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  • Articles  (451)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (451)
  • 1915-1919
  • Physics  (289)
  • Philosophy  (162)
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  • Articles  (451)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transversely isotropic media equivalent to thin isotropic layers (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Any set of isotropic layers is equivalent, in the long wavelength limit, to a unique transversely isotropic (TI) layer; to find the elastic moduli of that layer is a solved problem. The converse problem is to find a set of isotropic layers equivalent to a given TI media. Here, explicit necessary and sufficient conditions on the TI stiffness moduli for the existence of an equivalent set of isotropic layers are found by construction of a minimal decomposition consisting of either two or three isotropic constituent layers. When only two constituents are required, their elastic properties are uniquely determined. When three constituents are required, two have the same Poisson's ratio and the same thickness fraction, and even then there is a one-parameter family of satisfactory minimal decompositions. The linear slip model for fractured rock (aligned fractures in an isotropic background) yields a restricted range of transverse isotropy dependent on only four independent parameters. If the ratio of the normal to tangential fracture compliance is small enough, the medium is equivalent to thin isotropic layering and in general its minimal decomposition consists of three constituents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00247.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comment on ‘Definitions of apparent resistivity for the presentation of magnetotelluric sounding data’ by A.T. Başokur (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00251.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to Comment on ‘Definitions of apparent resistivity for the presentation of magnetotelluric sounding data‘ by L. Szarka (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00252.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Line integrals of potential field data (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Information on the mass and the spatial location of an arbitrary source body can be obtained by performing suitable integrations of 3D gravity and magnetic data along an infinite straight line. No assumptions on the density/magnetization distribution or the shape and location of the source are required.For an oblique borehole, a relationship between the lower limit of the source mass and the distance to the body is obtained. The mass contrast and the magnetic moment of the source can also be estimated.For a vertical borehole, both gravity and vertical magnetic component anomalies have equal areas to the left and right of the depth axis.The particular case of a horizontal gallery not intersecting the body is also studied. If the source is intersected, a lower limit is estimated for the maximum thickness of the body along the gallery. Information on the vertical coordinate of the centre of mass of the source can also be obtained.Numerical tests with synthetic gravity data support the theoretical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00238.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistivity measurements on the sea bottom to map fracture zones in the bedrock underneath sediments (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Refraction seismics with the shotpoints and the hydrophone cable on the sea-bottom, have become the standard geophysical method for investigating rock quality before constructing offshore tunnels in Norway. In connection with the construction of a sub-sea tunnel by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, research work was carried out to compare two low-velocity zones, indicated by refraction seismics with other methods. A special resistivity cable for pole-dipole measurements on the sea-floor, with 10 m between the electrodes, was constructed. A 200 m long profile, crossing the two low-velocity zones, was measured with all combinations of electrode distances. The two zones were detected as low-resistivity zones. A special data processing technique to enhance the anomalies is described. Resistivity soundings in a seawater environment to detect fracture zones in the bedrock underneath the bottom sediments, are discussed. It is concluded that severely fractured zones, which may cause difficulties for the tunnel construction, can be detected both with sea-surface and sea-floor arrays using long electrode spacings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00242.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radar experiments in isotropic and anisotropic geological formations (granite and schists) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In order to understand various aspects of radar wave propagation, a survey of electromagnetic wave behaviour relative to the geological characteristics of the formations prospected was undertaken. The sites chosen for the tests were a granite quarry and an underground schist working. By investigating an electrically resistive isotropic site and a conductive anisotropic site, it was demonstrated that non-conventional use of a radar system (antennae raised, various orientations of the transmitter/receiver, etc.) could improve data quality, and could allow information other than reflector depth to be collected (volume scattering intensity, isotropy, etc.). By studying wave propagation velocities, we underlined the difficulties encountered in establishing a velocity versus depth law, despite recourse to seismic data processing, such as NMO corrections. The results of field experiments, complemented by laboratory measurements of dielectric permittivities, clearly showed anisotropy effects: in the case of a path that is perpendicular to the schistosity plane, an electromagnetic wave propagates more slowly and is more attenuated than a wave parallel to the schistosity plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00232.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2D finite-difference elastic wave modelling including surface topography (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A 2D numerical finite-difference algorithm accounting for surface topography is presented. Higher-order, dispersion-bounded, cost-optimized finite-difference operators are used in the interior of the numerical grid, while non-reflecting absorbing boundary conditions are used along the edges. Transformation from a curved to a rectangular grid achieves the modelling of the surface topography. We use free-surface boundary conditions along the surface. In order to obtain complete modelling of the effects of wave propagation, it is important to account for the surface topography, otherwise near-surface effects, such as scattering, are not modelled adequately. Even if other properties of the medium, for instance randomization, can improve numerical simulations, inclusion of the surface topography makes them more realistic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00216.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    True-amplitude migration of 2D synthetic data (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: True-amplitude (TA) migration, which is a Kirchhoff-type modified weighted diffraction stack, recovers (possibly) complex angle-dependent reflection coefficients which are important for amplitude-versus-offset (AVO) inversion. The method can be implemented using existing prestack or post-stack Kirchhoff migration and fast Green's function computation programs. Here, it is applied to synthetic single-shot and constant-offset seismic data that include post-critical reflections (complex reflection coefficients) and caustics. Comparisons of the amplitudes of the TA migration image with theoretical reflection coefficients show that the (possibly complex) angle-dependent reflection coefficients are correctly estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00220.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to Comment on ‘Simultaneous vibroseis recording’ by L. Deluchi (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00225.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to Comment on ‘Three-dimensional interpretation of multiple-source bipole-dipole resistivity data using the apparent resistivity tensor‘by D. Doicin (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00229.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using the pseudospectral technique on curved grids for 2D acoustic forward modelling (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Fourier pseudospectral method has been widely accepted for seismic forward modelling because of its high accuracy compared to other numerical techniques. Conventionally, the modelling is performed on Cartesian grids. This means that curved interfaces are represented in a ‘staircase fashion‘causing spurious diffractions. It is the aim of this work to eliminate these non-physical diffractions by using curved grids that generally follow the interfaces.A further advantage of using curved grids is that the local grid density can be adjusted according to the velocity of the individual layers, i.e. the overall grid density is not restricted by the lowest velocity in the subsurface. This means that considerable savings in computer storage can be obtained and thus larger computational models can be handled.One of the major problems in using the curved grid approach has been the generation of a suitable grid that fits all the interfaces. However, as a new approach, we adopt techniques originally developed for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications. This allows us to put the curved grid technique into a general framework, enabling the grid to follow all interfaces. In principle, a separate grid is generated for each geological layer, patching the grid lines across the interfaces to obtain a globally continuous grid (the so-called multiblock strategy).The curved grid is taken to constitute a generalised curvilinear coordinate system, where each grid line corresponds to a constant value of one of the curvilinear coordinates. That means that the forward modelling equations have to be written in curvilinear coordinates, resulting in additional terms in the equations. However, the subsurface geometry is much simpler in the curvilinear space.The advantages of the curved grid technique are demonstrated for the 2D acoustic wave equation. This includes a verification of the method against an analytic reference solution for wedge diffraction and a comparison with the pseudospectral method on Cartesian grids. The results demonstrate that high accuracies are obtained with few grid points and without extra computational costs as compared with Cartesian methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00213.