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  • Astronomy  (1,758)
  • 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring
  • 2015-2019  (334)
  • 2000-2004  (1,431)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Campagne di misure gravimetriche ai Campi Flegrei - Rendiconto sull'attività di sorveglianza svolta nel 2013 (1 gennaio - 31 dicembre) (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: INGV- Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: open
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; gravity changes ; Volcano monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.02. Gravity methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 2
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    Unknown
    Monitoring Soil Moisture in an Agricultural Test Site Using SAR Data: Design and Test of a Pre-Operational Procedure (2015)
    IEEE / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An algorithm for pre-operational high resolution soil moisture mapping using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is presented. It has been conceived to be inserted in the operational weather alert system of the Italian Department of Civil Protection. The Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) probability criterion is applied to retrieve soil moisture by inverting a forward backscattering model, and ancillary data such as optical images and land cover maps are also used to identify areas in which the retrieval can be carried out. The well-established semiempirical water cloud model is adopted to correct for the effect of vegetation on SAR data. In anticipation of the use of the algorithm in an operational system, in which the SAR-derived high resolution soil moisture product can be assimilated within weather prediction models or hydrological ones, an uncertainty index is associated to each estimate. The algorithm has been tested on a dataset consisting of ground data gathered for seven years (2003–2010) on an agricultural test site in Northern Italy and radar data provided by the C-band ENVISAT/ ASAR instrument. A comparison, performed at field scale, between estimated and in situ soil moisture data has shown that, by discarding the estimates with the largest uncertainty, the correlation coefficient can exceed 0.80 and the root mean square estimation error is less than 0.05 m /m . Moreover, the uncertainty index has turned out to be fairly correlated to the actual estimation error.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1199 - 1210
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: SAR ; soil moisture ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Design and performance analysis of a piezoelectric generator by Von Karman vortexes for underwater energy harvesting (2015)
    North Sea Conference & Journal
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: With the decrease in energy consumption of electronic sensors, the concept of harvesting renewable energy in human surrounding, using piezoelectric technology seems promising to feed small sensors in several environments. The aim of this paper is to design a piezoelectric generators, optimized for magnetic sensors, able to work under the sea or into rivers, which can work with natural water vibrations generated by solid-fluid objects interactions (Von-Karman Vortex) and then to test the effectiveness of the device developing an electronic board to analyze the behavior of the generator.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: energy harvesting; piezoelectricity; Von-Karman Vortex; fluid dynamics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.02. Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Unknown
    A geochemical and stable isotope investigation of groundwater/surface-water interactions in the Velenje Basin, Slovenia (2015)
    Springer-Verlag Germany
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The geochemical and isotopic composition of surface waters and groundwater in the Velenje Basin, Slovenia, was investigated seasonally to determine the relationship between major aquifers and surface waters, water–rock reactions, relative ages of groundwater, and biogeochemical processes. Groundwater in the Triassic aquifer is dominated by HCO3 –, Ca2+, Mg2+ and δ13CDIC indicating degradation of soil organic matter and dissolution of carbonate minerals, similar to surface waters. In addition, groundwater in the Triassic aquifer has δ18O and δD values that plot near surface waters on the local and global meteoric water lines, and detectable tritium, likely reflecting recent (〈50 years) recharge. In contrast, groundwater in the Pliocene aquifers is enriched in Mg2+, Na+ , Ca2+, K+, and Si, and has high alkalinity and δ13CDIC values, with low SO4 2– and NO3 – concentrations. These waters have likely been influenced by sulfate reduction and microbial methanogenesis associated with coal seams and dissolution of feldspars and Mg-rich clay minerals. Pliocene aquifer waters are also depleted in 18O and 2H, and have 3H concentrations near the detection limit, suggesting these waters are older, had a different recharge source, and have not mixed extensively with groundwater in the Triassic aquifer.
    Description: Projects Z1-2052 and L1-5451 funded by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) and the Velenje coalmine D.D.
    Description: Published
    Description: 971-984
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Hydrogeochemistry . Stable isotopes . Groundwater/surface-water relations . Groundwater age . Slovenia ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.02. Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Unknown
    ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS: AD MAJORA (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Annals of Geophysics (ISSN: 1593-5213; from 2010, 2037-416X) is a bimonthly international journal, which publishes scientific papers in the field of geophysics sensu lato. It derives from Annali di Geofisica (ISSN: 0365-2556), which commenced publication in January 1948 as a quarterly periodical devoted to general geophysics, seismology, Earth magnetism, and atmospheric studies....
    Description: Published
    Description: E0191
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 5T. Sorveglianza sismica e operatività post-terremoto
    Description: 6T. Sismicità indotta e caratterizzazione sismica dei sistemi naturali
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico e sistemi informatici
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: 6IT. Sale operative
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: editorial ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.01. Composition and Structure ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.05. Radiation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.06. Thermodynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.01. Ion chemistry and composition ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.02. Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.03. Forecasts ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.07. Scintillations ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.01. Interplanetary physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.02. Magnetic storms ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.03. Magnetospheric physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.04. Structure and dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.05. Solar variability and solar wind ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.06. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.01. Active layer ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.02. Cryobiology ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.03. Cryosol ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.04. Periglacial processes ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.05. Seasonally frozen ground ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.06. Thermokarst ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.07. Tundra ; 02. Cryosphere::02.01. Permafrost::02.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.01. Avalanches ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.02. Cryosphere/atmosphere Interaction ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.03. Geomorphology ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.04. Ice ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.05. Ice dynamics ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.06. Mass balance ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.07. Ocean/ice interaction ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.08. Rock glaciers ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.09. Snow ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.10. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.01. Aerosols ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.02. Atmospheric Chemistry ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.03. Climate Indicators ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.04. Ice Core Air Bubbles ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.05. Paleoclimate ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.06. Precipitation ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.07. Teleconnection ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.08. Temperature ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.01. Atmosphere/sea ice/ocean interaction ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.02. Leads ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.03. Polynas ; 02. Cryosphere::02.04. Sea ice::02.04.04. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.01. Analytical and numerical modeling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.02. Equatorial and regional oceanography ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.05. Operational oceanography ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.06. Paleoceanography and paleoclimatology ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.07. Physical and biogeochemical interactions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.01. Channel networks ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.02. Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.05. Models and Forecasts ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.06. Water resources ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.02. General circulation ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.04. Upper ocean and mixed layer processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.05. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.01. Biogeochemical cycles ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.04. Ecosystems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.01. Composition and state ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.03. Mantle and Core dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.02. Gravity methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.03. Heat flow ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.02. Earth rotation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.03. Gravity and isostasy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.04. Gravity anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.02. Geochronology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.01. Dynamo theory ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.02. Geomagnetic field variations and reversals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.03. Global and regional models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.05. Main geomagnetic field ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.09. Environmental magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.01. Continents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.03. Heat generation and transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.08. Volcanic arcs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.04. Hydrogeological data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.05. Collections ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest::05.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.06. Methods::05.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.02. Space weather ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.02. Hydrogeological risk ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    CLEAN SEA project: the test in Lake Vättern (Sweden) (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The CLEAN SEA (Continuous Long-term Environmental and Asset iNtegrity monitoring at SEA) project has been realized by eni e&p and its subsidiary Eni Norge in cooperation with Tecnomare in 2012. The aim of the project is to use a commercially available AUV properly upgraded, installed and operated by SAAB AUV, for the execu- tion of environmental monitoring in offshore zone. We participated to the project performing the environmental characterization of site (Lake Vättern, Sweden) selected for the field test of Clean Sea project, and to providing support to processing the collected data by the payload installed. In detail, in the first phase of the project, we char- acterized the site of interest analyzing the clime, the morphology, and the principal chemical and physical water and environmental parameters on the basis of historical data (meteorology, hydrology, hydrodynamic, wind, ice cover and natural resources of the lake). In the second phase of the project, we processed the oceanographic and environmental data acquired in Lake Vättern during the AUV tests. The tests have been performed in two different areas in the East and West side of the lake. In detail Temperature, Salinity, Methane, Turbidity, Chlorophyll, Col- ored Dissolved Organic Matter, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Oxygen, pH, Oxidation Reduction Potential, Refined Oil and Crude Oil have been acquired in 21 different tests with 4 different mission types, and successively processed and evaluated. The analysis highlights the spatial and temporal variability for each parameter, and allows the comparison with the available historical data.
