results show that useful information is provided by IMAGE 100 analyses of ERTS data in digital form.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Chamber of Commerce Proc. of the 1st 1974 Technol. Transfer Conf.; p 201-218
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  • 60
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Images characteristics of geographic regions other than the northeastern part of the United States are presented for interpretation. Pre- and post-eruption imagery of Mt. St. Helens volcano serves to demonstrate the advantages of thermal infrared sensing, and the potential for developing a timely, decision oriented thematic map to be used in solving drought-related problems in Upper Volta is examined to show the applicability of satellite remote sensing in all geographic areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 455-475
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens in southeast Washington resulted in a pronounced effect on the surface and ground water resources of the state. In response to the volcanic activity, the U.S. Geological Survey intensified statewide surface and ground water sampling programs to determine the nature and magnitude of the volcanic-induced variations. Streams to the east of Mount St. Helens received the major ash fallout. Chemical effects were best noted in smaller streams sampled 60 to 70 miles northeast of Mount St. Helens. The chemical variations observed were pronounced but short lived. Sulfate and chloride increases in anionic composition were prevalent immediately following the eruption; however, the original bicarbonate predominance was again attained within several days. Suspended iron and aluminum concentrations were similarly elevated during the period of greatest ash deposition (highest turbidity); however, the dissolved concentrations remained relatively constant. Depressions of pH were minor and short lived. Streams draining to the south, tributaries to the Columbia river, showed little observable changes in water chemistry. Streams draining to the west (Toutle river and its tributaries) were compositionally affected by the various volcanic activities. Chloride and sulfate anion percentage exceeded the bicarbonate percentage up to one month following the eruption period. Streams and lakes sampled in the immediate vicinity of Mount St. Helens, in addition to trace metals, contained organic compounds derived from decomposing wood buried in the debris deposits. This organic material may constitute a significant source of organic compounds to surface and ground water for some time to come.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 43-46
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  • 62
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The benefits-to-cost ratio of satellite remote sensing, both as a substitute for conventional methods of monitoring and assessing resources, and as a supplement to these methods is examined using a model which analyzes the cost of aerial photography versus satellite scanner for producing and interpreting an image of the Earth's surface sized to LANDSAT dimensions. Examples of cost savings are tabulated for ground surveys, aerial photos, and LANDSAT. Possible additional benefits from LANDSAT D are assessed. The way in which satellites fit into more comprehensive models for resources management is discussed. It is shown that remote sensing is but one essential component in a complex system that aggregates technical. Socioeconomics, political, cultural, and other factors in the human decision process.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 389-407
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  • 63
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Computer processing facilitates extraction of information from every pixel by executing a variety of functional operations, called processed algorithms, in general or specialized routines. The best results are obtained when data from more than one multispectral band are used together. Multivariate tatistical analysis, computer tape characteristics, processing modes, and a choice of systems (batch or interactive) are discussed. The major operations in computer processing elaborated include: preprocessing, enhancement, effects of rationing, and classification. Techniques for multisource data correlation are considered with emphasis on geobased systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 421-453
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  • 64
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives include: (1) developing an understanding of the implications of the term "near surface observations"; (2) associating the appearance of large ground features as seen in satellite imagery with their appearance as seen from the ground; (3) grasping criteria and procedures for selecting training sites on the ground for use in supervised classification; (4) running through an example of training site selection; (5) becoming familiar with several methods of accuracy assessment; (6) becoming aware of the approach and value of making supporting measurements of the spectral and physical properties of materials on the ground and from aircraft; (7) taking note of the different types of instruments used in making specific ground measurements; and (8) appreciating the rationale underlying laboratory and field studies on or near the Earth's surface for the purpose of developing new sensor systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 233-276
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  • 65