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistivity inversion of cross-hole and borehole-to-surface EM data using axially symmetric models (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We describe a least-squares inversion approach to estimating the subsurface resistivity structure from cross-hole or borehole-to-surface electromagnetic data. It is assumed that the resistivity distribution is symmetric about the axis of a borehole and that vertical magnetic dipoles are located on the borehole axis. The receivers are placed either in another borehole or on the earth's surface. The inversion scheme uses the finite-element and smoothness-constrained least-squares methods. The computational effort required to obtain partial derivatives is reduced considerably by using the reciprocity principle. Numerical simulations show that the reconstructions are generally in good agreement with the true structures when the assumption of an axisymmetric earth structure holds. An example involving the breakdown of this assumption, which can be obtained by interchanging the source and receiver boreholes, suggests that the inversion result may also be useful for locating a general 3D anomaly although artifacts are present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00239.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cost-effective 3D one-pass depth migration (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A crucial point in the processing of 3D seismic data is the migration step, both because of its 3D nature and the computational cost involved. The efficiency and accuracy of 3D migration are determined by the wavefield extrapolation technique employed. Wavefield extrapolation based on second-order differential operators of variable-length is very efficient and accurate at the same time. Compared to migration based on the McClellan transform and operator splitting, the use of variable-length second-order differential operators offers significant advantages. The 3D migration operator has an almost perfect circular symmetry. No positioning errors in the 45° azimuth between the in-line and cross-line directions are evident. The method is, in practice, only limited by spatial aliasing and does not require expensive interpolation of data to reduce numerical artifacts. This reduces the computational cost of 3D one-pass depth migration by a large factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00240.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Backus averaging, scattering and drift (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Differences between traveltimes from sonic to seismic frequencies, commonly known as drift, can be attributed to a combination of multiple scattering and absorption. The portion due to scattering can be estimated directly by calculating synthetic seismograms from sonic logs. A simple alternative approach is suggested by the long-wave equivalent averaging formulae for the effective elastic properties of a stack of thin layers, which gives the same traveltime delays as the low-frequency limit of the scattering dispersion. We consider the application of these averaging formulae over a frequency-dependent window with the hope of extending their use to frequencies higher than those allowed by the original validity conditions. However, comparison of the time delay due to window-averaging with the scattering dispersion predicted by the O'Doherty-Anstey formula reveals that it is not possible to specify a form of window that will fit the dispersion across the spectrum for arbitrary log statistics. A window with a width proportional to the wavelength squared matches the behaviour at the low-frequency end of the dispersive range for most logs, and allows an almost exact match of the drift across the entire spectrum for exponential correlation functions.We examine a real log, taken from a hole in nearly plane-layered geology, which displays strong quasi-cyclical variations on one scale as well as more random, smaller-scale fluctuations. The details of its drift behaviour are studied using simple models of the gross features. The form of window which gave a good theoretical fit to the dispersion for an exponential log correlation function can only fit the computed drift at high or low frequencies, confirming that there are at least two significant scale-lengths of fluctuation. A better overall fit is obtained for a window whose width is proportional to the wavelength. The calculated scattering drift is significantly less than that observed from a vertical seismic profile, but the difference cannot be wholly ascribed to absorption. This is because the source frequency of the sonic tool is not appropriate for its resolution (receiver spacing) so that the scattering drift from sonic to seismic frequencies cannot be fully estimated from the layer model derived from the log.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00230.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analytic signal approach to the interpretation of total field magnetic anomalies (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The analytic signal (AS) is defined as the square root of the sum of the squares of the vertical and the two horizontal derivatives of the total magnetic field ΔT. This paper verifies theoretically that peaks of the AS correlate directly with their magnetic causative bodies and are positioned symmetrically over them, i.e. the main feature of the AS is that it is independent of the inclination of the magnetic field. This avoids the difficulties that are often faced in the conventional process of reduction to pole for ΔT, when the direction of magnetization of the causative bodies is not known. In addition, the AS has characteristics similar to the derivative features of the magnetic field, so that it is very sensitive to edge effects of the causative magnetic bodies. The theoretical derivations are tested by comparison with calculations on models, and, in a field example from Hunan Province, China, the AS is applied successfully to the interpretation of ΔT, whereas the conventional process of reduction to pole fails, due to the reverse magnetization of the causative body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00234.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Upward continuation of potential fields from a polyhedral surface (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An equivalent source procedure is derived for upward continuation of unevenly spaced gravity and magnetic data. The dipole layer is placed on a topographic relief approximated by a polyhedral surface, the stations being the vertices of the triangular faces. The dipoles have linear magnitudes, being directed along the normal vector over each triangle. The unknown values of the dipole magnitudes at each station are obtained by a suitable modification of the usual integral equation considering the discontinuity of the normal vector at each vertex of the dipole surface. Profile data processing is also studied. A numerical test outlines the accuracy and the limitations of the model for the case of a magnetic field significantly perturbed by a rough topographic relief.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00217.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AVO signatures of actual and synthetic reflections from different petrophysical targets (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We use a marine seismic dataset to examine the reflections from two gas sands, a lignitic sand and a cineritic bed, by means of their amplitude versus offset (AVO) responses. This offset-dependent signature is related to specific petrophysical and thus elastic situations or to peculiar interference patterns and may help to distinguish the nature of the amplitude anomalies on the stack sections.The prestack analysis is carried out on seismic data which have undergone an accurate true-amplitude processing.It is found that the lignitic-sand reflections exhibit a decreasing AVO while the two-gas sands show markedly increasing AVO trends. Also the reflections from the cineritic layer show increasing amplitudes with offset that may be due either to the petrophysical nature of the cinerites or to thin-layer interference or to both.In order to verify the reliability of the actual AVO responses we develop a detailed model from well data and compute a synthetic CMP seismogram. In order to account for mode conversions and thin-layer effects, the synthetic seismograms are computed using the reflectivity method. The wavelets used in the synthetics are retrieved from actual seismic and borehole data by means of wavelet processing. When finely layered structures are present, the estimation of a reliable wavelet is extremely important to get the correct synthetic AVO response. In particular, the AVO responses of the cineritic layer differ substantially if we make use in the computation of the synthetics of a Ricker wavelet or of a wavelet estimated through wavelet processing.The good match between the observed and modelled data confirms the reliability of the processing sequence and of the final AVO signatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00221.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comment on ‘Simultaneous vibroseis recording’ by J.E. Martin and C.W.M. Bacon (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00224.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Comment on ‘Three-dimensional interpretation of multiple-source bipole-dipole resistivity data using the apparent resistivity tensor’ by H.M. Bibby and G.W. Hohmann (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00226.x
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  • 20
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    Reply to Comment on ‘Three-dimensional interpretation of multiple-source bipole-dipole resistivity data using the apparent resistivity tensor’ by X. Li and L. B. Pedersen (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00227.x
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  • 21
