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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author reviews procedures for obtaining stereomicrographs from binocular and monocular optical microscopes, from transmission and scanning electron microscopes and from an X-ray microscope. A description is given of the EMPD2 plotter for stereomicrographs and the advantages of various reconstruction techniques are considered, including a computer method used in the study of virus particles.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur fait la revue des procédés qui permettent d'obtenir des stéréomicrographes à partir de microscopes optiques binoculaires et monoculaires, de microscopes electroniques transmetteurs et explorateurs et de microscopes radioscopiques. On donne une description de l'appareil de restituion EMPD2 pour les stéréomicrographes et on considère les avantages de diverses techniques de reconstruction, y compris d'une méthode avec ordinateur utilisée dans l'étude de particules de virus.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor gibt einen Überblick über Verfahren zur Aufnahme von Stereomikrofotos mit Hilfe binokularer und monokularer optischer Mikroskope, mit Hilfe von Durchstrahlungs- und Abtast-Elektronenmikroskopen sowie mit einem Röntgenmikroskop. Der EMPD 2 Plotter für Mikrostereofotos und die Vorteile verschiedener Rekonstruktionsmethoden, einschliesslich eines Rechnerverfahrens zur Untersuchung von Virus-Teilchen werden erörtert.
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  • 102
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 104
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Problems are sometimes encountered during the relative orientation of close range photography which has a limited usable format and a large Z range. Computer simulations and practical tests with both a comparator and a plotting instrument are used to investigate the problems and possible inaccuracies. Systematic errors in the photogrammetric model are revealed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn rencontre souvent des difficultés lorsqu'on forme un modèle avec des clichés pris à courte distance, à format réduit et lorsque l'objet présente quelque profondeur. On a approfondi ces problèmes en utilisant conjointement simulations et essais pratiques; on a prouvé ainsi que les déformations du modèle étaient systématiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungMitunter ergeben sich bei der relativen Orientierung von Nahbereischsbildern Probleme, weil das nutzbare Bildformat klein und der z-Bereich gross sind. Mit Hilfe von Computer-Simulationen und praktischer Tests mit einem Komparator bzw. einem Auswertegerät wurden die Probleme und mögliche Ungenauigkeiten untersucht. Dabei wurden systematische Fehler in dem photogrammetrischen Modell aufgedeckt.
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  • 105
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Water currents in an hydraulic model have been determined by means of a photogrammetric method of detecting the movement of tethered buoys. Single vertical photographs, taken by a non-metric camera, have been analysed to produce the required differential measurements. The use of a non-metric camera is justified by an analysis of the errors involved and a consideration of the requisite type of measurements.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne méthode photogrammétrique a été mise au point pour déterminer par mesures différentielles sur un modèle hydraulique les mouvements de bouées en vue d'étudier les courants; seules des photos verticales isolées sont prises, avec une camera non métrique, ici largement suffisante pour l'exactitude requise.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBestimmung der Wasserströmungen in einem hydraulischen Modell durch photogrammetrische Ermittlung der Bewegung von verankerten Bojen. Einzeine Steilbilder, die mit einer Amateurkamera aufgenommen wurden, dienten zur Ableitung der geforderten Differenzen-Messungen. Die Verwendung einer Amateurkamera wird durch eine Analyse der auftretenden Fehler und eine Betrachtung der geforderten Messungswerte gerechtfertigt.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 108
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:THE GEOGRAPHER AS A MAP-MAKER. By A. Hodgkiss.ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By R. W. A. Dallas.BIBLIOGRAPHIA CARTOGRAPHICA Volume 4 (1977). Edited by L. Zögner.PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING. By J. G. Olliver and J. Clendinning.THE ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY FOR SURVEYORS. By J. B. Mackie.JOURNËE D'ËTUDE SUR LA STËRËO-ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHIE.THE NAZI CONNECTION. By F. W. Winterbotham.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by D. A. EDWARDS and C. R. Partridge.PHOTOGRAPHY BY INFRARED. ITS PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS. By H. Lou Gibson.
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  • 109
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This article provides a brief description of the functions and capabilities of an image generating system developed by Linotype-Paul Limited for the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article donne une courte description des fonctions et des possibilités d'un système generateur d'images developpé par Linotype-Paul Limited pour Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Kurze Beschreibung der Funktionen und Fähigkeiten eines bilderzeugenden Systems, das bei der Linotype-Paul Limited für das Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough entwickelt wurde.
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  • 110
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper describes the production of stereopairs of shadow photographs to simulate X-ray pictures and demonstrates the possibility of determining analytically the precise position in the object space of foreign bodies using a digitiser as a monocomparator and projective transformation theory to dispense with the necessity of undertaking normal inner and relative orientation analytical procedures.A model is constructed and comparison accuracy tests are made using shadow and X-ray picture pairs. The paper also suggests that the use of projective transformation theory is more appropriate in short range photogrammetry than traditional topographic stereophotogrammetric theory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCette communication décrit la production de couples stéréoscopiques de photographies d'ombre pour simuler des radiogrammes et démontre la possibilité de determiner analytiquement la position exacte dans l'espace de l'objet de corps étrangers en utilisant un transformateur digital comme mono comparateur et une théorie de transformation projective pour dispenser de la nécessité d'entreprendre les procédés normaux d'orientation analytique interieurs et relatifs.On construit un modèle et on fait des testes précis de comparaison en utilisant des couples de photographies d'ombre et de radiogrammes. La communication suggère aussi que l'utilisation de la théorie de transformation projective est plus appropriée pour la photogrammétrie à champs court que la théorie traditionnelle de stéréophotogrammétrie topographique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird die Herstellung von Stereobildpaaren von Schatten-Fotos beschrieben, womit Röntgenbilder simuliert und die Möglichkeit der analytischen Bestimmung der präzisen Lage von Fremdkörpern im Objektraum gezeigt werden sollten. Dazu wurde ein Monokomparator als Digitalisiervorrichtung und die Theorie der projektiven Transformation angewendet, urn auf die sonst übliche analytische Bestimmung der inneren und relativen Orientierung verzichten zu können.Es wurden ein Modell konstruiert und vergleichende Genauigkeitstests für aus Schatten-Fotos bzw. Röntgenbildern bestehende Bildpaare durchgeführt. Im Beitrag wird die Meinung vertreten, dass die Theorie der projektiven Transformation bei der Nahphotogrammetrie günstiger ist, als die traditionelle Theorie der topographischen Stereophotogrammetrie.
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  • 111
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Stimulated by promising overseas results with colour aerial photography and encouraged by its potential for solving local problems, the Forests Commission, Victoria, embarked on a series of trials with colour photography in 1965. Early results showed great promise and resulted in further work. This paper describes the methods and results of 70 mm and 35 mm trials concerned with the evaluation of various photographic films. An important aim of the study was to build up a working knowledge of the techniques of using aerial films other than conventional panchromatic black and white and to assess their value under Australian conditions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Stimulés par les résultats obtenus outre-mer en matière de photo aérienne en couleur, et disposant d'un potentiel adéquat, le Forests Commission, Victoria a entrepris en 1965 une série d'essais, dès le départ très encourageants. On décrit ici les essais d'évaluation de différents types de film (70 mm et 35 mm); le but était de se familiariser avec la couleur et d'en étudier les conditions d'emploi sous les latitudes australiennes.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngeregt durch erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse mit Farbluftbildern in Übersee und ermutigt durch die Möglichkeiten zur Lösung lokaler Probleme unternahm die Forstkommission in Viktoria (Australien) eine Reihe von Versuchen mit Farbaufnahmen im Jahre 1965. Diese Versuche erwiesen sich vielversprechend und wurden fortgesetzt. Im Artikel werden die Verfahren und Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit 70 mm und 35 mm Aufnahmen zur Bewertung verschiedener photographischer Materialien beschrieben. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Untersuchung war das Erlangen von Kenntnissen über die Verfahren zur Verwendung nichtkonventioneller panchromatischer Schwarz-Weiss-Filme und deren Bewertung unter australischen Bedingungen.