    Description: Published
    Description: Vienna
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: open
    Keywords: AUV ; Vättern ; environmental monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 7
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    Annual Acoustic Presence of Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Offshore Eastern Sicily, Central Mediterranean Sea (2016)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent years, an increasing number of surveys have definitively confirmed the seasonal presence of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in highly productive regions of the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this, very little is yet known about the routes that the species seasonally follows within the Mediterranean basin and, particularly, in the Ionian area. The present study assesses for the first time fin whale acoustic presence offshore Eastern Sicily (Ionian Sea), throughout the processing of about 10 months of continuous acoustic monitoring. The recording of fin whale vocalizations was made possible by the cabled deep-sea multidisciplinary observatory, “NEMO-SN1”, deployed 25 km off the Catania harbor at a depth of about 2,100 meters. NEMO-SN1 is an operational node of the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory (EMSO) Research Infrastructure. The observatory was equipped with a low-frequency hydrophone (bandwidth: 0.05 Hz–1 kHz, sampling rate: 2 kHz) which continuously acquired data from July 2012 to May 2013. About 7,200 hours of acoustic data were analyzed by means of spectrogram display. Calls with the typical structure and patterns associated to the Mediterranean fin whale population were identified and monitored in the area for the first time. Furthermore, a background noise analysis within the fin whale communication frequency band (17.9–22.5 Hz) was conducted to investigate possible detection-masking effects. The study confirms the hypothesis that fin whales are present in the Ionian Sea throughout all seasons, with peaks in call detection rate during spring and summer months. The analysis also demonstrates that calls were more frequently detected in low background noise conditions. Further analysis will be performed to understand whether observed levels of noise limit the acoustic detection of the fin whales vocalizations, or whether the animals vocalize less in the presence of high background noise.
    Description: Published
    Description: e0141838
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Whales ; Bioacoustics ; Background noise (acoustics) ; Acoustic signals ; Sperm whales ; Vocalization ; Acoustics ; Data acquisition ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    [Perspective] When the universe became dusty (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Observations of the most distant galaxies known are now reaching into the epoch when the first generations of stars were being formed. As stars are the main factories of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, one also expects to see a reduced abundance of these heavy elements and of the dust that condenses out of them. Recent observations of galaxies within 1 billion years of the Big Bang have shown that the far-infrared (far-IR) emission from dust in these galaxies indeed becomes fainter. Also, the usually strong far-IR emission line from ionized carbon remains undetected in an increasing number of galaxies of redshift z 〉 7 (1–3). Hence, it has been assumed that detailed studies of the interstellar medium (ISM) in these galaxies will be very challenging, even with the powerful Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). On page 1559 of this issue, Inoue et al. (4) detect doubly ionized oxygen at a rest wavelength of 88 µm from a galaxy at z = 7.2, where neither dust nor ionized carbon was detected. The oxygen to far-ultraviolet luminosity ratio in this galaxy is similar to nearby dwarf galaxies with an oxygen abundance of 10 to 60% that of the Sun (5), which suggests that some substantial chemical enrichment has already occurred. However, the similarities stop there; in dwarf galaxies, the dust and ionized carbon lines are not as faint. It appears that the dust in this young galaxy may not have formed yet, or that it was destroyed, for example, by supernova shock waves. Author: Carlos De Breuck
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Perspective] Making sense of the exoplanet zoo (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-13
    Description: The regions around stars on length and mass scales similar to that of our own solar system are relatively new to human exploration. In the two decades since “substellar objects,” things less massive than stars, were discovered orbiting stars other than the Sun, the single most certain statement about them has been “expect the unexpected.” On page 673 of this issue, Wagner et al. (1) reinforce that statement by reporting on the detection of a substellar object orbiting within a triplestar system. Author: Rebecca Oppenheimer
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    [Perspective] Connecting the dots in magnetic reconnection (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: That plasmas don't mix well is a key aspect of this magnetized, highly conducting fourth state of matter. Magnetized plasmas are ubiquitous in our solar system, in astrophysics, and in the lab. The same fundamental process is common to solar flares, coronal mass ejections, the solar wind, the magnetospheres of Earth and other planets, comet tails, magnetars, and tokamaks. We know that plasma regions with embedded magnetic fields actually do spontaneously mix via the process of magnetic reconnection, with explosive results—we see the effects of particle acceleration in the aurora and solar energetic particles. On page 1189 of this issue, Burch et al. (1) present results that help shed light on the process of magnetic reconnection. They have probed a magnetic reconnection site in Earth's magnetosphere using a constellation of four spacecraft in close proximity, with unprecedentedly fast electron measurements to reveal what triggers reconnection and the vital role that electrons play on the small scale. Author: Andrew J. Coates
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Origin of the radionuclides 92Nb and 146Sm [Astronomy] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-27
    Description: The abundances of 92Nb and 146Sm in the early solar system are determined from meteoritic analysis, and their stellar production is attributed to the p process. We investigate if their origin from thermonuclear supernovae deriving from the explosion of white dwarfs with mass above the Chandrasekhar limit is in agreement...
