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  • General Chemistry  (6,129)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (3,618)
  • Engineering  (3,361)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (3,293)
  • 2015-2019  (45)
  • 1990-1994  (16,356)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Aleksey Sergeevich Vinnov (25.05.1958 – 04.06.2019) was a Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), an Associate Professor, a talented lecturer, a rector of the Kerch Maritime Technological Institute (KMTI) in 2000–2005, a Senior Researcher in the FSBSI “Southern Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography” (YugNIRO), and a Deputy Head for Operation and Quality of the Limited Liability Company under the Laws of Russian Federation “Aquamarine”. A.S. Vinnov made a great contribution into the development of education and science in the field of fisheries. Aleksey Sergeevich began his professional life as a Junior Researcher in the Astrakhan Technical Institute of Fishing Industry and Economy and defended his Candidate's Thesis in 1988. He dedicated the major part of his working career to the Kerch State Maritime Technological University, where he had been employed for 21 years, taking positions from a senior lecturer of the Department of Fish Processing Technology, an Associate Professor, the Dean of the Technological Faculty, the vice-rector for academic affairs, to the rector of the University. A.S. Vinnov was known for his rational thinking and professional integrity; he was diplomatic and considerate, and proved to be a competent leader. Vinnov's research works were dedicated to the issues of development of production technology for canned fish and fish protein mass, of kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis, and many other subjects. A.S. Vinnov was honored with several badges of distinction due to his high professional expertise and personal contribution to the development of fisheries field, particularly education.
    Description: Алексей Сергеевич Виннов (25.05.1958 – 04.06.2019 гг.) — кандидат технических наук, доцент, талантливый преподаватель, ректор Керченского морского технологического института с 2000 по 2005 г. (КМТИ), старший научный сотрудник ФГБНУ «Южный научно-исследовательский институт рыбного хозяйства и океанографии» (ЮгНИРО), заместитель директора по производству и качеству ООО «Аквамарин». А.С. Виннов внес огромный вклад в развитие образования и науки рыбной отрасли. Свою трудовую деятельность Алексей Сергеевич начал в должности младшего научного сотрудника Астраханского технического института рыбной промышленности и хозяйства, успешно защитив в 1988 г. кандидатскую диссертацию. Большую часть своей трудовой деятельности он посвятил Керченскому государственному морскому технологическому университету, проработав здесь 21 год в должностях от старшего преподавателя кафедры технологии рыбных продуктов, доцента, декана технологического факультета, проректора по учебной работе до ректора университета. А.С. Виннов обладал рациональным мышлением, был очень грамотным, тактичным человеком, умелым руководителем. Научная деятельность Алексея Сергеевича была посвящена изучению вопросов усовершенствования технологии рыбных консервов, рыбных белковых масс, кинетики ферментативного гидролиза, а также многим другим. За личный вклад в развитие образования и рыбной отрасли, за высокий профессионализм А.С. Виннов был удостоен ряда почетных знаков отличия.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Researchers ; Engineering ; Fish processing ; Canned food ; Rector ; Proteins ; Hydrolysis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.91-95
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Description: Polyamide thickness and roughness have been identified as critical properties that affect thin-film composite membrane performance for reverse osmosis. Conventional formation methodologies lack the ability to control these properties independently with high resolution or precision. An additive approach is presented that uses electrospraying to deposit monomers directly onto a substrate, where they react to form polyamide. The small droplet size coupled with low monomer concentrations result in polyamide films that are smoother and thinner than conventional polyamides, while the additive nature of the approach allows for control of thickness and roughness. Polyamide films are formed with a thickness that is controllable down to 4-nanometer increments and a roughness as low as 2 nanometers while still exhibiting good permselectivity relative to a commercial benchmarking membrane.
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-09-07
    Description: Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membranes are emerging as a promising energy-efficient separation technology. However, their reliable and scalable manufacturing remains a challenge. We demonstrate the fabrication of ZIF nanocomposite membranes by means of an all-vapor-phase processing method based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO in a porous support followed by ligand-vapor treatment. After ALD, the obtained nanocomposite exhibits low flux and is not selective, whereas after ligand-vapor (2-methylimidazole) treatment, it is partially transformed to ZIF and shows stable performance with high mixture separation factor for propylene over propane (an energy-intensive high-volume separation) and high propylene flux. Membrane synthesis through ligand-induced permselectivation of a nonselective and impermeable deposit is shown to be simple and highly reproducible and holds promise for scalability.
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Insects are among the most agile natural flyers. Hypotheses on their flight control cannot always be validated by experiments with animals or tethered robots. To this end, we developed a programmable and agile autonomous free-flying robot controlled through bio-inspired motion changes of its flapping wings. Despite being 55 times the size of a fruit fly, the robot can accurately mimic the rapid escape maneuvers of flies, including a correcting yaw rotation toward the escape heading. Because the robot’s yaw control was turned off, we showed that these yaw rotations result from passive, translation-induced aerodynamic coupling between the yaw torque and the roll and pitch torques produced throughout the maneuver. The robot enables new methods for studying animal flight, and its flight characteristics allow for real-world flight missions.
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-04-27
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
    Unknown
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Vieweg
    Keywords: Engineering ; Robotics ; Automation ; Industrial engineering ; Production engineering ; Economic sociology ; Engineering ; Industrial and Production Engineering ; Organizational Studies, Economic Sociology ; Robotics and Automation
    Description / Table of Contents: Einleitung --- Prognostizierte Veränderungen der gestaltbaren Arbeitssystemdimensionen --- Systeme zur Assistenz und Effizienzsteigerung in manuellen Produktionsprozessen der Industrie auf Basis von Projektion und Tiefendatenerkennung --- Betriebliche Auswirkungen industrieller Servicerobotik am Beispiel der Kleinteilemontage --- Erweiterte Horizonte – Ein technischer Blick in die Zukunft der Arbeit --- Soziotechnische Assistenzsysteme für die Produktionsarbeit in der Textilbranche --- Lernförderliche Arbeitssysteme für die Arbeitswelt von morgen --- Assistenz und Wissensvermittlung am Beispiel von Montage- und Instandhaltungstätigkeiten --- Der Mensch in Interaktion mit autonomen Planungs- und Steuerungssystemen für Cyber-Physische Produktionssysteme --- ReApp – Wiederverwendbare Roboterapplikationen für flexible Roboteranlagen - Auswirkungen der Ergebnisse aus ReApp auf betriebliche Funktionen am Beispiel eines Anwendungsfalls in der Elektroindustrie --- Modellierungsansatz für ein arbeitsplatznahes Beschreibungsmodell der »Arbeitswelt Industrie 4.0 --- Die Zukunft der Arbeit im demografischen Wandel --- “Social Manufacturing and Logistics“ – Arbeit in der digitalisierten Produktion --- Lernförderliche Arbeitsorganisation in der Industrie 4.0 --- Decision Support Pipelines – Durchgängige Datenverarbeitungsinfrastrukturen für die Entscheidungen von morgen --- Gerechtigkeit in flexiblen Arbeits- und Managementprozessen --- Technologie, Organisation, Qualifikation
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 246 Seiten) , 62 Abbildungen, 56 Abbildungen in Farbe
    ISBN: 9783662492666
    Language: German
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Наряду с исследованиями по определению сырьевой базы Азово-Черноморского бассейна, при создании института АзЧерНИРО в 1933 г. была сразу организована научно-исследовательская лаборатория техники лова рыбы. За все время функционирования этого подразделения такие специалисты, как С.С. Виннов, О.И. Саковец, С.Я. Наместников, Е.Е. Шапунов, В.М. Кириллов, В.Г. Герасимов, В.С. Долбиш, Н.Г. Думин, В.Г. Васильев, А.А. Яковлев, Е.С. Деньгин, В.И. Абакаров, В.Н. Миронов, В.В. Стрельцов, А.С. Вайнерман, В.К. Яшкин, Ю.В. Шишов, А.М. Стафикопуло в течение многих лет вносили огромный вклад в развитие рыболовства в Азово-Черноморском бассейне и Мировом океане. До 1950 г. траловый промысел в Черном море отсутствовал, хотя были известны попытки внедрить этот вид лова в черноморское рыболовство. Так, в начале 1909 г. в северо-западной части Черного моря работал траулер «Федя». К концу 1911 г. количество траулеров, которые работали в данном регионе моря, увеличилось до 9 судов. Уловы состояли на 98-99 % из осетровых и на 1-2 % из камбалы. Ввиду очень большого вылова молоди осетровых рыб траловый промысел вскоре был запрещен. В 1932 г. из Мурманска для выяснения эффективности тралового лова в Черном море был послан рыболовный траулер «Абрек». Почти у всего черноморского побережья пробовали ловить отечественным промысловым тралом, применяемым в Баренцевом море для добычи трески. При этом отмечалось, что уловы камбалы были очень низкими. Очевидно, одной из причин была неприспособленность самой конструкции трала для лова этого вида рыб. В конце 1933 г. траулер вернулся в Мурманск. В 1949 г. Черноморская научно-промысловая экспедиция возобновила работы по освоению тралового лова в Черном море. Перед экспедицией стояла задача всесторонне изучить ихтиофауну моря и выяснить возможности применения ряда поисковых орудий лова, в том числе донного трала. С этой целью было разработано и испытано несколько типов донных тралов. С конца 1949 г. были начаты исследования по разработке конструкции разноглубинного трала для Черного моря. К тому времени инженерами М.К. Кокоревым, В.Ф. Шушпановым и А.Н. Потехиным была разработана специальная подъемно-распорная система. В соответствии с ее техническими данными в дальнейшем проектировались сетные части трала. Первый проект опытного рыболовного разноглубинного морского трала разрабатывался для лова мелких черноморских пелагических рыб в толще воды, на глубинах от 0 до 100 м, с одного судна. Большой вклад в развитие тралового промысла в Черном море внес А.Н. Самарянов.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Engineering ; Fishing gear ; Fishing fleet ; Fishing vessels ; Trawlers ; Anchovy fisheries ; Sprat fisheries ; Purse fishing ; Commercial species ; Mullets
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Non Refereed
    Format: pp.247-254
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-06-16
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Exoskeletons and active prostheses promise to enhance human mobility, but few have succeeded. Optimizing device characteristics on the basis of measured human performance could lead to improved designs. We have developed a method for identifying the exoskeleton assistance that minimizes human energy cost during walking. Optimized torque patterns from an exoskeleton worn on one ankle reduced metabolic energy consumption by 24.2 ± 7.4% compared to no torque. The approach was effective with exoskeletons worn on one or both ankles, during a variety of walking conditions, during running, and when optimizing muscle activity. Finding a good generic assistance pattern, customizing it to individual needs, and helping users learn to take advantage of the device all contributed to improved economy. Optimization methods with these features can substantially improve performance.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-24
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: Kim et al . (Reports, 28 April 2017, p. 430) presented results for the solar-driven harvesting of water from air via metal-organic frameworks as a prodigious potential advance toward remedying global water shortages. Basic thermodynamics and a survey of multiple off-the-shelf technologies show that their approach is vastly inferior in efficiency (and thereby in feasibility) to available alternatives.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: In their comment, Bui et al . argue that the approach we described in our report is vastly inferior in efficiency to alternative off-the-shelf technologies. Their conclusion is invalid, as they compare efficiencies in completely different operating conditions. Here, using heat transfer and thermodynamics principles, we show how Bui et al .’s conclusions about the efficiencies of off-the-shelf technologies are fundamentally flawed and inaccurate for the operating conditions described in our study.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2017-05-12
    Description: Bacteria within communities can interact to organize their behavior. It has been unclear whether such interactions can extend beyond a single community to coordinate the behavior of distant populations. We discovered that two Bacillus subtilis biofilm communities undergoing metabolic oscillations can become coupled through electrical signaling and synchronize their growth dynamics. Coupling increases competition by also synchronizing demand for limited nutrients. As predicted by mathematical modeling, we confirm that biofilms resolve this conflict by switching from in-phase to antiphase oscillations. This results in time-sharing behavior, where each community takes turns consuming nutrients. Time-sharing enables biofilms to counterintuitively increase growth under reduced nutrient supply. Distant biofilms can thus coordinate their behavior to resolve nutrient competition through time-sharing, a strategy used in engineered systems to allocate limited resources.