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  • 112
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 114
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A short review is given of photogrammetric methods in use for the test recording of petroglyphs and archaeological sites. Two simple field methods employed by archaeologists to record petroglyphs are also described in order to highlight the complexity of photogrammetric techniques and to query their validity.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméBrève revue de méthodes photogrammétriques en usage pour enregistrer pétroglyphes et sites archéologiques. On décrit en sus deux méthodes employees par les archéologues dont la simplicité contraste avec la complexité des méthodes photogrammétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungKurzer Bericht über die photogrammetrischen Verfahren zur versuchs-weisen Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen und archäologischen Fundstätten. Zwei von Archäologen zur Aufzeichnung von Petroglyphen verwendete einfache Feldverfahren werden ebenfalls beschrieben, um die Komplexität der photogrammetrischen Methoden zu beleuchten und ihre Richtigkeit zu überprüfen.
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  • 115
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The CP1 plotter has been employed to produce, from low altitude aerial photography, a detailed map at a scale of 1: 1000 of a major landslide which occurred in an urban area of Hong Kong with extreme relief differences. Geomorphological features of the landslide could be interpreted easily from the aerial photographs and shown on the map which provided an accurate record of the disaster. Experiments with computer mapping of the landslide using a limited number of height points obtained by the CP1 plotter have also been carried out and the results indicated that useful data could be obtained rapidly to meet urgent needs for the preliminary stage of investigation and the planning of reconstruction works after the disaster.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméA partir d'une couverture aérienne à faible altitude, on a restitué au CP1 et à l'échelle du 1: 1000 une carte détaillée d'un important glissement de terrain survenu à Hong Kong et présentant d'extrêmes variations de relief. Les caractéristiques géomorphologiques du glissement aisément perçues sur les photos aériennes ont été reportées sur la carte. On a mené d'autre part des essais de cartographie numérique à partir de semis produits par le CP1, qui prouvent qu'on peut ainsi obtenir rapidement des données utiles aux enquêtes et mise sur pied des travaux de reconstruction.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer CP1 Plotter wurde zur Herstellung einer detaillierten Karte im Massstab 1: 1000 nach Luftbildern aus geringer Flughöhe verwendet, um einen grösseren Erdrutsch mit extremen Höhenunterschieden im Stadtgebiet von Honkong zu kartieren. Die geomorphologischen Erscheinungen des Erdrutsches konnten leicht an Hand der Luftbilder interpretiert und auf der Karte dargestellt werden, die eine genaue Aufzeichnung der Katastrophe vermittelte. Es wurden auch Versuche mit einer rechnergesteuerten Kartierung des Erdrutsches mit Hilfe einer begrenzten Menge von Höhenpunkten, die mit dem CP1 Plotter gemessen wurden, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse besagten, dass dadurch wichtige Daten schnell ermittelt werden können, um dringende Anforderungen für eine vorläufige Einschätzung sowie die Planung des Wiederauf baus nach dem Unglück zu befriedigen.
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  • 116
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 117
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 118
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 119
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 120
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A close range photogrammetric system, developed around a 35 mm Pentax camera fitted with a wide angle lens (f = 21 mm) and an early Zeiss wide angle multiplex, has proved useful for both instruction and research. Student exercises involve all phases of photogrammetry, from establishing ground control to plotting, and permit the integration of useful statistical routines for data analysis. Research applications have centred on the topographic mapping of microscale landforms at scales of 1: 1 to 1: 10 with accuracies of ± 1 mm to ± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn système mis au point pour la photogrammétrie à courte distance, et dont les éléments essentiels sont une chambre Pentax (f = 21 mm) et un Zeiss grand angle multiplex, a fait la preuve de son utilité tant pour l'instruction que pour la recherche. Les exercices proposés aux étudiants comportent toutes les phases réelles, depuis l'établissement d'un canevas d'appui jusqu'à la restitution. Les applications à la recherche sont centrées sur la cartographie des microreliefs à des échelles variant de 1: 1 à 1: 10 avec des exactitudes variant de ± 1 mm à± 5 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Aufnahme- und Auswertesystem zur Nahphotogrammetrie, bestehend aus einer 35 mm Pentax Kamera, die mit einem Weitwinkelobjektiv (f= 21 mm) ausgerüstet war, und ein alter Weitwinkel-Multiplex von Zeiss haben sich bei der Ausbildung und Forschung als nützlich erwiesen. Bei den studentischen Übungen werden alle Phasen der Auswertung von der Passpunktbestimmung im Gelände bis zur Stereokartierung erfasst, wobei es auch möglich ist, statistische Tests zur Datenanalyse einzubeziehen. Die Forschungsarbeiten konzentrierten sich auf die Herstellung topographischer Karten von kleinmassstäbigen Geländeformen in den Massstäben 1: 1 bis 1: 10 mit Genauigkeiten von ± 1 mm bis ± 5 mm.
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  • 121
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 122
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A model of a multiple box girder bridge, constructed at a scale of 1: 12, was subjected to an ultimate load test. Deformations were measured photogrammetrically using the method of false parallax. Modifications to the method are described which were necessary to accommodate the three dimensional object and to allow for the fact that the camera stations were not constant from one load stage photograph to the next. An accuracy of ± 0·2 mm in the measured deformations was achieved.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUn modèle de boîte de vitesse à l'échelle 1: 12 est soumis à des essais de rupture; on mesure les déformations par photogrammétrie, en utilisant la méthode de la “pseudo-parallaxe”; des modifications ont dûêtre apportées à la méthode pour tenir compte du volume de l'objet et de la variation des points de vue entre les différents états de charge. On a obtenu une exactitude de ± 0·2 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEin Modell einer Hohlkasten-Balkenbrücke im Masstab 1: 12 wurde einem maximalen Belastungstest unterworfen. Die Deformationen wurden dabei photogrammetrisch mit Hilfe von Pseudoparallaxen gemessen. Beschreibung der Veränderungen der Methode, die wagen der Anpassung an das dreidimensionale Objekt notwendig waren und der Tatsache Rechnung trugen, dass die Kammerstandpunkte bei den Belastungen nicht konstant blieben. Die Deformationen konnten mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0·2 mm bestimmt werden.
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  • 123
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper describes the modification, calibration and testing of a non-metric Linhof Technika View camera for use in the stereophotogrammetric mapping and analysis of dental features. The importance of correcting for errors of convergence in very short range stereophotogrammetry is stressed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les modification, étalonnage et test d'une chambre non métrique Linhof-Technika en vue de photogrammétrie dentaire; on insiste sur la nécessité qu'il y a de corriger l'erreur de convergence pour de telles études.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung des Umbaus, der Kalibrierung und der Testung einer nichtmetrischen Linhof-Technika-Kamera für die stereophotogrammetrische Kartierung und Analyse von Zahnstrukturen. Betonung der Bedeutung der Korrektur von Konvergenzfehlern bei der Nahphotogrammetrie mit sehr geringen Aufnahmeentfernungen.
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  • 124
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 125
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    The @photogrammetric record 9 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The fourth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 22nd to 24th April and was dedicated to the memory of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. Nine papers were delivered. The first three were concerned with the life and work of Professor Thompson. Other speakers dealt, in turn, with future instrumentation in photogrammetry; aerial triangulation and film stability; photomaps and tests related to the perception of map users; map revision; and the recording of archaeological information. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le quatrième symposium biannuel de la Photogrammetric Society s'est tenu à l'université de Birmingham du 22 au 24 avril et était dédiéà la mémoire de feu le professeur Thompson. Il y eut neuf exposés, dont les trois premiers portaient sur la vie et l'oeuvre du défunt. D'autres orateurs traitèrent: de l'évolution prévisible des appareillages en photogrammétrie; de l'aérotriangulation et de la stabilité des films; des photoplans et de la manière dont Us sont accueillis par les utilisateurs de cartes; de la révision; et des cartes archéologiques. On trouvera ici la plupart de ces exposés.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDas 4. alle zwei Jahre stattfindende Symposium der Britischen Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft wurde vom 22. bis 24. April an der Universität Birmingham durchgeführt und war dem Gedenken an Professor E. H. Thompson gewidmet. Insgesamt wurden 9 Vorträge gehalten. Die ersten 3 befassten sich mit dem Leben und Wirken von Professor Thompson. Andere Referenten behandelten: künftige photogrammetrische Geräte, Aerotriangulation und Filmstabilität, Kartenergänzung, Bildkarten und Tests über die Auffassung der Kartennutzer, Aufzeichnung archäologischer Informationen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird im vorliegenden Heft veröffentlicht.