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    Shallow fault location in coal measures using offset Wenner resistivity profiling (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The five-electrode resistivity configuration of Barker, who introduced the concept of offset resistivity measurements, is used in a profiling mode in the search for lateral variations of resistivity down to depths of a few tens of metres. Theoretical computations show that plotting simple pseudosections of offset measurements over faults is sufficient to reveal the fault position. The method is subsequently applied in the field for locating a buried fault in coal measures. Although offset pseudosections are often all that is required, apparent resistivity pseudosections are examined and compared to collations of 1D inversions of the sounding profile data and to computations over 2D models. It is shown that apparent restivity pseudosections may present a rather misleading picture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00214.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Layer-stripping reverse-time migration (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We present a layer-stripping method of migration for irregularly layered media in which first-order velocity discontinuities separate regions of constant or smoothly varying velocity. We use the reverse-time method to migrate seismic data layer by layer, from the surface downwards. As part of the migration of a given layer, the bottom boundary of the layer is defined based on power in the migrated signal, and a seismic section is collected along it. This new section serves as the boundary condition for migration in the next layer. This procedure is repeated for each layer, with the final image formed from the individual layer images. Layer-stripping migration consists of three steps: (1) layer definition, (2) wavefield extrapolation and imaging, and (3) boundary determination. The migration scheme when used with reverse-time extrapolation is similar to datuming with an imaging condition. The reverse-time method uses an explicit fourth-order time, tenth-order space, finite-difference approximation to the scalar wave equation.The advantages of layer-stripping reverse-time migration are: (1) it preserves the benefits of the reverse-time method by handling strong velocity contrasts between layers and steeply dipping structures; (2) it reduces computer memory and saves computation time in high-velocity layers, and (3) it allows interpretational control of the image.Post-stack layer-stripping reverse-time migration is illustrated with a synthetic CMP data example. Prestack migration is illustrated with a synthetic data set and with a marine seismic reflection profile across the Santa Maria Basin and the Hosgri Fault in central California.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00206.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    The potential of a noise-reducing antenna for surface NMR groundwater surveys in the earth's magnetic field (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method of non-invasive NMR in the earth's field has been developed and is now used for groundwater surveys to depths of investigation of 100 m or more.A circular wire loop of diameter 100 m, laid out on the ground, is employed to excite and receive the NMR signal in the earth's field. However, in areas with high electromagnetic noise, the NMR measurements may be inaccurate.To overcome this problem, a noise-reducing figure-of-eight-shaped antenna, consisting of two touching coils each of diameter 50 m, has been utilized.Using this antenna, the NMR signal has been calculated for different depths of water-saturated layers with various inclinations of the geomagnetic field. The model calculations and experimental data have been compared and found to be mutually consistent. The two-coil antenna is shown to be suitable for studies at depths of up to 30–40 m, which is of practical importance for engineering geology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00245.x
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  • 24
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    Inversion for seismic anisotropy using genetic algorithms (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A general inversion scheme based on a genetic algorithm is developed to invert seismic observations for anisotropic parameters. The technique is applied to the inversion of shear-wave observations from two azimuthal VSP data sets from the Conoco test site in Oklahoma. Horizontal polarizations and time-delays are inverted for hexagonal and orthorhombic symmetries. The model solutions are consistent with previous studies using trial and error matching of full waveform synthetics. The shear-wave splitting observations suggest the presence of a shear-wave line singularity and are consistent with a dipping fracture system which is known to exist at the test site. Application of the inversion scheme prior to full waveform modelling demonstrates that a considerable saving in time is possible whilst retaining the same degree of accuracy.
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    Ground penetrating radar sounding of a temperate glacier; modelling of a multilayered medium (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A numerical simulation of electromagnetic propagation through a multilayered medium is performed in order to explain and interpret the signal received from the radar sounding of a temperate glacier. During the winter of 1990, several radar profiles were obtained on the Mont-de-Lans glacier in the French Alps with a ground penetrating radar which uses a phase modulation of the transmitted pulse by coded sequences. The pulse compression is obtained by applying the matched filter to the received signal, which provides a range-resolution of about 8 m in the ice. The profiles recorded on the temperate glacier do not show a single clear reflection from the ice-bedrock interface, but they exhibit widely distributed energy decreasing with depth. This may be due to the inhomogeneous inner structure of the temperate glacier and we use a simple model of a layered medium to compute a simulation of the propagation. Thus, partial reflection at each layer and scattering from a rough basal interface may explain the observed signal. A computer-based technique is used to locate on the data the bottom of the glacier in order to estimate the ice thickness. The results from the different radar profiles are consistent and are a good fit to the thickness which has been determined by other geophysical methods.
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    Cased borehole effects on downhole seismic measurements (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Both approximate and exact formulations for the interaction of an incident elastic wave with a cased borehole are presented. In the approximate method, simple and explicit formulae are derived for the pressure in fluid at low frequencies. In the exact method, elastic potentials in each annulus are represented as a superposition of fundamental solutions to the Helmholtz equations. Continuity of displacements and stresses across layer boundaries are used to determine unknown coefficients. A global matrix algorithm is employed to compute simultaneously these coefficients in individual layers. Calculations show that, in cased boreholes, the borehole effects on downhole seismic measurements are more significant than in open boreholes. A strong resonance occurs in the fluid for SV-wave incidence from a soft formation. This resonance is prominent even at very high frequencies because the tube-wave velocity is raised well above the formation shear velocity by the steel pipe. At a particular angle of incidence of a plane P-wave, the pressure in the fluid is near zero at low frequencies (the cased borehole screening phenomenon). For hard formations and frequencies above 1 kHz, the cased borehole influence on a downhole geophone measurement is significant, especially at grazing incidence. For soft formations, both the pressure in the fluid and the solid displacement on the borehole wall show strong dependence on frequency and angle of incidence, even at low frequencies.
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    Inversion of reflection seismograms by differential semblance analysis: algorithm structure and synthetic examples (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Seismograms predicted from acoustic or elastic earth models depend very non-linearly on the long wavelength components of velocity. This sensitive dependence demands the use of special variational principles in waveform-based inversion algorithms. The differential semblance variational principle is well-suited to velocity inversion by gradient methods, since its objective function is smooth and convex over a large range of velocity models. An extension of the adjoint state technique yields an accurate estimate of the differential semblance gradient. Non-linear conjugate gradient iteration is quite successful in locating the global differential semblance minimum, which is near the ordinary least-squares global minimum when coherent data noise is small. Several examples, based on the 2D primaries-only acoustic model, illustrate features of the method and its performance.
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    Using fractal crustal magnetization models in magnetic interpretation (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Evidence from borehole susceptibility logs and the spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data suggests that the three-dimensional distribution of magnetization within the crust can be described as fractal. This property can be exploited in magnetic interpretation methods which explicitly require statistical information on the spatial variation of magnetization. Specifically, we address the problem of magnetic source depth estimation through downward continuation and gridding aeromagnetic survey data using the method of kriging.When magnetic data are continued downwards the depth at which the power spectrum flattens out (the ‘white’ depth) can be taken to be an estimate of the top of the source distribution. This procedure assumes that individual sources are uncorrelated with each other. Taking into account the correlation of the magnetization using a fractal description leads to a reduction in this depth estimate.Gridding of randomly distributed magnetic measurements using kriging requires an estimate of the covariance of the data. Compared with the assumption of a white (uncorrelated) magnetization distribution, using fractal covariances for kriging produces gridded estimates which more closely reflect the statistics of the underlying magnetization process and produce maps with a justifiable degree of smoothness.
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    A physical approach to computing magnetic fields (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The superposition integral expressing the field due to a magnetic source body is relatively simple to evaluate in the case of a homogeneous magnetization. In practice this generally requires that any remnant component is uniform and the susceptibility of the body is sufficiently low to permit the assumption of a uniform induced magnetization. Under these conditions the anomalous magnetic field due to a polyhedral body can be represented in an intuitive and physically appealing manner. It is demonstrated that the components of the magnetic field H can be expressed as a simple combination of the potentials due to two elementary source distributions. These are, firstly, a uniform double layer (normally directed dipole moment density) located on the planar polygonal faces of the body and, secondly, a uniform line source located along its edges. In practice both of these potentials (and thus the required magnetic field components) are easily computed. The technique is applicable to polyhedra with arbitrarily shaped faces and the relevant expressions for the magnetic field components are suitable for numerical evaluation everywhere except along the edges of the body where they display a logarithmic singularity.