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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    Radar evidence for liquid surfaces on Titan (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Arecibo radar observations of Titan at 13-centimeter wavelength indicate that most of the echo power is in a diffusely scattered component but that a small specular component is present for about 75% of the subearth locations observed. These specular echoes have properties consistent with those expected for areas of liquid hydrocarbons. Knowledge of the areal extent and depth of any deposits of liquid hydrocarbons could strongly constrain the history of Titan's atmosphere and surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, Donald B -- Black, Gregory J -- Carter, Lynn M -- Ostro, Steven J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):431-4. Epub 2003 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center and Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. campbell@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Hydrocarbons ; Ice ; Radar ; *Saturn ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Taiwan. Researchers say new institutes offer them a chance 'to do good science' (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1165.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics ; Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Chloroplasts/genetics ; Drosophila/genetics ; Interferometry ; *Molecular Biology/economics ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; *Research/economics ; Research Support as Topic ; Taiwan
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Breakthrough of the year. Peering into 2002 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Computer Simulation ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron ; Optics and Photonics ; Proteins/physiology ; Proteome ; *Research ; *Science ; Stem Cells
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 15
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    Isotope geochemistry. The origin of water on earth (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Robert, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1056-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Atmosphere ; Deuterium ; *Earth (Planet) ; *Evolution, Planetary ; *Hydrogen ; Mars ; *Meteoroids ; Silicates/chemistry ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Nobel century. Prizewinners, no--but not losers (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):292-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomy ; Biological Evolution ; Ecology ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; *Nobel Prize ; Psychology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Breakthrough of the year. Scorecard '99 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2223.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Computing Methodologies ; Ecosystem ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Molecular Biology ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology ; *Research/trends
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2297-303.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biological Evolution ; Cosmic Radiation ; Elementary Particles ; Genome ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Lasers ; Light ; Microwaves ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Optics and Photonics ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology ; Rod Opsins/physiology ; *Science ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Temperature ; Tomography/methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 19
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    Mount Graham. Report finds squirrels survived 3 telescopes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muro, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):228.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arizona ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Population Dynamics ; *Sciuridae
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2239-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Eukaryotic Cells ; Genome ; Memory ; Nuclear Physics ; Photons ; *Research ; Ribosomes/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 21
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Science recognizes nine other major discoveries on scales ranging from the cosmic to the quantum: Ribosome Revelations Fossil Find One Word--Organics New Cells for Old Water, Water, Everywhere Cosmic BOOMERANG Good Reception So NEAR ... Quantum Curiosities〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2221-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Cloning, Organism ; Electronics ; Humans ; Plastics ; Quantum Theory ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology ; *Research ; Ribosomes/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Stem Cells ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
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    Machine learning for science: state of the art and future prospects (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: Recent advances in machine learning methods, along with successful applications across a wide variety of fields such as planetary science and bioinformatics, promise powerful new tools for practicing scientists. This viewpoint highlights some useful characteristics of modern machine learning methods and their relevance to scientific applications. We conclude with some speculations on near-term progress and promising directions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mjolsness, E -- DeCoste, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2051-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Machine Learning Systems Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA. mjolsness@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Cluster Analysis ; *Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Robotics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Breakthrough of the year. Scorecard 2002 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2299.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Genetics, Medical ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Optics and Photonics ; Proteomics ; *Science ; Stem Cells
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Breakthrough of the year. Areas to watch in 2003 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biological Evolution ; Budgets ; Climate ; Elementary Particles ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; Science/economics/*trends
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    An expanding radio jet from a destroyed star (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A dust-enshrouded tidal disruption event with a resolved radio jet in a galaxy merger (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Description: Tidal disruption events (TDEs) are transient flares produced when a star is ripped apart by the gravitational field of a supermassive black hole (SMBH). We have observed a transient source in the western nucleus of the merging galaxy pair Arp 299 that radiated 〉1.5 x 10 52 erg at infrared and radio wavelengths but was not luminous at optical or x-ray wavelengths. We interpret this as a TDE with much of its emission reradiated at infrared wavelengths by dust. Efficient reprocessing by dense gas and dust may explain the difference between theoretical predictions and observed luminosities of TDEs. The radio observations resolve an expanding and decelerating jet, probing the jet formation and evolution around a SMBH.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Mergers drive a powerful dusty quasar (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    The multiple merger assembly of a hyperluminous obscured quasar at redshift 4.6 (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Description: Galaxy mergers and gas accretion from the cosmic web drove the growth of galaxies and their central black holes at early epochs. We report spectroscopic imaging of a multiple merger event in the most luminous known galaxy, WISE J224607.56–052634.9 (W2246–0526), a dust-obscured quasar at redshift 4.6, 1.3 billion years after the Big Bang. Far-infrared dust continuum observations show three galaxy companions around W2246–0526 with disturbed morphologies, connected by streams of dust likely produced by the dynamical interaction. The detection of tidal dusty bridges shows that W2246–0526 is accreting its neighbors, suggesting that merger activity may be a dominant mechanism through which the most luminous galaxies simultaneously obscure and feed their central supermassive black holes.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Explosive origin of a binary neutron star (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 30
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    A hot and fast ultra-stripped supernova that likely formed a compact neutron star binary (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Compact neutron star binary systems are produced from binary massive stars through stellar evolution involving up to two supernova explosions. The final stages in the formation of these systems have not been directly observed. We report the discovery of iPTF 14gqr (SN 2014ft), a type Ic supernova with a fast-evolving light curve indicating an extremely low ejecta mass (0.2 solar masses) and low kinetic energy (2 x 10 50 ergs). Early photometry and spectroscopy reveal evidence of shock cooling of an extended helium-rich envelope, likely ejected in an intense pre-explosion mass-loss episode of the progenitor. Taken together, we interpret iPTF 14gqr as evidence for ultra-stripped supernovae that form neutron stars in compact binary systems.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Escaping atmospheres of extrasolar planets (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-21