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives include: (1) developing a facility for applying conventional techniques of photointerpretation to small scale (satellite) imager; (2) promoting the ability to locate, identify, and interpret small natural and man made surface features in a LANDSAT image; (3) using supporting imagery, such as aerial and space photography, to conduct specific applications analyses; (4) learning to apply change detection techniques to recognize and explain transient and temporal events in individual or seasonal imagery; (5) producing photointerpretation maps that define major surface units, themes, or classes; (6) classifying or analyzing a scene for specific discipline applications in geology, agriculture, forestry, hyrology, coastal wetlands, and environmental pollution; and (7) evaluating both advantages and shortcomings in relying on the photointerpretive approach (rather than computer based analytical approach) for extracting information from LANDSAT data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 101-143
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  • 66
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Activities are provided for: (1) developing insight into the way in which the LANDSAT MSS produces multispectral data; (2) promoting understanding of what a "pixel" means in a LANDSAT image and the implications of the term "mixed pixel"; (3) explaining the concept of spectral signatures; (4) deriving a simple signature for a class or feature by analysis: of the four band images; (5) understanding the production of false color composites; (6) appreciating the use of color additive techniques; (7) preparing Diazo images; and (8) making quick visual identifications of major land cover types by their characteristic gray tones or colors in LANDSAT images.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 81-99
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  • 67
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives of the activities provided include: (1) reading the annotation of a LANDSAT image; (2) becoming acquainted with the characteristics of 1:1,000,000 scale transparencies and prints of MSS images; (3) noting the general information visible in LANDSAT photo products; (4) observing changes of appearance of any ground feature or class in the black and white images made from the four MSS bands and the characteristic color of each class in color composites; (5) determining the degree to which a LANDSAT image meets map accuracy standards and can be fitted to map projections; (6) assessing the effects of LANDSAT enlargements and scale changes and of the limitations of satellite resolution relative to aerial photos; (7) observing the influence of time of acquisition (season) on a scene; (8) getting a feel for image quality as dependent on processing and photoreproduction; (9) appreciating the characteristics of the RBV and thermal band imagery obtained from LANDSAT-3; and (10) becoming familiar with certain attributes of adjacent LANDSAT images which permit them to be joined in mosaics and to be viewed in stereo.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 39-80
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  • 68
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The primary LANDSAT mission and the system requirements are summarized and pertinent parameters of the spacecraft, its orbit, and payload are tabulated. The history acquisition to entry into the archives for storage and product generation and dissemination is recounted. The LANDSAT D data handling plan is discussed showing requirements for both the MSS CCT and the thematic mapper CCT.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 409-419
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  • 69
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The term remote sensing is defined as well as ideas such as class, pattern, feature, pattern recognition, feature extraction, and theme. The electromagnetic spectrum is examined especially those wavelength regions available to remote sensing. Relevant energy and wave propagation laws are discussed and the characteristics of emitted and reflected radiation and their detection are investigated. The identification of classes by their spectral signatures, the multispectral approach, and the principal types of sensors and platforms used in remote sensing are also considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 9-38
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  • 70
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Operation of the microwave instrument as a two frequency scatterometer, a synthetic aperture radar, and a passive microwave radiometer is planned. Operation of the instrument in each of its three modes is discussed and the antenna system described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer data from Mono Lake, California, were studied in order to establish spectral radiance of test areas under solar illumination. The objective is to provide a method of atmospheric correction for major absorbers from the spectrometer data themselves. Crucial to the analysis is radiometric calibration of the instrument. Good agreement is found between calculated and measured radiances for uniform surface targets (beaches), but simulations of atmospheric properties with LOWTRAN lead to unreasonably low values of atmospheric precipitable water. Absorptions from carbon dioxide are not detected in the AIS data, but are strongly present in the LOWTRAN model. The apparent low contrast of all atmospheric absorption bands leads to a study of contamination from overlapping spectral orders in the AIS data. The suspected contamination is shown unambiguously to be present beyond approximately 1500 nm and consists of an extra radiance term including atmospheric bands from the delta/2 wavelength interval. A rigorous removal of the unwanted spectral contamination does not seem possible for any data taken in the rock mode. Rough estimates for tree-mode observations might be pieced together is a suitable after-the-fact radiometric claibration of the instrument can be formulated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 31-51