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    Notes: Microrelief mapping of the sea bed can only be carried out by photo-optical methods. It is shown that suitable equipment, bought off the shelf, can produce useful results. The paper describes equipment performance trials and a practical application in a study of large scale sea bed topography.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa cartographie du microrelief de fonds sous-marins ne peut être faite qu'à partir de photos. On montre, qu'avec un appareillage convenable on peut obtenir des résultats intéressants. On décrit les tests, ainsi qu'un travail pratique d'application à un levéà grande échelle de fonds sous-marin.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie kartographische Darstellung des Mikroreliefs des Meeresbodens kann nur auf photo-optischem Wege durchgeführt werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass mit einer geeigneten Ausrüstung günstige Ergebnisse erzielt werden können. Im Artikel werden Versuche zur Testung der Ausrüstung und eine praktische Anwendung zum Studium einer grossmassstäbigen Meerestopographie beschrieben.
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    Notes: Le microscope électronique à balayage donne l'image de la surface d'un objet situé dans une boîte à spécimen où a été fait le vide. Un fin pinceau d'électrons balaie la surface synchroniquement avec un tube cathodique dont l'intensité est modulée en fonction du signal secondaire émanant du spécimen. Le système présente une grande profondeur de champ; on peut donc obtenir différentes perspectives du spécimen en le photographiant sous diverses inclinaisons (perspectives qui sont centrales, mais cependant justiciables d'être traitées comme parallèles pour de forts grandissements) et donc le restituer spatialement. On donne dans la première partie les limitations pratiques de l'appareillage, ainsi que le type et les causes de distorsion de l'image. Dans la deuxième partie, on décrit les caractéristiques d'un appareil de restitution adaptéà un cas standard: grandissement des deux clichés d'un stéréogramme: fixe-angle d'ouverture du faisceau perspectif négligeable (c'est le cas pour de forte grossissements) et convergence relative des deux positions de la plaque porte-spécimen est fixe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Abtast-Elektronen-Mikroskop liefert Bilder der Oberfläche von Objekten, die sich in einer Vakuum-Kammer befinden. Ein feiner Elektronenstrahl tastet die Oberfläche in Synchronisation mit einer Kathodenstrahlröhre ab, deren Lichtpunkthelligkeit von dem sekundären Elektronensignal, das von der Probe ausgeht, moduliert wird. Das System gestattet eine grosse Schärfentiefe und erlaubt dadurch verschiedene Projektionen des zu photo-graphierenden Musters durch Neigung desselben zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Aufnahmen. Aus der Kenntnis der Geometrie der Projektion (die eine Zentralprojektion ist, jedoch für sehr stark vergrösserte Bilder annähernd als Parallel- oder Orthogonalfall behandelt werden kann) ist es daher möglich, zu dreidimensionalen Analysen durch Messung von Parallaxen zu kommen. Teil I der Arbeit handelt von den praktischen Problemen, die sowohl aus den Grenzen für die mechanische Konstruktion von Muster-Halterungen und Auswertegeräten als auch den Verzerrungen der Bilder resultieren. Teil II beschäftigt sich mit praktischen Gesichtspunkten der bewährten Auswerteinstrumente, die speziell für die Lösung eines standard-isierten Problems der Elektronenmikroskopie konstruiert wurden. Bei diesen wird die Vergrösserung der beiden Halbbilder eines Stereobildpaars konstant gehalten, der Divergenzwinkel der peripheren “Strahlen”, die sich aus dem zentralen “Strahl” ergeben, wird als vernachlässigbar angesehen (was bei Bildern mit starker Vergrösserung der Fall ist) und die Neigungswinkeldifferenz zwischen den zwei Lagen der Probe ist konstant.
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    Notes: The article describes an experiment in which a production block of aerial triangulation, observed by the method of independent models, was repeatedly computed using differing amounts and configurations of control. The block was recomputed to investigate the effects of control errors, of dispensing with the tie strips and of applying different weights to control and tie points. The connexion between the quality of the join of individual models and that of the adjusted block was also investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit une série d'essais effectués sur un bloc de production de triangulation aérienne analytique traité par la méthode des modèles indépendants, destinés àétudier l'influence du nombre et de la configuration des points du canevas d'appui, l'effet d'erreurs sur les points d'appui, l'effet des bandes transversales, et du choix des poids pour les points d'appui et de liaison. On a aussi examiné la corrélation entre la qualityé de l'enchaînement des modèles individuels et celle du bloc compensé.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines Versuchs, bei dem ein Aerotriangulationsblock aus der Produktion, der nach der Methode der unabhängigen Bildpaare beobachtet worden war, wiederholt bei verschiedenen Anzahlen und Anordnungen von Passpunkten berechnet wurde. Die Berechnungen erfolgten zur Abschätzung der Einflüsse von Passpunktfehlern. Weiter wurde der Anschluss zu Nachbarstreifen und die Anwendung verschiedener Gewichte für Pass- und Verbindungspunkte untersucht. Desgleichen wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Qualität des Zusammenschlusses einzelner Modelle und der des ausgeglichenen Blockes untersucht.
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    Notes: Photogrammetry is used extensively in British Coal Opencast to provide surface profiles of both new sites and existing sites. This paper will discuss the development of GPS within Opencast and its deployment as a tool to provide the ground control required for mapping. Comparisons with conventional equipment will also be made and relative cost effectiveness assessed. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On utilise largement la photogrammétrie dans British Coal Opencast, pour déterminer des profiles de surface, à la fois dans les sites nouveaux et dans les sites en cours. On examine dans cet article ľ emploi du GPS dans ces mines et son développement comme outil permettant ď obtenir les points ď appui sur le terrain nécessaires à la cartographie. On se propose defaire les comparaisons avec les équipements classiques et ďévaluer les avantages relatifs coût/efficacité. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Photogrammetrie wird bei den Britischen Kohlen-Tagebauen extensiv zur Beschaffung von Oberflächenprofilen sowohl bei Neuaufschlüssen als auch bei bestehenden Gruben eingesetzt. Im Artikel wird die Entwicklung von GPS und seine Entwicklung als Hilfsmittel zur Beschaffung der für die Kartenherstellung benötigten Paβpunkte diskutiert. Es erfolgen auch Vergleiche mit der konventionellen Ausrüstung und in bezug auf die relative Kosteneffektivität.
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    Notes: An investigation has been made into the feasibility of using a low cost GPS receiver fitted to a light fixed wing aircraft as an aid to flying parallel flight lines for block aerial vertical photography. Two cases were examined: (I) the pilot controlled the heading of the aircraft according to the indications on the course deviation indicator of the GPS receiver; (2) the autopilot, being connected to the GPS receiver, controlled the heading of the aircraft. The results obtained for both sidelap and endlap were equal to or superior to those obtained with a CCTV system. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a mené une recherche sur la faisabilité du GPS comme aide au maintien du parallélisme des axes de prises de vues d'un bloc de photographies aériennes verticales, en utilisant un récepteur GPS bon marché fié a un avion léger. On a examiné deux cas: (i) celui ou le pilote a maintenu le cap de l'avion en suivant les indications de l'index de changement de route du récepteur GPS; (ii) celui ou c'est le pilote automatique qui, par une liaison au récepteur GPS, a maintenu le cap de l'uvion. Les résultats obtenus pour le recouvrement latéral et l'extrgmité des bandes se sont révélés égaux ou supérieurs ii ceux obtenus avec un systPme CCTV.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wurde eine Untersuchung über die mögliche Nutzung billiger GPS-Empfanger, die in ein Kleinjlugzeug als Hilfsmittel zum Flug paralleler Bildstreifen für die blockweise Luftbildaufnahme eingebaut wurden, durchgefuhrt. Dabei wurden 2 Falle geprüft: (1) Der Pilot steuerte das Flugzeug entsprechend der Anzeige auf dem Kursindikator des GPS-Empfangers. (2) Der mit dem GPS-Empfänger verbundene Autopilot steuerte das Flugzeug. Die Ergebnisse sowohl für Querals auch Längsüberdeckung waren gleich oder besser als die mit einem CCTV-System erhaltenen.