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. The glitter of distant seas (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: It has long been known that Saturn's largest moon, Titan, has a thick nitrogen atmosphere, which obscures the underlying surface. In his Perspective, Lorenz highlights the report by Campbell et al., who have used the giant Arecibo and Green Bank radio telescopes as a radar to probe Titan's hidden surface. The surface appears to be distinct from those of the icy satellites of Jupiter, in both brightness and polarization. The new data show sharp spikes in the reflected microwave spectrum, indicating large, smooth areas of radar-dark material. These features suggest the widespread existence of lakes or seas of liquid hydrocarbons on Titan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorenz, Ralph -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):403-4. Epub 2003 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. rlorenz@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526089" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Hydrocarbons ; Ice ; Radar ; *Saturn ; Water
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    Formation of planets: disks or cores? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lunine, Jonathan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):462; author reply 462.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; *Evolution, Planetary ; Jupiter
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    Breakthrough of the year. Scorecard 2002 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2041.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Climate ; Elementary Particles ; Forecasting ; Genomics ; Research Support as Topic ; Science/*trends
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  • 35
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    American Astronomical Society meeting. When do planets form? Inquiring astronomers want to know (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Irion, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1498.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; *Evolution, Planetary
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2039-45.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14700029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Climate ; Germ Cells/cytology/physiology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/etiology/genetics ; Neoplasms/blood supply/drug therapy ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; RNA, Antisense ; *Science/trends ; Stem Cells/physiology ; Y Chromosome/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    [In Depth] Kepler enlists relativity to find planets (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: Back in business after a heart-stopping near-shutdown in April, NASA's Kepler space telescope is about to begin an 80-day campaign to search for exoplanets using a novel technique. Called gravitational microlensing, it's based on Einstein's discovery that gravity bends light. That means massive objects in space can act as lenses, focusing the light from objects even farther from Earth. Astronomers have found many cases in which galaxies distort the images of quasars. Microlensing works on a much smaller scale: Individual stars or planets focus the light of more distant stars, making the background star appear to grow brighter and then dim again. By measuring those rising and falling "light curves," Kepler will give astronomers valuable information about planets orbiting other stars—including exoplanets in far-out orbits that other techniques can't detect—and even free-floating planets that don't orbit stars at all. Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    [Perspective] An odd one out (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Most stars in the universe are in the process of burning hydrogen into helium via nuclear fusion deep inside their cores, which powers their luminosity and provides the thermal pressure that stops them from collapsing under their own weight. Stars end their lives once the nuclear fuel runs out, at which point they will either explode in a supernova, or, much more commonly, shed most of their mass and leave behind a white dwarf. On page 67 of this issue, Kepler et al. (1) announce the identification of a white dwarf called SDSSJ1240+6710 that has an almost pure oxygen atmosphere, diluted only by traces of neon, magnesium, and silicon. This white dwarf challenges the textbook wisdom of single stellar evolution and may provide a link to some of the types of supernovae discovered over the past decade. Author: Boris Gänsicke
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Large galaxy found lurking on the Milky Way's far side (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-16
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Clues from gamma rays on the history of star birth (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Gamma rays reveal the Universe's history (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    A gamma-ray determination of the Universes star formation history (2018)
    The Fermi-LAT Collaboration, Abdollahi, Ackermann, Ajello, Atwood, Baldini, Ballet, Barbiellini, Bastieri, Gonzalez, Bellazzini, Bissaldi, Blandford, Bloom, Bonino, Bottacini, Buson, Bregeon, Bruel, Buehler, Cameron, Caputo, Caraveo, Cavazzuti, Charles, Chen, Cheung, Chiaro, Ciprini, Cohen-Tanugi, Cominsky, Conrad, Costantin, Cutini, DAmmando, de Palma, Desai, Digel, Di Lalla, Di Mauro, Di Venere, Dominguez, Favuzzi, Fegan, Finke, Franckowiak, Fukazawa, Funk, Fusco, Romero, Gargano, Gasparrini, Giglietto, Giordano, Giroletti, Green, Grenier, Guillemot, Guiriec, Hartmann, Hays, Helgason, Horan, Johannesson, Kocevski, Kuss, Larsson, Latronico, Li, Longo, Loparco, Lott, Lovellette, Lubrano, Madejski, Magill, Maldera, Manfreda, Marcotulli, Mazziotta, McEnery, Meyer, Michelson, Mizuno, Monzani, Morselli, Moskalenko, Negro, Nuss, Ojha, Omodei, Orienti, Orlando, Ormes, Palatiello, Paliya, Paneque, Perkins, Persic, Pesce-Rollins, Petrosian, Piron, Porter, Primack, Principe, Raino, Rando, Razzano, Razzaque, Reimer, Reimer, Parkinson, Sgro, Siskind, Spandre, Spinelli, Suson, Tajima, Takahashi, Thayer, Tibaldo, Torres, Torresi, Tosti, Tramacere, Troja, Valverde, Vianello, Vogel, Wood, Zaharijas
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Description: The light emitted by all galaxies over the history of the Universe produces the extragalactic background light (EBL) at ultraviolet, optical, and infrared wavelengths. The EBL is a source of opacity for gamma rays via photon-photon interactions, leaving an imprint in the spectra of distant gamma-ray sources. We measured this attenuation using 739 active galaxies and one gamma-ray burst detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. This allowed us to reconstruct the evolution of the EBL and determine the star formation history of the Universe over 90% of cosmic time. Our star formation history is consistent with independent measurements from galaxy surveys, peaking at redshift z ~ 2. Upper limits of the EBL at the epoch of reionization suggest a turnover in the abundance of faint galaxies at z ~ 6.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Hopes for the year ahead (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez-Capetillo, Oscar -- Yan, Nieng -- Dionne, Jen -- Bassett, Danielle -- Sebastian, Suchitra -- Hendon, Christine -- Schlichting, Hilke -- Baker, Monya -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 1;517(7532):111-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25568916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Factors ; Aging/genetics ; Astronomy ; Biomedical Engineering/trends ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; DNA Damage ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Humans ; Interdisciplinary Communication ; Interdisciplinary Studies ; Nanostructures/radiation effects ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Neurosciences/trends ; Planets ; Research/*trends ; *Research Personnel/psychology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Fast molecular outflow from a dusty star-forming galaxy in the early Universe (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-07
    Description: Galaxies grow inefficiently, with only a small percentage of the available gas converted into stars each free-fall time. Feedback processes, such as outflowing winds driven by radiation pressure, supernovae, or supermassive black hole accretion, can act to halt star formation if they heat or expel the gas supply. We report a molecular outflow launched from a dust-rich star-forming galaxy at redshift 5.3, 1 billion years after the Big Bang. The outflow reaches velocities up to 800 kilometers per second relative to the galaxy, is resolved into multiple clumps, and carries mass at a rate within a factor of 2 of the star formation rate. Our results show that molecular outflows can remove a large fraction of the gas available for star formation from galaxies at high redshift.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    NASA to pay private space companies for moon rides (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    365 days: Nature's 10 (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):459-67. doi: 10.1038/528459a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26701036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism ; Astronomy ; Benzylisoquinolines/chemistry/metabolism ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics ; Diplomacy ; Electric Conductivity ; Electronics/instrumentation ; Embryo Research/ethics ; Genetic Engineering/ethics ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Genomics ; Global Warming/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Human Migration/history ; Humans ; Iran ; Language/history ; Nanotubes, Carbon ; Nuclear Weapons/legislation & jurisprudence ; Paris ; Pluto ; Prejudice ; Psychology/standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reproductive Medicine/ethics ; Sexual Harassment/prevention & control ; Space Flight/economics/trends ; Synthetic Biology/methods ; Temperature ; Yeasts/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    NASA to launch asteroid-sampling mission (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-02
