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  • Rat  (123)
  • Synapses  (37)
  • Springer  (156)
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974  (156)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Sodium fluoride ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Strength ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation thérapeutique de fluorure de sodium a été recommandée dans le traitement de diverses maladies osseuses ostéopéniques. Cet emploi est basé principalement sur les effects ostéosclérotiques bien connus du fluorure de sodium, mais on connait mal son effet sur la force de résistance osseuse. L'influence de diverses concentrations de fluorure de sodium sur la force de résistance osseuse de jeunes rats soumis à des régimes riches et pauvres en calcium a été étudiée. L'administration de fluorure de sodium augmente le diamètre osseux, indiquant une stimulation de la formation de l'os périosté, mais la force de résistance osseuse est réduite ou non modifiée par l'ingestion de fluor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutische Verwendung von Natriumfluorid ist für eine Anzahl von Knochenmangel-Krankheiten empfohlen worden. Die Empfehlungen basieren hauptsächlich auf den bekannten osteosklerotischen Wirkungen von Natriumfluorid; über dessen Effekt auf die Knochenstärke ist wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Konzentrationen von Natriumfluorid auf die Knochenstärken von wachsenden Ratten mit hoher und niederer Calciumeinnahme untersucht. Die Verabreichung von Natriumfluorid erhöhte den Knochendurchmesser, was auf eine Stimulierung der Periostbildung hinwies, die Knochenstärke wurde jedoch durch Fluorideinnahme herabgesetzt oder nicht beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The therapeutic use of sodium fluoride has been recommended in a variety of osteopenic bone diseases. The recommendations are based mainly on the known osteosclerotic effects of sodium fluoride and little information is available as to its effect on bone strength. The influence of various concentrations of sodium fluoride on bone strength in growing rats on high and low calcium diets was studied. The administration of sodium fluoride increased bone diameter, indicating stimulation of periosteal bone formation, but bone strength was reduced or not affected by fluoride ingestion.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Locus coeruleus ; Tegmentum ; Mesencephalon ; Adrenergic centers ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The locus coeruleus of cat is populated by two types of neurons: medium sized ones, with plump cell bodies and relatively short dendrites; and small ones, with triangular bodies and relatively long dendrites. The former type is regarded here as typical of the centre, whereas the second type could simply represent displaced neurons from the adjacent griseum centrale. Electron microscopy failed to reveal any outstanding richness in pigment granules in kittens up to five weeks old. Very characteristic somatic appendages were found, mostly in the medium sized neurons. These somatic “spines” communicate with the perikaryon by means of a narrow neck region. A complex, multilayered, glial sheath surrounds the cells. This glial sheath is pierced by the somatic appendages, which are not surrounded by glia and make contact with axonal knobs. Typical dendritic spines appear to be absent. Axodendritic synapses are made on medium sized dendritic trunks. By and large, most of the synaptic vesicles present in the centre are of the small, clear-centered type. However, dense core vesicles extremely variegated in size and appearance were found, both in presynaptic and postsynaptic profiles. The possibility that dense core vesicles should be regarded as atypical lysosomes rich in by-products of the metabolism of catecholamines (melanine) has been considered.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LRF ; Hypothalamic localization ; Rat ; Ependyma ; Glia ; Light and electron microscopic Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis of the medial basal hypothalamus of rat brains incubated for 30 and 60 minutes in tritiated luteinizing releasing factor (3H-LRF) revealed selective uptake in the form of silver grains over specialized ependyma (tanycytes) and perivascular glial cells in the palisade-contact zone of the median eminence. The functional capacity of tanycytes and glia are discussed in light of these data.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 493-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Neurotransmitter ; Myenteric plexus ; Rat ; Histofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several recent studies suggested that serotonergic neuron-like elements are present in the guinea pig ileum. The present paper reports an extensive study of the digestive tract of the rat with the use of a histofluorescence technique. Administration of the serotonin precursor, tryptophan, associated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, did not allow histochemical demonstration of rapidly fading, yellow fluorescent, 6-hydroxydopamine-resistant neurons; conversely such neurons were readily detected in the brain. It is concluded that serotonergic neuron-like elements cannot be detected histochemically in the rat myenteric plexus area after chemical sympathectomy.
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  • 5
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 457-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Adrenalectomy ; Renin and secretory granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion des juxtaglomerulären Apparates auf Adrenalektomie wurde untersucht. Im Stadium der Nebenniereninsuffizienz, sechs Tage nach der Operation, wurde quantitativ morphometrisch eine Abnahme der Volumendichte der Sekretgranula (von 32% auf 16%) festgestellt. Golgi-Apparat und Ergastoplasma proliferieren stark, wobei insbesondere die erweiterten Cisternen des Ergastoplasmas auffallen.