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-12
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-10
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-17
    Description: Engineering has an image problem. The phrase "engineering disaster" rolls off the tongue, while great technical achievements are more often heralded as "scientific miracles." Enter Dream Big. Sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers with support from Bechtel Corporation, the film sets out to reframe engineering as a force for good and a profession in service to people and the planet. Author: Donna Riley
    Keywords: Engineering
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-10
    Keywords: Engineering
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Polynitrogens have the potential for ultrahigh-performing explosives or propellants because singly or doubly bonded polynitrogens can decompose to triply bonded dinitrogen (N2) with an extraordinarily large energy release. The large energy content and relatively low activation energy toward decomposition makes the synthesis of a stable polynitrogen allotrope an extraordinary challenge. Many elements exist in different forms (allotropes)—for example, carbon can exist as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, or graphene. However, no stable neutral allotropes are known for nitrogen, and only two stable homonuclear polynitrogen ions had been isolated until now—namely, the N3− anion (1) and the N5+ cation (2). On page 374 of this issue, Zhang et al. (3) report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable salt of the cyclo-N5− anion, only the third stable homonuclear polynitrogen ion ever isolated. Author: Karl O. Christe
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 31
    Keywords: Earth sciences ; Natural disasters ; Engineering geology ; Engineering ; Geology ; Foundations ; Hydraulics ; Sustainable development ; Earth Sciences ; Natural Hazards ; Geoengineering, Foundations, Hydraulics ; Sustainable Development
    Description / Table of Contents: ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025 --- The ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025: Background and Content --- Forum lectures --- Rupestrian world heritage sites: Instability investigation and sustainable mitigation --- Subaerial landslide-generated waves: Numerical and laboratory simulations --- Rockfall occurrence and fragmentation --- Contribution from signatory organizations of the Sendai Partnerships --- International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) --- International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) - The proposing organization of the ISDR-ICL Sendai partnerships 2015-2025 --- United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) --- UNISDR‘s Contribution to Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Role of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) --- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) --- UNESCO’s Contribution to the Implementation of UNISDR’s Global Initiative and ICL --- United Nations University (UNU) --- The United Nations University: Research and Policy Support for Environmental Risk Reduction --- World Meteorological Organization (WMO) --- Concerted International Efforts for Advancing Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems --- International Council for Science (ICSU) --- On Future Challenges for the Integration of Science into International Policy Development for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction --- World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) --- World Federation of Engineering Organizations Activities in Disaster Risk Reduction --- Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University --- National Civil Protection Department, Italian Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Government of Italy --- Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk: Challenges and Opportunities for Italian Civil Protection --- Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools (LITT) --- Progress of the World Report on Landslides --- International Programme on Landslides (IPL): Objectives, History and List of World Centres of Excellence and IPL Projects --- UNESCO-KU-ICL UNITWIN Cooperation Programme for Landslides and Water-Related Disaster Risk Management. Landslides: Journal of the International Consortium on Landslides --- IPL Activities --- Advanced Technologies for Landslides (WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-196, IPL-198) --- Mechanisms of Landslides and Creep in Over-Consolidated Clays and Flysch (WCoE 2014-2017 --- Research on Heavy-Rainfall-Induced and Hydraulic-Driven Geological Hazards in China (WCoE 2014-2017). Landslide Risk Reduction in Croatia: Scientific research in the framework of the WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-173, IPL-184, ICL ABN --- Shapes and Mechanisms of Large-scale Landslides in Japan: Forecasting Analysis from an Inventory (WCoE 2014–2017 --- Retrospective and Prospects for Cold Regions Landslide Research (2012-2016) (WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-132, IPL-167, IPL-203, CRLN --- Large-scale Rockslide Inventories: from the Kokomeren River Basin to the Entire Central Asia Region (WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-106-2) --- Interventions for Promoting Knowledge, Innovations and Landslide Risk Management Practices within South and Southeast Asia (WCoE 2014-2017) --- Promoting a Global Standard for Community-based Landslide Early Warning Systems (WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-158, IPL-165) --- Model Policy Frameworks, Standards and Guidelines on Landslide Disaster Reduction (WCoE 2014-2017) --- Landslide Hazard and Risk Management (WCoE 2014-2017) --- Mitigation of Landslide Hazards in Ukraine under the Guidance of ICL: 2009–2016 (IPL-153, IPL-191) --- Development of a Hazard Evaluation Technique for Earthquake-Induced Landslides Based on an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (IPL-154) --- The Croatian-Japanese SATREPS Joint Research Project on Landslides (IPL-161)
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVI, 586 pages) , 372 illustrations, 350 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319594699
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Unknown
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Vieweg
    Keywords: Engineering ; Humanities ; Digital libraries ; Computers ; Educational technology ; Electrical engineering ; Engineering ; Communications Engineering, Networks ; Information Systems and Communication Service ; Digital Humanities ; Technology and Digital Education
    Description / Table of Contents: Seit Jahren wird unser Alltag geprägt von zunehmender Automation und Vernetzung, die Digitalisierung genannt wird. Sensoren erfassen immer mehr unterschiedliche Daten und werden von intelligenten Algorithmen zunehmend präzisier analysiert. Dies führt nicht nur zu einem anderen Verhältnis im Umgang und bei der Nutzung von Daten durch Menschen und Maschinen, sondern wird auch dramatisch Aufgaben und Prozesse verändern. Die damit verbundenen Arbeitsanforderungen werden zum massiven Wandel von Berufsbildern führen, in dem einfache Tätigkeiten automatisiert und komplexe Tätigkeiten vereinfacht werden. Nicht nur das Arbeiten sondern auch das Lernen, Lehren und Forschen verändert sich durch die Digitalisierung. Die technischen Möglichkeiten wandeln die Lebenswelten mit ihren urbanen Versorgungs- und Infrastrukturen und eröffnen den Wirtschaftsräumen neue Geschäftsmodelle. Diese parallel einsetzenden Entwicklungen führen zu radikalen Umbrüchen, die in den kommenden Jahren sämtliche Aspekte der Gesellschaft verändern werden
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 199 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783662528549
    Language: German
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  • 33
    Unknown
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Vieweg
    Keywords: Engineering ; Humanities ; Digital libraries ; Computers ; Educational technology ; Electrical engineering ; Engineering ; Communications Engineering, Networks ; Information Systems and Communication Service ; Digital Humanities ; Technology and Digital Education
    Description / Table of Contents: Seit Jahren wird unser Alltag geprägt von zunehmender Automation und Vernetzung, die Digitalisierung genannt wird. Sensoren erfassen immer mehr unterschiedliche Daten und werden von intelligenten Algorithmen zunehmend präzisier analysiert. Dies führt nicht nur zu einem anderen Verhältnis im Umgang und bei der Nutzung von Daten durch Menschen und Maschinen, sondern wird auch dramatisch Aufgaben und Prozesse verändern. Die damit verbundenen Arbeitsanforderungen werden zum massiven Wandel von Berufsbildern führen, in dem einfache Tätigkeiten automatisiert und komplexe Tätigkeiten vereinfacht werden. Nicht nur das Arbeiten sondern auch das Lernen, Lehren und Forschen verändert sich durch die Digitalisierung. Die technischen Möglichkeiten wandeln die Lebenswelten mit ihren urbanen Versorgungs- und Infrastrukturen und eröffnen den Wirtschaftsräumen neue Geschäftsmodelle. Diese parallel einsetzenden Entwicklungen führen zu radikalen Umbrüchen, die in den kommenden Jahren sämtliche Aspekte der Gesellschaft verändern werden
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 199 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783662528549
    Language: German
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  • 34
    Unknown
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Vieweg
    Keywords: Engineering ; Humanities ; Digital libraries ; Educational technology ; Electrical engineering ; Engineering ; Communications Engineering, Networks ; Digital Humanities ; Technology and Digital Education
    Description / Table of Contents: Vorwort --- Einleitung --- Bürger --- Wenn Bots sich unter Leute mischen: Social Bots in den Sozialen Medien --- Digitale Partizipation in Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft --- Entwicklung einer soziodigitalen Souveränität --- Unternehmen --- Digitale Souveränität – ein mehrdimensionales Handlungskonzept für die deutsche Wirtschaft --- Privatheit und digitale Souveränität in der Arbeitswelt 4.0 --- Staat --- Mehr Daten, weniger Vertrauen in Statistik – freie Fahrt für ‚alternative Fakten‘? --- Internationale Perspektiven auf digitale Souveränität --- Digitalisierung der Bildung als staatliche Aufgabe --- Ausblick
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 187 Seiten) , 40 Abbildungen in Farbe
    ISBN: 9783662557969
    Language: German
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  • 35
    Keywords: Earth sciences ; Natural disasters ; Engineering geology ; Engineering ; Geology ; Foundations ; Hydraulics ; Sustainable development ; Earth Sciences ; Natural Hazards ; Geoengineering, Foundations, Hydraulics ; Sustainable Development
    Description / Table of Contents: ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025 --- The ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025: Background and Content --- Forum lectures --- Rupestrian world heritage sites: Instability investigation and sustainable mitigation --- Subaerial landslide-generated waves: Numerical and laboratory simulations --- Rockfall occurrence and fragmentation --- Contribution from signatory organizations of the Sendai Partnerships --- International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) --- International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) - The proposing organization of the ISDR-ICL Sendai partnerships 2015-2025 --- United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) --- UNISDR‘s Contribution to Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Role of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) --- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) --- UNESCO’s Contribution to the Implementation of UNISDR’s Global Initiative and ICL --- United Nations University (UNU) --- The United Nations University: Research and Policy Support for Environmental Risk Reduction --- World Meteorological Organization (WMO) --- Concerted International Efforts for Advancing Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems --- International Council for Science (ICSU) --- On Future Challenges for the Integration of Science into International Policy Development for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction --- World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) --- World Federation of Engineering Organizations Activities in Disaster Risk Reduction --- Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University --- National Civil Protection Department, Italian Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Government of Italy --- Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk: Challenges and Opportunities for Italian Civil Protection --- Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools (LITT) --- Progress of the World Report on Landslides --- International Programme on Landslides (IPL): Objectives, History and List of World Centres of Excellence and IPL Projects --- UNESCO-KU-ICL UNITWIN Cooperation Programme for Landslides and Water-Related Disaster Risk Management. Landslides: Journal of the International Consortium on Landslides --- IPL Activities --- Advanced Technologies for Landslides (WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-196, IPL-198) --- Mechanisms of Landslides and Creep in Over-Consolidated Clays and Flysch (WCoE 2014-2017 --- Research on Heavy-Rainfall-Induced and Hydraulic-Driven Geological Hazards in China (WCoE 2014-2017). Landslide Risk Reduction in Croatia: Scientific research in the framework of the WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-173, IPL-184, ICL ABN --- Shapes and Mechanisms of Large-scale Landslides in Japan: Forecasting Analysis from an Inventory (WCoE 2014–2017 --- Retrospective and Prospects for Cold Regions Landslide Research (2012-2016) (WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-132, IPL-167, IPL-203, CRLN --- Large-scale Rockslide Inventories: from the Kokomeren River Basin to the Entire Central Asia Region (WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-106-2) --- Interventions for Promoting Knowledge, Innovations and Landslide Risk Management Practices within South and Southeast Asia (WCoE 2014-2017) --- Promoting a Global Standard for Community-based Landslide Early Warning Systems (WCoE 2014-2017, IPL-158, IPL-165) --- Model Policy Frameworks, Standards and Guidelines on Landslide Disaster Reduction (WCoE 2014-2017) --- Landslide Hazard and Risk Management (WCoE 2014-2017) --- Mitigation of Landslide Hazards in Ukraine under the Guidance of ICL: 2009–2016 (IPL-153, IPL-191) --- Development of a Hazard Evaluation Technique for Earthquake-Induced Landslides Based on an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (IPL-154) --- The Croatian-Japanese SATREPS Joint Research Project on Landslides (IPL-161)
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVI, 586 pages) , 372 illustrations, 350 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319594699
    Language: English
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  • 36
    Unknown
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Vieweg
