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  • Artikel  (19)
  • Decadal Climate
  • North Atlantic
  • Salinity
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (7)
  • American Geophysical Union  (5)
  • American Meteorological Society  (5)
  • UNESCO  (2)
  • 2015-2019  (8)
  • 2005-2009  (11)
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  • Artikel  (19)
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  • 1
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    Using Temperature–Salinity Relations in a Global Ocean Implementation of a Multivariate Data Assimilation Scheme (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In this paper results from the application of an ocean data assimilation (ODA) system, combining a multivariate reduced-order optimal interpolator (OI) scheme with a global ocean general circulation model (OGCM), are described. The present ODA system, designed to assimilate in situ temperature and salinity observations, has been used to produce ocean reanalyses for the 1962–2001 period. The impact of assimilating observed hydrographic data on the ocean mean state and temporal variability is evaluated. A special focus of this work is on the ODA system skill in reproducing a realistic ocean salinity state. Results from a hierarchy of different salinity reanalyses, using varying combinations of assimilated data and background error covariance structures, are described. The impact of the space and time resolution of the background error covariance parameterization on salinity is addressed.
    Beschreibung: This work has been funded by the ENACT Project (Contract EVK2-CT2001-00117) for A. Bellucci and P. Di Pietro, and partially by the ENSEMBLES Project (Contract GOCE-CT-2003-505539) for A. Bellucci.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3785-3807
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): ocean modelling ; data assimilation ; reanalysis ; upper ocean variability ; temperature ; Salinity ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 2
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    Interannual to Decadal Climate Predictability in the North Atlantic: A Multi-Model-Ensemble Study (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Ensemble experiments are performed with five coupled atmosphere–ocean models to investigate the potential for initial-value climate forecasts on interannual to decadal time scales. Experiments are started from similar model-generated initial states, and common diagnostics of predictability are used. We find that variations in the ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) are potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, a more consistent picture of the surface temperature impact of decadal variations in the MOC is now apparent, and variations of surface air temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean are also potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, albeit with potential skill levels that are less than those seen for MOC variations. This intercomparison represents a step forward in assessing the robustness of model estimates of potential skill and is a prerequisite for the development of any operational forecasting system.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1195-1203
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Decadal Climate ; North Atlantic ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.05. Models and Forecasts ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    The global ocean water cycle in atmospheric reanalysis, satellite, and ocean salinity (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 30 (2017): 3829-3852, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0479.1.
    Beschreibung: This study provides an assessment of the uncertainty in ocean surface (OS) freshwater budgets and variability using evaporation E and precipitation P from 10 atmospheric reanalyses, two combined satellite-based E − P products, and two observation-based salinity products. Three issues are examined: the uncertainty level in the OS freshwater budget in atmospheric reanalyses, the uncertainty structure and association with the global ocean wet/dry zones, and the potential of salinity in ascribing the uncertainty in E − P. The products agree on the global mean pattern but differ considerably in magnitude. The OS freshwater budgets are 129 ± 10 (8%) cm yr−1 for E, 118 ± 11 (9%) cm yr−1 for P, and 11 ± 4 (36%) cm yr−1 for E − P, where the mean and error represent the ensemble mean and one standard deviation of the ensemble spread. The E − P uncertainty exceeds the uncertainty in E and P by a factor of 4 or more. The large uncertainty is attributed to P in the tropical wet zone. Most reanalyses tend to produce a wider tropical rainband when compared to satellite products, with the exception of two recent reanalyses that implement an observation-based correction for the model-generated P over land. The disparity in the width and the extent of seasonal migrations of the tropical wet zone causes a large spread in P, implying that the tropical moist physics and the realism of tropical rainfall remain a key challenge. Satellite salinity appears feasible to evaluate the fidelity of E − P variability in three tropical areas, where the uncertainty diagnosis has a global indication.
    Beschreibung: Primary support for the study is provided by the NOAAModeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections (MAPP) Program’s Climate Reanalysis Task Force (CRTF) through Grant NA13OAR4310106.
    Beschreibung: 2017-11-02
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrologic cycle ; Precipitation ; Evaporation ; Salinity ; Water budget ; Reanalysis data
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 4
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    Centennial changes of the global water cycle in CMIP5 models (2015)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 28 (2015): 6489–6502, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0143.1.
    Beschreibung: The global water cycle is predicted to intensify under various greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Here the nature and strength of the expected changes for the ocean in the coming century are assessed by examining the output of several CMIP5 model runs for the periods 1990–2000 and 2090–2100 and comparing them to a dataset built from modern observations. Key elements of the water cycle, such as the atmospheric vapor transport, the evaporation minus precipitation over the ocean, and the surface salinity, show significant changes over the coming century. The intensification of the water cycle leads to increased salinity contrasts in the ocean, both within and between basins. Regional projections for several areas important to large-scale ocean circulation are presented, including the export of atmospheric moisture across the tropical Americas from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean, the freshwater gain of high-latitude deep water formation sites, and the basin averaged evaporation minus precipitation with implications for interbasin mass transports.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by NASA Grant NNX12AF59GS03.