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Space Shuttle Challenger was observed spectroscopically in two passes over Maui during the Spacelab 2 mission. Through most of one of the passes strong bands centered at 1.52 and 1.69 microns, tentatively identified as OH bands, were detected. The average luminosity of the Shuttle in the 1.45 to 1.75 micron range was roughly equal to that of a star of magnitude +5.5. The luminosity was much lower during part of the pass. Spectra from 0.65 to 2.4 microns were obtained during the second pass. These showed that most of the nonthermal emission is in the 1.2 to 2.2 micron range as would be expected for vibrationally excited OH.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 7 p
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Dynamic model verification is the process whereby an analytical model of a dynamic system is compared with experimental data, adjusted if necessary to bring it into agreement with the data, and then qualified for future use in predicting system response in a different dynamic environment. These are various ways to conduct model verification. The approach taken here employs Bayesian statistical parameter estimation. Unlike curve fitting, whose objective is to minimize the difference between some analytical function and a given quantity of test data (or curve), Bayesian estimation attempts also to minimize the difference between the parameter values of that funciton (the model) and their initial estimates, in a least squares sense. The objectives of dynamic model verification, therefore, are to produce a model which: (1) is in agreement with test data; (2) will assist in the interpretation of test data; (3) can be used to help verify a design; (4) will reliably predict performance; and (5) in the case of space structures, will facilitate dynamic control.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 15 p
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  • 74
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Multidisciplinary analysis often requires optimization of nonlinear systems that are subject to constraints. Trajectory optimization is one example of this situation. The Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories (POST) was used successfully for a number of problems. The purpose is to describe POST and a new optimization approach that has been incorporated into it. Typical uses of POST will also be illustrated. The projected-gradient approach to optimization is the preferred option in POST and is discussed. A new approach to optimization, the random-walk approach, is described, and results with the random-walk approach are presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 23 p
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Earth's atmosphere from 90 km to 200 km provides the last aerothermodynamics frontier. Present NASA programs which require but also can provide an understanding of the aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics of the free molecule and transition flows that exist at these altitudes are the Aeroassisted OTV, Entry Research Vehicle and the Tethered Satellite. Each of these programs provides a unique opportunity to do flight research in the rarefied upper atmosphere. However, the Tethered Satellite Program provides, because of its capability to obtain global, in-situ, steady state data, the greatest potential to: (1)define the performance of aerodynamic shapes as a function of environmental characteristics (free molecule, transition, slip flow regimes); (2)define the characteristics of the upper atmosphere and the global variability of properties such as composition temperature, pressure and density. Such data are required to accomplish the systematic development and verification of analytical prediction techniques required to support advance configuration designs.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space: Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2; p 265-285
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The airborne L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) collected multipolarization calibrated image data over an irrigated agricultural test site near Fresno, CA, on March 6, 1984. The conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the effects of incidence angle on the measured backscattering coefficients could be removed by using a correction factor equal to the secant of the angle raised to the 1.4 power, (2) for this scene and time of year, the various polarization channels were highly correlated such that the use of more than one polarization added little to the ability of the radar to discriminate vegetation type or condition; the exception was barley which separated from vineyards only when a combination of like and cross polarization data were used (polarization was very useful for corn identification in fall crops), (3) an excellent separation between herbaceous vegetation (alfalfa, barley, and oats) or bare fields and trees in orchards existed in brightness was well correlated to alfalfa height or biomass, especially for the HH polarization combination, (5) vineyards exhibited a narrow range of brightnesses with no systematic effects of type or number of stakes nor of number of wires in the trellises nor of the size of the vines, (6) within the orchard classes, areal biomass characterized by basal area differences caused radar image brightness differences for small to medium trees but not for medium to large trees.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 63