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    An unusual white dwarf star may be a surviving remnant of a subluminous Type Ia supernova (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Description: Subluminous Type Ia supernovae, such as the Type Iax–class prototype SN 2002cx, are described by a variety of models such as the failed detonation and partial deflagration of an accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarf star or the explosion of an accreting, hybrid carbon-oxygen-neon core. These models predict that bound remnants survive such events with, according to some simulations, a high kick velocity. We report the discovery of a high proper motion, low-mass white dwarf (LP 40-365) that travels at a velocity greater than the Galactic escape velocity and whose peculiar atmosphere is dominated by intermediate-mass elements. Strong evidence indicates that this partially burnt remnant was ejected following a subluminous Type Ia supernova event. This supports the viability of single-degenerate supernova progenitors.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Unusual star may be supernova debris (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    [In Depth] Global telescope gears up to image black holes (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: Last year researchers "heard" black holes for the first time, when they detected the gravitational waves unleashed as two of them crashed together and merged. Now, they want to see a black hole, or at least its silhouette. Next month, astronomers will harness radio telescopes across the globe to create the equivalent of a single Earth-spanning dish—an instrument powerful enough, they hope, to image black holes backlit by the incandescent gas swirling around them. Their targets are the supermassive black hole at the heart of our Milky Way galaxy, known as Sagittarius A*, and an even bigger one in the neighboring galaxy M87. Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Is the Sun a solar-type star? (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-14
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 52
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    Making the first supermassive black holes (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-30
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 53
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    Supersonic gas streams enhance the formation of massive black holes in the early universe (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-30
    Description: The origin of super-massive black holes in the early universe remains poorly understood. Gravitational collapse of a massive primordial gas cloud is a promising initial process, but theoretical studies have difficulty growing the black hole fast enough. We report numerical simulations of early black hole formation starting from realistic cosmological conditions. Supersonic gas motions left over from the Big Bang prevent early gas cloud formation until rapid gas condensation is triggered in a protogalactic halo. A protostar is formed in the dense, turbulent gas cloud, and it grows by sporadic mass accretion until it acquires 34,000 solar masses. The massive star ends its life with a catastrophic collapse to leave a black hole—a promising seed for the formation of a monstrous black hole.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Mapping spiral structure on the far side of the Milky Way (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-13
    Description: Little is known about the portion of the Milky Way lying beyond the Galactic center at distances of more than 9 kiloparsec from the Sun. These regions are opaque at optical wavelengths because of absorption by interstellar dust, and distances are very large and hard to measure. We report a direct trigonometric parallax distance of 20.4–2.2+2.8 kiloparsec obtained with the Very Long Baseline Array to a water maser source in a region of active star formation. These measurements allow us to shed light on Galactic spiral structure by locating the Scutum-Centaurus spiral arm as it passes through the far side of the Milky Way and to validate a kinematic method for determining distances in this region on the basis of transverse motions.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 55
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    Measuring the far side of the Galaxy (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-13
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Meteorite divide points to solar system chaos (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-30
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    B612 plans asteroid hunt with fleet of small satellites (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-25
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Exploring exoplanets (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-17
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Early spectra of the gravitational wave source GW170817: Evolution of a neutron star merger (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: On 17 August 2017, Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a) was discovered as the optical counterpart of the binary neutron star gravitational wave event GW170817. We report time-series spectroscopy of SSS17a from 11.75 hours until 8.5 days after the merger. Over the first hour of observations, the ejecta rapidly expanded and cooled. Applying blackbody fits to the spectra, we measured the photosphere cooling from 11,000–900+3400 to 9300–300+300 kelvin, and determined a photospheric velocity of roughly 30% of the speed of light. The spectra of SSS17a began displaying broad features after 1.46 days and evolved qualitatively over each subsequent day, with distinct blue (early-time) and red (late-time) components. The late-time component is consistent with theoretical models of r-process–enriched neutron star ejecta, whereas the blue component requires high-velocity, lanthanide-free material.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    A radio counterpart to a neutron star merger (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: Gravitational waves have been detected from a binary neutron star merger event, GW170817. The detection of electromagnetic radiation from the same source has shown that the merger occurred in the outskirts of the galaxy NGC 4993, at a distance of 40 megaparsecs from Earth. We report the detection of a counterpart radio source that appears 16 days after the event, allowing us to diagnose the energetics and environment of the merger. The observed radio emission can be explained by either a collimated ultrarelativistic jet, viewed off-axis, or a cocoon of mildly relativistic ejecta. Within 100 days of the merger, the radio light curves will enable observers to distinguish between these models, and the angular velocity and geometry of the debris will be directly measurable by very long baseline interferometry.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the optical counterpart to a gravitational wave source (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: On 17 August 2017, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo interferometer detected gravitational waves (GWs) emanating from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817. Nearly simultaneously, the Fermi and INTEGRAL (INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory) telescopes detected a gamma-ray transient, GRB 170817A. At 10.9 hours after the GW trigger, we discovered a transient and fading optical source, Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), coincident with GW170817. SSS17a is located in NGC 4993, an S0 galaxy at a distance of 40 megaparsecs. The precise location of GW170817 provides an opportunity to probe the nature of these cataclysmic events by combining electromagnetic and GW observations.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    GROWTH observations of GW170817 (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova (2017)
    Evans, P. A., Cenko, S. B., Kennea, J. A., Emery, S. W. K., Kuin, N. P. M., Korobkin, O., Wollaeger, R. T., Fryer, C. L., Madsen, K. K., Harrison, F. A., Xu, Y., Nakar, E., Hotokezaka, K., Lien, A., Campana, S., Oates, S. R., Troja, E., Breeveld, A. A., Marshall, F. E., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Cusumano, G., DAi, A., DAvanzo, P., DElia, V., de Pasquale, M., Even, W. P., Fontes, C. J., Forster, K., Garcia, J., Giommi, P., Grefenstette, B., Gronwall, C., Hartmann, D. H., Heida, M., Hungerford, A. L., Kasliwal, M. M., Krimm, H. A., Levan, A. J., Malesani, D., Melandri, A., Miyasaka, H., Nousek, J. A., OBrien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., Pagani, C., Page, K. L., Palmer, D. M., Perri, M., Pike, S., Racusin, J. L., Rosswog, S., Siegel, M. H., Sakamoto, T., Sbarufatti, B., Tagliaferri, G., Tanvir, N. R., Tohuvavohu, A.
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: With the first direct detection of merging black holes in 2015, the era of gravitational wave (GW) astrophysics began. A complete picture of compact object mergers, however, requires the detection of an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. We report ultraviolet (UV) and x-ray observations by Swift and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array of the EM counterpart of the binary neutron star merger GW170817. The bright, rapidly fading UV emission indicates a high mass (0.03 solar masses) wind-driven outflow with moderate electron fraction ( Y e 0.27). Combined with the x-ray limits, we favor an observer viewing angle of 30° away from the orbital rotation axis, which avoids both obscuration from the heaviest elements in the orbital plane and a direct view of any ultrarelativistic, highly collimated ejecta (a -ray burst afterglow).