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    Normal moveout in focus (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Improving the accuracy of NMO corrections and of the corresponding interval velocities entails implementing a better approximation than the formula used since the beginning of seismic processing. The exact equations are not practical as they include many unknowns. The approximate expression has only two unknowns, the reflection time and the rms velocity, but becomes inaccurate for large apertures of the recording system and heterogeneous vertical velocities. Several methods of improving the accuracy have been considered, but the gains do not compensate for the dramatic increase in computing time. Two alternative equations are proposed: the first containing two parameters, the reflection time and the focusing time, is not valid for apertures much greater than is the standard formula, but has a much faster computing time and does not stretch the far traces; the other, containing three parameters, the reflection time, like focusing time and the tuning velocity, retains high frequencies for apertures about twice those allowed by the standard equation. Its computing time can be kept within the same limits. NMO equations, old and new, are designed strictly for horizontal layering, but remain reliable as long as the rays travel through the same layers in both the down and up directions.An equation, similar to Dix's formula, is given to compute the interval velocities. The entire scheme can be automated to produce interval-velocity sections without manual picking.
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    Tectonic modelling in the Bjørnøya West Basin of the Western Barents Sea (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Bjøirnøya West Basin lies between latitudes 73° and 74°, longitudes 16°E and 18°E, contains at least 8 km of sediments deposited from the Late Jurassic, and is of considerable interest for hydrocarbon exploration. The Cenozoic extensional tectonics in the basin can be clearly seen from seismic data with normal faulting and from subsidence curves with rapid subsidence. The extension occurred during the Late Palaeocene with active extension lasting about 6 million years (m.y.) followed by thermal cooling. The tectonic subsidence within the study area shows a three-phase development: phase 1, synrift (58–52 Ma (million years before the present day)), is characterized by rapid subsidence; phase 2, postrift (52–5 Ma), by slow subsidence with occasional uplift; and phase 3 (5–0 Ma), by rapid subsidence. An adaptive finite-element model, with consideration of the radiogenic heat production in the lithosphere, has been used to model the subsidence and heat flow. The modelling of subsidence shows the β-factor distribution varying from 1.9 to 3.5 with an average of 2.4 for the uniform lithospheric extension. The heat-flow modelling predicts a rapid increase of heat flow during the Early Palaeocene. The maximum heat flow at about 52 Ma, which could be as much as 3.0 hfu (10−6 cal/cm2/s), was followed by a decrease in heat flow. A plate-weakening model has been proposed to explain the rapid subsidence for the last 5 m.y. by flexure of the elastic lithosphere which is weakened by a decrease in elastic thickness caused by an increase of the temperature gradient in the lithosphere. The plate-weakening model predicts a heat-flow increase at 5 Ma of up to 2.0 hfu. Our study, using quantitative modelling of the tectonic subsidence, provides a partial (if not a full) understanding of the tectonic development and thermal evolution of the Bjønøya West Basin.
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    Elastic modelling on a grid with vertically varying spacing (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We present a discrete modelling scheme which solves the elastic wave equation on a grid with vertically varying grid spacings. Spatial derivatives are computed by finite-difference operators on a staggered grid. The time integration is performed by the rapid expansion method. The use of variable grid spacings adds flexibility and improves the efficiency since different spatial sampling intervals can be used in regions with different material properties. In the case of large velocity contrasts, the use of a non-uniform grid avoids spatial oversampling in regions with high velocities. The modelling scheme allows accurate modelling up to a spatial sampling rate of approximately 2.5 gridpoints per shortest wavelength. However, due to the staggering of the material parameters, a smoothing of the material parameters has to be applied at internal interfaces aligned with the numerical grid to avoid amplitude errors and timing inaccuracies. The best results are obtained by smoothing based on slowness averaging. To reduce errors in the implementation of the free-surface boundary condition introduced by the staggering of the stress components, we reduce the grid spacing in the vertical direction in the vicinity of the free surface to approximately 10 gridpoints per shortest wavelength. Using this technique we obtain accurate results for surface waves in transversely isotropic media.
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    FOCUS on Business Change and Ethics: The Ethics of Change Management: Manipulation or Participation? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Managerial effort has been moving from maintaining a “steady state” to wrestling with the challenge of continuing change and the ethical dilemmas which this can present. Is it possible to formulate an “ethics of change” to guide individuals in such circumstances? The author is a senior lecturer at Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 OAL, UK, and a visiting research associate at the London School of Economics. His principal interests concern the management of organisational change in settings where technology is either the key driver of change, or is the key enabler of some aspect of organisational or process redesign.
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    FOCUS: Stakeholder Responsibilities: turning the ethical tables (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Stakeholder theory aims at identifying those who have rights or interests at stake in business behaviour. Can we turn the tables and also consider what ethical responsibilities various stakeholders may have for the good behaviour of business? The author is Editor of this Review. This article contains material which also appeared in the Hugh Kay Memorial Lecture for 1993 delivered by the author under the auspices of the Christian Association of Business Executives, London.
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    Who's Who in Business Ethics: Public Concern at Work (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    Book Review: A German treatment of Business ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Karl Homann & Franz Blome-Drees (1992). Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen. pp. 207. paperback, 19.80 DM. ISBN 3-8252-1721-3
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    FOCUS: Teaching Ethical Business Creating and Using Vignettes to Teach Business Ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Brief thumbnail sketches capture group interest and show the relevance of ethical considerations in real life situations. Bill Bain has considerable experience of business and is currently a PhD student at the Management School of London University's Imperial College, 53 Prince's Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2PG.
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    FOCUS: Using a Computerised Game in Teaching Business Ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Games have become a standard tool in management education. The authors have cooperated on developing just such a teaching aid for business people and management students interested in playing the business game ethically. Dr Higginson is Director of The Ridley Hall Foundation, Ridley Hall, Cambridge, CB3 9HG and Geoff Moore is Principal Lecturer at Newcastle Business School, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST.
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    Ethics in the Czech Transformation Process (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Despite the social, economic and ethical problems facing government in the Czech Republic, there are positive signs of a growing concern for ethical business, including the development of codes of conduct and a striking example of new corporate social responsibility. Dr Bohatá is a member of the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Politickych Veznu 7, 111 21 Prague 1, and an Associate Editor of this Review.
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    Codes of Practice and Ethics in the UK Communications Industry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: The media, advertising and public relations are all regulated in some degree by ethical codes of practice, but do they work and do they help practitioners? The author is Senior Lecturer in public relations and philosophy at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS2 8AF. She is currently preparing material for a new MA in Business Policy and Ethics, to be offered jointly by Leeds Metropolitan University and the University of Leeds.
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    Balancing Individualism and Collectivism (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    Fraud and the Politics of Morality (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Most large frauds develop only gradually and incidentally. When things fall apart it is politic to call it anything but fraud. The author is a member of the Department of Sociology, University of Liverpool, POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX.
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    Now Read This: Book Reviews A splendid German encyclopedia (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Georges Enderle, Karl Homann, Martin Honecker, Walter Kerber, Horst Steinmann (editors), Lexikon der Wirtschaftsethik. Freiburg im Breisgau, Verlag Herder, 1993. pp. 690, ISBN 3-451-22336-8.
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    Ethics and the Sports Business (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Action needs to be taken on the ethical issues raised by the commercialising of sport if its integrity is to be maintained and its ethical base is not to be eroded further. The author has worked as an independent consultant in the leisure sector for a number of years and has recently joined the Research Unit of Britain's Sports Council. The views expressed by her in this article are not necessarily those held by the Sports Council.