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    Notes: The authors provide an account of current Directorate of Military Survey approaches to the provision of photocontrol by use of GPS and they pay special attention to the requirements of height control. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryGPS now provides us with a rapid method for determining plan and height for photogrammetric control directly over the points required by the photogrammetrist. By utilizing the slope of the geoid model, orthometric heights can be obtained to an accuracy of 0.15 m to 0.2 m. Surveys can be carried out quickly in all weather conditions and with none of the traditional terrestrial survey skills. Time, cost and manpower are greatly reduced. The plan accuracies are well within any requirements of the photogrammetrist and heights can be achieved to within 0.15 m to 0.2 m on test areas of UK. As photogrammetric height accuracy requires at best 1 m for plotting a 10 metre contour interval, heighting by GPS and the use of a geoid model solves the heighting problem.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les auteurs fournissent un compte-rendu de la façon dont le Directorate of Military Survey aborde actuellement le problème de la fourniture de points ďappui photos avec ľemploi du GPS et prêterit une attention particulière à celui des points ďappui altimétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Autoren geben einen Bericht über die gegenwärtigen Versuche beim Directorate of Military Survey zur Paβpunktbestimmung mit GPS, wobei sie den Anforderungen an die Höhenbestimmung besondere Aufmerksamkeit zollen.
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    Notes: The operational situation of precise airborne GPS positioning of camera air stations and its use in combined block adjustment for aerial triangulation is reviewed. The acceptance of systematic GPS errors, which occur especially with biased phase ambiguity solutions after loss of lock of signals in-flight, has motivated the method of additional linear GPS drift parameters which are to be solved in the combined block adjustment. It also implies that no absolute GPS co-ordinates are required and that the datum transformation is provided via a few ground control points. A great number of practical examples demonstrates that the method has been successfully applied within a wide range of photoscales and of block sizes. It has proved to be fully operational under various practical conditions. The high accuracy performance of GPS blocks and the economic benefit have been confirmed. It is particularly noticeable that the stationary receiver can be at a great distance, up to 500 km or more from the mission area. The conclusion is drawn that GPS supported aerial triangulation is ready to become standard. The potential improvement from dual frequency receivers and fast ambiguity solutions only enhances that conclusion. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On examine, dans cet article, le degréďopérationnalité atteint par le GPS aéroporté dans le positionnement précis des sommets de prises de vues des caméras aériennes, et son insertion dans la compensation par blocs en aérotriangulation. La possibilityéďerreurs systématiques dans le GPS, en particulier en cas de perte des signaux en vol, qui se manifeste par des ambiguïtés de phase et des biais dans les résultats, à conduit a introduire dans la compensation en bloc des inconnues supplémental s, traduisant une dérive linéaire du GPS. II en résulte qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de disposer de coordonnées GPS absolues et que quelques points ďappui sur le terrain suffisent à assurer les changements de coordonnées. On a utilisé avec succès cette méthode dans de nombreux essaispratiques comportant un large eventail ďéchelles de prises de vues et de tallies des blocs. On a pu ainsi mettre en évidence ľentière opérationnalité de cette méthode, dans des conditions réelles différentes. On a également confirmé la haute précision des résultats des blocs GPS et les avantages économiques de ce système. En particulier, il est tout à fait remarquable que le récepteur fixe puisse se trouver à une grande distance de la zone du lasé, 500 km ou plus. On peut en conclure que ľaérotriangulation appuyée sur le GPS est en train de devenir une méthode standard. Les améliorations possibles que peuvent apporter les récepteurs à deux fréquences et la résolution rapide des ambiguïtés, ne font que renforcer cette conclusion. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die hochgenaue Kamera Positionierung durch GPS und ihre Anwendung für die Aerotriangulation wird zusammengefaβt dargestellt. Die Existenz systematischer GPS Fehler, wie sie inbesondere durch nur genäherte Phasen-Mehrdeutigkeitslösungen nach Signalabrissen im Flug verursacht werden, haben zu der speziellen Methode zusätzlicher linearer GPS Drift Parameter geführt, die in der kombinierten Blockausgleichung bestimmt werden. Ferner wird dabei die Datumtransformation mit Hilfe einiger weniger Paβpunkte bestimmt, d.h. es werden keine absoluten GPS Koordinaten vorausgesetzt. Mit einer groβen Zahl praktischer Beispiele wird demonstriert, daβ die Methode in einem groβen Bereich von Bildmaβstäben und Blockgröβen bereits erfolgreich angewendet wird. Sie hat sich unter den verschiedensten praktischen Bedingungen als voll operationell erwiesen. Dabei wurde die theoretisch erwartete hohe Genauigkeit der GPS Blöcke und ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit bestätigt. Besonders bedeutsam ist der empirische Nachweis, daβ der stationäre GPS Empfänger sehr weit, bis 500 km oder mehr, von dem Fluggebiet entfernt sein kann. Als Ergebnis wird empfohlen, die GPS gestützte Aerotriangulation als verfügbares photogrammetrisches Standardverfahren allgemein zu verwenden. Diese Schluβfolgerung wird durch die neuesten Entwicklungen von Zwei-Frequenz Empfängern und schnellen Mehrdeutigkeitslösungen, in die hohe Erwartungen gesetzt werden, nur noch bekräftigt.
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    Notes: A description is given of a heighting accuracy test carried out at Cartographical Services Limited on 1:2000 scale aerial photography. Premarked points, with ground surveyed heights, were established on a dual carriageway road near Worcester and photography was flown using a Leica RC20 aerial camera with EMC. Photogrammetric height measurement was carried out with both a Zeiss P3 analytical plotter and a Cartographic Engineering Limited/Carto Instruments AP190 plotter; respective r.m.s.e. accuracies of ± 25 mm and ± 30 mm were obtained. The new Cartographic Engineering Limited CP2 analytical plotter has subsequently been used for height measurement on similar photography and comparable accuracy has been achieved. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On présente un essai de précision altimétrique, effectué par la Société“Cartographical Services” de Southampton, sur des photographies aérienne àľéchelledu 1:2000. On a utilisé des points pré-balisés, repartis sur une route à double voie près de Worcester, et dont ľaltitude a été déterminé sur le terrain. La prise de vue a été fait avec une caméra Leica RC20 munie ďun système de compensation du filé longitudinal. On a effectué les déterminations photogrammétriques des altitudes en utilisant à la fois un restituteur analytique Zeiss P3 et une restituteur AP190 de la Société“Cartographic Engineering/Carto Instruments.” On a obtenu comme erreurs moyennes quadratique les valeurs de ± 25 mm et ± 30 mm respectivement. On a enfin utilisé le noveau restituteur analytique CP2 de la Société“Cartographic Engineering” pour ces déterminations altimétriques et ľon a obtenu une précision comparable. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Versuch zur Bestimmung der Höhengenauigkeit, der beim Cartographical Services Ltd. in Southampton für den Bildmaβstab 1:2000 durchgeführt wurde beschrieben. Signalisierte Punkte, deren Höhen im Gelände bestimmt wurden, wurden aufeiner Doppelfahrbahn in der Nähe von Worcester angeordnet undmit einerLeica RC20 mit EMC aufgenommen. Die photogrammetrische Höhenbestimmung erfolgte mit einem analytischen Auswertegerät P3 von Zeiss und einem AP 190 Plotter von Cartographic Engineering Ltd./Carto Instruments. Dabei wurden mittlere Fehler von ± 25 mm bzw. ± 30 mm erhalten. Das neue analytische Auswertegerät CP 2 von Cartographic Engineering Ltd. wurde danach für Höhenmessungen bei ähnlichen Luftbildern genutzt, wobei vergleichbare Genauigkeiten erreicht wurden.
