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  • Articles  (12)
  • IWA Publishing  (12)
  • 2015-2019  (12)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1945-1949
  • Sociology  (12)
  • Political Science
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  • Articles  (12)
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  • 2015-2019  (12)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1945-1949
  • 2020-2022  (23)
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  • 1
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    Implication of environmental factors on the occurrence of pathogens in urban landscape ponds with reclaimed wastewater replenishment (2019)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: One year of continuous observation of bacterial and viral pathogen concentrations in overlying water and sediment of three urban landscape ponds replenished with reclaimed wastewater (RW) ponds was carried out to establish the distribution of pathogens and investigate the effects of environmental factors on that in RW ponds. The pathogens were represented by Escherichia coli and three common viral pathogens (enterovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus). Results indicated that the peak concentrations of pathogens occur from August to October. Pathogens present in sediment should be paid much more attention than those in overlying water, as they mainly contribute to the favorable conditions for survival and regrowth of pathogens in sediments. Cluster and redundancy analyses revealed that the environmental factors of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), organic matter, and water transparency have key impacts on the occurrence of pathogens. This infers that the practical way to reduce pathogenic risks in RW ponds is to control the algae bloom and improve the transparency of water bodies. Furthermore, based on breakpoint regression analyses, the appropriate ranges of Chl-a and transparency are suggested to be less than 57 mg/m3 and greater than 68 cm, respectively, to reduce the concentration of pathogens in urban landscape ponds replenished with RW.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 2
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    Enhancing the circular economy with nature-based solutions in the built urban environment: green building materials, systems and sites (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Description: The objective of this review paper is to survey the state of the art on nature-based solutions (NBS) in the built environment, which can contribute to a circular economy (CE) and counter the negative impacts of urbanization through the provision of ecosystem services. NBS are discussed here at three different levels: (i) green building materials, including biocomposites with plant-based aggregates; (ii) green building systems, employed for the greening of buildings by incorporating vegetation in their envelope; and (iii) green building sites, emphasizing the value of vegetated open spaces and water-sensitive urban design. After introducing the central concepts of NBS and CE as they are manifested in the built environment, we examine the impacts of urban development and the historical use of materials, systems and sites which can offer solutions to these problems. In the central section of the paper we present a series of case studies illustrating the development and implementation of such solutions in recent years. Finally, in a brief critical analysis we look at the ecosystem services and disservices provided by NBS in the built environment, and examine the policy instruments which can be leveraged to promote them in the most effective manner – facilitating the future transition to fully circular cities.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 3
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    The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuffs and sanitized compost using new international building codes for compost toilet and urine diversion systems (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems, resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 4
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    Reduction of chlorate and regeneration of activated carbon used for chlorate adsorption (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Activated carbon (AC) from coal, coconut and palm kernel shell was regenerated after adsorbing chlorate from chlor-alkali plant brine solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) of 17% w/w concentration showed the ability to regenerate AC, with some chlorine gas being released. Regeneration with HCl yielded enhanced adsorption of chlorate. AC from coconut shell adsorbed chlorate better than coal and palm kernel shell AC. Higher chlorate concentration in the influent and lower influent pH resulted in better adsorption. Regeneration of the AC with 17% w/w HCl reduced chlorate to chlorine derivatives. The AC released 107 mg/g of chlorine during the first regeneration and 160–178 mg/g after the second regeneration. During regeneration, coal AC released the highest amount of chlorine at 0.51–0.59 mg/g of chlorate adsorbed followed by palm kernel shell with 0.34–0.36 mg/g, while coconut shell AC released 0.18 mg/g. Scanning electron micrograph of the coconut shell AC carried out after each regeneration showed the structure of AC remained intact, with active sites surfacing on the regenerated AC. Using AC for chlorate adsorption followed by regeneration with 17% w/w HCl may reduce the release of brine and chlorate to the environment from chlor-alkali plants.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 5