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: On 17 August 2017, gravitational waves (GWs) were detected from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817, along with a coincident short gamma-ray burst, GRB 170817A. An optical transient source, Swope Supernova Survey 17a (SSS17a), was subsequently identified as the counterpart of this event. We present ultraviolet, optical, and infrared light curves of SSS17a extending from 10.9 hours to 18 days postmerger. We constrain the radioactively powered transient resulting from the ejection of neutron-rich material. The fast rise of the light curves, subsequent decay, and rapid color evolution are consistent with multiple ejecta components of differing lanthanide abundance. The late-time light curve indicates that SSS17a produced at least ~0.05 solar masses of heavy elements, demonstrating that neutron star mergers play a role in rapid neutron capture (r-process) nucleosynthesis in the universe.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    NASA weighs trimming WFIRST to hold down costs (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-27
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Middleweight black holes found at last (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Comment on "An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Description: Schneider et al . (Reports, 5 January 2018, p. 69) used an ad hoc statistical method in their calculation of the stellar initial mass function. Adopting an improved approach, we reanalyze their data and determine a power-law exponent of 2.05–0.13+0.14 . Alternative assumptions regarding dataset completeness and the star formation history model can shift the inferred exponent to 2.11–0.17+0.19 and 2.15–0.13+0.13 , respectively.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Response to Comment on "An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-27
    Description: Farr and Mandel reanalyze our data, finding initial mass function slopes for high-mass stars in 30 Doradus that agree with our results. However, their reanalysis appears to underpredict the observed number of massive stars. Their technique results in more precise slopes than in our work, strengthening our conclusion that there is an excess of massive stars (〉30 solar masses) in 30 Doradus.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Using quasar pairs to measure smoothness (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    [In Depth] As Hawaii deliberates, giant telescope considers new home (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-14
    Description: State could prove inhospitable even if TMT wins permit Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Multiple images of a type Ia supernova (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Measurement of the small-scale structure of the intergalactic medium using close quasar pairs (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Description: The distribution of diffuse gas in the intergalactic medium (IGM) imprints a series of hydrogen absorption lines on the spectra of distant background quasars known as the Lyman-α forest. Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations predict that IGM density fluctuations are suppressed below a characteristic scale where thermal pressure balances gravity. We measured this pressure-smoothing scale by quantifying absorption correlations in a sample of close quasar pairs. We compared our measurements to hydrodynamical simulations, where pressure smoothing is determined by the integrated thermal history of the IGM. Our findings are consistent with standard models for photoionization heating by the ultraviolet radiation backgrounds that reionized the universe.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Description: We report the discovery of a multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova, iPTF16geu (SN 2016geu), at redshift z = 0.409. This phenomenon was identified because the light from the stellar explosion was magnified more than 50 times by the curvature of space around matter in an intervening galaxy. We used high-spatial-resolution observations to resolve four images of the lensed supernova, approximately 0.3 arc seconds from the center of the foreground galaxy. The observations probe a physical scale of ~1 kiloparsec, smaller than is typical in other studies of extragalactic gravitational lensing. The large magnification and symmetric image configuration imply close alignment between the lines of sight to the supernova and to the lens. The relative magnifications of the four images provide evidence for substructures in the lensing galaxy.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    [In Depth] U.S. observers seek a more perfect union (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-03
    Description: The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is aiming to merge some functions of its three largest optical observatories within a new body called the National Center for Optical and Infrared Astronomy. The new center would provide services to the Gemini Observatory (with twin 8.1-meter telescopes in Hawaii and Chile), the National Optical Astronomy Observatory with a handful of telescopes in Chile and the United States, and the still-rising Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, an 8.4-meter instrument in Chile. The fact that all three receive significant funding from NSF but each is governed by an entirely separate organization is emblematic of the fractured nature of U.S. astronomy. By pooling many functions, NSF hopes to make better use of available expertise and achieve economies of scale while preserving independent scientific operations. Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-05
    Description: The 30 Doradus star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby analog of large star-formation events in the distant universe. We determined the recent formation history and the initial mass function (IMF) of massive stars in 30 Doradus on the basis of spectroscopic observations of 247 stars more massive than 15 solar masses ( M ). The main episode of massive star formation began about 8 million years (My) ago, and the star-formation rate seems to have declined in the last 1 My. The IMF is densely sampled up to 200 M and contains 32 ± 12% more stars above 30 M than predicted by a standard Salpeter IMF. In the mass range of 15 to 200 M , the IMF power-law exponent is 1.90–0.26+0.37 , shallower than the Salpeter value of 2.35.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Galaxy motions cause trouble for cosmology (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-03
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Cassini embarks on twilight mission at Saturn (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-15
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Giant radio telescope faces downsizing (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-15
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    [In Depth] Giant radio telescope faces downsizing (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-14
    Description: The spiraling costs of the Square Kilometer Array (SKA), a continent-spanning radio telescope that will ultimately consist of thousands of dishes and antennas deployed across southern Africa and Australia, are forcing planners to scale the observatory back substantially. The project's first phase, known as SKA1, must reduce costs by about 20%, or €150 million, which could mean fewer dishes, fewer frequency bands, or some other economy. When completed, the SKA should detect faint radio waves emitted when the first stars formed in the universe and monitor metronomic radio beacons called pulsars for signs of gravitational waves, among other things. But some fear that the downsizing could threaten the array's scientific promise. Author: Edwin Cartlidge
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    [In Depth] NSF says: Out with the old telescopes, in with the new (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-11
    Description: The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is carrying out an unprecedented yard sale of some older telescopes so that it can save $40 million annually and operate a new generation of observatories. It has already arranged to offload or share costs for five telescopes, saving $12 million a year. But not enough bargain hunters have yet stepped forward to secure a future for two of the agency's most iconic telescopes, the giant radio dishes in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, and Green Bank, West Virginia. On 28 October, NSF released a draft environmental impact statement (EIS) for Arecibo, a first step in assessing the implications of offloading or even closing the telescope, one that signals the agency's seriousness in shedding it. NSF has just begun an EIS for Green Bank, where a few partners have stepped up with outside funding. Even though the funds are not enough to compensate for waning NSF support, the partnerships point to a model for the agency's endangered telescopes. Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    [Perspective] A fast radio boom (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: The mystery of the fast radio bursts (FRBs) continues to deepen. First reported in 2007 (1), FRBs are a few-millisecond-duration flashes of radio waves that appear to be coming from far outside our Milky Way galaxy, possibly from cosmological distances. Astronomers estimate, from the nearly two dozen FRBs seen thus far, that these events occur several thousands of times per day across the whole sky, implying that the phenomenon is surprisingly common in the universe. Of those published, only one has been seen to repeat (2). Although there are presently more published theories on the physical nature of FRBs than there are published sources, the origin of FRBs is still a curious cosmic conundrum. On page 1249 of this issue, Ravi et al. (3) report on the brightest FRB yet detected, FRB 150807, and on its utility for placing constraints on properties of the intergalactic medium. Using the Parkes radio telescope in Australia, the team observed an “exceptionally intense” FRB, weighing in at a booming 120 janskys [the unit of 1 jansky, a favorite of radio astronomers, honors American Karl Jansky (1905–1950), one of the fathers of the field, and amounts to 10−26 watts per square meter per hertz of bandwidth]. Author: Victoria M. Kaspi
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Observing more massive stars (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-05
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Conditions in a black hole outburst (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    A precise measurement of the magnetic field in the corona of the black hole binary V404 Cygni (2017)
    Dallilar, Y., Eikenberry, S. S., Garner, A., Stelter, R. D., Gottlieb, A., Gandhi, P., Casella, P., Dhillon, V. S., Marsh, T. R., Littlefair, S. P., Hardy, L., Fender, R., Mooley, K., Walton, D. J., Fuerst, F., Bachetti, M., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Charcos, M., Edwards, M. L., Lasso-Cabrera, N. M., Marin-Franch, A., Raines, S. N., Ackley, K., Bennett, J. G., Cenarro, A. J., Chinn, B., Donoso, H. V., Frommeyer, R., Hanna, K., Herlevich, M. D., Julian, J., Miller, P., Mullin, S., Murphey, C. H., Packham, C., Varosi, F., Vega, C., Warner, C., Ramaprakash, A. N., Burse, M., Punnadi, S., Chordia, P., Gerarts, A., de Paz Martin, H., Calero, M. M., Scarpa, R., Acosta, S. F., Hernandez Sanchez, W. M., Siegel, B., Perez, F. F., Viera Martin, H. D., Rodriguez Losada, J. A., Nunez, A., Tejero, A., Martin Gonzalez, C. E., Rodriguez, C. C., Molgo, J., Rodriguez, J. E., Caceres, J. I. F., Rodriguez Garcia, L. A., Lopez, M. H., Dominguez, R., Gaggstatter, T., Lavers, A. C., Geier, S., Pessev, P., Sarajedini, A.