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    Notes: This paper describes a method for modelling the SPOT satellite imaging process using a single Ground Control Point (GCP) and for extracting ground planimetric information. Satellite position is derived using the collinearity condition equations. Initial orbit is obtained from the given ephemeris data and refinement is carried out using an iterative least squares solution. Attitude variations are taken into account by fitting a third order polynomial in time to the attitudes derived from the ephemeris by integration. After refining the satellite position, planimetric co-ordinates can be derived using the collinearity equations with an accuracy of up to 38 m in latitude and 52 m in longitude (average of the r.m.s. errors from two tests) when the GCP used for modelling is obtained from the 1:50 000 scale map. These figures include the measurement errors as well as the modelling error. It has been found that the method is not sensitive to the location of the GCP used for modelling. Résumé On présente dans cet article une méthode de modélisation du traitement des images du satellite SPOT ne faisant appel qu'à un seul point ďappui au sol et permettant ďextraire des informations planimétriques. On obtient la position du satellite à partir des équations traduisant la condition de colinéarité. On part ďune orbite initiale issue des données fournies par les éphémerides, et on ľameliore par une résolution itèrative, basée sur les moindres carrés. On tient compte des variations ďattitude par ľintermédiaire ďun polynome du troisième ordre fonction du temps et correspondant aux attitudes dérivées des éphémérides par intégration. Une fois obtenue la position définitive du satellite, on peut tirer les coordonnees planimétriques des équations de colinéarité avec une précision qui atteint 38 m en latitude et 52 m en longitude (valeurs moyennes des erreurs moyennes quadratiques rèsultant de deux essais), lorsque le point ďappui au sol utilisé dans la modélisation provident de la carte au 1:50 000. Ces chiffres incluent les erreurs de mesure ainsi que ľerreur de modélisation. On a trouvé que la méthode nétait pas du tout sensible à la position qu'occupait le point ďappui au sol utilisé dans le modélisation. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Artikel wird ein Verfahren zur Geländemodellierung des SPOT-Abbildungsprozesses unter Verwendung eines einzelnen Geländepaβpunktes (GCP) und zur Ableitung planimetrischer Informational beschrieben. Die Satellitenposition wird mit Hilfe der Kollinearitätsgleichungen beschrieben. Die Näherungswerte für die Bahnkurve werden aus gegebenen Ephemeriden bestimmt, die durch einen iterativen Prozeβ nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate verbessert werden. Veränderungen der Bahn werden rechtzeitig durch Anpassung mit einem Polynom 3. Grades an die aus den Ephemeriden abgeleitete Bahn durch Integration angepaβt. Nach Verbesserung der Satelliten-position können die Lagekoordinaten mit Hilfe der Kollinearitätsgleichungen mit einer Genauigkeit bis zu 38 m in der Breite und 52 m in der Länge (Mittelwert der mittleren Fehler aus 2 Versuchen) bestimmt werden, wenn der Paβpunkt (GCP) aus einer Karte 1:50 000 entnommen wurde. Dabei ist der Meβfehler ebenso wie der Modellierungsfehler enthalten. Es zeigte sich, daβ das Verfahren nicht empfindlich ist in bezug aufdie Lage des zur Modellierung benutzten Paβpunktes.
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    Notes: In 1989, the Council of the Photogrammetric Society decided that some record of the use of analogue photogrammetric equipment in Great Britain should be preserved before it was too late. The author agreed to investigate this matter as a research project funded by a number of survey organisations. Work on the project so far has resulted in the completion of two documents. The first is a Catalogue of Analogue Instruments that list some 230 instruments of 30 different types. The second is an Archive that gives further details of the history and use of the 30 different types of instrument. The entry included in his paper, by way of example, is that concerned with the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph.Readers are encouraged to provide corrections and additional information wherever possible.
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    Notes: Feature extraction is the first and crucial step of all image analysis procedures. Together with their mutual relations, features form perceptual structures on which hypothesis generation and reconstruction processes are built. The article gives a framework for feature extraction within an interpretation system, discusses a possible object and image model useful for building up perceptual structures and gives examples for the use of various features for standard photogrammetric tasks.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméĽextraction automatique de silhouettes est la première étape fondamentale dans tout procédéďanalyse ďimages.Ces silhouettes constituent, en même temps que leurs relations mutuelles, des structures identifiables à partir desquelles on peut établir des hypothèses et procéder à la re constitution. On donne dans cet article un cadre général pour ľextraction de silhouettes dans un système ďinterprétation et ľon y discute ďune modélisation possible de ľimage et de ľobjet pour obtenir des structures identifiables. On fournit enfin des exemples sur ľemploi de diverses silhouettes d̄objets dans les travaux photogrammétriques courants.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Kantenextraktion stellt den I. wesentlichen Schritt aller Bild-analyseverfahren dar. Gemeinsam mit ihren wechselseitigen Beziehungen bilden die Kanten wahrnehmbare Strukturen, auf denen Hypothesen und Rekonstruktionsprozesse aufgebaut werden können. Im Artikel werden ein Grundgerüst z.ur Kantenextraktion angegeben, mögliche Objekt- und Bild-modelle zur Entwicklung von Wahrnehmungsstrukturen diskutiert und Beispiele zur Nutzung verschiedener Kanten für photogrammetrische Standardaufgaben angegeben.
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    Notes: Accurate and rapid planning techniques are of vital importance when competing for business in the deregulated telecommunications market. This requirement, together with the arrival of personal communication networks, demands more detailed spatial data than are available now. This paper examines difficulties in current planning methods and considers the specifications of future data sets. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les méthodes de planification précises et rapides sont ď une importance vitale lorsque ľ on est en concurrence en affaires dans le marché déréglementé des télécommunications. Ce besoin, parallèlement àľ arrivée des réseaux personnels de communication, nécessite une disponibilité de données tridimensionnelles beaucoup plus détailées que celles que ľ on a actuellement. On examine dans cet article les difficultiés rencontrées dans les méthodes actuelles de planification, et ľ on réfléchit sur les spécifications des jeux de données dans ľ avenir. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Genaue und schnelle Planungsverfahren sind beim Geschäftswettbewerb aufdem nicht regulierten Telekommunikations-Markt von auβerordentlicher Bedeutung. Diese Anforderung in Verbindung mit dem Aufkommen von Personal-Kommunikations-Netzwerken erfordert detailliertere Raumdaten ah jetzt verfügbar sind. In dem Artikel werden die Schwierigkeiten der gegen-wärtigen Planungsmethoden geprüft und Anforderungen an künftige Datensätze erörtert.
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    Notes: The President's Medallist directs the Survey Services Branch of the Technical Services Group of English Heritage. This Branch includes the Photogrammetric Unit which was first established at the Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies of the University of York in 1975, with support from English Heritage's predecessor organisation. The Unit has played a leading part in the development of architectural photogrammetry in the UK, with particular reference to the recording of ancient monuments and historic buildings. The writer discusses some aspects of the application of photogrammetry in this area, illustrating the modern photogrammetric product in comparison with 18th and 19th century pictures and prints from his own collection. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé C'est le titulaire de la Médaile du Président de notre Société qui dirige le Département de Levés du groupe des services techniques du Patrimoine anglais. Ce Département comprend ľUnité de Photogrammétrie qui était installée initialiement àľInstitut des Études Architecturales Avancées ďYork en 1975, avec le soutien de ľorganisme qui précédait le Patrimoine anglais. Cette Unité a joué un rôle prépondérant dans le développement de la photogrammétrie architecturale au Royaume-Uni, et une mention particulière est à faire en ce qui concerne ľarchivage des constructions anciennes et des monuments historiques. Ľauteur discute de quelques aspects des applications de la photogrammétrie dans ce domaine, illustrant le produit photogrammétrique moderne par comparaison avec des tableaux et des gravures des 18èmeet 19ème siècles issus de sa collection personelle. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Träger der Präsidenten-Medaille leitet die Vermessungsabteilung innerhalb des Technischen Dienstes von English Heritage. Diese Abteilung schlieβt die Photogrammetrie-Einheit mit ein, die zunächst im Jahre 1975 im Institut für Moderne Architektur an der Universitat York mit unterstüt-zung der Vorgängerorganisation von English Heritage aufgebaut wurde. Diese Einheit hat eine führende Rolle bei der Entwicklung der Architektur-photogrammetrie im Vereinigten Königreich gespielt, wobei besonders altehrwürdige Denkmäler und historische Bauwerke aufgenommen wurden. Der Schreiber diskutiert einige Aspekte der Anwendung der Photogrammetrie aufdiesem Gebiet und illustriert das moderne photogrammetrische Erzeugnis im Vergleich mit Bildern und Kopien aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, die der eigenen Sammlung entstammen.