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    FOCUS: The Manager as a Professional (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    Corporate Temperance a Business Virtue (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: “There are strong temptations for those at the top of an organisational hierarchy to appropriate to themselves a disproportionate share of the resources of the organisation and to exercise too much power over the activities of other organisational members.” Hence the case for taking a cool look at executive remuneration and other possible breaches of applying the classical virtue of temperance to corporate behaviour. The author is Principal Lecturer in the Business Studies Department, Manchester Metropolitan University, Aytoun Building, Aytoun Street, Manchester M1 3GH.
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    Books Received (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    Disability and Discrimination - a UK Perspective (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: “Discrimination on the grounds of disability is seldom malicious, but stems more from a lack of understanding.” A disabled businessman explores the need for businesses to cultivate and implement greater disability awareness. After graduating in engineering, he gained his MBA from London Business School in 1992. He now works as a consultant, capitalising on his background in business management and his personal experience of disability to assist clients in developing anti-discriminatory policies and practice.
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    FOCUS: Learning Ethical Business through Role Play (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Once a company has identified its core values role play can help its leaders explore their meaning in practice. The author is now working as a freelance adviser on organisation development having worked in this area in a large engineering company. He has a general interest in the industry/church interface.
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    FOCUS: Using Case Studies to Teach Ethical Business (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Case studies invite students to share in an ethical dilemma and challenge them about their values. Dr Sheldrake is Reader in Modern History at London Guildhall University, Old Castle St., London E1 7NT. A version of his case study appeared in Sarah Vickerstaff (Ed.), 1992, Human Resource Management in Europe: Text and Cases, London: Chapman & Hall.
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    FOCUS: Information Technology and Business Ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: ’Those who understand the underlying technology on which the modern business depends have a professional, social and moral obligation to look to the needs of their neighbours who lack that understanding’. Professor Ennals is a member of the Business Information Technology Research Unit of Kingston Business School, Kingston University, Kingston-on-Thames KT2 7LB, England, where he has shared in developing the new Business Information Technology degree.
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    The City of London and the Manufacturing Industry (1994)
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    Notes: Last October the Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry delivered the annual Gresham Special Lecture in Gresham College in the City of London, in which he considered ways of developing a closer and potentially more fruitful relationship between the City and the UK manufacturing industry. The lecture is here reproduced with permission.
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    European Corporate Citizenship in the USA: An Enquiry (1994)
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    Notes: European direct investment in the USA raises many local concerns. Are these concerns justified, or alleviated, by the way in which different European companies exercise corporate citizenship in the host country? The author is Assistant Professor of Strategic Management at the College of Business Administration, University of Oklahoma, 307 West Brooks, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-0450, USA.
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    Ethical Guidelines for British Accountancy (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: An initial review of the Draft Guidance produced in response to the Cadbury Report by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. The author is Principal Consultant, Corporate Social Responsibility Consultants, 86 Iffley Road, London W6 OPF.
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    FOCUS: Checklists (1994)
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    Ethics Codes in British Companies (1994)
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    Notes: How common are corporate codes of ethics in the UK and especially among Britain's most admired companies? The author is Wicklander Professor of Professional Ethics at DePaul University, Chicago, and current President of the American Society for Business Ethics.
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    Business Ethics in Finland: (1994)
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    Notes: Dramatic economic developments have served to highlight ethical questions and responses within business life in Finland, particularly regarding the crisis of the Finnish banking system. Other issues which have aroused public discussion are maintaining the natural biodiversity in the Northern hemisphere forests, and Finland's trade with Russia. The authors, listed alphabetically, are all research fellows at the School of Business Administration in the University of Tampere, PO Box 607, 33101 Tampere,Finland.
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    CORRECTION (1994)
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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    The Increasing Importance of Ethics in Computer Science (1994)
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    Notes: “The potential dangers of ignoring ethical issues exist for all business computer professionals”. Drs Langford and Wusteman, of the Computing Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, reflect on their experience of teaching ethics to computer scientists and on the problems to be encountered in this new field of applied ethics.
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    Book Review (1994)
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this articleDavid BarkerJames O'Toole, The Executive's Compass: Business & The Good Society.
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    European Managers’Views on Corporate Ethics (1994)
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    Notes: Interesting contrasts and parallels on ethical issues emerge from a recent series of in-depth interviews given by managers in nine companies operating in Europe. The author is Professor of Marketing at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA, on leave during 1993-94 as Visiting Professor in the Department of Management and Marketing, University College Cork, Ireland. He wishes to acknowledge the financial assistance of the College of Business Administration at the University of Notre Dame in supporting this research.
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    FOCUS: Coping with Scepticism: about the philosopher's role in teaching ethical business (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: A philosopher looks at the scepticism of some of her colleagues about just what the study of ethics can contribute to ethical business, and argues that its main purpose is to help business people to engage in constructive ethical dialogue in society as well as in their corporation. The author is a regular contributor to this Review, and Director of the Centre for Business and Professional Ethics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT.
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    FOCUS: Practical Reflections on Teaching Business Ethics to Undergraduates (1994)
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    Notes: Teaching business ethics to undergraduates has disclosed difficulties for both students and teacher which raise deeper issues about what is the purpose of teaching ethics and of engaging in business. The author is Lecturer in Business Ethics in the Faculty of Business and Social Studies, Cheltenham & Gloucester College of Higher Education, Swindon Road, Cheltenham, Glos GL50 4AZ, UK.
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    FOCUS: A New French Course in Business Ethics (1994)
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    Notes: The Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Rennes has recently introduced a final year group-taught compulsory course in Business Ethics. Its organisers here describe and discuss their aims, methods and results. Michael Brent is Head of the Human Resources Department at Groupe ESC Rennes, 2 rue Robert-d’Arbrissel, 35065 Rennes, and has an MA in Philosophy and diplomas in business and marketing, as well as several years European consultancy experience. Susan Grinsted teaches production management and related subjects at Rennes, with a first degree in Metallurgy and a PhD in Engineering as well as several years UK industrial experience and a previous appointment at Warwick University, England.
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    The Role of Directors in the Development of a Corporate Ethos (1994)
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    Notes: Australia too is witnessing a growing interest in business ethics. Dr Longstaff, Executive Director of the St James Ethics Centre in Sydney, explores how directors should play an active part in developing ethical business.
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    Now Read This: How Gendered Are Organizations? (1994)
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    Notes: Mike Savage & Anne Witz, eds., Gender and Bureaucracy, Blackwells, Oxford, 1992, pp. 282, pb, £13.99, ISBN: 0631-85283.
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    Now Read This: Book Reviews The Protestant Work Ethic. What Was It? Is its Ghost Still Around? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Adrian Furnham, The Protestant Work Ethic. The Psychology of Work-related Beliefs and Behaviour, Routledge, Chapman & Hall, London and New York, 1990, pp. xv + 305, pb, £13.99, ISBN 0-425-01705-X.Carl-Henric Grenholm, Protestant Work Ethics: A Study of Work Ethical Theories in Contemporary Protestant Theology, Uppsala Studies in Social Ethics 15, Uppsala, 1993, pp. 350, np.
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    FOCUS: Changing Regulations (1994)
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    Notes: When bad business behaviour is so much in the news is this a time for tighter regulation? But can standards be set for “good behaviour” in business? The author is Senior Lecturer in Public Relations and Philosophy at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS2 8AF.