    Keywords: Engineering ; Humanities ; Digital libraries ; Educational technology ; Electrical engineering ; Engineering ; Communications Engineering, Networks ; Digital Humanities ; Technology and Digital Education
    Description / Table of Contents: Vorwort --- Einleitung --- Bürger --- Wenn Bots sich unter Leute mischen: Social Bots in den Sozialen Medien --- Digitale Partizipation in Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft --- Entwicklung einer soziodigitalen Souveränität --- Unternehmen --- Digitale Souveränität – ein mehrdimensionales Handlungskonzept für die deutsche Wirtschaft --- Privatheit und digitale Souveränität in der Arbeitswelt 4.0 --- Staat --- Mehr Daten, weniger Vertrauen in Statistik – freie Fahrt für ‚alternative Fakten‘? --- Internationale Perspektiven auf digitale Souveränität --- Digitalisierung der Bildung als staatliche Aufgabe --- Ausblick
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 187 Seiten) , 40 Abbildungen in Farbe
    ISBN: 9783662557969
    Language: German
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  • 37
    Keywords: Engineering ; Project management ; Engineering design ; Automotive Engineering ; Project Management ; Engineering Design
    Description / Table of Contents: A - Die Entwicklung: Drei Erfolgsstories --- Die StreetScooter-Gründer-Story --- Die StreetScooter-Meilensteine 2008-2017 --- Die StreetScooter-Entwicklungsstory --- Die StreetScooter-Protagonisten-Story --- B - Die Lösung: Return on Engineering: Die StreetScooter-Lösungsbausteine. C - Die Perspektive: Die StreetScooter-Netzwerk-Story --- Die StreetScooter-Produktions-Story --- Die StreetScooter-Post-Story --- Die StreetScooter-Mobilitätslösung --- Die StreetScooter-Vision. A - The Development: Three Stories of Success --- The StreetScooter Founder Story --- The StreetScooter Milestones 2008-2017 --- The StreetScooter Development Story --- The StreetScooter Protagonists Story --- B - The Solution: Return on Engineering: The StreetScooter Building Blocks --- C - The Perspective: The StreetScooter Network Story --- The StreetScooter Production Story --- The StreetScooter Post Story --- The StreetScooter Mobility Solution --- The StreetScooter Vision
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 213 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783662549971
    Language: German
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  • 38
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: The Internet connects billions of computational platforms of various sizes, from supercomputers to smart phones. However, the same types of data transmission can connect computational resources to much simpler sensors “at the edge of the net” that collect, analyze, and transmit data, as well as controllers that receive instructions. Devices deployed in the environment, homes and offices, and even our bodies would expand the number of connected devices to the trillions. This “Internet of Things” (IoT) underlies the vision of smart homes and buildings that could sense and transmit their status and respond appropriately (1), or track and report on the state of objects (vehicles, goods, or even animals) in the environment. However, the practical implementation of the IoT has been relatively slow, in part because all of these edge devices must draw electrical power from their local environment. We analyze the use of photovoltaics (PV) to power devices and help bring the IoT to fruition. Authors: Richard Haight, Wilfried Haensch, Daniel Friedman
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 39
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-22
    Description: So prized by the ancient Romans were Egyptian obelisks that, at one time, more of them stood in Rome than in Egypt. In the 19th century, France, Britain, and the United States—inspired by Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt in 1798— acquired their own major obelisks from Alexandria and Luxor. Cleopatra's Needles, by Egyptologist Bob Brier, explores the engineering challenges associated with building and erecting these massive monuments. Author: Andrew Robinson
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 40
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: A physicist reveals the engineering marvels that underlie the modern metropolis Author: Sybil Derrible
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 41
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 42
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-11-11
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 43
    Keywords: Engineering ; Computer simulation ; Economic theory ; Data-driven Science, Modeling and Theory Building ; Complexity ; Simulation and Modeling ; Applications of Graph Theory and Complex Networks ; Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1 Financial Market --- Influence Networks in the Foreign Exchange Market --- Entropy and Transfer Entropy: The Dow Jones and the build up to the 1997 Asian Crisis --- Execution and Cancellation Lifetimes in Foreign Currency Market --- Signs of market orders and human dynamics --- Damped oscillatory behaviors in the ratios of stock market indices --- Exploring Market Making Strategy for High Frequency Trading: an Agent-based Approach --- Effect of Cancel Order on Simple Stochastic Order-Book Model --- Chapter 2 Robustness and Fragility --- Cascading failures in interdependent economic networks --- Do connections make systems robust?: a new scenario for the complexity-stability relation --- Simulation of Gross Domestic Product in International Trade Networks: Linear Gravity Transportation Model --- Analysis of Network Robustness for a Japanese Business Relation Network by Percolation Simulation.- Detectability threshold of the spectral method for graph partitioning.- Spread of Infectious Diseases with a Latent Period.-Chapter 3 Interaction and Distribution --- Geographic Dependency of Population Distribution- Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza Epidemics in Japan --- A Universal Lifetime Distribution for Multi-Species Systems --- Firm Age Distributions and the Decay Rate of Firm Activities --- Empirical Analysis of Firm-Dynamics on Japanese Inter-firm trade Network --- Direct participants’ behavior through the lens of transactional analysis: the case of SPEI --- Chapter 4 Traffic and Pedestrian --- Pedestrian Dynamics in Jamology --- Qualitative Methods of Validating Evacuation Behaviors --- Collective dynamics of pedestrians with no fixed destination --- Traffic Simulation of Kobe-city --- MOSAIIC: city-level agent-based traffic simulation adapted to emergency situations --- GUI for Agent Based Modeling --- Chapter 5 Social Media --- Emotional Changes in Japanese Blog Space Resulting from the 3.11 Earthquake --- Modeling of ENJYO via process of consensus formation on SNS --- A network structure of emotional interactions in an electronic bulletin board --- Scale-free network topologies with clustering similar to online social networks --- Identifying Colors of Products and Associated Personalized Recommendation Engine in e-Fashion Business
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 346 pages)
    ISBN: 9783319205915
    Language: English
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  • 44
    Unknown
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Vieweg
    Keywords: Engineering ; Robotics ; Automation ; Industrial engineering ; Production engineering ; Engineering economics ; Engineering economy ; Manufacturing industries ; Machines ; Tools ; Engineering ; Industrial and Production Engineering ; Robotics and Automation ; Engineering Economics, Organization, Logistics, Marketing ; Manufacturing, Machines, Tools ; Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)
    Description / Table of Contents: Einordnung und Hintergründe --- Positionen der Sozialpartner --- Erfahrungen und Herausforderungen in der Industrie --- Forschungsfragen und Entwicklungsstrategien --- Ausblick
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 167 Seiten) , 38 Abbildungen
    ISBN: 9783662459157
    Language: German
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  • 45
    Keywords: Engineering ; Commercial law ; Automotive engineering ; Robotics ; Automation ; Community psychology ; Environmental psychology ; Engineering ; Automotive Engineering ; Robotics and Automation ; Community and Environmental Psychology ; Commercial Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Teil I Human and Machine --- Teil II Mobilität --- Teil III Verkehr --- Teil IV Sicherheit --- Teil V Recht und Haftung --- Teil VI Akzeptanz
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 732 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783662458549
    Language: German
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A 54.95-MHz coherent backscatter radar, an ionosonde and the magnetometer located at Trivandrum in India (8.5 deg N, 77 deg E, 0.5 deg N dip angle) recorded large-amplitude ionospheric fluctuations and magnetic field fluctuations associated with a Pc5 micropulsation event, which occurred during an intense magnetic storm on 24 March 1991 (A(sub p) = 161). Simultaneous 100-n T-level fluctuations are also observed in the H-component at Brorfelde, Denmark (55.6 deg N gm) and at Narsarsuaq, Greenland (70.6 deg N gm). Our study of the above observations shows that the E-W electric field fluctuations in the E- and F-regions and the magnetic field fluctuations at Thumba are dominated by a near-sinusoidal oscillation of 10 min during 1730-1900 IST (1200-1330 UT), the amplitude of the electric field oscillation in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is 0.1-0.25 mV/m and it increases with height, while it is about 1.0 mV/m in the F-region, the ground-level H-component oscillation can be accounted for by the ionospheric current oscillation generated by the observed electric field oscillation in the EEJ and the H-component oscillations at Trivandrum and Brofelde are in phase with each other. The observations are interpreted in terms of a compressional cavity mode resonance in the inner magnetosphere and the assoicated ionospheric electric field penetrating from high latitudes to the magnetic equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales Geophysicae (ISSN 0992-7689); 12; 6; p. 565-573
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Coast Ranges of the Cascadia margin are overriding the subducted Juan de Fuca/Gorda plate. We investigate the extent to which the latitudinal change in attributes related to the subduction process. These attributes include the varibale age of the subducted slab that underlies the Coast Ranges and average vertical crustal velocities of the western margin of the Coast Rnages for two markedly different time periods, the last 45 years and the last 100 kyr. These vertical crustal velocities are computed from the resurveying of highway bech marks and from the present elevation of shore platforms that have been uplifted in the late Quaternary, respectively. Topogarphy of the Coast Ranges is in part a function of the age and bouyancy of the underlying subducted plate. This is evident in the fact that the two highest topographic elements of the Coast Rnages, the Klamath Mountains and the Olympic Mountains, are underlain by youngest subducted oceanic crust. The subducted Blanco Fracture Zone in southernmost Oregon is responsible for an age discontinuity of subducted crust under the Klamath Mountains. The norhtern terminus of hte topographically higher Klamaths is offset to the north relative to the position of the underlying Blanco Fracture Zone, teh offset being in the direction of migration of the farcture zone, as dictated by relative plate motions. Vertical crustal velocities at the coast, derived from becnh mark surveys, are as much as an order of magnitude greater than vertical crustal velocities derived from uplifted shore platforms. This uplift rate discrepancy indicates that strain is accumulating on the plate margin, to be released during the next interplate earthquake. In a latitudinal sense, average Coast Rnage topography is relatively high where bench mark-derived, short-term vertical crustal velocities are highest. Becuase the shore platform vertical crustal velocities reflect longer-term, premanent uplift, we infer that a small percentage of the interseismic strain that accumulates as rapid short-term uplift is not recovered by subduction earthquakes but rather contributes to rock uplift of the Coast Ranges. The conjecture that permanent rock uplift is related to interseismic uplift is consistent with the observation that those segments of the subduction zone subject to greater interseismic uplift rates are at approximately the same latitudes as those segments of the Coast Ranges that have higher magnitudes of rock uplift over the long term.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B6; p. 12,245-12,255
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  • 48
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A comprehensive review is presented of the mathematical models used to represent magnetic fields in the Earth's magnetosphere, of the way existing data-based models use these methods and of the associated problems and concepts. The magnetic field has five main components: the internal field, the magnetopause, the ring current, the tail and Birkeland currents. Methods of representing separately each of these are discussed, as is the deformation of magnetic fields; Appendix B traces the connection between deformations and the Cauchy integral. A summary section lists the uses of data-based models and their likely future evolution, and Appendix A supplements the text with a set of problems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A9; p. 17,169-17,198
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We present a map of the coseimic displacement field resulting from the Landers, California, June 28, 1992, earthquake derived using data acquired from an orbiting high-resolution radar system. We achieve results more accurate than previous space studies and similar in accuracy to those obtained by conventional field survey techniques. Data from the ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar instrument acquired in April, July, and August 1992 are used to generate a high-resolution, wide area map of the displacements. The data represent the motion in the direction of the radar line of sight to centimeter level precision of each 30-m resolution element in a 113 km by 90 km image. Our coseismic displacement contour map gives a lobed pattern consistent with theoretical models of the displacement field from the earthquake. Fine structure observed as displacement tiling in regions several kilometers from the fault appears to be the result of local surface fracturing. Comparison of these data with Global Positioning System and electronic distance measurement survey data yield a correlation of 0.96; thus the radar measurements are a means to extend the point measurements acquired by traditional techniques to an area map format. The technique we use is (1) more automatic, (2) more precise, and (3) better validated than previous similar applications of differential radar interferometry. Since we require only remotely sensed satellite data with no additioanl requirements for ancillary information. the technique is well suited for global seismic monitoring and analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B10; p. 19,617-19,635