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    Real time control schemes for improving water quality from bioretention cells (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Extreme weather and the proliferation of impervious areas in urban watersheds increases the frequency of flood events and deepens water quality concerns. Bioretention is a type of green infrastructure practice developed to mitigate these impacts by reducing peak flows, runoff volume, and nutrient loads in stormwater. However, studies have shown inconsistency in the ability of bioretention to manage some pollutants, particularly some forms of nitrogen. Innovative sensor and control technologies are being tested to actively manage urban stormwater, primarily in open water stormwater systems such as wet ponds. Through these cyber-physical controls, it may be possible to optimize storage time and/or soil moisture dynamics within bioretention cells to create more favorable conditions for water quality improvements. A column study testing the influence of active control on bioretention system performance was conducted over a 9-week period. Active control columns were regulated based on either maintaining a specific water level or soil moisture content and were compared to free draining (FD) and internal water storage standards. Actively controlled bioretention columns performed similarly, with the soil moisture-based control showing the best performance with over 86% removal of metals and total suspended solids (TSS) while also exhibiting the highest ammonium removal (43%) and second highest nitrate removal (74%). While all column types showed mostly similar TSS and metal removal trends (median 94 and 98%, respectively), traditionally FD and internal water storage configurations promoted aerobic and anaerobic processes, respectively, which suggests that actively controlled systems have greater potential for targeting both processes. The results suggest that active controls can improve upon standard bioretention designs, but further optimization is required to balance the water quality benefits gained by retention time against storage needs for impending storms.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 6
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    The blue-green path to urban flood resilience (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-02
    Description: Achieving urban flood resilience at local, regional and national levels requires a transformative change in planning, design and implementation of urban water systems. Flood risk, wastewater and stormwater management should be re-envisaged and transformed to: ensure satisfactory service delivery under flood, normal and drought conditions, and enhance and extend the useful lives of ageing grey assets by supplementing them with multi-functional Blue-Green infrastructure. The aim of the multidisciplinary Urban Flood Resilience (UFR) research project, which launched in 2016 and comprises academics from nine UK institutions, is to investigate how transformative change may be possible through a whole systems approach. UFR research outputs to date are summarised under three themes. Theme 1 investigates how Blue-Green and Grey (BG + G) systems can be co-optimised to offer maximum flood risk reduction, continuous service delivery and multiple co-benefits. Theme 2 investigates the resource capacity of urban stormwater and evaluates the potential for interoperability. Theme 3 focuses on the interfaces between planners, developers, engineers and beneficiary communities and investigates citizens’ interactions with BG + G infrastructure. Focussing on retrofit and new build case studies, UFR research demonstrates how urban flood resilience may be achieved through changes in planning practice and policy to enable widespread uptake of BG + G infrastructure.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 7
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    N-doped three-dimensional carbon foam as binder-free electrode for organic pollutants removal by electro-Fenton in neutral medium (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Electro-Fenton in neutral medium has attracted more and more attention since it can relieve the costs of H2O2 storage and pH adjustment, which are the major disadvantages limiting the practical applications of Fenton reaction. The electrode with good performance for electrochemical H2O2 production from O2 in neutral medium is of great importance in electro-Fenton. Herein, the N-doped three-dimensional carbon foam (NCF) electrode was obtained by using melamine foam as precursor. The nitrogen functional groups and graphitization degree could be tailored by adjusting the carbonization temperature. NCF1000, the sample carbonized at 1,000 °C, presents the H2O2 selectivity of 81.9%, which is the highest among those of other NCFs. The H2O2 concentration in neutral medium on NCF1000 achieved 0.87 mmol L−1 at −0.6 V, which is 1.8, 2 and 2.6 times as much as those on graphite, carbon cloth and carbon felt. Using as cathode in electro-Fenton, NCF1000 exhibits the kinetic rate of 0.062 min−1 for phenol degradation, which is 4.1 times larger than that on graphite electrode. As well, the performance of NCF1000 shows no visible attenuation after ten times phenol removal experiments, demonstrating its good reusability. These results indicate the potential of NCF as a promising alternative for commercial carbon-based electrode in electro-Fenton.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 8
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    An SDG-based framework for assessing urban stormwater management systems (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Nature-Based Solutions for stormwater management on top of handling water should, ideally, deliver a multitude of other services to society; they are often seen as a lever for transforming cities in a more livable, green, resilient and sustainable direction, and these measures should be acknowledged as part of the services delivered. In this study we assess the services that Nature-Based Solutions for stormwater management deliver with reference to targets and indicators from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; we also develop local, project level indicators that inform and are informed by the more broad Sustainable Development Goals indicators. We demonstrate through Danish cases ranging from lot to city scale that the proposed framework can help inform decision-makers about the sustainability of Nature-Based Solutions for stormwater management. Despite difficulties in matching local indicators to SDG indicators, this first attempt at an assessment framework provides insight on which services of a project help to work towards the Sustainable Development Goals and, if used in the planning phase, could facilitate the design of projects that work focused and informed towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 9