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Description: Observations of binary stars containing an accreting black hole or neutron star often show x-ray emission extending to high energies (〉10 kilo­–electron volts), which is ascribed to an accretion disk corona of energetic particles akin to those seen in the solar corona. Despite their ubiquity, the physical conditions in accretion disk coronae remain poorly constrained. Using simultaneous infrared, optical, x-ray, and radio observations of the Galactic black hole system V404 Cygni, showing a rapid synchrotron cooling event in its 2015 outburst, we present a precise 461 ± 12 gauss magnetic field measurement in the corona. This measurement is substantially lower than previous estimates for such systems, providing constraints on physical models of accretion physics in black hole and neutron star binary systems.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Arthur C. Clarke at 100 (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-15
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The Sun spotters (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-14
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Reconciling solar and stellar magnetic cycles with nonlinear dynamo simulations (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-14
    Description: The magnetic fields of solar-type stars are observed to cycle over decadal periods—11 years in the case of the Sun. The fields originate in the turbulent convective layers of stars and have a complex dependency upon stellar rotation rate. We have performed a set of turbulent global simulations that exhibit magnetic cycles varying systematically with stellar rotation and luminosity. We find that the magnetic cycle period is inversely proportional to the Rossby number, which quantifies the influence of rotation on turbulent convection. The trend relies on a fundamentally nonlinear dynamo process and is compatible with the Sun’s cycle and those of other solar-type stars.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Juno swoops around giant Jupiter (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Jupiters magnetosphere and aurorae observed by the Juno spacecraft during its first polar orbits (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Description: The Juno spacecraft acquired direct observations of the jovian magnetosphere and auroral emissions from a vantage point above the poles. Juno’s capture orbit spanned the jovian magnetosphere from bow shock to the planet, providing magnetic field, charged particle, and wave phenomena context for Juno’s passage over the poles and traverse of Jupiter’s hazardous inner radiation belts. Juno’s energetic particle and plasma detectors measured electrons precipitating in the polar regions, exciting intense aurorae, observed simultaneously by the ultraviolet and infrared imaging spectrographs. Juno transited beneath the most intense parts of the radiation belts, passed about 4000 kilometers above the cloud tops at closest approach, well inside the jovian rings, and recorded the electrical signatures of high-velocity impacts with small particles as it traversed the equator.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] Paired stars sculpt nebulae into fanciful shapes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-23
    Description: For decades, astronomers have suspected that planetary nebulae—dazzlingly colorful shrouds of gas cast off by dying stars—owe their weird but often symmetrical shapes to the sculpting magnetic forces of two stars orbiting each other at the nebula's center. Now, a study has helped confirm theorists' picture that many nebulae are the handiwork of binary stars in which the companions orbit each other so closely that they share the same atmosphere. There are more than a thousand known planetary nebulae, and few have the simple, spherical shape that would be expected from a solitary star expelling its outer layers in dying gasps. Instead, they often look like hourglasses or butterflies. The new study identifies eight star systems where the orbital axis for a binary pair lines up with the long axis of symmetry for the nebula—suggesting that theorists were right all along. Author: Joshua Sokol
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Depth] Your self-driving car could kill radio astronomy (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-20
    Description: Add energy-saving streetlights, self-driving cars, and balloon-borne internet services to the threats facing astronomers needing dark skies free of electromagnetic smog. The rise of all three technologies is posing new challenges to ground-based researchers who use the optical and radio spectrum to observe the universe, speakers warned earlier this month at the annual meeting of the American Astronomical Societ in Grapevine, Texas. The main problem with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is not that they are brighter; it's that they are the wrong color. With a large element of blue light, which is preferentially scattered by the atmosphere, LEDs help create more of a light "haze" that obscures the view of telescopes. For radio astronomers, broadcasts at nearby frequencies can fill protected bands with an electromagnetic fog that mars observations. As the sources multiply, astronomers seeking ever-fainter signals from the cosmos are in the position of someone trying to listen to an insect's footsteps while there's a pneumatic drill operating nearby. Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Labview Implementation of Image Processing and Phasing Control for the SIBOA Segmented Mirror Testbed (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: 'NASA is preparing to launch the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). This telescope will be larger than the Hubble Space Telescope, be launched on an Atlas missile rather than the Space Shuttle, have a segmented primary mirror, and be placed in a higher orbit. All these differences pose significant challenges.' This effort addresses the challenge of implementing an algorithm for aligning the segments of the primary mirror during the initial deployment that was designed by Philip Olivier and members of SOMTC (Space Optics Manufacturing Technology Center). The implementation was to be performed on the SIBOA (Systematic Image Based Optical Alignment) test bed. Unfortunately, hardware/software aspect concerning SIBOA and an extended time period for algorithm development prevented testing before the end of the study period. Properties of the digital camera were studied and understood, resulting in the current ability of selecting optimal settings regarding saturation. The study was successful in manually capturing several images of two stacked segments with various relative phases. These images can be used to calibrate the algorithm for future implementation. Currently the system is ready for testing.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Research Reports: 2001 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; XLII-1 - XLII-5; NASA/CR-2002-211840
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    Science Outreach at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: At the end of World War II Duane Deming, an internationally known economist enunciated what later came to be called "Total Quality Management" (TQM). The basic thrust of this economic theory called for companies and governments to identify their customers and to do whatever was necessary to meet their demands and to keep them satisfied. It also called for companies to compete internally. That is, they were to build products that competed with their own so that they were always improving. Unfortunately most U.S. corporations failed to heed this advice. Consequently, the Japanese who actively sought Deming's advice and instituted it in their corporate planning, built an economy that outstripped that of the U.S. for the next three to four decades. Only after U.S. corporations reorganized and fashioned joint ventures which incorporated the tenets of TQM with their Japanese competitors did they start to catch up. Other institutions such as the U.S. government and its agencies and schools face the same problem. While the power of the U.S. government is in no danger of being usurped, its agencies and schools face real problems which can be traced back to not heeding Deming's advice. For example, the public schools are facing real pressure from private schools and home school families because they are not meeting the needs of the general public, Likewise, NASA and other government agencies find themselves shortchanged in funding because they have failed to convince the general public that their missions are important. In an attempt to convince the general public that its science mission is both interesting and important, in 1998 the Science Directorate at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) instituted a new outreach effort using the interact to reach the general public as well as the students. They have called it 'Science@NASA'.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Research Reports: 2001 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; XXIX-1 - XXIX-5; NASA/CR-2002-211840
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    On the Nature of the Bright Short-Period X-Ray Source in the Circinus Galaxy Field (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The spectrum and light curve of the bright X-ray source CG X-1 in the field of the Circinus galaxy are reexamined. Previous analyses have concluded that the source is an accreting black hole of mass 〉 or approx. 50 solar masses although it has been noted that the light curve resembles that of an AM Herculis system. Here we show that the short period and an assumed main-sequence companion constrain the mass of the companion to less than 1 solar mass. Furthermore, a possible eclipse seen during one of the Chandra observations and a subsequent XMM-Newton observation constrain the mass of the compact object to less than 60 solar masses. If such a system lies in the Circinus galaxy, then the accreting object must either radiate anisotropically or strongly violate the Eddington limit. Even if the emission is beamed, then the companion star that intercepts this flux during eclipse will be driven out of thermal equilibrium and evaporate within approx. 10(exp 3) yr. We find that the observations cannot rule out an AM Herculis system in the Milky Way and that such a system can account for the variations seen in the light curve.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: The Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 605; 360-367