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: New line parameters for two heavy odd nitrogen molecules HNO3 in the nu(sub 5)/2nu(sub 9) region, and ClONO2 in the nu(sub 4) region are incorporated in the analysis of high resolution i.r. atmospheric spectra. The line parameters are tested and renormalized vs laboratory spectra, and then applied to retrievals from balloon-borne and ground-based solar absorption spectra.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 52; 3-4; p. 367-377
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The spectroscopic identification for the HNO3 3 nu(sub 9) - nu(sub 9) band Q branch at 830.4/cm is reported based on 0.01/cm resolution solar occultation spectra of the lower stratosphere recorded by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier transform spectrometer and a recent analysis of this band. Least-squares fits to 0.0025/cm resolution laboratory spectra in the Q branch region indicate an integrated intensity of 0.529 x 10(exp -18)/cm/mol/sq cm at 296 K for this weak band. Stratospheric HNO3 retrievals derived from the ATMOS data are consistent with this value within its estimated uncertainty of about +/- 30%. A set of spectroscopic line parameters suitable for atmospheric studies has been generated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 52; 3-4; p. 319-322
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: About 200 i.r. solar spectra recorded at 0.01/cm resolution on 71 days between November 1991 and July 1993 at the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) station at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (latitude 19.53 deg N, longitude 155.58 deg W, elevation 3.459 km) have been analyzed with a nonlinear least-squares spectral fitting technique to study temporal variations in the total column of atmospheric ethane (C2H6) above the site. The results were derived from the analysis of the unresolved nu(sub 7) band (P)Q(sub 3) subbranch at 2976.8/cm. A distinct seasonal cycle is observed with a factor of 2 variation, a maximum total column of 1.16 x 10(exp 16) mol/sq cm at the end of winter, and a minimum total column of 0.53 x 10(exp 16) mol/sq cm at the end of summer. Our measurements are compared with previous observations and model predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 52; 3-4; p. 273-279
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Quantitative measurements of the wavelength dependence of aerosol extinction in the 750-3400/cm spectral region have been derived from 0.01/cm resolution stratospheric solar occultation spectra recorded by the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy) Fourier transform spectrometer about 9 1/2 months after the Mt Pinatubo volcanic eruption. Strong, broad aerosol features have been identified near 900, 1060, 1190, 1720, and 2900/cm below a tangent height of approximately 30 km. Aerosol extinction measurements derived from approximately 0.05/cm wide microwindows nearly free of telluric line absorption in the ATMOS spectra are compared with transmission calculations derived from aerosol size distribution profiles retrieved from correlative SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) II visible and near i.r. extinction measurements, seasonal and zonally averaged H2SO4 aerosol weight percentage profiles, and published sulfuric acid optical constants derived from room temperature laboratory measurements. The calculated shapes and positions of the aerosol features are generally consistent with the observations, thereby confirming that the aerosols are predominantly concentrated H2SO4-H2O droplets, but there are significant differences between the measured and calculated wavelength dependences of the aerosol extinction. We attribute these differences as primarily the result of errors in the calculated low temperature H2SO4-H2O optical constants. Errors in both the published room temperature optical constants and the limitations of the Lorentz-Lorenz relation are likely to be important.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 52; 3-4; p. 241-252
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We present vertical column abundances of H2O, N2O, HNO3, NO2, O3, HF, HCl, and ClNO3, determined from solar absorption spectra measured by the JPL MkIV interferometer from the NASA DC-8 aircraft. These observations, taken in 1987 and 1992, covered latitudes ranging from 85 deg S to 85 deg N. Although most gases display latitude symmetry, large asymmetries in H2O, HNO3, and O3 are apparent, which can be ascribed to processes enhanced by the colder Antarctic winter temperatures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 23; p. 2599-2602
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Simultaneous in situ measurements of NO2, NO, O3, ClO, pressure and temperature have been made for the first time, presenting a unique opportunity to test our current understanding of the photochemistry of the lower stratospere. Data were collected from several flights of the ER-2 aircraft at mid-latitudes in May 1993 during NASA's Stratospheric Photochemistry, Aerosols and Dynamics Expedition (SPADE). The daytime ratio of NO2/NO remains fairly constant at 19 km with a typical value of 0.68 and standard deviation of +/- 17. The ratio observations are compared with simple steady-state calculations based on laboratory-measured reaction rates and modeled NO2 photolysis rates. At each measurement point the daytime NO2/NO with its measurements uncertainty overlap the results of steady-state caculations and associated uncertainty. Possible sources of error are examined in both model and measurements. It is shown that more accurate laboratory determinations of the NO + 03 reaction rate and of the NO2 cross-sections in the 200-220 K temperature range characteristic of the lower stratosphere would allow for a more robust test of our knowledge of NO(X) phtochemistry by reducing significant sources if uncertainties in the interpretation of statospheric measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 23; p. 2555-2558
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The ability to predict short-term variations in the Earth's rotation has gained importance in recent years owing to more precise spacecraft tracking requirements. Universal time (UT1), that component of the Earth's orientation corresponding to the rotation angle, can be measured by number of high-precision space geodetic techniques. A Kalman filter developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) optimally combines these different data sets and generates a smoothed times series and a set of predictions for UT1, as well as for additional Earth orientation components. These UT1 predictions utilize an empirically derived random walk stochastic model for the length of the day (LOD) and require frequent and up-to-date measurements of either UT1 or LOD to keep errors from quickly accumulating. Recent studies have shown that LOD variations are correlated with changes in the Earth's axial atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) over timescales of several years down to as little as 8 days. AAM estimates and forecasts out to 10 days are routinely available from meteorological analysis centers; these data can supplement geodetic measurements to improve the short-term prediction of LOD and have therefore been incorporated as independent data types in the JPL Kalman filter. We find that AAM and, to a lesser extent, AAM forecast data are extremely helpful in generating accurate near-real-time estimates of UT1 and LOD and in improving short-term predictions of these quantities out to about 10 days.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B4; p. 6981-6996
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Disk-shaped current distributions are useful tools in modeling the magnetospheres of Earth and other planets and have also been adapted for modeling the geotail. Such models usually start with an axisymmetric vector potential but may be modified to account for observed asymmetries, variable thickness, and warping in response to an inclined orientation of the planetary dipole axis. Models of this type until now either have lacked the ability to simulate a sharp inner edge of the current and to control accurately its falloff with distance or did not allow a simple analytical representation. Here existing methods will be reviewed, after which a new class of models which overcomes the above deficiencies and also allows the modeling of current disks of finite thickness flanked by current-free regions will be presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A1; p. 199-205
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An improved model of Earth's gravitational field, Goddard Earth Model T-3 (GEM-T3), has been developed from a combination of satellite tracking, satellite altimeter, and surface gravimetric data. GEM-T3 provides a significant improvement in the modeling of the gravity field at half wavelengths of 400 km and longer. This model, complete to degree and order 50, yields more accurate satellite orbits and an improved geoid representation than previous Goddard Earth Models. GEM-T3 uses altimeter data from GEOS 3 (1975-1976), Seasat (1978) and Geosat (1986-1987). Tracking information used in the solution includes more than 1300 arcs of data encompassing 31 different satellites. The recovery of the long-wavelength components of the solution relies mostly on highly precise satellite laser ranging (SLR) data, but also includes Tracking Network (TRANET) Doppler, optical, and satellite-to-satellite tracking acquired between the ATS 6 and GEOS 3 satellites. The main advances over GEM-T2 (beyond the inclusion of altimeter and surface gravity information which is essential for the resolution of the shorter wavelength geoid) are some improved tracking data analysis approaches and additional SLR data. Although the use of altimeter data has greatly enhanced the modeling of the ocean geoid between 65 deg N and 60 deg S latitudes in GEM-T3, the lack of accurate detailed surface gravimetry leaves poor geoid resolution over many continental regions of great tectonic interest (e.g., Himalayas, Andes). Estimates of polar motion, tracking station coordinates, and long-wavelength ocean tidal terms were also made (accounting for 6330 parameters). GEM-T3 has undergone error calibration using a technique based on subset solutions to produce reliable error estimates. The calibration is based on the condition that the expected mean square deviation of a subset gravity solution from the full set values is predicted by the solutions' error covariances. Data weights are iteratively adjusted until this condition for the error calibration is satisfied. In addition, gravity field tests were performed on strong satellite data sets withheld from the solution (thereby ensuring their independence). In these tests, the performance of the subset models on the withheld observations is compared to error projections based on their calibrated error covariances. These results demonstrate that orbit accuracy projections are reliable for new satellites which were not included in GEM-T3.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B2; p. 2815-2839
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We present predictions of the signatures of magnetosheath particle precipitation (in the regions classified as open low-latitude boundary layer, cusp, mantle and polar cap) for periods when the interplanetary magnetic field has a southward component. These are made using the 'pulsating cusp' model of the effects of time-varying magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. Predictions are made for both low-altitude satellites in the topside ionosphere and for midaltitude spacecraft in the magnetosphere. Low-altitude cusp signatures, which show a continuous ion dispersion signature, reveal 'quasi-steady reconnection' (one limit of the pulsating cusp model), which persists for a period of at least 10 min. We estimate that 'quasi-steady' in this context corresponds to fluctuations in the reconnection rate of a factor of 2 or less. The other limit of the pulsating cusp model explains the instantaneous jumps in the precipitating ion spectrum that have been observed at low altitudes. Such jumps are produced by isolated pulses of reconnection: that is, they are separated by intervals when the reconnection rate is zero. These also generate convecting patches on the magnetopause in which the field lines thread the boundary via a rotational discontinuity separated by more extensive regions of tangential discontinuity. Predictions of the corresponding ion precipitation signatures seen by midaltitude spacecraft are presented. We resolve the apparent contradiction between estimates of the width of the injection region from midaltitude data and the concept of continuous entry of solar wind plasma along open field lines. In addition, we reevaluate the use of pitch angle-energy dispersion to estimate the injection distance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); p. 8531-8553
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Simultaneous profiles of aerosol backscatter ratio were measured over Lauder, New Zealand (45 deg S, 170 deg E) on the night of November 24, 1992. Instrumentation comprised two complementary lidar systems and a backscattersonde, to give measurements at wavelengths 351, 490, 532, and 940 nm. The data from the lidars and the backscattersonde were self-consistent, enabling the wavelength dependence of aerosol backscatter to be determined as a function of altitude. This wavelength-dependence is a useful parameter in radiative transfer calculations. In the stratosphere, the average wavelength exponent between 351 and 940 nm was -1.23 +/- 0.1, which was in good agreement with values derived from measured physical properties of aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 9; p. 789-792
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: High-energy electrons have been measured systematically in a low-altitude (520 x 675 km), nearly polar (inclination = 82 deg) orbit by sensitive instruments onboard the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX). Count rate channels with electron energy thresholds ranging from 0.4 MeV to 3.5 MeV in three different instruments have been used to examine relativistic electron variations as a function of L-shell parameter and time. A long run of essentially continuous data (July 1992 - July 1993) shows substantial acceleration of energetic electrons throughout much of the magnetosphere on rapid time scales. This acceleration appears to be due to solar wind velocity enhancements and is surprisingly large in that the radiation belt 'slot' region often is filled temporarily and electron fluxes are strongly enhanced even at very low L-values (L aprroximately 2). A superposed epoch analysis shows that electron fluxes rise rapidly for 2.5 is approximately less than L is approximately less than 5. These increases occur on a time scale of order 1-2 days and are most abrupt for L-values near 3. The temporal decay rate of the fluxes is dependent on energy and L-value and may be described by J = Ke-t/to with t(sub o) approximately equals 5-10 days. Thus, these results suggest that the Earth's magnetosphere is a cosmic electron accelerator of substantial strength and efficiency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 6; p. 409-412