    Notes: Summary The response of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus to bilateral adrenalectomy was studied in rats. After the sixth postoperative day, symptoms of severe adrenal insufficiency had developed. In the Juxtaglomerular cells, the volume density of the secretory granules decreased from 32% to 16%. The Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum underwent considerable proliferation, the latter showing strikingly enlarged cisternae.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 525-536 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex differences ; Gonadal hormones ; Karyometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenal glands of adult female rats are heavier than the glands of corresponding male rats. Postpubertal orchiectomy increases the adrenal weight, an effect restored by testosterone replacement. Under the same conditions ovariectomy of 8 weeks duration does not change the adrenal weight while estradiol replacement enhances the relative adrenal weight. Karyometric studies have shown that nuclei in the female zona fasciculata cells are larger (app. 18%) than those of the male. Similar but only slight differences (2%) were observed in the zona reticularis. Orchiectomy results in enlargement of cell nuclei within all zones of the adrenal cortex; testosterone replacement has the opposite effect. Ovariectomy of 8 weeks duration slightly enhances the volume of nuclei of the zona glomerulosa cells, has no effect on the nuclei of the zona fasciculata and reduces the volume of nuclei in the zona reticularis. Estradiol replacement reduces the volume of nuclei of the zona glomerulosa cells but increases nuclear volume in the zona fasciculata and in the zona reticularis. Thus testosterone has an inhibitory effect on the adrenal cortex of the rat while the physiologic effect of estradiol on the morphology of this gland, particularly on the zona fasciculata cells is rather dubious. The author wishes to thank Mrs. B. Westerska and Miss K. Siejak for excellent technical assistance.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 537-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex differences ; Gonadal hormone ; Stereologic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult female rats have heavier adrenals than males. Orchiectomy increases the adrenal weight, an effect reversed by testosterone. Neither ovariectomy nor estradiol replacement has an effect on absolute adrenal weight. The stereologic analysis of the volume fractions of particular adrenocortical zones have shown that the volume fraction of the zona glomerulosa in females is smaller as compared with males. On the contrary, the volume fractions of the fasciculata and reticularis zones are higher in female than in male rats. In both sexes gonadectomy and gonadal hormone replacement has an effect on the volume fractions of particular adrenocortical zones, these changes being more pronounced due to orchiectomy or testosterone replacement. The adrenal cortex of all experimental groups contains a similar quantity of parenchymal cells. The cytoplasm volume of a single adrenocortical cell is higher in all zones of the female adrenals as compared with the male. Orchiectomy increases the volume of the cytoplasm in fasciculata and reticularis cells. This effect was reversed by testosterone. Neither ovariectomy nor estradiol replacement has an effect on the volume of the cytoplasm in the fasciculata and reticularis cells. These studies have shown that sex differences with regards to rat adrenal size and weight depend upon the “physiologic atrophy” of the male adrenal cortex, while neither ovariectomy (8 weeks after operation) nor estradiol replacement has a conspicuous effect on the morphologic changes of this gland.
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sense organ ; Lateral line ; Synapses ; Ambystoma mexicanum ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lateral line organs in young salamanders of the species Ambystoma mexicanum were investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were found to differ from the lateral line organs in adult animals (1) by being lower, having short hair cells and supporting cells, (2) by the hair cells having areas of lateral contact, (3) by the occasional presence, at the edge of the organ, of hair cells at an early developmental stage. Two types of nerve endings are seen: (1) afferent, and (2) less commonly, efferent vesiculated ones. Synaptic bodies have been seen in the cytoplasm without association to afferent synapses.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve endings ; Hair ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Palisade-shaped nerve endings of the small normal hairs of the rat snout were examined with the electron microscope (fixation by perfusion). The terminals are located inside the ‘glassy membrane’ in the area of the neck of the hair root. The 10–20 radially arranged terminal axons are in direct contact with the basement membrane of the epithelium of the external root sheath. The axons are surrounded on all sides by leaf-shaped processes of the Schwann cells. The surfaces of these cell processes are marked by numerous vesicle-like invaginations (approx. 1000 Å dia.). Transverse sections from several areas of the palisadeshaped nerve endings are compared with longitudinal sections. In the upper area ‘empty’ vesicles (approx. 500–600 Å in diameter) occur, along with electron-dense vesicles (approx. 800–1100 Å in diameter); in the middle area, the axons are distended and contain accumulations of mitochondria.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Bowman's capsule ; Experimental hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parietal layer of Bowman's capsule was examined in the rat in control animals and in animals made hypertensive by treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetatesaline and by clipping of the renal artery. At an early stage of elevation of blood pressure and, occasionally, prior to elevation of blood pressure, the epithelial cells of this layer showed basal cytoplasmic protrusion and reduplication accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the basement membrane. These changes preceded evidence of glomerular or renal arteriolar pathology. They presumably reflect either a response of this layer to increased blood pressure and modified glomerular function, or a direct effect of the factors that also induces blood pressure elevation. In either case, they imply a greater functional significance for the parietal layer than has usually been attributed to it.