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    Experimental Validation of a Neuro-Fuzzy Approach to Phasing the SIBOA Segmented Mirror Testbed (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: NASA is preparing to launch the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). This telescope will be larger than the Hubble Space Telescope, be launched on an Atlas missile rather than the Space Shuttle, have a segmented primary mirror, and be placed in a higher orbit. All these differences pose significant challenges. This effort addresses the challenge of aligning the segments of the primary mirror during the initial deployment. The segments need to piston values aligned to within one tenth of a wavelength. The present study considers using a neuro-fuzzy model of the Fraunhofer diffraction theory. The intention of the current study was to experimentally verify the algorithm derived earlier. The experimental study was to be performed on the SIBOA (Systematic Image Based Optical Alignment) test bed. Unfortunately the hardware/software for SIBOA was not ready by the end of the study period. We did succeed in capturing several images of two stacked segments with various relative phases. These images can be used to calibrate the algorithm for future implementation. This effort is a continuation of prior work. The basic effort involves developing a closed loop control algorithm to phase a segmented mirror test bed (SIBOA). The control algorithm is based on a neuro-fuzzy model of SIBOA and incorporates nonlinear observers built from observer banks. This effort involves implementing the algorithm on the SIBOA test bed.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Research Reports: 2001 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; XXXVIII-1 - XXXVIII-5; NASA/CR-2002-211840
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    Image Dis-Integration for Improved Plasmasphere Visualization (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Traditionally, study of the plasmasphere has involved terrestrial observation of local characteristics. Global modeling of the plasmasphere in such an observation regime made use of an ensemble of (sparse) local measurements. Recently, sensors aboard the IMAGE (Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration) satellite (in particular, the EUV (Extreme Ultra Violet) Imager) have created the potential for truly global study of the plasmasphere. IMAGE was launched in spring of 2000 in an orbit with apogee altitude 7.2 RE(Earth radii) and perigee altitude 1000 km. IMAGE's EUV sensor allows an external view of the distribution of cold plasma in the plasmasphere to be acquired. EUV is designed to image light emission at 30.4 nanometers, which is the emission wavelength of the He+ ion in the presence of solar radiation. He+ makes up approximately 15-20% of the plasma in the plasmasphere, thus imaging of He+ enables determination of plasma distribution. The EUV instrument provides a 90 deg by 84 deg field of view which is imaged as an equally spaced 150x140 pixel array on a spherical imaging surface. The EUV produces an image approximately every 10 minutes when the sensor is operating. Since EUV images contain line-of-sight integrations of plasma distributions, they do not directly express equatorial plane density (which would enable comparison of observed plasma distributions with predictions from models). Furthermore, the plasma density at any point in three-space is not known. The goal of our work was development of a technique that can enable plasma density to be determined throughout three-space. Our approach to creation of a three-space representation of the plasma distribution involves disintegrating the EUV lines of sight to form a volumetric map of plasma densities.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Research Reports: 2001 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; XXXVI-1 - XXXVI-5; NASA/CR-2002-211840
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    Far Ultraviolet Astronomy (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-17
    Description: The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) is studying a wide range of astronomical problems in the 905-1187 Angstrom wavelength region through the use of high resolution spectroscopy. The FUSE bandpass forms a nearly optimal complement to the spectral coverage provided by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), which extends down to approximately 1170 Angstroms. The photoionization threshold of atomic hydrogen (911 Angstroms) sets a natural short-wavelength limit for the FUV. FUSE was launched in June 1999 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on a Delta II rocket into a 768 km circular orbit. Scientific observations started later that year. This spectral region is extremely rich in spectral diagnostics of astrophysical gases over a wide range of temperatures (100 K to over 10 million K). Important strong spectral lines in this wavelength range include those of neutral hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon (H I, D I, N I, O I, and Ar I), molecular hydrogen (H2), five-times ionized oxygen (O VI), and several ionization states of sulfur (S III - S VI). These elements are essential for understanding the origin and evolution of the chemical elements, the formation of stars and our Solar System, and the structure of galaxies, including our Milky Way. FUSE is one of NASA's Explorer missions and a cooperative project of NASA and the space agencies of Canada and France. These missions are smaller, more scientifically focused missions than the larger observatories, like Hubble and Chandra. FUSE was designed, built and operated for NASA by the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University. Hundreds of astronomers world-wide are using FUSE for a wide range of scientific research. Some of the important scientific discoveries from the first two years of the mission are described.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Iron K Line Variability in the Low-Luminosity AGN NGC 4579 (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: We present results of new ASCA observations of the low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN) NGC 4579 obtained in 1998 December 18 and 28, and we report on detection of variability of an iron K emission line. The X-ray luminosities in the 2-10 keV band for the two observations are nearly identical, L(sub X) approximately = 2 x 10(exp 4l) ergs/s, but they are approximately 35% larger than that measured in 1995 July by Terashima et al. (1998). An Fe K emission line is detected at 6.39 +/- 0.09 keV (source rest frame) which is lower than the line energy 6.73(sup +0.13, sub -0.12) keV in the 1995 observation. If we fit the Fe lines with a blend of two Gaussians centered at 6.4 keV and 6.73 KeV, the intensity of the 6.7 keV line decreased, while the intensity of the 6.4 keV line increased, within an interval of 3.5 years. This variability rules out thermal plasmas in the host galaxy as the origin of the ionized Fe line in this LLAGN. The detection and variability of the 6.4 keV line suggest that an optically thick standard accretion disk is present and subtends a large solid angle viewed from the nucleus at the Eddington ratio of L(sub Bol)/L(sub Eddington) approximately 2 x 10(exp -3) (Ho 1999). A broad disk-line profile is not clearly seen and the structure of the innermost part of accretion disk remains unclear.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Asteroseismology from Space: The Delta Scuti Star Theta(sup 2) Tauri Monitored by the WIRE Satellite (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-05
    Description: The bright variable star theta(sup 2) Tau was monitored with the star camera on the Wide-Field Infrared Explorer satellite. Twelve independent frequencies were detected down to the 0.5 mmag amplitude level. Their reality was investigated by searching for them using two different algorithms and by some internal checks: both procedures strengthened our confidence in the results. All the frequencies are in the range 10.8-14.6 cd(exp -1). The histogram of the frequency spacings shows that 81% are below 1.8 d; rotation may thus play a role in the mode excitation. The fundamental radial mode is not observed, although it is expected to occur in a region where the noise level is very low (55 mu mag). The rms residual is about two times lower than that usually obtained from successful groundbased multisite campaigns. The comparison of the results of previous campaigns with the new ones establishes the amplitude variability of some modes.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    An Astronomical Test of CCD Photometric Precision (2001)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Ground-based differential photometry is limited to a precision of order 10(exp -3) because of atmospheric effects. A space-based photometer should be limited only by the inherent instrument precision and shot noise. Laboratory tests have shown that a precision of order 10-5 is achievable with commercially available charged coupled devices (CCDs). We have proposed to take this one step further by performing measurements at a telescope using a Wollaston prism as a beam splitter First-order atmospheric effects (e.g., extinction) will appear to be identical in the two images of each star formed by the prism and will be removed in the data analysis. This arrangement can determine the precision that is achievable under the influence of second-order atmospheric effects (e.g., variable point-spread function (PSF) from seeing). These telescopic observations will thus provide a lower limit to the precision that can be realized by a space-based differential photometer.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Third Workshop on Photometry; 95-102; NASA/CP-2000-209614
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