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Rocket data have been used to evaluate the characteristics of precipitating relativistic electrons and their effects on the electrodynamic structure of the middle atmosphere. These data were obtained at Poker Flat, Alaska, on May 13 and 14, 1990, during a midday, highly relativistic electron (HRE) precipitation event. Solid state detectors were used to measure the electron fluxes and their energy spectra. An X ray scintillator was included on each flight to measure bremsstrahlung X rays produced by energetic electrons impacting on the upper atmosphere. However, these were found the be of negligible importance for this particular event. The energy deposition by the electrons has been determined from the flux measurements and compared with in situ measurements of the atmospheric electrical response. The electrodynamic measurements were obtained by the same rockets and additionally on May 13, with an accompanying rocket. The impact flux was highly irregular, containing short-lived bursts of relativistic electrons, mainly with energies below 0.5 MeV and with fluxes most enhanced between pitch angles of 0 deg - 20 deg. Although the geostationary counterpart of this measured event was considered to be of relatively low intensity and hardness, energy deposition peaked near 75 km with fluxes approaching an ion pair production rate in excess of 100/cu cm s. This exceeds peak fluxes in relativistic electron precipitation (REP) events as observed by us in numerous rocket soundings since 1976. Conductivity measurements from a blunt probe showed that negative electrical conductivities exceeded positive conductivities down to 50 km or lower, consistent with steady ionization by precipitating electrons above 1 MeV. These findings imply that the electrons from the outer radiation zone can modulate the electrical properties of the middle atmosphere to altitudes below 50 km. During the decline and activity minimum of the current solar cycle, we anticipate the occurence of similar events but with fluxes 1-2 orders of magnitude above that reported here, based on studies of earlier solar cycles (e.g., Baker et al., 1993).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D10; p. 21,071-21,081
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Nitrous oxide (N2O) measured on board the ER-2 aircraft during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition 2 (AASE 2) has been used to monitor descent of air inside the Arctic vortex between October 1991 and March 1992. Monthly mean N2O fields are calculated from the flight data and then compared with mean fields calculated from the high-resolution Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory general circulation model SKYHI in order to evaluate the model's simulation of the polar vortex. From late fall through winter the model vortex evolves in much the same way as the 1991-1992 vortex, with N2O gradients at the edge becoming progressively steeper. The October to March trends in N2O profiles inside the vortex are used to verify daily net heating rates in the vortex that were computed from clear sky radiative heating rates and National Meteorological Center temperature observations. The computed heating rates successfully estimate the descent of vortex air from December through February but suggest that before December, air at high latitudes may not be isolated from the midlatitudes. SKYHI heating rates are in good agreement with the computed rates but tend to be slightly higher (i.e., less cooling) due to meteorological differences between SKYHI and the 1991-1992 winter. Three ER-2 flights measured N2O just north of the subtropical jet. These low-midlatitude profiles show only slight differences from the high-midlatitude profiles (45 deg - 60 deg N), indicating strong meridional mixing in the midlatitude 'surf zone.' Mean midwinter N2O profiles inside and outside the vortex calculated from AASE 2 data are shown to be nearly identical to 1989 AASE profiles, pointing to the N2O/potential temperature relationship as an excellent marker for vortex air.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D10; p. 20,713-20,723
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The combined Nimbus 7 solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) and NOAA 11 SBUV/2 ozone data, covering a period of more than a solar cycle (about 15 years), are used to study the UV response of ozone in the stratosphere. The study shows that about 2% change in total column ozone and about 5-7% change in ozone mixing ratio in the upper stratosphere (0.7 to 2 hPa) may be attributed to the change in the solar UV flux over a solar cycle. In the upper stratosphere, where photochemical processes are expected to play a major role, the measured solar cycle variation of ozone is significantly larger than inferred either from the photochemical models or from the ozone response to the 27-day solar UV modulation. For example, the observed solar cycle related change in ozone mixing ratio at 2 hPa is about 1% for 1% change in the solar UV flux near 200 nm. The inferred change in ozone from either the photochemical models or from the 27-day ozone-UV response is about a factor of 2-3 lower than this value.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D10; p. 20,665-20,671
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Vertical profiles of N2O and NO(y) taken by the ER-2 outside the vortex are used to construct average vertical profiles of F(NO(y)) = NO(y)/(A-N2O), where A is the tropospheric content of N2O three years prior to the measurements. The southern hemisphere had less nitrous oxide in the range 400 less than Theta less than 470 K, by up to 25% relative to the northern hemisphere. F(NO(y)) is the ratio of NOy produced to N2O lost in a stratospheric air mass since entry from the troposphere. The profiles of F(NO(y)) have the following characteristics: (1) Relative to 1991-1992, a year without denitrification inside or outside the vortex, the northern hemisphere in 1988-1989 showed denitrification outside the vortex ranging up to 25% and averaging 17% above Theta = 425 K. (2) Relative to the northern hemisphere in 1991-1992, the southern hemisphere in 1987 showed denitrification outside the vortex ranging up to 32% and averaging 20% above Theta = 400 K. (3) Below Theta = 400 K the southern hemisphere showed enhancements of F(NO(y)) relative to the northern hemisphere in 1991-1992 ranging up to 200% at Theta = 375 K, outside the vortex. Corresponding profiles of residual water, R(H2O) = H2O - 2(1.6 - CH4), are considered and shown to be consistent with those of F(NO(y)) in the sense that they show deficits outside the Antarctic vortex, which was both dehydrated and denitrified, but not outside the 1988-1989 Arctic vortex, which was denitrified but not dehydrated. R(H2O) is the water content of stratospheric air with the contribution from methane oxidation subtracted. Comparison of F(NO(y)) and R(H2O) below 400 K outside the Antarctic vortex leads to the suggetion that dehydration in the Antarctic vortex occurs by the sedimentation of ice crystals large enough to fall out of the stratosphere, whereas denitrification occurs mainly on mixed nitric acid-water crystals which evaporate below the base of the vortex at Theta = 400 K but above the tropopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D10; p. 20,573-20,583
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: During January and August 1985, the scanning radiometers of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment(ERBE) aboard the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and the NOAA-9 satellite were operated in along-track scanning modes. Along-track scanning permits the study of many measurement problems. It provides the data for developing a limb-darkening model for a single site over a short period of time and also permits the indentification of the scene from data taken at smaller nadir angles. The earth-emitted radiation measured by the scanners has been analyzed to produce limb-darkening models for a variety of scene types. Limb-darkening models relate the radiance in any given direction to the radiant flux. The scene types were computed using measurements within 10 deg of zenith. The models have values near zenith of 1.02-1.09. The typical zenith values of the model are 1.06 for both day and night for ERBS, and for NOAA-9, 1.06 for day and 1.05 for night. Mean models are formed for the ERBS and NOAA-9 results and are found to differ less than 1%, the ERBS results being the higher. The models vary about 1% with latitude near zenith and agree with earlier models that were used to analyze ERBE data typically to 2%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 33; 1; p. 74-84
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: One of the oldest mysteries in geomagnetism is the linkage between solar and geomagnetic activity. In investigating the causes of geomagnetic storms occurring during solar maximum, the following topics are discussed: solar phenomena; types of solar wind; magnetic reconnection and magnetic storms; an interplanetary example; and future space physics missions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 75; 5; p. 49, 51-53
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Atmospheric mass loading produces a primarily vertical displacement of the Earth's crust. This displacement is correlated with surface pressure and is large enough to be detected by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements. Using the measured surface pressure at VLBI stations, we have estimated the atmospheric loading term for each station location directly from VLBI data acquired from 1979 to 1992. Our estimates of the vertical sensitivity to change in pressure range from 0 to -0.6 mm/mbar depending on the station. These estimates agree with inverted barometer model calculations (Manabe et al., 1991; vanDam and Herring, 1994) of the vertical displacement sensitivity computed by convolving actual pressure distributions with loading Green's functions. The pressure sensitivity tends to be smaller for stations near the coast, which is consistent with the inverted barometer hypothesis. Applying this estimated pressure loading correction in standard VLBI geodetic analysis improves the repeatability of estimated lengths of 25 out of 37 baselines that were measured at least 50 times. In a root-sum-square (rss) sense, the improvement generally increases with baseline length at a rate of about 0.3 to 0.6 ppb depending on whether the baseline stations are close to the coast. For the 5998-km baseline from Westford, Massachusetts, to Wettzell, Germany, the rss improvement is about 3.6 mm out of 11.0 mm. The average rss reduction of the vertical scatter for inland stations ranges from 2.7 to 5.4 mm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B9; p. 18,081-18,087
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A theoretical model is used to describe and investigate the effects of simultaneous crystallization, radiation loss, and entrainment of cooler material on the temperature of a well-mixed core of an active aa lava flow. Entrainment of crust, levee debris, and base material into the interior of active flows has been observed, but the degree of assimilation and the thermal consequences are difficult to quantify. The rate of entrainment can be constrained by supplementing the theoretical model with information on the crystallization along the path of the flow and estimation of the radiative loss from the flow interior. Application of the model is demonstrated with the 1984 Mauna Loa flow, which was erupted about 30 C undercooled. Without any entrainment of cooler material, the high crystallization rates would have driven temperatures in the core wall above temperatures measured by thermocouple and estimated from glass geothermometry. One plausible scenario for this flow, which agrees with available temperature and crystallinity measurements, has a high initial rate of entrainment during the first 8 hours of travel (a mass ratio of entrained material to fluid core of about 15% if the average temperature of the entrained material was 600 C), which counterbalances the latent heat from approximately 40% crystallization. In this scenario, the model suggests an additional 5% crystallization and a 5% entrainment mass ratio over the subsequent 16-hour period. Measurements of crystallization, radiative losses, and entrainment factors are necessary for understanding the detailed thermal histories of active lava flows.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B6; p. 11,819-11,831
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The data from the infrared telescope (IRT), which was flown on space shuttle Challenger Spacelab 2 mission (July 1985), were originally reported by Koch et al. (1987) as originating from near orbital emissions, primarily H2O. In this study, analysis of this data was extended to determine the collisional cross sections for the excitation of the low lying vibrational levels of H2O, present in the orbiter cloud, by atmospheric O(3P). The evaluation of the contribution to the measured signal from solar excitation and ram O excitation of outgassing H2O permits the determination of the H2O column density and the excitation cross section of the (101) level at an O(3P) velocity of approximately 7.75 km/s. Contributions to the radiation in the 1.7-3.0 micron band by transitions from the (100), (001), and multiquantum excited levels are discussed. The findings of the study are (1) the IRT data for the 4.5-9.5 micron and the nighttime data for the 1.7-3.0 micron sensors are consistent with being explained by collision excitation of H2O by O(3P), (2) diurnal variations of 4.5-9.5 micron intensities follow the model predicted O density for a full orbit, (3) daytime increases in the H2O cloud density were not evident, (4) the cross sections for the collisional excitation process are derived and compared to values computated by Johnson (1986) and Redmon et al. (1986), (5) theoretical investigation suggests greater than 60% of the radiation from H2O is a result of multiphoton emission resulting from collisional multiquanta excitation, and (6) the large daytime increase in the 1.7-3.0 micron intensity data suggests that O(+) may likely be instrumental in producing excited H2O(+) through charge exchange.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A9; p. 17,559-17,575
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The devolatilization of calcium sulfate, which is present in the target rock of the Chicxulub, Mexico impact structure, and dispersal in the stratosphere of the resultant sulfuric acid aerosol have been suggested as a possible mechanism for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions. We measured the amount of SO2 produced from two shock-induced devolatilization reactions of calcium sulfate up to 42 GPa in the laboratory. We found both to proceed to a much lower extent than calculated by equilibrium thermodynamic calculations. Reaction products are found to be approx. 10(exp -2) times those calculated for equilibrium. Upon modeling the quantity of sulfur oxides degassed into the atmosphere from shock devolatilization of CaSO4 in the Chicxulub lithographic section, the resulting 9 x 10(exp 16) to 6 x 10(exp 17) g (in sulfur mass) is lower by a factor of 10-100 than previous upper limit estimates, the related environmental stress arising from the resultant global cooling and fallout of acid rain is insufficient to explain the widespread K-T extinctions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 128; 3-4; p. 615-628