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Cyproterone ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dorsal lobe and the coagulating gland of the rat prostate were studied after administration of the anti-androgenic compound Cyp A for varying periods (7–20 days). There was a general involution of the organs with macroscopic atrophy and reduced amount of secretory material. Ultrastructurally the cells were pale, contained less organelles as compared with the controls, loss of cytoplasm and reduction both of cell height and width. The major changes also included reduction of the Golgi area, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the number of free ribosomes. Within the dorsal lobe prominent nuclear changes were found, comprising different types of intranuclear inclusions of membranous configurations. The alterations observed in the present study are similar to the changes which were found in castrated animals and are consistent with atrophy. The results are discussed in relation to the available biochemical and autoradiographic data on the different lobes.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosal mast cells ; Rat ; Compound 48/80 ; Degranulation, Release ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mast cells in the tongue and lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa, representing two cell types with different morphological, histochemical and functional properties have been studied under the electron microscope. Both cell types were found to contain similar moderately electron dense and homogeneous granules surrounded by a tight membrane constituting the basic ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells. The mucosal mast cells, however, contained fewer granules per cell and the individual granules often exhibited considerable variation in size. In addition the mucosal mast cells, unlike those of the tongue, peritoneum and skin, had a smooth plasma membrane lacking microvilli and possessed irregularly shaped or lobulated nuclei. In the tongue mast cells, administration of Compound 48/80 caused the formation of vacuoles around the granules, expulsion of granules from the cells and disintegration of the granular matrix, but no changes that could be attributed to 48/80 could be found in the mucosal mast cells.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Embryo (Xenopus laevis) ; Spinal cord ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation found in vertebrate embryos has been utilized to examine the sequence of synaptic junction development in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis at a late embryonic stage. Uniform samples were taken at various points along the cord of a stage 27 embryo and examined in the electron microscope. The general ultrastructure of the cord demonstrated the rostro-caudal gradient of development. The sequence of synaptic junction development was like that in the cervical region (Hayes and Roberts, 1973). “Membrane-vesicle clusters” and “immature” synaptic junctions were found most caudally followed by synaptic junctions, first with cleft and subsynaptic membrane density, then with only cleft density and finally, most rostrally, with cleft, subsynaptic membrane, and subsynaptic cytoplasmic density. Mature synaptic junctions were found in increasing numbers from the mid to anterior trunk cord and could mediate alternating trunk flexions made by the embryos at this stage of development. “Membrane-vesicle clusters” were found near processes containing irregular vesicles and also near membrane outlines. These may be signs of dendritic growth. “Membrane-vesicle clusters” were also found in varicosities, facing the space around the spinal cord and in nerve fibres peripherally between the skin and myotomes. This suggests an association of early stages in synaptogenesis with axon growth. This and other possible inferences about axon and dendrite growth in relation to synaptogenesis are discussed.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 443-470 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes and T-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Quantitative analysis ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte findet die sexuelle Differenzierung der Gonade zwischen dem 14. und 15. Tag post conceptionem (p.c.) statt. Während dieser Zeit teilen sich die Oogonien und deren Parallelpopulation—die M-prospermatogonien (multiplying prospermatogonia) oder I-Gonocyten—sehr häufig. Um den 17. Tag p.c. tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien bzw. der M-prospermatogonien in die Mitose. Die Mitosen bilden häufig “synchronisierte Gruppen”. Die postmitotischen Kerne ihrer Tochterzellen—der Oocyten und der T 1 prospermatogonien (primary transitional prospermatogonia) oder II-Gonocyten—sind klein. Ihr Chromatin ist in Form gröberer Schollen der Kernmembran angelagert. Auf diese Weise kommt das typische “krustenförmige” Aussehen bzw. die Ähnlichkeit mit den Prophasen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien zustande. Die Oocyten durchlaufen zunächst die G1-phase (etwa 10 Std Dauer) und treten dann—am Ende des Präleptotänstadiums—in die S-phase. Dann passieren sie die verschiedenen Stadien der meiotischen Prophase und treten vom 3. Tag post partum (p.p.) ab in das Dictyotänstadium. Die T1-prospermatogonien hingegen befinden sich etwa 10 Tage lang in der G1-phase, ohne wesentliche morphologische Veränderungen aufzuweisen. Vom 4. Tag p.p. an durchlaufen sie die S-Phase. Die S-Phasen-Dauer (D-S) beider Zellarten beträgt 11.5 Std und wurde durch Doppelmarkierung mit 14C- und 3H-Thymidin bestimmt. Als am besten geeignete Termine für die Bestimmung der D-S erwiesen sich bei den Oocyten der 18. Tag p.c. und bei den T1-prospermatogonien der 5. Tag p.p. Zu diesen beiden Zeitpunkten war die Anzahl der in die S-phase ein-und austretenden Oocyten bzw. T1-prospermatogonien gleich, die Zellen in S-phase befanden sich im “steady state”. Das Kernvolumen der Oogonien und M-prospermatogonien ist etwa doppelt so groß wie das der postmitotischen Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien. Bis zum 5. Tage p.p. nimmt das Kernvolumen der Oocyten und T1-prospermatogonien um etwa das Fünffache zu. Der Degenerationsindex der Oocyten liegt wesentlich höher als der der T1-prospermatogonien; er ist postnatal besonders hoch. Aus den T1-prospermatogonien gehen am 4. und 5. Tage p.p. durch Teilung die T 2-prospermatogonien (secondary transitional prospermatogonia) hervor. Die Kerne dieses Zelltyps sind etwas kleiner also die der T1-prospermatogonien. Die T2-prospermatogonien treten am 6. Tage p.p. in die Mitose; es entstehen die ersten A-spermatogonien.