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Two uncalibrated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenes from Death Valley, California, and two uncalibrated scenes from Owens Valley, California, were used to test a technique to identify and separate the primary factors associated with multipolarized radar image sets. Unique to the technique is the concept that varied types of radar polarization signatures are a result of the interaction of a few physical factors (e.g., roughness, volume scattering, and dielectric constant). Thus, the varied signatures observed in an image reflect the interaction between these factors. The objectives are to first separate the interaction of factors directly influencing the measurement and to attempt to identify these factors. Interpretation of the SAR image sets proceeds by testing models that hypothesize the cause and effect relations between those factors directly affecting the radar measurement and those features of interest to the interpreter. The results of our analysis indicated two consistent endmember types over all four image scenes. These types are defined by a high flat polarized signature near a level of 255 DN and a low level flat signature near 0 DN for all polarizations. Four other endmember types were also isolated. The spatial distribution of these endmember types indicates possible correspondence to surface volume scattering and changes in surface dielectric. However, the shapes of these endmember types were different from scene to scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 47-48
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Imaging radar backscatter in continuously forested areas contains information about the forest canopy; it also contains data about topography, landforms, and terrain texture. For purposes of radar image interpretation and geologic mapping researchers were interested in identifying and separating forest canopy effects from geologic or geomorphic effects on radar images. The objectives of this investigation was to evaluate forest canopy variables in multipolarization radar images under conditions where geologic and topographic variables are at a minimum. A subsidiary objective was to compare the discriminatory capabilities of the radar images with corresponding optical images of similar spatial resolution. It appears that the multipolarization images discriminate variation in tree density, but no evidence was found for discrimination between evergreen and deciduous forest types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 53-54
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: While radar does not provide detailed begetation discrimination, it provide the means to separate areas of different moisture conditions. Thus, the use of LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) in conjunction with the microwave data was attempted. If successful, information on shoreline cover, emergent wetland vegetation and extent, and submerged grassbeds would provide much needed data for planning and maintenance of wetlands. Originally, the goal was to determine the accuracy with which one could categorize various types of vegetation and land use within an inland wetland using LANDSAT TM data. First, a Level 1/2 supervised classification was performed. Following a more detailed ground trust survey, a Level 3 classification was done. Aircraft L-band radar data were received and the decision was made to merge the TM and L-band data and assess whether vegetation catagories within the wetland areas could be better defined. Preliminary results indicate vegetation delineation is improved for open agricultural areas and water, but other features are more confused.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 37-38
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NASA/JPL Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was flown over a 20 x 110 km test site in the Texas High Plains regions north of Lubbock during February/March 1984. The effect of incidence angle was investigated by comparing the pixel values of the calibrated and uncalibrated images. Ten-pixel-wide transects along the entire azimuth were averaged in each of the two scenes, and plotted against the calculated incidence angle of the center of each range increment. It is evident from the graphs that both the magnitudes and patterns exhibited by the corresponding transect means of the two images are highly dissimilar. For each of the cross-poles, the uncalibrated image displayed very distinct and systematic positive trends through the entire range of incidence angles. The two like-poles, however, exhibited relatively constant returns. In the calibrated image, the cross-poles exhibited a constant return, while the like-poles demonstrated a strong negative trend across the range of look-angles, as might be expected.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 25-29
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Analysis of regional and high resolution remote sensing data coupled with detailed field investigations indicates Neogene compressional deformation in the southwest Dominican Republic. Airborne synthetic aperture radar data and high resolution near infrared photography show folds in Tertiary sediments and possible thrust fault scarps implying NE to SW compression in the region. Large road cuts through the scarps allow study of otherwise poorly accessible, heavily vegetated karst terrain. Deformation increases toward scrap fronts where small bedding-plane thrust faults become more numerous. Analysis of mesoscopic faults with slickensides indicates compression oriented between N to S and E to W. The lowermost scarp has highly sheared fault breccia and undeformed frontal talus breccias implying it is the basal thrust into which the higher thrust faults sole. Thus, the scarps probably formed in a regional NE to SW compressional stress regime and are the toes of thrust sheets. Previous workers have suggested that these scarps are ancient shorelines. However, the gross morphology of the scarps differs substantially from well known erosional terraces on the north coast.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 21