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Energetic atomic (O(+1) and N(+1)) and molecular (O2(+1), NO(+1), and N2(+1)) ions of ionospheric origin were observed in Earth's magnetotail at X approximately -146 R(sub E) during two plasma sheet sunward/tailward flow-reversal events measured by instruments on the GEOTAIL spacecraft. These events were associated with concurrent ground-measured geomagnetic disturbance intensification at auroral-and mid-latitudes (Kp = 7(-)). Energetic ions in the sunward-component and tailward flows were from both the solar wind and ionosphere. Plasma and energetic ions participated in the flows. During tailward flow, ionospheric origin ion abundance ratios at approximately 200-900 km/s in the rest frame were N(+1)/O(+1) = approximately 25-30% and ((O2(+1), NO(+1), and N2(+1))/O(+1) = approximately 1-2%. We argue that tailward flow most likely initiated approximately 80-100 R(sub E) tailward of Earth and molecular ions were in the plasma sheet prior to geomagnetic intensification onset.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 25; p. 3023-3026
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Wave forms of BEN (Broadband Electrostatic Noise) in the geomagnetic tail were first detected by the Wave Form Capture reciever on the GEOTAIL spacecraft. The results show that most of the BEN in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) are not continuous broadband noise but are composed of a series of solitary pulses having a special form which we term 'Electrostatic Solitary Waves (ESW)'. A nonlinear BGK potential model is proposed as the generation mechanism for the ESW based upon a simple particle simulation which considers the highly nonlinear evolution of the electron beam instability. The wave forms produced by this simulation are very similar to those observed by GEOTAIL and suggest that the nonlinear dynamics of the electron beam play an essential role in the generation of ESW.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 25; p. 2915-2918
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We report on the observations of a number of quasi-dc electric field events associated with large-scale atmospheric weather formations. The observations were made by the electric field experiment onboard the San Marco D satellite, operational in an equatorial orbit from May to December 1988. Several theoretical studies suggest that electric fields generated by thunderstorms are present at high altitudes in the ionosphere. In spite of such favorable predictions, weather-related events are not often observed since they are relatively weak. We shall report here on a set of likely E field candidates for atmospheric-ionospheric causality, these being observed over the Indonesian Basin, northern South America, and the west coast of Africa; all known sites of atmospheric activity. As we shall demonstrate, individual events often be traced to specific active weather features. For example, a number of events were associated with spacecraft passages near Hurricane Joan in mid-October 1988. As a statistical set, the events appear to coincide with the most active regions of atmospheric weather.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A10; p. 19,475-19,483
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A radiation model, together with National Meteorological Center temperature observations, was used to compute daily net heating rates in the northern hemisphere (NH) for the Arctic late fall and winter periods of both 1988-1989 and 1991-1992 and in the southern hemisphere (SH) for the Antarctic fall and winters of 1987 and 1992. The heating rates were interpolated to potential temperature (theta) surfaces between 400 K and 2000 K and averaged within the polar vortex, the boundary of which was determined by the maximum gradient in potential vorticity. The averaged heating rates were used in a one-dimensional vortex interior descent model to compute the change in potential temperature with time of air parcels initialized at various theta values, as well as to compute the descent in log pressure coodinates. In the NH vortex, air parcels which were initialized at 18 km on November 1, descended about 6 km by March 21, while air initially at 25 km descended 9 km in the same time period. this represents an average descent rate in the lower stratosphere of 1.3 to 2 km per month. Air initialized at 50 km descended 27 km between November 1 and March 21. In the SH vortex, parcels initialized at 18 km on March 1, descended 3 km, while air at 25 km descended 5-7 km by the end of October. This is equivalent to an average descent in the lower stratosphere of 0.4 to 0.9 km per month during this 8-month period. Air initialized at 52 km descended 26-29 km between March 1 and October 31. In both the NH and the SH, computed descent rates increased markedly with height. The descent for the NH winter of 1992-1993 and the SH winter of 1992 computed with a three-dimensional trajectory model using the same radiation code was within 1 to 2 km of that calculated by the one-dimensional model, thus validating the vortex averaging procedure. The computed descent rates generally agree well with observations of long-lived tracers, thus validating the radiative transfer model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D8; p. 16,677-16,689
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The map of the coseismic displacement field generated by interferometric processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images taken before and after the June 28, 1992, Landers earthquake sequence brings new insights into the nature of deformation caused by these earthquakes. We use the interferometric map generated by Massonnet et al. (1993) to analyze the surface displacement field in the vicinity of the fault trace. Complexities in the fringe pattern near the fault reflect short-wavelength variations of the surface rupture and slip distribution, and attest to large displacement gradients. Along two sections of the fault, characteristic fringe patterns can be recognized, contrasting in density and direction with patterns observed away from the rupture. In order to understand the observed fringe patterns, we compute synthetic interferograms in three simple cases: (1) rigid-body rotations about a vertical axis, (2) about a horizontal axis (tilt), and (3) distributed, simple shear. The orientation and spatial separation of interferometric fringes predicted by these models help constrain near-field deformation and rupture parameters. Where the Kickapoo fault connects with the Homestead Valley fault, the interferogram shows a clear pattern of parallel N20 deg W fringes separated by about 160 m. This pattern and vertical offsets measured along the Kickapoo fault suggest that the block between this fault and the Johnson Valley fault may have been tilted, down to the west. A 5-km block lifted by 1 m on one side would be tilted by an angle of 0.01 deg (190 microrad), producing fringes separated by about 160 m, parallel to the tilt axis. Such a tilt, parallel to a N20 deg W direction, would account for the gradual, northward increase of the vertical slip component observed along the Kickapoo fault. This tilt may also explain the 1 m of reverse slip observed along the 'slip gap' section of the Homestead Valley break. Between the southern end of the Johnson Valley fault and the Eureka Peak fault, where no surface rupture has been mapped, the dense pattern of fringes implies distributed shear, probably resulting from fault slip at depth. The density and direction of the fringes in the gap are consistent with a right-lateral slip of 1.2-3.8 m on a blind fault locked above the depth of 1.5-2 km. Such observations of small wavelength features in the SAR interferogram bring new insights into the near-field displacement gradient and thus on response of the uppermost crust to seismic rupture.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B11; p. 21,971-21,981
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The acceleration of protons in a dynamically evolving magnetotail is investigated by tracing particles in the fields obtained from a three-dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. The MHD simulation, representing plasmoid formation and ejection through a near-Earth reconnection process, leads to cross-tail electric fields of up to approximately 4 mV/m with integrated voltages across the tail of up to approximately 200 kV. Energization of particles takes place over a wide range along the tail, due to the large spatial extent of the increased electric field together with the finite cross-tail extent of the electric field region. Such accelerated particles appear earthward of the neutral line over a significant portion of the closed field line region inside of the separatrix, not just in the vicinity of the separatrix. Two different acceleration processes are identified: a 'quasi-potential' acceleration, due to particle motion in the direction of the cross-tail electric field, and a 'quasi-betatron' effect, which consists of multiple energy gains from repeated crossings of the acceleration region, mostly on Speiser-type orbits, in the spatially varying induced electric field. The major source region for accelerated particles in the hundreds of keV range is the central plasma sheet at the dawn flank outside the reconnection site. Since this source plasma is already hot and dense, its moderate energization by a factor of approximately 2 may be sufficient to explain the observed increases in the energetic particle fluxes. Particles from the tail are the source of beams at the plasma sheet/lobe boundary. The temporal increase in the energetic particle fluxes, estimated from the increase in energy gain, occurs on a fast timescale of a few minutes, coincident with a strong increase in B(sub z), despite the fact that the inner boundary ('injection boundary') of the distribution of energized particles is fairly smooth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A1; p. 109-119
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A high-precision radiometric satellite tracking system, Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite system (DORIS), has recently been developed by the French space agency, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). DORIS was designed to provide tracking support for missions such as the joint United States/French TOPEX/Poseidon. As part of the flight testing process, a DORIS package was flown on the French SPOT 2 satellite. A substantial quantity of geodetic quality tracking data was obtained on SPOT 2 from an extensive international DORIS tracking network. These data were analyzed to assess their accuracy and to evaluate the gravitational modeling enhancements provided by these data in combination with the Goddard Earth Model-T3 (GEM-T3) gravitational model. These observations have noise levels of 0.4 to 0.5 mm/s, with few residual systematic effects. Although the SPOT 2 satellite experiences high atmospheric drag forces, the precision and global coverage of the DORIS tracking data have enabled more extensive orbit parameterization to mitigate these effects. As a result, the SPOT 2 orbital errors have been reduced to an estimated radial accuracy in the 10-20 cm RMS range. The addition of these data, which encompass many regions heretofore lacking in precision satellite tracking, has significantly improved GEM-T3 and allowed greatly improved orbit accuracies for Sun-synchronous satellites like SPOT 2 (such as ERS 1 and EOS). Comparison of the ensuing gravity model with other contemporary fields (GRIM-4C2, TEG2B, and OSU91A) provides a means to assess the current state of knowledge of the Earth's gravity field. Thus, the DORIS experiment on SPOT 2 has provided a strong basis for evaluating this new orbit tracking technology and has demonstrated the important contribution of the DORIS network to the success of the TOPEX/Poseidon mission.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B2; p. 2791-2813
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The presence of anisotropic plasma distributions, trapped at the Earth's magnetic equator, has consequences for the electric field structure which must exist in equilibrium along the magnetic field line. Data from SCATHA and Dynamics Explorer 1 indicate that the core ion distributions at the magnetic equator can be well described as bi-Maxwellian distributions, with a perpendicular temperature an order of magnitude larger than the parallel temperature. A collisionless model is developed for the variation in plasma parameters, following the forms developed by Whipple (1977). If the core electron anisotropy is low, the resulting electric field of approximately 0.1 microV/m is pointed away from the equator. Under these conditions the self-consistent electric field will not overcome the effects of magnetic trapping. The resulting potential distribution results in a local maximum in total plasma density at the equator. Only when the electron distribution is primarily field-aligned can there be a density minimum at the equator. Comparisons are made between this model and the observed variations in DE 1 plasma parameters with latitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A2; p. 2191-2203
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A combined 3-dimensional circulation model and aerosol microphysical/transport model is used to simulate the dispersion of the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic cloud in the stratosphere for the first few months following the eruption. Radiative heating of the cloud due to upwelling infrared radiation from the troposphere is shown to be an important factor affecting the transport. Without cloud heating, cloud material stays mostly north of the equator, whereas with cloud heating, the cloud is transported southward across the equator within the first two weeks following the eruption. Generally the simulations agree with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) satellite observations showing the latitude distribution of cloud material to be between about 20 deg S and 30 deg N within the first few months. Temperature perturbations in the stratosphere induced by the aerosol heating are generally 1-4 K, in the range of those observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 5; p. 369-372