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    Urban agriculture as a keystone contribution towards securing sustainable and healthy development for cities in the future (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-02
    Description: Research and practice during the last 20 years has shown that urban agriculture can contribute to minimising the effects of climate change by, at the same time, improving quality of life in urban areas. In order to do so most effectively, land use and spatial planning are crucial so as to obtain and maintain a supportive green infrastructure and to secure citizens' healthy living conditions. As people today trend more towards living in green and sustainable city centres that can offer fresh and locally produced food, cities become again places for growing food. The scope of urban agriculture thereby is to establish food production sites within the city's sphere; for example, through building-integrated agriculture including concepts such as aquaponics, indoor agriculture, vertical farming, rooftop production, edible walls, as well as through urban farms, edible landscapes, school gardens and community gardens. Embedded in changing urban food systems, the contribution of urban agriculture to creating sustainable and climate-friendly cities is pivotal as it has the capacity to integrate other resource streams such as water, waste and energy. This article describes some of the current aspects of the circular city debate where urban agriculture is pushing forward the development of material and resource cycling in cities.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 10
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    Effective and selective removal of phosphate from water by the Co(II)-based adsorbent (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: In this study, a novel Co(II)-based adsorbent Co-H2L is developed for the removal of phosphate. The batch experiments demonstrate that the Co-H2L possesses preferable ability of phosphate capture from water in mildly acidic to neutral pHs, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 194.44 mg P g−1. Adsorption isotherms for phosphate agree with the Langmuir model, suggesting a monolayer process. The mechanism for phosphate adsorption onto Co-H2L mainly followed the coordination mechanism, and the Co valence electron orbitals play the key role in the phosphate adsorption. In addition, the Co-H2L adsorbent can selectively remove phosphate ions in the presence of the competing ions (Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−) at higher concentrations. Our results therefore indicate that the Co(II)-based adsorbent is expected to find extensive applications in phosphate removal for water management.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 11
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    Fabrication of a novel cyanoethyl cellulose substrate for thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: In this study, cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) was used as a membrane material, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as pore-forming agent to prepare the substrates for the thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane for the first time. The experimental results demonstrate that the properties of the substrates were significantly improved after PVP was added. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that a two-sublayer structure, a fringe-like top sublayer and macrovoids with sponge-like wall bottom sublayer, were formed after the addition of PVP. These improvements contributed to improved membrane performance during FO tests. Meanwhile, after adding PVP, the TFC membranes exhibited good water flux, and excellent specific reverse salt flux. For instance, the TFC-M2 exhibited 9.10/20.67 LMH water flux, 1.35/2.24 gMH reverse salt flux, and 0.15/0.11 g/L specific reverse salt flux in FO/pressure-retarded osmosis mode while using 1 M NaCl as the draw solution and deionized (DI) water as the feed solution.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 12
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    Evaluation of contaminant retention in the soil of sustainable drainage systems: methodological reflections on the determination of sorption isotherms (2019)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Runoff infiltration in Sustainable Drainage Systems enables the interception of a part of urban contaminant fluxes owing to several processes. The soil's ability to retain dissolved pollutants is generally assessed via sorption isotherms obtained from batch studies; however, the experimental points are not always in the same range as runoff concentrations. The present work (i) explores the consequences of modelling runoff–soil interactions from out-of-range equilibrium concentrations and (ii) proposes an improved method to ensure that experimental points fall within the desired range. Uncertainty analysis demonstrates that for a non-linear isotherm, using an extrapolated relationship may introduce significant biases in the ensuing estimations. Therefore, the proposed method consists of anticipating the equilibrium state of batch tests to accurately set the experimental conditions and reach appropriate concentrations. It is successfully applied to the determination of the sorption properties of copper and zinc onto three soils with different electrolyte solutions, as well as those of bisphenol A and three alkylphenols onto one soil. The contrasting affinities between the studied species and the soil materials could be related to their intrinsic properties and the soils' pedological parameters, as well as the presence of salt or dissolved organic ligands which partially inhibited metal sorption.
    Electronic ISSN: 2617-4782
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Sociology , Technology
    Published by IWA Publishing
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