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The purpose is not to provide a detailed discussion of several wall interference experiments, but rather to use these experiments (recently accomplished in the Boeing Transonic Wind Tunnel (BTWT) to illustrate the problems associated with many of the measurements required by current wall interference assessment/correction (WIAC) procedures. The wall correction to lift is emphasized. It is shown that, because conventional tunnels and relatively small models continue to be used, the flow field or flow boundary measurements to be made impose severe requirements on the experiment itself. In some cases, existing instrumentation and test techniques may not be adequate to obtain the data accuracies needed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 21-42
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Based upon limited, initial observations of wall interference corrections obtained for one airfoil test, there is a need for assessing the upstream flow direction. If there is no direct measurement then a two-pass correction procedure similar to the one described here is required. Questions have arisen pertaining to the correct interpretation of the pressure coefficients measured on the slats of a slotted tunnel wall, the interpretation of just what the calculated equivalent body encompasses or should include, and what can or should be considered as quantitative criteria for data correctability. Further studies using this modified procedure will address these questions. Hopefully, a meaningful WIAC procedure can be validated for the airfoil tests in the 0.3-m TCT.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 393-414
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A series of airfoils were tested in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (TCT) at Reynolds numbers from 2 to 50 million. The 0.3-m TCT is equipped with Barnwell slots designed to minimize blockage due to the tunnel flow and ceiling. This design suggests that sidewall corrections for blockage is needed, and that a lifting airfoil produces a change in angle of attack. Sidewall correction methods were developed for subsonic and subsonic-transonic flow. Comparisons of theory with experimental data obtained in the 0.3-m TCT for two airfoils, the British NPL 9510 and the German R-4 are presented. The NPL 9510 was tested as part of the NASA/United Kingdom Joint Aeronautical Program and R-4 was tested as part f the DFVLR/NASA Advanced Airfoil Research Program. For the NPL 9510 airfoil, only those test points that one would anticipate being difficult to predict theoretically are presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 375-392
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Representation of the flow around full-scale ships was sought in the subsonic wind tunnels in order to a Hain Reynolds numbers as high as possible. As part of the quest to attain the largest possible Reynolds number, large models with high blockage are used which result in significant wall interference effects. Some experiences with such a high blockage model tested in the NASA Ames 12-foot pressure wind tunnel are summarized. The main results of the experiment relating to wind tunnel wall interference effects are also presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 345-360
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The various procedures referred to as wall interference assessment and correction procedures presume the existence of a surface distribution of data (usually static pressure) measured over a surface on or near the tunnel walls for each test point to be assessed. An alternative approach in which a reasonably sophisticated computer model of the test section flow would be fitted parametrically to a sparse set of measured data is presented. The measurements provides line distributions of static pressure near the center lines of the top, side and bottom walls. The development of a test section model incorporating explicit recognition of discrete slots of finite length with controlled flow reentry into the solid wall downstream portion of the tunnel is shown.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center. Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 323-334
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: In order to understand better the polygenetic evolution of landforms on the martian surface, field studies were conducted in and around the Kharga Depression, Egypt. The Kharga region, on the eastern edge of Egypt's Western Desert, was subject to erosion under mostly hyperarid climatic conditions, punctuated by brief pluvial episodes of lesser aridity, since early Pleistocene time. The region contains numerous landforms analogous to features on the martian surface: yardangs carved in layered surficial deposits and in bedrock, invasive dune trains, wind-modified channels and interfluves, and depressions bounded by steep scarps. Like many of the topographic depresions on Mars, the Kharga Depression was invaded by crescentic dunes. In Egypt, stratigraphic relations between dunes, yardangs, mass-wasting debris, and wind-eroded flash-flood deposits record shifts in the relative effectiveness of wind, water, and mass-wasting processes as a function of climate change.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 225-227