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We use geodetic data from Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to determine the pre- and postseismic velocities of two sites. We then place limits on variations in interseismic strain buildup. The 1987 and 1988 Gulf of Alaska earthquakes (each Ms = 7.6) broke the Pacific plate interior. During the earthquakes the Cape Yakataga site moved 78 mm toward southwest. During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (Ms = 7.1) the Fort Ord site moved 48 mm toward north. Baselines (a) from Fairbanks to Cape Yakataga and (b) from Mojave to Fort Ord change at nearly the same rate before and after the earthquakes. Postseismic transients, which we determine from differences between post- and preseismic rates, are minor: at Cape Yakataga the transient is 3 +/- 4 mm in a postseismic interval of 23 months, and at Fort Ord the transient is 6 +/- 5 mm in 21 months. The slip beneath the Loma Prieta rupture needed to generate the Fort Ord transient is 0.22 +/- 0.19 m, one-tenth the coseismic slip (2 m). We analyze elastic lithosphere-viscous asthenosphere models to determine that the characteristic time describing exponential decay in deep fault slip is longer than 6 years. The VLBI measurements are consistent with uniform interseismic strain buildup. They disagree with fast postseismic rates caused by an asthenosphere with very low viscosity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 5; p. 333-336
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The AEPI (Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imager) experiment on the ATLAS-1 shuttle mission (launched March 24, 1992) imaged the earth night airglow emission in O2 Atmospheric (0,0) bands, at 762.0 nm. Earthward views of O2 A bands show structure from gravity waves which exhibit extended horizontal structure with horizontal wavelenghts on the order of 50-100 km. These observations of the O2 A (0,0) bands are particularly interesting since in this wavelength the lower atmosphere absorbs all the earth-reflected emissions and most of the spectrally diffuse backgrounds. Herein we present observations of gravity waves using a topside airglow imaging technique.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 21; p. 2283-2286
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Fujii et al. (1994) obtained characteristics of the electrodynamic parameters, that is, field-aligned currents, electric fields, and electron precipitation, which are associted with auroral substorm events in the nighttime sector, through a unique analysis that places the ionospheric measurements of these parameters into the context of a generic substorm determined from global auroral images. In this paper we investigate in considerably more detail the characteristics of the field-aligned currents using data from the same set of passes as the previuos study. We show for the first time that the net upward field-aligned currents throughout the surge and surge horn are sufficient to account for most if not all of the converging currents of the auroral electrojets. Current densities are largest in the surge and surge horn. Current region continuity does not appear to exist across the substorm bulge region. Much of the auroral substorm field-aligned current is composed of filamentary currents and finite current segments at large angles to each other. The westward electrojet may contain large gradients in intensity both in local time and latitude due to sets of localized field-aligned currents. The net downward current for several hours to the west of the surge is insufficient to account for the eastward electrojet, consistent with the concept that this electrojet originates primarily on the dayside. Our pattern of field-aligned currents associated with the surge has common features and also differs significantly from the patterns previously derived from data from radars and ground-based magnetometer arrays. Our pattern is considerably more complex, probably due to the much higher resolution in latitude of the satellite data. It is also larger in area, since our average substorm is much larger than those pertaining to the previous patterns, giving a substorm wedge considerably wider than that obtained from the radar and array data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A11; p. 21,303-21,325
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An analytical model of the bidirectional reflectance for optically semi-infinite plant canopies has been extended to describe the reflectance of finite depth canopies contributions from the underlying soil. The model depends on 10 independent parameters describing vegetation and soil optical and structural properties. The model is inverted with a nonlinear minimization routine using directional reflectance data for lawn (leaf area index (LAI) is equal to 9.9), soybeans (LAI, 2.9) and simulated reflectance data (LAI, 1.0) from a numerical bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model (Myneni et al., 1988). While the ten-parameter model results in relatively low rms differences for the BRDF, most of the retrieved parameters exhibit poor stability. The most stable parameter was the single-scattering albedo of the vegetation. Canopy albedo could be derived with an accuracy of less than 5% relative error in the visible and less than 1% in the near-infrared. Sensitivity were performed to determine which of the 10 parameters were most important and to assess the effects of Gaussian noise on the parameter retrievals. Out of the 10 parameters, three were identified which described most of the BRDF variability. At low LAI values the most influential parameters were the single-scattering albedos (both soil and vegetation) and LAI, while at higher LAI values (greater than 2.5) these shifted to the two scattering phase function parameters for vegetation and the single-scattering albedo of the vegetation. The three-parameter model, formed by fixing the seven least significant parameters, gave higher rms values but was less sensitive to noise in the BRDF than the full ten-parameter model. A full hemispherical reflectance data set for lawn was then interpolated to yield BRDF values corresponding to advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) scan geometries collected over a period of nine days. The resulting parameters and BRDFs are similar to those for the full sampling geometry, suggesting that the limited geometry of AVHRR measurements might be used to reliably retrieve BRDF and canopy albedo with this model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D5; p. 10,577-10,600
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: MSIS is an empirical model of the thermosphere based on Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter data. It provides a description of atmospheric temperature, density, and composition for altitudes higher than 85 kilometers. There are coefficients in MSIS to account for yearly and daily variations, geodetic latitude and longitude, altitude, and solar activity. Variations due to magnetic storms are represented by three-hour magnetic ap indices. The MSIS model enables a more timely prediction of aeronomic densities for specific events, such as rocket flights. The database for this model is a comprehensive summary of rocket flight, satellite, incoherent scatter radar, grenade, and falling sphere measurements. Subsets of data were formed by random selection after sorting on altitude, latitude, time of day, etc. Curve fitting was done with four to five thousand data points at a time. The resulting coefficients are presented in subroutines which calculate thermospheric composition and temperature for a user-supplied position and time. MSIS is written in FORTRAN 77 for use with batch or interactive programs and has been implemented on a DEC VAX series computer operating under VMS 4.3 with a central memory requirement of approximately 25K of 8 bit bytes. MSIS is based on a 1977 thermosphere model and was last updated in 1987 to reflect the CIRA 1986 Neutral Thermosphere Model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: GSC-12989
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Continuous optical observations of cusp/cleft auroral activities within approximately equal to 09-15 MLT and 70-76 deg magnetic latitude are studied in relation to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) variability. The observed latitudinal movements of the cusp/cleft aurora in response to IMF B(sub z) changes may be explained as an effect of a variable magnetic field intensity in the outer dayside magnetosphere associated with the changing intensity of region 1 field-aligned currents and associated closure currents. Ground magnetic signatures related to such currents were observed in the present case (January 10, 1993). Strong, isolated enhancements in solar wind dynamic pressure (Delta p/p is greater than or equal to 0.5) gave rise to equatorward shifts of the cusp/cleft aurora, characteristic auroral transients, and distinct ground magnetic signatures of enhanced convection at cleft latitudes. A sequence of auroral events of approximately equal to 5-10 min recurrence time, moving eastward along the poleward boundary of the persistent cusp/cleft aurora in the approximately equal to 10-14 MLT sector, during negative IMF B(sub z) and B(sub y) conditions, were found to be correlated with brief pulses in solar wind dynamic pressure (0.1 is less than Delta p/p is less than 0.5). Simultaneous photometer observations from Ny Alesund, Svalbard, and Danmarkshavn, Greenland, show that the events often appeared on the prenoon side (approximately equal to 10-12 MLT), before moving into the postnoon sector in the case we study here, when IMF B(sub y) is less than 0. In other cases, similar auroral event sequences have been observed to move westward in the prenoon sector, during intervals of positive B(sub y). Thus a strong prenoon/postnoon asymmetry of event occurence and motion pattern related to the IMF B(sub y) polarity is observed. We find that this category of auroral event sequence is stimulated bursts of electron precipitation that originate from magnetosheath plasma that has accessed that dayside magnetosphere in the noon or near-noon sector, possibly at high latitudes, partly governed by the IMF orientation as well as by solar wind dynamic pressure pulses.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A9; p. 17,323-17,342
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Stratospheric aerosols, collected near 19 km altitude on wire impactors over western North America from August 20, 1991 to May 11, 1993, show strong influence of the June 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Lognormal size distributions are bimodal; each of the mode radii increases and reaches maximum value at about 15 months after eruption. The second (large particle) mode becomes well developed then, and about 40% of the droplets are larger than 0.4 micron radius. The eruption of Mt. Spurr (Alaska) may also have contributed to this. Sulfate mass loading decays exponentially (e-folding 216 days), similar to El Chichon. Silicates are present in samples only immediately after eruption. Two years after eruption, sulfate mass loading is about 0.4 micrograms/cu m, about an order of magnitude higher than background pre-volcanic values. Aerosol size distributions are still bimodal with a very well-defined large droplet mode.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 12; p. 1129-1132
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Comparisons are presented between Nimbus 7 LIMS (Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere) mapped temperatures and both Datasonde and sphere in situ rocketsonde temperature measurements. With this approach up to 666 LIMS/Datasonde pairs were obtained for various pressure levels to look for small biases in LIMS temperatures as a function of altitude, latitude and season. Between 10-1 hPa LIMS and Datasonde agree everywhere to better than +/- 2 K with the exception of a warm bias of about 3 K at 2 hPa at high latitudes. However, LIMS is colder than the Datasonde by about 4 K at 0.4 hPa and by about 8-10 K at 0.1 hPa. When compared with the more accurate sphere temperatures the bias at 0.1 hPa is reduced by nearly one-half. These results indicate that the LIMS zonal mean constituent profiles are nearly free of temperature bias, except perhaps at 0.1 hPa.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 12; p. 1145-1148
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The carbon monoxide (CO) reference scale created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA/CMDL) is used to quantify measurements of CO in the atmosphere, calibrate standards of other laboratories and to otherwise provide reference gases to the community measuring atmospheric CO. This reference scale was created based upon a set of primary standards prepared by gravimetric methods at CMDL and has been propagated to a set of working standards. In this paper we compare CO mixing ratios assigned to the working standards by three approaches: (1) calibration against the original gravimetric standards, (2) calibration using only working standards as the reference gas, and (3) calibration against three new gravimetric standards prepared to CMDL. The agreement between these values was typically better than 1%. The calibration histories of CMDL working standards are reviewed with respect to expected rates of CO change in the atmosphere. Using a Monte Carlo approach to simulate the effect of drifting standards on calculated mixing ratios, we conclude that the error solely associated with the maintenance of standards will limit the ability to detect small CO changes in the atmosphere. We also report results of intercalibration experiments conducted between CMDL and the Diode Laser Sensor Group (DACOM) at the NASA Langley Research Center (Hampton, Virginia), and CMDL and the Fraunhofer-Institut (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany). Each laboratory calibrated several working standards for CO using their reference gases, and these results were compared to calibrations conducted by CMDL. The intercomparison of eight standards (CO concentrations between approximately 100 and approximately 165 ppb) by CMDL and NASA agreed to better than +/- 2%. The calibration of six standards (CO concentrations between approximately 50 and approximately 210 ppb) by CMDL and the Fraunhofer-Institut agreed to within +/- 2% for four standards, and to within +/- 5% for all six standards.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D6; p. 12,833-12,839
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Measurements of the ratio OH/HO2, NO, O3, ClO, and BrO were obtained at altitudes from 15-20 km and latitudes from 15-60 deg N. A method is presented for interpreting the rates of chemical transformations that (1) are responsible for over half the ozone removal rate in the lower stratosphere via reactions of HO2; and (2) control the abundance of HO2 through coupling to nitrogen and halogen radicals. The results show our understanding of the chemical reactions controlling the partitioning of OH and HO2 is complete and accurate and that the potential effects of 'missing chemistry' are strickly constrained in the region of the atmosphere encompassed by the observations. The analysis demonstrates that the sensitivity of the ratio OH/HO2 to changes in NO is described to within 12% by current models. This reduces by more than a factor of 2 the effect of uncertainty in the coupling of hydrogen and nitrogen radicals on the analysis of the potential effects of perturbations to odd notrogen in the lower statosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 23; p. 2539-2542