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    FOCUS: Consistency and Sympathy Changing attitudes through moral theories (1994)
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    Notes: Arguments may have little effect in changing people's views, but trying to sympathise with another's point of view can open the possibility of changing one's own attitude. Dr.Griseri is Director of the MBA Programme at the Management Centre, London Guildhall University, 84 Moorgate, London EC2M 6SQ.
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    FOCUS: Ethical Business: Thinking Thoughts and Facilitating Processes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Doing business ethics and conducting ethical business has to be much more than conducting a rational enquiry. Much also depends on the motivation of individuals and how a positive moral vision of business can unite intellectual and affective approaches to the conduct of business. The author is a lecturer in Philosophy at Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, and a Research Associate at the Local Government Centre at Warwick Business School. He is also an independent organisation development consultant specialising in helping organisations develop their learning processes and value-based forms of leadership.
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    The Ethics of Giving Notice (1994)
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    Notes: What ethical issues are raised when employees are going to be given notice to leave? Are some approaches more ethical than others? This paper analysing the ethics of the situation and offering ethical guidelines was prepared for the Swedish Association of Graduates in Business Administration and Economics in its work to formulate a professional code of conduct. The author holds a PhD in business administration and is a member of The Swedish Council for Management and Work Life Issues, P.O. Box 5042, S-10241 Stockholm, Sweden.
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    FOCUS: Code of Conduct and Guides to Professional Management Practice (1994)
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    The Legal Context of Corporate Social Responsibility (1994)
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    Notes: Social responsibility on the part of business has various meanings, to some of which English law is more favourable than others. But the law could be changed. The author is a Solicitor and Lecturer in Law in the University of Bristol. His Corporate Power and Responsibility: Issues in the Theory of Company Law has recently been published by Oxford University Press.
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    FOCUS: Guidance for British Managers (1994)
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    Notes: In 1990-92 Britain's Institute of Management commissioned a working party of its Professional Practice Committee to review the Institute's Code of Conduct and Guides to Professional Management Practice. Sheila Evers, currently Vice-Chairman of the Institute of Management, chaired the working party; and based on further discussions she has now written and compiled a supporting document, “The Manager as a Professional”, with checklists for the individual manager. Copyright of the documents, reproduced here with permission, rests with The Institute of Management, which is, however, willing to permit their being used and quoted with due acknowledgement.
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    Now Read This: Recent Additions to the Business Ethics Library (1994)
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    Notes: Book publishers seem to have found a new niche judging by the number of review copies coming our way. This column just aims to give a line or two on some of them to help the reader decide whether to buy, borrow or leave it for now.
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    Ethical Aspects of the Marketing of Savings and Investment Products in the UK (1994)
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    Notes: In spite of strengthened financial regulation, ethical concern continues about the promotion and distribution of financial services in Britain, including savings and investment products. Greater ethical attention needs to be paid to products, price, promotion and distribution. The authors are all faculty members of the School of Management and Finance, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Correspondence should be addressed to Dr Ennew. Alison McGregor gratefully acknowledges funding provided by the Association of British Insurers.
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    BUSINESS ETHICS IN RUSSIA: Business Ethics in the New Russia: A Report (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Last June, Moscow was the setting for a Russian-sponsored conference on business ethics. One of the participants from the USA, Professor Thomas W. Dunfee, here gives his impressions of what was clearly an instructive occasion. Professor Dunfee is Kolodny Professor of Social Responsibility at the Wharton School of Business of the University of Pennsylvania and is an international authority on business ethics.“Older people have an ethics problem. By that, I mean they have ethics. To survive, I can break a law if I need to and if the risks aren't too large. Older people wouldn't even think in such a way.” Dimitri Zotov, explaining why young people are in high professional demand in the new Russia, Wall Street Journal, p.A5, Col.1, 8/2/93.“Shell-shocked men and women spend their days hacking through the post-Soviet wilderness in search of a near-mythical creature, an honest joint-venture partner.” David Brooks, “Cracking That Post-Soviet Market”, Wall Street Journal, editorial page, 8/24/93.
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    BUSINESS ETHICS IN RUSSIA: Business Ethics in a New Russia (1994)
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    Notes: As indicated in the previous article, a Russian-sponsored conference on business ethics was recently held in Moscow. Another participant from the USA, Professor Joanne B. Ciulla, comments here on what could prove to be a new beginning for business in Russia. Professor Ciulla is an Associate Editor of this Review and occupies the Coston Family Chair in Leadership and Ethics at the University of Richmond, Virginia.
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    Location of secondary faults from cross-correlation of the second vertical derivative of gravity anomalies (1994)
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is described to locate secondary faults, which can be difficult to identify on the Bouguer gravity map. The method is based on cross-correlation between the theoretical anomaly due to a vertical step and the second vertical derivative of the Bouguer anomaly. Faults are located from the closed maxima and minima on the cross-correlation contour map calculated for two perpendicular directions. One-dimensional model computations show that the magnitude of the extremum of the cross-correlation is related to the depth to the top of the hanging wall and the throw of the fault. Application of the method to the Bouguer gravity map of the former mouth of the Yellow River in the Shengli Oilfield area near the Bo Hai Sea shows the effectiveness of the method.
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    An airborne tensor VLF system. From concept to realization (1994)
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    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Radio signals from very low frequency (VLF) transmitters distributed world-wide have been used for several decades to study the lateral variations of the electrical conductivity in the upper few hundred metres of the earth's crust. Traditionally, in airborne applications, the total magnetic fields from one or two transmitters are measured to form the basis for construction of maps that primarily show those conductive structures that are parallel or subparallel to the direction to the transmitters. The tensor VLF technique described in this paper makes use of all signals available in a predefined frequency band to construct transfer functions relating the vertical magnetic field and the two horizontal magnetic field components. These transfer functions are uniquely determined for a particular measuring site and contain information about the lateral conductivity variations in all directions. First experiences with real field data, acquired during a test survey in Sweden, show that maps of the so-called peaker, the spatial divergence of the transfer functions, give an image of the conducting structures. Most of the structures can be correlated to small valleys filled with conducting sediments or valleys underlain by conductive fracture zones in the crystalline rocks.