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    Notes: The reunification of Germany also paved the way for the reunion of Carl Zeiss in Jena and Oberkochen in 1991, after many months of negotiation. For the surveying and photogrammetry divisions, this means that a joint policy for development, production and marketing will be pursued in Jena and Oberkochen in the future. The two photogrammetry divisions in Jena and Oberkochen will continue to exist on the market, with both their advanced aerial survey cameras (LMK 2000 and RMK TOP) being available. While Oberkochen will concentrate on the further development of analytical plotters and aerial photograph rectification systems, Jena will increasingly specialise in software development, which is an expanding field. Due to its longstanding expertise in these fields, Jena will also continue its activities in the fields of interpretation and close range photogrammetry, including the taking and evaluation of images. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé La ré-unification de ľAllemagne a éalement ouvert la voie à celle des deux Zeiss, léna et Oberkochen, en 1991, après plusieurs mois de négotiation. Pour les divisions des levés et de la photogrammétrie, cela signifie qu ľon mènera dorénavant, à Iéna et à Oberkochen, une politique commune en ce qui concerne les developpements, la production et le marketing. Les deux divisions photogrammétriques, celle ďléna et celle ďOberkochen, continueront ďêtre présentes sur le marché, offrant toutes deux lews chambres photogrammétriques aériennes avancées LMK 2000 et RMK TOP. Tandis qu à Oberkochen on concentre les activités sur lapoursuite du développement des restituteurs analytiques et des systèmes de redressement des photographies aériennes, à léna on se spécialisera dans le développement des logiciels, domaine qui est en expansion. Etant donnée la compétence que ľon a acquise de longue date à Iéna dans le domaine de ľinterprétation et dans celui de la photogrammétrie à courte distance, on γ poursuivra les activités dans ces domaines, qui comprennent également la saisie et ľévaluation des images. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands bahnte im Jahre 1991 nach vielen Monalen der Verhandlung auch den Weg zur Vereinigung der Firmen von Carl Zeiss in Jena und Oberkochen. Für die Abteilungen Vermessung und Photogrammetrie bedeutet das, daβ in Zukunft für Entwicklung, Produktion und Vertrieb in Jena und Oberkochen eine abtestimmte Politik verfolgt wird. Die beiden photogrammetrischen Abteilungen in Jena and Oberkochen werden weiterhin mil ihren beiden Luftbildmeβkammern (LMK 2000 und RMK TOP) auf dem Markt vertreten sein. Wahrend sich Oberkochen auf die Weiterentwicklung analytischer Auswertegeräte und von Systemen zur Luftbildentzerrung konzentriert, wird sich Jena auf die Software-Entwicklung spezialisieren, was ein stark expandierendes Gebiet ist. Dank langjähriger Erfahrungen wird Jena seine Aktivitäten auf den Gebieten Photointerpretation und Nahbereichsphoto-grammetrie fortsetzen, wobei Bildaufnahme und Bildbewertung einges-chlossen sind.
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    Notes: The paper outlines the author's background and continuing education in photogrammetry. The potential of low cost instruments for non-specialists is examined from her viewpoint as a research student and as an employee of Leica UK Ltd. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ľarticle retrace les compétences acquises par ľauteur en photogrammétrie et lew prolongement en formation continue. Ľauteur présente également les possibilityé des appareils à bas prix pour les non-spécialistes en so plaçant à un double point de vue, en tant qu'tudiant faisant de la recherche et en tant qu'employee de la Société Leica Ltd. (RU). 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung In dem Artikel werden die Ausbildung und die fortwährende Weiter-bildung der Autorin in Photogrammetrie skizziert. Der Nutzen preiswerter Gerdte für Nichtspezialisten wird unter ihrem Blickwinkel als Forschungs-student und Mitarbeiterin der Leica UK Ltd. beleuchtet.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:MONITORING BUILDING STRUCTURES. Edited by J. F. A. Moore.POSTCODES: THE NEW GEOGRAPHY. By J. F. Raper, D. W. Rhind and J. W. Shepherd.TEST OF TRIANGULATION OF SPOT DATA. Edited by I. J. Dowman.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1992. Seventh edition. Endorsed by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shirvanian.WISSENSBASIERTE METHODEN ZUR FERNERKUNDUNG DER UMWELT. Edited by O. Günther and W.-F. Riekert.PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISPRS AND OEEPE JOINT WORKSHOP ON UPDATING DIGITAL DATA BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS, CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY, ENGLAND, 15–17 SEPTEMBER 1991. Edited by P. R. T. Newby and C. N. Thompson.GLIMPSES OF WORLD WAR By W. P. Roe.A GUIDE TO MAP AND IMAGE PROCESSING By M. P. Skrdla.MULTIPHOTO GEOMETRICALLY CONSTRAINED MATCHING. By E. P. Baltsavias.DIGITALE PHOTOGRAMMETRIE IN DER DREIDIMENSIONALEN STRÖMUNGSMESSTECHNIK. By H.-G. Maas.LONDON. AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By I. Thomson.THE SOUTH DEVON COAST PATH: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By D. Hannigan.THE COTSWOLD WAY: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By T. Fryer.THE SOUTH DOWNS WAY: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By J. Godfrey.SURVEYING. Sixth edition. By A. Bannister, S. Raymond and R. Baker.INSTRUMENT MAKERS TO THE WORLD: A HISTORY OF COOKE, TROUGHTON AND SIMMS. By A. McConnell.TRANSIT CIRCLE–THE STORY OF WILLIAM SIMMS 1793–1860. By E. Mennim.TERRA-1: UNDERSTANDING THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. THE ROLE OF EARTH OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE. Edited by P. M. Mather.SPACE. By R. Gibson.KATASTER-ABC. Second edition. By O. Kriegel and D. Dresbach.
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    Notes: Hertfordshire County Council makes extensive use of aerial photography obtained from the ten yearly air survey of the entire county. This paper emphasises the value of the photography for specialist applications in the Planning and Estates Department, but also considers other uses. Details are given of photographic products and of a land use survey based on photo-interpretation. Finally, the future policy on the commissioning of aerial photography for Hertfordshire is considered, taking into account the potential of satellite imagery, the requirements of the existing GIS system for association with aerial photography and the possibility of additional revenue from more assertive marketing of photographic products. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le Conseil du Comté de Hertfordshire se sert considérablement des photographies aériennes obtenues dans le cadre du levé aérien décennal de tout le comté. On souligne dans cet article ľintérét que trouvent, dans ces photographies, les spécialistes du Ministère de ľAménagement et ľon examine également ďautres utilisations. On fournit des détails sur les produits photographiques et sur un levéďusage du sol obtenu à partir ďune photo-interpretation. Enfin on examine la politique envisagée àľavenir pour ľexécution de la couverture aérienne de ľHertfordshire, qui prendre en compte les possibilityés de ľimagerie spatiale, les besoins ďintégration de la photographie aérienne dans les SIG actuels, et les revenus supplémentaires qui devraient provenir ďune démande commerciale plus soutenue sur les produits photographiques. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Hertfordshire County Council macht regen Gebrauch von Luft-bildern, die vor 10 Jarhen von der ganzen Grafschaft aufgenommen wurden. In dem Beitrag wird der Wert der Bilder für die Nutzung durch Spezialisten bei der Planning and Estates Department betont, aber est werden auch andere Anwendungen betrachtet. Es werden Details über fotografische Erzeugnisse und tiber eine auf der Photointerpretation basierende Land-nutzungserhebung angegeben. Schlieβlich wird die künftige Politik bei Aufträgen zur Luftbildaufnahme für Hertfordshire dargelegt, wobei das Potential von Satellitenbildern, die Anforderungen des bestehenden GISzur Verbindung mil Luftbildern und die Möglichkeit zusätzlicher Einnahmen dureh gröβere Vermarktung fotografischer Erzeugnisse in Betracht gezogen werden.