    Beschreibung: 2016-02-15
    Schlagwort(e): Climate change ; Climate prediction ; Hydrologic cycle ; Salinity ; Water budget ; Water vapor
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Florida Current surface temperature and salinity variability during the last millennium (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography, 21 (2006): PA2009, doi:10.1029/2005PA001218.
    Beschreibung: The salinity and temperature of the Florida Current are key parameters affecting the transport of heat into the North Atlantic, yet little is known about their variability on centennial time scales. Here we report replicated, high-resolution foraminiferal records of Florida Current surface hydrography for the last millennium from two coring sites, Dry Tortugas and the Great Bahama Bank. The oxygen isotopic composition of Florida Current surface water (δ18Ow) near Dry Tortugas increased 0.4‰ during the course of the Little Ice Age (LIA: ~1200-1850 A. D.), equivalent to a salinity increase of 0.8-1.5 psu. On the Great Bahama Bank, where surface waters are influenced by the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, δ18Ow increased by 0.3‰ during the last 200 years. Although a portion (~0.1‰) of this shift may be an artifact of anthropogenically-driven changes in surface water ΣCO2, the remaining δ18Ow signal implies a 0.4 to 1 psu increase in salinity after 200 yr BP. The simplest explanation of the δ18Ow data is southward migration of the Atlantic Hadley circulation during the LIA. Scaling of the δ18Ow records to salinity using the modern low-latitude δ18Ow-S slope produces an unrealistic reversal in the salinity gradient between the two sites. Only if δ18Ow is scaled to salinity using a high-latitude δ18Ow-S slope can the records be reconciled. Changes in atmospheric 14C paralleled shifts in Dry Tortugas δ18Ow, suggesting that variable solar irradiance paced centennialscale ITCZ migration and changes in Florida Current salinity during the last millennium.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by NSF grant OCE-0096469.
    Schlagwort(e): Gulf Stream ; Salinity ; Little Ice Age
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Evidence of multidecadal salinity variability in the eastern tropical North Atlantic (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 21 (2006): PA3010, doi:10.1029/2005PA001257.
    Beschreibung: Ocean circulation and global climate are strongly influenced by seawater density, which is itself controlled by salinity and temperature. Although adequate instrumental sea-surface temperature (SST) records exist for most of the surface oceans over the past 100-150 years, records of salinity really only exist for the last 40-50 years. Here we show that longer proxy records from corals (Siderastrea radians) in the eastern tropical North Atlantic are dominated by multi-decadal variations in salinity which are correlated with the relationship between SST and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) over the course of the 20th century. The data reveal an increase in eastern tropical North Atlantic salinity of +0.5 psu between about 1950-1990. Rather than a monotonic secular increase, as indicated by some instrumental records, the pre-instrumental coral proxy records presented here suggest that salinity in the tropical North Atlantic is periodic on a decadal to multi-decadal scale.
    Schlagwort(e): Salinity ; Tropical North Atlantic ; North Atlantic Oscillation
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Global Temperature-Salinity Profile Programme (GTSPP) - Overview and Future (2008)
    UNESCO
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This document is directed to the scientific research community and users of operational ocean data. It is also intended to provide an example and be a source of information to programmes such as the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) for developing and implementing end-to-end data management systems. The document is also directed towards Member States of IOC. It discusses how Member States can make contributions and how they can benefit from the GTSPP.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: temperature profile, salinity prifile, GTSPP
    Schlagwort(e): Oceanography ; Salinity ; Temperature data ; Temperature measurement ; Ocean circulation ; Salinity ; Salinity data ; Salinity measurement ; Salinity profiles ; Salinity scales
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report
    Format: 33
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  • 8
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    An Ocean Theme for the IGOS Partnership (2008)
    UNESCO
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-30
    Beschreibung: The Integrated Global Observing Strategy Partnership (IGOS-P) established, in 1999, a thematic approach to the implementation of the IGOS. Recognising that other themes will emerge, the “Ocean Theme” was chosen to be the “pathfinder” in this approach and an Ocean Theme Team was assembled to formulate guidance. One goal of the Ocean Theme Team is to consider and study the full range of current and planned observations, while identifying potential gaps in future observations that might compromise ocean observational records. This document presents a proposed set of long-term ocean observations and identifies a number of challenges for the improvement of knowledge about both the oceans and observing techniques. The overall strategy is to create an observing system for the oceans that serves the research and operational oceanographic communities. The set of observations is based on an evaluation of the range of requirements that have already been presented by GOOS, GCOS, and GODAE. The next five years must include development of institutional structures committed to (1) managing the total data flow (in situ as well as satellite); (2) managing the production, distribution and quality assessment of relevant data products; and (3) working with end-users to ensure that the evolving system is responsive to their needs. It is also recognised that observation protocols evolve with time and, therefore, that the stated observational requirements will need to be reviewed in future. It is the recognised applications that ultimately drive the shape of the requirements for the ocean observing system. The observations on which we focus here are needed to address important issues in ocean science, and through combinations of measurements and models, to support the production of an extensive range of products for a broad community of users. The applications are directly linked to societal needs, including among other things numerical weather prediction, seasonal-to-interannual climate forecasts, and climate assessment. The data are needed for deriving fields of information about the ocean and for initialising and validating the models used to derive other products. Aside from observations we also need to improve, through the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) and the Ocean Biology Project, how we assimilate the data into models.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: Ocean Biology, Ocean topography, Gravity, Geold, atmospheric pressure
    Schlagwort(e): Oceanography ; Salinity ; Surface temperature ; Wind vectors ; Sea ice ; Salinity
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
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  • 9
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    Constraining evaporation rates based on large-scale sea surface transects of salinity or isotopic compositions (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 124(2), (2019): 1322-1330, doi:10.1029/2018JC014106.