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    Statistical analysis of non-stationary voltage recordings in geoelectrical prospecting (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We study the geoelectrical problem of picking out the useful signal from voltage time series, monitored under conditions of a low signal-to-noise ratio and non-stationary noise. Statistical tests performed at different sites show that geoelectrical noise often belongs to the class of non-stationary phenomena with non-Gaussian probability distributions. In such cases, the application of conventional methods of geoelectrical useful signal extraction, based on the stationary white-noise assumption, gives biased estimates. For the on-line processing of geoelectrical recordings, we recommend the use of the periodogram technique combined with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, a suitable algorithm of which is described in detail. The suggested procedure allows data acquisition to stop as soon as the useful signal power is estimated with a relative error smaller than a predetermined value. Finally, we compare the suggested procedure with the autoregressive approach. The previously used and simpler periodogram method, applied to the solution of problems of this kind, appears to give better performances than the autoregressive analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00248.x
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    Velocity model updating using image gathers (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: For successful prestack depth migration an accurate velocity model is needed. One method for model updating is based on image gather analysis. In an image gather all reflectors line up horizontally if the correct velocities are used for the depth migration. This is also true for dipping reflectors, as all traces of an image gather belong to the same surface coordinate. The images of the reflector in an image gather curve upwards if the velocity used for the migration is too low, or downwards if the velocity is too high. This deviation can be used for model updating. Curves which depend on depth, offset and a parameter which relates the estimated to the true model are fitted to the image. By calculating the coherence along the deviation curves, this parameter can be estimated and hence an update can be calculated.Formulae are derived for the deviation curves and the update of the velocity depth model for a multilayered model for both shot and common-offset migrated data, with and without gradients. The method is tested on synthetic data with satisfactory results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00250.x
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    Gravity interpretation of sedimentary basins with hyperbolic density contrast (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The variation in the density of sediments with depth in a sedimentary basin can be represented by a hyperbolic function. Gravity anomaly expressions for a 2D vertical prism and an asymmetric trapezium with a hyperbolic density distribution are derived in a closed form. These are used in inverting the gravity anomaly of a sedimentary basin with variable density. Firstly, the basin is viewed as a series of prisms juxtaposed with each other. The initial thickness of each prism is obtained from the gravity anomaly at its centre, based on the gravity anomaly of an infinite slab with a hyperbolic density contrast. These thicknesses are improved, based on the differences between the observed and the calculated anomalies. For an improved rate of convergence of the solution, these thicknesses may alternatively be refined using the well-known ridge regression technique. Secondly, the basin is approximated by an asymmetric trapezium and its anomalies are inverted for the parameters of the trapezium using the ridge regression. Since this approximation serves to oversimplify the floor of the basin, it must be used only when the sediment-basement interface has minor undulations. The results of a hypothetical case and two field cases (the San Jacinto Graben, California and the Godavari Graben, southern India) are presented. In both field cases, the interpreted depths are comparable with the real ones, proving the validity of the assumption of a hyperbolic density distribution of the sediments in the two basins considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00243.x
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    Sign-change correction for prestack migration of P-S converted wave reflections (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The polarization direction or 'sign’ of reflected converted P–S waves depends upon the angle of incidence of the incident P-wave. Sign reversal due to reversal of the angle of incidence is often encountered and is an impediment to P–S wave processing and imaging, because when P–S events or P-S migrated images with mixed signs are stacked, destructive interference occurs. We have created and demonstrated a means of correcting for this reversal. To do this, a P-wave angle of incidence is calculated for every point in the image space. This is done by calculating a P–S reflected waveform for every point, by extrapolating the reflected S-wavefield backwards from the receiver line, and then cross-correlating this waveform with the S-wave reflections observed at the receiver line. A multiplier, (sgn α) is assigned to each point in the image space, where α is the angle of incidence of the P-wave.The multiplier was applied to a set of prestack reverse time migration images derived from a cross-borehole physical elastic model data set. The improvement in the stacked image when the sign correction is applied is spectacular. The P-S image quality is comparable to, or better than, stacked migrated P-P images.The method appears to be applicable to all reflection modes and to all recording geometries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00233.x
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    Pore pressure profiles in fractured and compliant rocks (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Fluid permeability in fractured rocks is sensitive to pore-pressure changes. This dependence can have large effects on the flow of fluids through rocks. We define the permeability compliance γ= 1/k(k/δpp)pc, which is the sensitivity of the permeability k to the pore pressure pp at a constant confining pressure pc, and solve the specific problems of constant pressure at the boundary of a half-space, a cylindrical cavity and a spherical cavity. The results show that when the magnitude of permeability compliance is large relative to other compliances, diffusion is masked by a piston-like pressure profile. We expect this phenomenon to occur in highly fractured and compliant rock systems where γ may be large. The pressure profile moves rapidly when fluids are pumped into the rock and very slowly when fluids are pumped out. Consequently, fluid pressure, its history and distribution around injection and production wells may be significantly different from pressures predicted by the linear diffusion equation. The propagation speed of the pressure profile, marked by the point where δpp/δx is a maximum, decreases with time approximately as 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:00168025:GPR693:GPR_693_mu1" location="equation/GPR_693_mu1.gif"/〉 and the amplitude of the profile also dissipates with time (or distance).The effect of permeability compliance can be important for fluid injection into and withdrawal from reservoirs. For example, excessive drawdown could cause near-wellbore flow suffocation. Also, estimates of the storage capacity of reservoirs may be greatly modified when γ is large. The large near-wellbore pressure gradients caused during withdrawal by large γ can cause sanding and wellbore collapse due to excessive production rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00236.x
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    Two-level magnetovariational measurements for the determination of underground resistivity distributions (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We investigate, from a theoretical point of view, the possibility of performing marine two-level magnetovariational measurements. An apparent resistivity function is denned and calculated after solving the differential equation governing the behaviour of the natural magnetic field variations inside a one-dimensional earth. In order to generalize the problem, a frequency-dependent resistivity is assumed to characterize the layers and the distortions caused by the polarization effects are carefully analysed. The computation of three-layer amplitude and phase diagrams for the apparent resistivity function shows that, in the case of an intermediate polarizable layer, sandwiched between a non-dispersive overburden and substratum, the H-type sequence results are the most affected by the dispersion phenomenon as it occurs in magnetotellurics. Finally we consider the problem of the sensitivity of the method, since, in practice, it requires top and bottom sensors separated by a vertical finite distance. It is found that in the higher-frequency range, due to the strong attenuation of the relative components of the field, the depth of the bottom sensor must be small enough to guarantee detectable signals, well above the full-scale resolution of the acquisition system. Conversely, in the lower-frequency range such a depth must be large enough to allow the difference between the top and bottom signals to be above the same recording sensitivity threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00219.x
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    On small-scale near-surface distortion in controlled source tensor electromagnetics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Based on a Born approximation of a thin sheet integral equation, it is shown that small-scale surficial heterogeneity significantly distorts the electromagnetic field excited by electric dipoles only when either the source or the receiver are located on the heterogeneities. When a surface heterogeneity is beneath the source, the associated distortion of the electromagnetic field is manifest as a change in the effective electric dipole moment. Hence the magnetotelluric transfer functions and impedance relations remain undistorted in this case. When a surface heterogeneity is beneath the receiver, the electric field is severely distorted, but the magnetic field is only slightly distorted. The impedance tensor is therefore strongly distorted, but the tipper vector is almost unaltered. Since the controlled source tipper is a function of 1D earth conductivity, it is proposed that tipper data should be used in the first stage of 1D interpretation. For a 1D earth, the tipper vector must always point towards the source and, in the near-field limit, should have unit length. These two necessary conditions must be met by the measured tipper before it is interpreted one dimensionally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00223.x
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    Comment on ‘Three-dimensional interpretation of multiple-source bipole-dipole resistivity data using the apparent resistivity tensor‘by H.M. Bibby and G.W. Hohmann (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00228.x