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    Notes: Woodland ecology necessarily involves a time dimension. It is seldom possible to understand the ecology of a wood without knowing its history. Although the history of many woods extends back far beyond the invention of photography, aerial photographs come at a period when the written record of woodland is often poor. They are also of great help in mapping woods as they are today. Some historic details can be learnt from recent photographs, others from historic aerial photographs. Photographs taken in the Second World War, such as those of England taken by the Germans and preserved in the United States, record an important and otherwise ill-documented period. This paper reviews the kinds of information that can be extracted from present and past aerial photographs and discusses the limitations of aerial survey and other forms of remote sensing as a means of measuring past and future changes. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ľécologie sylvestre comprend la dimension du temps. Onne pent guère s'entendre àľéecologie ďun bois sans connaître son histoire. Bien que ľ histoire ďun grand nombre de bois s'étende longuement avant la découverte de la photographie, la photographie aérienne commence à une époque où il y à souvent des lacunes à la documentation écrite des bois. Elle est très utile, aussi, pour la cartographie des bois comme ils existent aujourd'hui. Des particulariés historiques s'apprennent ďaprès des photographies récentes, des autres ďaprès des photographies aériennes historiques. Parmi les photos les plus utiles sont celles de la IIe guerre mondiale, comme celles de la France prises par la Royal Air Force et conservées àľUniversité de Keele. Cette communication passe en revue les informations qu'on peut extraire des photographies aériennes du présent et du passé, et discute les bornes des levés aériens et spatiaux comme moyen de contrôler les changements du passé et du futur. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Waldökologie enthalt eine Zeitdimension. Selten ist es moglich, die Ökologie eines Waldes zu begreifen, ohne mit seiner Geschichte getraut zu sein. Obwohl die Geschichte mancher Wälder weit vor die Entdeckung der Photographie sich ausdehnt, die Luftphotographie kommt zu einer Zeit, wo schriftliche Urkunden der Wälder oft fehlen. Luftbilder sind auch sehr nutzvoll für die Kartographie von dem heutigen Zustandder Wälder. Einige historische Angaben werden von jungeren, andere von historischen Luftaufnahmen geschöpft. Unter den wertvollsten Luftbildern sind die von dem zweiten Weltkrieg, z. B. die britische Aufnahmen von Deutschland und Österreich, die jetzt in der Universität Keele aufbewahrt sind. Diese Abhandlung rezensiert die Auskünfte, die aus jüngere und historische Luftphotographie ausgeschöpft werden können, und diskutiert die Beschrankungen der Luft- und Weltraumvermessung als Zeugnis vergangener und zukünftiger Veranderungen.
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    Notes: In many photogrammetric applications, speed is often critical and high accuracy is only a secondary consideration. To use a metric camera in such situations would be quite uneconomical. Non-metric cameras are inexpensive to buy, use and maintain. A top quality 35mm amateur single lens reflex camera might cost £ 1000, an order of magnitude below that of a metric camera. In addition, they are robust, mobile and require a minimum of accessories. In short, they are ideal for rapid, medium to low accuracy work. However, in contrast with a metric camera, a non-metric camera lacks a stable inner orientation, fiducial reference system and standard method of calibration. This paper relates to a final year undergraduate project carried out at City University, London which dealt with such a calibration. The aim of the work was to determine (a) whether or not a 35mm SLR camera had a stable interior orientation and, if so, the best way of determining that orientation and (b) the accuracy of measurement that might be attained with such a camera. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Dans de nombreuses applications photogrammetriques la vitesse constitute souvent le paramètre critque, tandis que la haute précision ne vient seulement qu'en seconde position. Utiliser dans ces conditions une chambre métrique serait tout à fait anti-économique. Les chambres non métriques sont peu coûteuses àľ achat, en utilisation et pour leur entretien. Un appareil reflex, 35 mm, ď amateur, à lentille simple, de haute qualityé, peut coûter £1000, ce qui est inferieur ďun ordre de magnitude au coût ďune chambre métrique. De plus ces chambres non métriques sont robustes, faciles à transporter et n'ont besoin que d'un minimum ďaccessoires. En résumé elles sont idéales pour des travaux rapides et une précision de moyenne à faible. En revanche les chambres non métriques manquent de stabilityé dans leur orientation interne, sont dépourvues de systèmes de repères de fond de chambre et n‘ont pas de méthode ďétalonnage standard. Cet article, qui résulte ďun project effectuéà la City University de Londres par un étudiant, dans sa dernière année, trait ďun tel étalonnage. Son objectif est de déterminer (a) si un appareil 35 mm SLR a ou non une orientation intérieure stable, et si oui, quelle est la meilleure façon ď obtenir cette orientation et (b) la précision de mesure que ľ on peut atteindre avec un tel appareil. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bei vielen photogrammetrischen Anwendungen ist die Geschwindigkeit oft kritisch, und hohe Genauigkeit ist erst von zweiter Bedeutung. In solchen Situationen eine Meβkammer zu benutzen, wäre sehr unökonomisch. Nichtmeβkammern sind bezüglich Anschaffung, Nutzung und Wartung billig. Eine Qualitäts-Spiegelreflexkamera mit 35 mm-Objektiv mag ca. £1000 kosten, was einen Bruchteil der Kosten für eine Meβkammer darstellt. Zusätzlich sind sie robust, mobil und erfordern ein Minimum an Zubehör. Kurzgefaβt, sie sind ideal für schnelle Arbeiten für mittlere und niedere Genauigkeit. Im Gegensatz zu Meβkammern fehlen bei Nichtmeβkammern jedoch eine stabile innere Orientierung, ein Rahmenmarken-Referenzsystem und ein Standardverfahren der Kalibrierung. Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf ein im Abschlufijahr an der City University in London durchgefuhrtes Projekt, das sich mit solch einer Kalibrierung beschäftigte. Zielstellung der Arbeit war es (a) zu bestimmen, ob eine 35 mm SLR-Kamera eine stabile innere Orientierung und (b) die mil solcher Kamera erhältliche Meβgenauigkeit herauszufinden.
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    Notes: Tests of Agfa-Gevaert A viphot Pan 200S air film were carried out by the authors, operationally and sensitometrically. Encouraging results are presented. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les auteurs ont effectué des essais sur lefilm aérien Aviphot Pan 2005 ďAgfa-Gevaert, de façon à la fois pratique et sensitométrique. lis présentent les résultats encourageants obtenus. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Von den Autoren wurden operationelle und sensitometrische Tests mil dem Luftbildfilm Aviphot Pan 2005 von Agfa Gevaert durchgeführt. Dazu werden ermutigende Ergebnisse dargestellt.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:GEODÄTISCHE ASTRONOMIE. By R. Sigl.PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING. By W. G. Rees.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1991. Sixth Edition. Sponsored by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shirvanian.COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE PROCESSING. Edited by A. Barrett.FRENCH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ON SPOT, REMOTE SENSING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. By S. T. Dyson.COLONEL SIR GEORGE EVEREST CB FRS: PROCEEDINGS OF BICENTENARY CONFERENCE AT THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 8th NOVEMBER 1990. Edited by J. R. Smith.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THE MICROCOMPUTER AND MODERN CARTOGRAPHY. Edited by D. R. F. Taylor.OUR SECRET LITTLE WAR. By L. N. Abrams.BRITAIN'S CHANGING ENVIRONMENT FROM THE AIR. Edited by T. Bayliss-Smith and S. Owens.THE SECOND BOOK OF BRITAIN'S RAILWAYS FROM THE AIR. Text by C. Leigh with photographs by Aerofilms Ltd.THE LAKE DISTRICT FROM THE AIR. Photographs by Aerofilms Ltd. Captions by S. Acland and E. Leeming.PLANETARY MAPPING. Edited by R. Greeley and R. M. Batson.ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT. By C. D. Burnside.INTERPRETABILITY OF SPOT DATA FOR GENERAL MAPPING. By E. Ahokas, J. Jaakkola and P. Sotkas.GEOMETRISCHE GRUNDLAGEN DER LUFTBILDINTERPRETATION. By B. Pfeiffer and G. Weimann.LOOKING AT PHOTOGRAPHS: A GUIDE TO TECHNICAL TERMS. By G. Baldwin.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY, VOLUME 12. Edited by D. A. Edwards.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION 1991: THE YEARBOOK OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. Edited by J. Cadoux-Hudson and D. I. Heywood.PHOTOGRAMMETRIE: ANWENDUNGEN IN WISSENSCHAFT UND TECHNIK. By K. Regensburger.