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Previous observations have shown that during periods of steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) a large amount of magnetic flux crosses the plasma sheet (corresponding to approximately 10 deg wide auroral oval at the nightside) and that the magnetic configuration in the midtail is relaxed (the curent sheet is thick and contains enhanced B(sub Z). These signatures are typical for the substorm recovery phase. Using near-geostationary magnetic field data, magnetic field modeling and a noval diagostic technique (isotropic boundary algorithm), we show that in the near-Earth tail the magnetic confirguration is very stretched during the SMC events. This stretching is caused by an intense, thin westward current. Because of the srongly depressed B(sub Z), there is a large radial gradient in the near-tail magetic field. These signatures have been peviously associated only with the substorm growth phase. Our results indicate that during the SMC periods the magnetic configuration is very peculiar, with co-existing thin near-Earth current sheet and thick midtail plasma sheet. The deep local minimum of the equatorial B(sub Z) that devleops at R approximately 12 R(sub E) is consistent with steady, adiabatic, Earthward convection in the midtail. These results impose contraints on the existing substorm theories, and call for an explanation of how such a stressed configuration can persist for such a long time without tail current disruptions that occur at the end of a substorm growth phase.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A12; p. 23,571-23,582
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We report an observation of Petschek-type magnetic reconnection at a distant neutral line (X = -230 R(sub e)) with a full set of signatures of the magnetic merging process. These features include a reversal of plasma flows from earthward to tailward, a pair of slow shocks and the magnetic field X-type line. These two slow shocks are shown to satisfy the shock criteria used by Feldman et al. (1987). The spacecraft first crosses a slow shock to enter the earthward flowing plasmasheet with velocity of about 440 km/s. The embedded magnetic field has a positive B(sub z) component. The spacecraft next enters a region of tailward plasma flow with speed approximately 670 km/s and an embedded negative B(sub z), indicating entry into the plasmasheet tailward of the X-line. These observed velocities are comparable to calculated velocities based on Rankine-Hugoniot conservation relationships. The spacecraft subsequently returns into the south tail lobe by crossing another slow shock. Coplanarity analyses shows that the two slow shocks have orientations consistent with that predicted by the Petschek reconnection model. We note that this event occurs during northward interplanetary magnetic fields. Thus, a magnetic stress built-up in the distant tail may be responsible for this reconnection process.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 25; p. 3031-3034
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A method is presented for analytically representing the magnetic field due to the cross-tail current and its closure on the magnetopause. It is an extension of a method used by Tsyganenko (1989b) to confine the dipole field inside an ellipsoidal magnetopause using a scalar potential. Given a model of the cross-tail current, the implied net magnetic field is obtained by adding to the cross-tail current field a potential field B = - del gamma, which makes all field lines divide into two disjoint groups, separated by the magnetopause (i.e., the combined field is made to have zero normal component with the magnetopause). The magnetopause is assumed to be an ellipsoid of revolution (a prolate spheroid) as an approximation to observations (Sibeck et al., 1991). This assumption permits the potential gamma to be expressed in spheroidal coordinates, expanded in spheroidal harmonics and its terms evaluated by performing inversion integrals. Finally, the field outside the magnetopause is replaced by zero, resulting in a consistent current closure along the magnetopause. This procedure can also be used to confine the modeled field of any other interior magnetic source, though the model current must always flow in closed circuits. The method is demonstrated on the T87 cross-tail current, examples illustrate the effect of changing the size and shape of the prescribed magnetopause and a comparison is made to an independent numerical scheme based on the Biot-Savart equation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A10; p. 19,393-19,402
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have found that image data acquired with NASA's airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) can be used to make estimates of the SO2 content of volcanic plumes. TIMS image data are most applicable to the study of partially transparent SO2 plumes, such as those released during quiescent periods or nonexplosive eruptions. The estimation procedure is based on the LOWTRAN 7 radiative transfer code, which we use to model the radiance perceived by TIMS as it views the ground through an SO2 plume. The input to the procedure includes the altitudes of the aircraft and ground, the altitude and thickness of the SO2 plume, the emissivity of the ground, and altitude profiles of the atmospheric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. We use the TIMS data to estimate both ground temperatures beneath a plume and SO2 concentrations within a plume. Applying our procedure to TIMS data acquired over Mount Etna, Sicily, on July 29, 1986, we estimate that the SO2 flux from the volcano was approximately 6700 t d(exp -1). The use of TIMS to study SO2 plumes represents a bridge between highly localized methods, such as correlation spectroscopy or direct sampling, and small-scale mapping techniques involving satellite instruments such as the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer or Microwave Limb Sounder. We require further airborne experiments to refine our estimation procedure. This refinement is a necessary preparation for the schedueled 1998 launch of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer, which will allow large-scale multispectral thermal infrared image data to be collected over virtually any volcano on Earth at least once every 16 days.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B1; p. 481-488
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We determine the improvement in baseline length precision and accuracy using new atmospheric delay mapping functions and MTT by analyzing the NASA Crustal Dynamics Project research and development (R&D) experiments and the International Radio Interferometric Surveying (IRIS) A experiments. These mapping functions reduce baseline length scatter by about 20% below that using the CfA2.2 dry and Chao wet mapping functions. With the newer mapping functions, average station vertical scatter inferred from observed length precision (given by length repeatabilites) is 11.4 mm for the 1987-1990 monthly R&D series of experiments and 5.6 mm for the 3-week-long extended research and development experiment (ERDE) series. The inferred monthly R&D station vertical scatter is reduced by 2 mm or by 7 mm is a root-sum-square (rss) sense. Length repeatabilities are optimum when observations below a 7-8 deg elevation cutoff are removed from the geodetic solution. Analyses of IRIS-A data from 1984 through 1991 and the monthly R&D experiments both yielded a nonatmospheric unmodeled station vertical error or about 8 mm. In addition, analysis of the IRIS-A exeriments revealed systematic effects in the evolution of some baseline length measurements. The length rate of change has an apparent acceleration, and the length evolution has a quasi-annual signature. We show that the origin of these effects is unlikely to be related to atmospheric modeling errors. Rates of change of the transatlantic Westford-Wettzell and Richmond-Wettzell baseline lengths calculated from 1988 through 1991 agree with the NUVEL-1 plate motion model (Argus and Gordon, 1991) to within 1 mm/yr. Short-term (less than 90 days) variations of IRIS-A baseline length measurements contribute more than 90% of the observed scatter about a best fit line, and this short-term scatter has large variations on an annual time scale.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; B1; p. 637-651
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  • 96
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Vertical ocean loading amplitudes are determined by analysis of IRIS geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data. The 4 nearly diurnal (K(sub 1), P(sub 1), O(sub 1), Q(sub 1)) and 4 nearly semidiurnal (K(sub 2), S(sub 2), M(sub 2), and N(sub 2)) component amplitudes can be inferred from the data with accuracies of 1-2 mm. Uncertainties of total displacements can approach 1 cm. Empirically determined total displacements are considerably larger than the values calculated from two geophysical models. The Scherneck model is found to give a better representation of VLBI delay data than the model of Pagiatakis by about 3 mm in residuals at 6 sites. Empirical estimation of the ocean loading amplitudes reduces Chi squared by 3067 for the 96 additional degrees of freedom in a fit to 273,000 IRIS VLBI observations, and reduces the RMS residuals by 3 mm relative to a fit using the fixed Scherneck model. Vertical ocean loading amplitudes can thus be inferred from VLBI data at a level which improves the overall model, but detailed assessment of individual tidal components is presently obscured by incomplete modeling at the tidal frequencies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 5; p. 357-360
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We explore the implications of indicating the biosphere's self-organization by the trend over time of the net entropic flow from the Earth's surface, the actual physical boundary of virtually all biotic mass. This flow, derived from the radiative surface entropy budget, is approximately inversely related to the surface temperature when the solar incident flux remains constant. In the geophysiological ('gaian') interpretation, biospheric self-organization has increased with the progressive colonization of the continents and evolutionary developments in the land biota, as a result of surface cooling arising from biotic enhancement of weathering. The key site for this self-organization is at the interface between land and atmosphere, the soil, where carbon is sequestered by its reaction (as carbonic and organic acids) with calcium magnesium silicates. Along with disequilibrium (steady-state) levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the occurrence of differentiated soil is the critical material evidence for biospheric self-organization, whether it be geophysiological or geochemical (ie., purely result of inorganic reactions). The computed equilibrium levels of carbon dioxide and corresponding equilibrium temperatures in the past are dramatically different from the steady-state levels. With future solar luminosity increase, the biospheric capacity for climatic regulation will decrease, leading to the ending of self-organization some two billion years from now. The Earth's surface will then approach chemical equilibrium with respect to the carbonate-silicate cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere (ISSN 0169-6149); 24; 5; p. 435-450
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: By the middle of the decade, several new Laser Geodynamic Satellites will be launched to join the current constellation comprised of the laser geodynamic satellite (LAGEOS) (US), Starlette (France), Ajisai (Japan), and Etalon I and II (USSR). The satellites to be launched, LAGEOS II and III (US & Italy), and Stella (France), will be injected into orbits that differ from the existing constellation so that geodetic and gravimetric quantities are sampled to enhance their resolution and accuracy. An examination of various possible tracking strategies adopted by the network of laser tracking stations has revealed that the recovery of precise geodetic parameters can be obtained over shorter intervals than is currently obtainable with the present constellation of satellites. This is particularly important in the planning of mobile laser tracking operations, given a network of permanently operating tracking sites. Through simulations, it is shown that laser tracking of certain satellite passes, pre-selected to provide optimal sky-coverage, provides the means to acquire a sufficient amount of data to allow the recovery of 1 cm station positions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Satellite Orbits; Technical Panel on Satellite Dynamics (Meeting P1) of the COSPAR Plenary Meeting, 29th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 5, 1992 . A95-61505 (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 5; p. (5)27-(5)33
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  • 99
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become, in recent years, the main space-based system for surveying and navigation in many military, commercial, cadastral, mapping, and scientific applications. Better receivers, interferometric techniques (DGPS), and advances in post-processing methods have made possible to position fixed or moving receivers with sub-decimeter accuracies in a global reference frame. Improved methods for obtaining the orbits of the GPS satellites have played a major role in these achievements; this paper gives a personal view of the main developments in GPS orbit determination.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Satellite Orbits; Technical Panel on Satellite Dynamics (Meeting P1) of the COSPAR Plenary Meeting, 29th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 5, 1992 . A95-61505 (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 5; p. (5)5-(5)15
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The long-wavelength thermal anomalies in the lower mantle have been mapped out using several seismic tomographic models in conjunction with thermodynamic parameters derived from high-pressure mineral physics experiments. These parameters are the depth variations of thermal expansivity and of the proportionality factor between changes in density and seismic velocity. The giant plume-like structures in the lower mantle under the Pacific Ocean and Africa have outer fringes with thermal anomalies around 300-400 K, but very high temperatures are found in the center of the plumes near the base of the core-mantle boundary. These extreme values can exceed +1500 K and may reflect large hot thermal anomalies in the lower mantle, which are supported by recent measurements of high melting temperatures of perovskite and iron. Extremely cold anomalies, around -1500 K, are found for anomalies in the deep mantle around the Pacific rim and under South America. Numerical simulations show that large negative thermal anomalies in the mid-lower mantle have modest magnitudes of around -500 K. correlation pattern exists between the present-day locations of cold masses in the lower mantle and the sites of past subduction since the Cretaceous. Results from correlation analysis show that the slab mass-flux in the lower mantle did not conform to a steady-state nature but exhibited time-dependent behavior.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 121; 3/4; p. 385-402
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