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    Experimental and finite difference modelling of borehole Mach waves (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A series of model experiments was performed in an ultrasonic laboratory to study the radiation of downhole sources in a variety of formations. Three models were used in the experiments. They were a Lucite model, a Lucite model with a free glass pipe in the centre, and a glass-cased soil model. In addition, a finite-difference modelling technique was used to simulate the wave propagation in these models and the results of the laboratory and numerical experiments are compared. In the Lucite borehole model the waveforms recorded in the experiment agree very well with the finite-difference synthetics. The snapshots of the wavefield from the finite-difference simulation show the radiation pattern of the P- and S-waves in the Lucite formation. These patterns are consistent with the theoretical calculations. In the Lucite model with the free glass pipe, the finite-difference synthetics are also in good agreement with the experimental observations, especially for the conical P-wave arrival. The angle between the wavefront of the conical P-wave and the borehole axis, observed from the snapshot, agrees with the theory. In the cased soil model, the arrival time of the finite-difference synthetics is in good agreement with the laboratory measurements. The relative amplitudes of the P-wave and the Mach wave are not correctly modelled because intrinsic attenuation is not included in the finite-difference calculation. The Mach cone angle from the snapshot agrees with the theoretical prediction. Finally, a finite-difference method was used to simulate Mach-wave propagation in a formation with two horizontal layers. In the case of two slow layers, the Mach-wave generated in the first layer is reflected back from and transmitted through the boundary and another Mach wave is generated at the second layer when the Stoneley wave travels into the second layer. In the case of a formation having one slow and one fast layer, the Mach wave generated in the slow layer is reflected back at the boundary and leaked into the fast layer. There is no Mach wave in the fast layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00212.x
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    A study of the geoelectrical properties of peatlands and their influence on ground-penetrating radar surveying (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Geophysical surveys and chemical analyses on cores were carried out in three Ontario peatlands, from which we have gained a better understanding of the peat properties that control the geophysical responses. The electrical conductivity depends linearly on the concentration of total dissolved solids in the peat pore waters and the pore waters in turn bear the ionic signatures of the underlying mineral sediments. The ionic concentration, and thus the electrical conductivity, increase linearly from the surface to basement. The average bulk electrical conductivity of peatlands at Ellice Marsh, near Stratford, and at Wally Creek Area Forest Drainage Project, near Cochrane, are of the order of 25 mS/m. The Mer Bleue peatland, near Ottawa, has extremely high electrical conductivity, reaching levels of up to 380 mS/m near the base of the peat. The Mer Bleue peatland water has correspondingly high values of total dissolved solids, which originate from the underlying Champlain Sea glaciomarine clays. The dielectric permittivity in peats is largely controlled by the bulk water content. Ground penetrating radar can detect changes in water content greater than 3%, occurring within a depth interval less than 15 cm. The principal peatland interfaces detected are the near-surface aerobic to anaerobic transition and the peat to mineral basement contact. The potential for the successful detection of the basement contact using the radar can be predicted using the radar instrument specifications, estimates of the peatland depth, and either the bulk peat or the peat pore water electrical conductivities. Predicted depths of penetration of up to 10 m for Ellice Marsh and Wally Creek exceed the observed depths of 1 to 2 m. At Mer Bleue, on the other hand, we observe that, as predicted, a 100 MHz signal will penetrate to the base of a 2 m thick peat but a 200 MHz signal will not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00205.x
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    Relation of in situ resistivity to water content in salt rocks (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The investigation of water in salt-rock formations is of particular relevance to underground nuclear waste repositories. In the Asse salt-mine (Germany) a study into the relationship of in situ resistivity to water content has been made. Measurements were carried out in older rock-salt using an electrode array in boreholes, an electrode profile in a drift and small resistivity sensors in and around a drift seal. Further measurements were made on moist zones in a contact area of younger rock-salt and carnallitite and also in older rock-salt with anhydrite bands using electrode profiles in the drifts. The resistivities range from 102Ωm to 106Ωm. Corresponding probes have water contents from 0.01% to 1.3%. A definite relationship between resistivity and water content is revealed which can be described by Archie's law using a cementation factor m of 1.9. Porosities are between 0.08% and 1.4% and the saturations vary considerably. An explicit influence of saturation on resistivity cannot be discovered using the present data. The results enable us to estimate the in situ water content and the order of the in situ porosity using resistivity surveys at different scales. This increases significantly the safety of a nuclear repository site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00207.x
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    Errata (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00210.x
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    Compound events decomposition and the interaction between AVO and velocity information (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Minimization of seismic residuals does not guarantee uniqueness of the model, and this implies ambiguities in the inversion. Amplitude vs. offset (AVO) inversion does not lead to a unique solution of single elastic interface parameters unless converted and S-wave or critical angle reflections are available. Given the ambiguity of AVO inversion, this paper discusses the interaction between AVO and velocity estimation. The number of independent parameters necessary to describe an isolated reflection with AVO behaviour and residual velocity error is determined. Statistical analysis allows the establishment of an approximate equivalence of the effects of AVO and slight velocity variations; this equivalence cannot be solved without geological a priori information (kinematic equivalence). The data are then decomposed into compound events (i.e. sequences of N interfaces that follow each other at a fixed time lag). The decomposition is obtained by extrapolating the results of the analysis from narrowband to wideband data. Compound events decomposition demonstrates that AVO inversion is ambiguous, not only in the physical parameter space (P- and S-wave velocities, and density) but also kinematically. As an example of compound event decomposition, a medium is derived. This medium is geologically implausible but is kinematically equivalent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00208.x
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    A method to estimate the total magnetization direction from a distortion analysis of magnetic anomalies (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Knowledge of the declination and inclination of the total and induced magnetization vectors is normally required for the interpretation and analysis of magnetic anomalies. A new method of estimating the direction of the total magnetization vector of magnetized rocks from magnetic anomalies is proposed. The unknown declination and inclination (D*T and I*T) can be found by applying a reduction-to-the-pole operator to the measured anomalies for different couples of total magnetization direction parameters (DT and IT) and by observing the variation of the anomaly minimum as a function of both DT and I*T.and D*T are estimated using the maximum of this function. Comparing our method to previous methods, one advantage is that our estimates are not zero-level dependent; furthermore, the method allows inclinations to be well estimated, with the same accuracy as declinations; finally declinations are not underestimated. Our method is applied to a real case and meaningful results are obtained; it is shown that the feasibility of the method is improved by removing the low-frequency components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00209.x
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    The fast Hankel transform (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An efficient algorithm is presented to compute the Hankel transform. The algorithm yields simultaneously all the required weights for a given order of the Bessel function using the fast Fourier transform. An additional shift is introduced to the filter abscissa besides Koefoed's shift to give a better filter performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00202.x
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    Migration to multiple offset and velocity analysis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The stacking velocity best characterizes the normal moveout curves in a common-mid-point gather, while the migration velocity characterizes the diffraction curves in a zero-offset section as well as in a common-midpoint gather. For horizontally layered media, the two velocity types coincide due to the conformance of the normal and the image ray. In the case of dipping subsurface structures, stacking velocities depend on the dip of the reflector and relate to normal rays, but with a dip-dependent lateral smear of the reflection point. After dip-moveout correction, the stacking velocities are reduced while the reflection-point smear vanishes, focusing the rays on the common reflection points. For homogeneous media the dip-moveout correction is independent of the actual velocity and can be applied as a dip-moveout correction to multiple offset before velocity analysis.Migration to multiple offset is a prestack, time-migration technique, which presents data sets which mimic high-fold, bin-centre adjusted, common-midpoint gathers. This method is independent of velocity and can migrate any 2D or 3D data set with arbitrary acquisition geometry. The gathers generated can be analysed for normal-moveout velocities using traditional methods such as the interpretation of multivelocity-function stacks. These stacks, however, are equivalent to multi-velocity-function time migrations and the derived velocities are migration velocities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00200.x
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    Definitions of apparent resistivity for the presentation of magnetotelluric sounding data (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new definition of apparent resistivity for the presentation of magnetotelluric sounding data is proposed. The new definition is based on the frequency-normalized impedance function. Both the existing and proposed definitions of apparent resistivity are analysed theoretically and are compared using model curves computed for a 1D earth model. Apparent resistivity curves computed using the proposed definition are a better approximation to the true resistivity values of the subsurface layers. In addition, the layers are more noticeable on the apparent resistivity curves, which is an advantage, especially for the ascending and descending type of apparent resistivity curve.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00203.x
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