    Beschreibung: A Lagrangian model is constructed for a surface column of initial height h(0) that propagates at an average speed u and is subject to excess (i.e., net) evaporation of q m/year. It is shown that these parameters combine to form an evaporation length, L = uh(0)/q, which provides an estimate for the distance the column must travel before evaporating completely. While these changes in the surface water level due to evaporation are compensated by entrainment of water into the overall column, the changes in either near‐surface salinity or isotopic compositions are retained and can be measured. Observations of surface salinity and isotopic compositions of δ18O and δD along 1,000‐ to 3,500‐km long transects are used to estimate values of L in the Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, and Gulf Stream. The variations of salinity, δ18O and δD in all four basins are linear. As anticipated, the estimated value of L is smallest in the slowly moving and arid Red Sea and is greatest in the fast‐moving Gulf Stream.
    Beschreibung: The salinity and δ18O data collected aboard the Indian Ocean cruise described in Srivastava et al. (2007) can be accessed at this website (https://www.nodc.noaa.gov). The salinity, δ18O and δD data collected during the Red Sea cruise of the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, described in Steiner et al. (2014) and can be accessed in the supporting information section of doi: 10.1073/pnas.1414323111. H. B. acknowledges the support provided by the Eshkol Foundation of the Israel Ministry of Science.
    Beschreibung: 2019-07-26
    Schlagwort(e): Air-sea interaction ; Evaporation ; Semienclosed basins ; Salinity ; Stable isotopes ; Thermohaline circulation
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 10
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    Implications of North Atlantic sea surface salinity for summer precipitation over the U.S. Midwest : mechanisms and predictive value (2016)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 29 (2016): 3143-3159, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0520.1.
    Beschreibung: Moisture originating from the subtropical North Atlantic feeds precipitation throughout the Western Hemisphere. This ocean-to-land moisture transport leaves its imprint on sea surface salinity (SSS), enabling SSS over the subtropical oceans to be used as an indicator of terrestrial precipitation. This study demonstrates that springtime SSS over the northwestern portion of the subtropical North Atlantic significantly correlates with summertime precipitation over the U.S. Midwest. The linkage between springtime SSS and the Midwest summer precipitation is established through ocean-to-land moisture transport followed by a soil moisture feedback over the southern United States. In the spring, high SSS over the northwestern subtropical Atlantic coincides with a local increase in moisture flux divergence. The moisture flux is then directed toward and converges over the southern United States, which experiences increased precipitation and soil moisture. The increased soil moisture influences the regional water cycle both thermodynamically and dynamically, leading to excessive summer precipitation in the Midwest. Thermodynamically, the increased soil moisture tends to moisten the lower troposphere and enhances the meridional humidity gradient north of 36°N. Thus, more moisture will be transported and converged into the Midwest by the climatological low-level wind. Dynamically, the increases in soil moisture over the southern United States enhance the west–east soil moisture gradient eastward of the Rocky Mountains, which can help to intensify the Great Plains low-level jet in the summer, converging more moisture into the Midwest. Owing to these robust physical linkages, the springtime SSS outweighs the leading SST modes in predicting the Midwest summer precipitation and significantly improves rainfall prediction in this region.
    Beschreibung: L. L. is supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), with funding provided by the Ocean and Climate Change Institute (OCCI). R. W. S. is supported by NASA Grant NNX12AF59G S03 and NSF Grant OCE-1129646. C. C. U. is supported by NSF Grant AGS-1355339. K. B. K. is supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the James E. and Barbara V. Moltz Fellowship administered by the WHOI OCCI.
    Beschreibung: 2016-10-19
    Schlagwort(e): Circulation/ Dynamics ; Hydrologic cycle ; Physical Meteorology and Climatology ; Moisture/moisture budget ; Salinity
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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