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Noise tests of externally blown flaps with the engine under the wing and engine over the wing configurations were conducted. Flap noise data obtained on a TF-34 aircraft are discussed. Noise data obtained during a free-jet forward-speed-effect analysis are presented. Noise sources associated with upper surface flap blowing are described. Results of a small scale configuration screening study and some large scale model test data are analyzed. The noise data for the engine over wing configurations are compared with the engine under the wing configurations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 455-473
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The characteristics of aerodynamic noise generated by the interaction of an airstream with a flap surface are discussed. The location and behavior of various noise sources were investigated to determine optimal quieting techniques. A schematic diagram of the jet-flap concepts being considered for integrated-powered-lift systems for short takeoff aircraft is shown. Each of the concepts has in common high velocity turbulent air flowing over relatively rigid surfaces with resultant production of interaction noise. The nature, location, and control of noise sources which involve the interactions of air flows with airfoil surfaces are examined.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 413-426
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Wind-tunnel investigations of the acoustic characteristics of the externally blown jet flap (EBF) and augmentor wing STOL concepts are discussed. The large-scale EBF model was equipped with a triple-slotted flap blown by four JT15D turbofan engines with circular, coannular exhaust nozzles. The large-scale augmentor wing model was equipped with an unlined augmentor blown by a slot primary nozzle. The effects of airspeed and angle of attack on the acoustics of the EBF were small. Flap deflection had a greater effect on the acoustics of the augmentor wing than did airspeed. The total sound power was also significantly higher for landing indicating that turning in the augmentor generated acoustic energy. Airspeed produced a small aft shift in acoustic directivity with no significant change in the peak perceived noise levels or sound power levels. Small-scale research of the acoustics for the augmentor wing has shown that by blowing an acoustically treated augmentor with a lobed primary nozzle, the 95-PNdb noise level goal can be achieved or surpassed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 443-454
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Tests of the noise produced by the impingement of the jet exhaust on the wing and flap for an externally blown flap system were conducted with a CF700 turbofan engine and an F-111B wing panel. The noise produced with a daisy nozzle installed on the engine was greater than that produced by a conical nozzle at the same thrust. The presence of the wing next to the test nozzles increased the noise, as did increasing the flap deflection angle. Compared with the conical nozzle, the daisy nozzle produced slightly less noise at a flap deflection of 60 deg but produced more noise at the lower flap deflections tested. Tests showed that the single-slotted flap deflected 60 deg, produced less noise than the double-slotted flaps. Also, maintaining the maximum distance between the exit nozzle and flap system resulted in a minor reduction in noise.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 427-441
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Some of the principal results obtained in three series of measurements of fluctuating surface pressures induced on externally blown flaps by jet impingment are presented. Large- and small-scale models and hot- and cold-flow tests are considered. The discussion sets forth scaling parameters and consistent features of the root-mean-square values and spectra of the loading. Implications of these results with regard to sonic fatigue are indicated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 131-142
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Full-scale ground tests of an externally blown flap system were made using the wing of an F-111B airplane and a CF700 engine. Pressure and temperature distributions were determined on the undersurface of the wing, vane, and flap for two engine exhaust nozzles (conical and daisy) at several engine power and engine/wing positions. The tests were made with no airflow over the wing. The leading-edge wing sweep angle was fixed at 26 deg, the angle of incidence between the engine and the wing was fixed at 3 deg, and the tests were conducted with the flap retracted, extended and deflected 35 deg, and extended and deflected 60 deg. The integrated local pressures on the undersurface of the flap produced loads approximately three times as great at the 60 deg flap position as at the 35 deg flap position. With both nozzle configurations, more than 90 percent of the integrated pressure loads were contained within plus or minus 20 percent of the flap span centered around the engine exhaust centerline. The maximum temperature recorded on the flaps was 218 C (424 F) for the conical nozzle and 180 C (356 F) for the daisy nozzle.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 143-156