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    Notes: Longer sequences of attitude data for SPOT 1 were constructed by concatenation of the attitude information in several consecutive scenes in selected orbits. The attitude time series were used to estimate models for the attitude variogram functions. Explicit expressions for these models are given, which can be used in multi-scene adjustment of SPOT imagery.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Notes: Interior orientation (the initial step in comparator-based photogrammetry) requires a set of known photo co-ordinates to act as reference points. Fiducials serve this purpose on large format, metric cameras, as do réseau targets on small format, semi-metric cameras. Most small format cameras, however, have neither fiducials nor a réseau plate. The aim of this study was to establish fiducials in a small standard camera (Pentax 645) so that its imagery could be used for photogrammetric computations. This paper describes two methods of establishing fiducials, followed by a comparison of their stability and suitability for photogrammetric purposes.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Notes: Book review in this aricle:MAPPING AND SPATIAL MODELLING FOR NAVIGATION. Edited by L. F. PauINTRODUCTORY READINGS IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. Edited by D. J. Peuquet and D. F. Marble.CAD-KARTOGRAPHIE: ANWENDUNGEN IN DER PRAXIS. Edited by M. Schilcher.INTERPRETING SPACE: GIS AND ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by K. M. S. Allen, S. W. Green and E. B. W. Zubrow.AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE RAF (BATTLE OF BRITAIN 50TH COMMEMORATIVE EDITION). By R. C. Nesbitt.RADAR EVALUATION HANDBOOK. By D. K. Barton, C. E. Cook, P. Hamilton (editors) and staff of ARNO Engineering, Inc.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS. Edited by L. Worrall.BAYESIAN INFERENCE WITH GEODETIC APPLICATIONS. By K.-R. Koch.3D IMAGING IN MEDICINE: ALGORITHMS, SYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS. Edited b K. H. Höhne, H. Fuchs and S. M. PizerREMOTE SENSING YEARBOOK 1990. Edited by A. P. Cracknell, L. W. B. Hayes and H. Wei Gen.GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND SECTIONS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By P. R. Thomas.THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH: THEORETICAL GEODESY AND THE EARTH'S INTERIOR. By H. Moritz.THE ARCHITECTURE OF PETRA. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology I. By J. S. McKenzie.SOUND UNDERWATER IMAGES: A GUIDE TO THE GENERATON AND INTERPRETATION OF SIDE SCAN SONAR DATA. By J. P. Fish and H. A. Carr.
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    Notes: This paper was presented at the 1990 Thompson Symposium. It distinguishes between geographical information systems (GIS) as a set of hardware and software tools and the institutional problems that arise when implementing GIS in an organisational environment. It examines issues such as data quality, that arise when treating information as a corporate resource, as well as the legal, economic and social constraints on the use of data.
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    Notes: A case study at the Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory (NIJOS) demonstrates that photogrammetry is an effective method for collecting data for geographical information systems (GIS). The process of establishing a photogrammetric data capture system is explained with special attention devoted to financial and personnel considerations. It is argued that photogrammetric data capture is viable provided that a stereodigitiser is used in conjunction with a modular solution GIS.
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    Notes: Many organisations are today working at establishing information systems and quite a few exist already. When it comes to geographical information systems (GIS), the geographical reference will soon be solved. All new mapping in Denmark is digital and in 1992–93 the country will have complete coverage. In addition, many public registers are already computerised. A lot of other information sources, like utility networks, are still to be converted.As these developments are in the hands of many different organisations, both private and governmental, this paper will deal with the efforts made to co-ordinate various activities in a strongly competitive world.As there is a distinct difference between large scale and small scale GIS activities, this paper will deal mainly with large scale GIS, as should be the case when considering GIS and photogrammetry.
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    Notes: Co-ordinate measuring systems based on theodolites are increasingly being found in industrial environments. The paper explains the principles on which the technique is based, the system components and the factors which affect the accuracy that can be achieved. Finally some application areas are listed and a particular example from the aircraft industry is highlighted.
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    Notes: The evolution of digital photogrammetry from analytical photogrammetry is outlined, partly by considering the methods employed, but with the main emphasis on mathematical and physical principles. A fundamental distinction is obvious from the nature of the primary information measurement data: the image co-ordinates with analytical photogrammetry and the digital image grey values with digital photogrammetry. For both techniques, appropriate Gauss-Markov evaluation procedures are compared. The relevant relationships between image space data and object space models are presented; radiometric considerations play a more important role than before. The evaluation of digital image grey value data is no longer based on digital image correlation. Instead, a new principle of image inversion has been introduced by directly back-projecting grey values of an image on to object space models. The numerical procedures of digital photogrammetry need some stabilisation by appropriate regularisation elements. The new concept of digital photogrammetry may be applied to imagery from almost any sensor.
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    Notes: Book review in this aticle:THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING. Edited by G. ASRAR.TERRAIN MODELLING IN SURVEYING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING. Edited by G. Petrie and T. J. M. Kennie.THE FOUR FACES OF FOURCADE. By C. D. Storrar.WALES FROM THE AIR. Photographs by Aerofilms. Foreword by J. Morris. Captions by S. Acland.DEVELOPMENTS IN FOUR-DIMENSIONAL GEODESY. Selected papers of the Ron S. Mather Symposium on Four-Dimensional Geodesy, Sydney, Australia, March 28–31, 1989. Edited by F. K. Brunner and C. Rlzos.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1990. Fifth edition. Sponsored by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shjrvanian.REMOTE SENSING OF BIOSPHERE FUNCTIONING. Edited by R. J. Hobbs and H. A. Mooney.IMAGE CLARITY: HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOGRAPHY. By J. B. Williams.MAP PROJECTIONS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS. By F. Pearson.KARTENNETZENTWURFSLEHRE: GRUNDLAGEN UND ANWENDUNGEN. By E. Kuntz.THE LIFE OF A PHOTOGRAPH. By L. E. Keefe and D. Inch.SUBMINIATURE PHOTOGRAPHY. By W. White.THE ASSOCIATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION YEARBOOK 1990. Edited by M. J. Foster and P. J. Shand.A GUIDE TO REMOTE SENSING: INTERPRETING IMAGES OF THE EARTH. By S. A. Drury.TASCHENBUCH ZUR FERNERKUNDUNG. Edited by F.-W. Strathmann.
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author examines the development and implementation of a computer-based system within a financial services organization. It highlights emerging paradoxes within the developments of systems design which utilise quality management methodologies to support IT intensive business processes.
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The productivity of white-collar workers in heavily computerized sectors of the economy has collapsed in recent years. This paper suggests that one reason for this involves inefficiencies generated by EDP departments, which have created systems of control enmeshing not only workers but senior management.
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    Notes: In 1987–88 a large attitudinal survey covering all 12 Member States of the European Community was carried out by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions in Dublin which focused on various aspects of participation by employee representatives in new information technology. This paper presents evidence on one important aspect of technological change—that of participation in product and service quality.
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    Notes: Studies of the relationship between technological change and employment are placed in a conceptual framework prior to an empirical study of the direct employment effects of new technology and a comparison with the effects of organizational change. It shows that the latter are considerably greater than the former, though both are relatively minor.
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    Notes: Attempts to develop robots for use on construction sites are following different paths in Britain and Japan. Japanese construction firms have invested heavily in modification of existing equipment to improve productivity and quality by making good use of machine operators' skills. In contrast, British researchers are attempting to make ‘quantum leaps' in construction technologies by developing automated machinery which requires minimal human intervention and operator skills. The article assesses the viability of these two contrasting approaches.
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    Notes: This article examines the impact of information technology as one of the factors affecting the numbers and roles of middle managers. The authors highlight the need to empirically examine middle management work in the context of the complexity of changes affecting the job of middle managers and the complexity of reactions to these changes, if further assertions about the future of middle management are to be avoided.
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