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Concurrent simulations of powered-lift STOL transport aircraft having either an externally blown flap configuration or an augmentor wing configuration were conducted. The following types of simulators of varying sophistication were used: (1) a simple fixed-base simulation with a simple visual display, (2) a more complex fixed-base simulation using a realistic transport cockpit and a high-quality visual display, and (3) a six-degree-of-freedom motion simulator that had a realistic transport cockpit and a sophisticated visual display. The unaugmented flying qualities determined from these simulations were rated as unacceptable for both the externally blown flap and augmentor wing configurations. The longitudinal, lateral-directional, and single-engine-failure characteristics were rated satisfactory with extensive augmentation, including pitch and roll command systems, flight-path (or speed) augmentation, turn coordination, and effective yaw damping. However, the flare and landing characteristics from any approach glide-path angle in excess of 4 deg were rated as unsatisfactory but acceptable.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 157-800
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  • 95
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The results of some preliminary wind-tunnel investigations made to provide fundamental aerodynamic information on the upper surface blown jet-flap concept incorporating high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines are summarized. The results of the investigation have shown the concept to have aerodynamic performance generally similar to that of other externally blown high-lift systems. A few of the more critical problems associated with this concept have been identified and preliminary solutions to some of these problems have been found. These results have proven to be sufficiently encouraging to warrant continuation of fundamental research efforts on the concept.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center STOL Technol.; p 97-110
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  • 96
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Results of research on advanced augmentors are discussed. Research concerned with performance has indicated that: (1) augmentors with lobe-type nozzles give higher thrust augmentation than those with slot-type primary nozzles, (2) the thrust of augmentor wings at forward speed is greater than that of internally blown flaps for the speed range of interest, and (3) the optimum augmentor geometry at forward speed may be different from the optimum static geometry. Analysis of augmentor-wing data has shown that the data may be correlated by accounting for the augmentation and entrainment in defining a net thrust coefficient.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 87-96
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A brief outline of augmentor wing research sponsored by Ames Research Center is presented and is followed by a discussion of large-scale wind-tunnel test results for a swept augmentor wing configuration. The results showed that the augmentor wing could be applied to high-speed swept wing designs with little adverse effect on either the basic performance of the augmentor or the longitudinal characteristics, including maximum lift and stall. Three lateral control devices were shown to be effective and ground effect was measured for several complete aircraft configurations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 71-86
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Small-scale-model data have shown large static loads on the flap system behind the engines. The large-scale-model tests confirmed the magnitude of these loads and indicated that the relative loading of each flap element depends on the engine-wing-flap geometry. Flap response measurements indicated that the unsteady pressure loading excited the natural vibration modes of the flap system on this model. Since this was a boilerplate model, the only conclusion that can be drawn is that the possibility of large vibration loads must be considered for a flight-weight structure. The similarity of the unsteady pressure and flap response spectra for the wind-off and wind-on cases indicated that it may be possible to realistically test flight-weight flap structures on a static test stand rather than endure the extra costs and scheduling problems associated with large-scale wind-tunnel tests. There is a potential flap-temperature problem which if not resolved might preclude the use of materials such as aluminum and the composites in the flap structure.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 121-130
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The application of externally blown flaps for improving the performance of short takeoff aircraft is discussed. The characteristics of externally blown flap powered lift are examined. A method for predicting the aerodynamic performance of a particular externally blown flap configuration is presented. The following specific effects are analyzed: (1) induced aerodynamics, (2) static turning, (3) flap span and deflection, and (4) engine size and chord flap.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 43-54
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The results of wind-tunnel investigations on the stability and control characteristics of externally blown jet-flap configurations are presented. Conventional wind-tunnel tests and free-flight model tests have shown that longitudinal trim and stability can be achieved by a properly located horizontal tail of sufficient size, and that lateral trim in the engine-out condition can be produced by combinations of differential flap, spoiler, and rudder deflection. Free-flight model tests have revealed a lightly damped Dutch roll lateral oscillation, and have shown that the oscillation can be stabilized by use of artificial damping.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 55-70
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