    Notes: Summary In the rat (Wistar-WU) sexual differentiation of the gonads occurs between days 14 and 15 post conception (p.c.). At this time the oogonia and their parallel population — the M-prospermatogonia (I-gonocytes)—divide rapidly. On about day 17 p.c., the last generation of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia, frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis. The postmitotic nuclei of their daughter cells—oocytes and T 1-prospermatogonia (II-gonocytes)—are small; coarse flakes of chromatin are associated with the nuclear membrane causing the typical “crustlike” appearance and the similarity with the prophases of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. After the oocytes have passed a G1-phase of approximately 10 hr, they enter the S-phase at the end of the preleptotene stage. Then they pass the different stages of the meiotic prophase until they enter the dictyate stage from 3 day post partum (p.p.) onwards. The T1-prospermatogonia, on the other hand, spend a long G1-phase of about 10 days without any conspicuous morphological change before entering the S-phase from day 4 p.p. onwards. The duration of the S-pbase (D-S) of both cell types—oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia—as determined by the double labeling method with 14C- and 3H-thymidine is found to be 11.5 hr. The most favourable time for determining the D-S was day 18 p.c. for the oocytes and day 5 p.p. for the T1-prospermatogonia. On these two days the balance was reached between the cells entering and leaving the S-phase. The nuclear volumes of the postmitotic oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia are approximately half the size of those of their precursors. Until day 5 p.p. the nuclear volumes of the oocytes and T1-prospermatogonia increase about fivefold. The degeneration index of the oocytes is considerably higher than that of the T1-prospermatogonia; postnatally it is especially high. T 2 prospermatogonia arise by mitosis of the T1-prospermatogonia on day 4 and 5 p.p. The nuclei of this cell type are smaller than those of T1-prospermatogonia. T2-prospermatogonia enter mitosis on day 6 p.p and give rise to A-spermatogonia.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 231-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocyte-resembling cells ; Habenular region ; Sympathetic nerve fibres ; Ontogenetic development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of the pineal gland, the pineal stalk, and the lamina intercalaris contain 5-HT and are innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres. These peripheral nerve fibres continue rostrally from the lamina intercalaris and run into the central nervous tissue of stria medullaris and the habenular nuclei. Pharmacological treatment to increase the cellular 5-HT content revealed that the sympathetic fibres are in close relation to yellow fluorescent cells embedded in the brain tissue. These yellow fluorescent cells develop very late in the ontogenetic development (three weeks or more postnatally) and are preceded by ingrowth of sympathetic fibres into the brain tissue. The results support the hypothesis that the cells found in the habenular region are of pinealocyte rather than neuronal nature, but it is possible that they differ in certain aspects from the cells of the pineal gland proper.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Somatic spines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of ultrathin serial sections of the perikarya and adjacent neuropil of neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the adult male rat revealed varying forms of two types of somatic spines. One type forms synapses with axons passing the cell, the other, without synapses, appears to serve as a buttress or clasp for adjacent neuronal and glial processes. The synapse-bearing spines lack the usual spine apparatus but contain the flocculent substance often seen in spines. The other spines do not exhibit either of these structures. These somatic spines were also seen in Golgi impregnated preparations but the types could not be distinguished. Certain axons synapse either on a somatic spine of the perikarya or penetrate the glial sheath of the neuron and synapse, usually repeatedly, on the soma in an en passant manner.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 371-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rat ; Electric coupling areas ; Freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal glands of Wistar rats were fixed in glutaraldehyde and prepared by the freeze-etching technique. With regard to the form and internal structure of pineal cells this technique has revealed nothing essentially new. Synaptic ribbons are very rarely found. A regular diagonal arrangement of membrane attached particles between the Schwann cell and the axon of an autonomic nerve terminal was observed. Three types of contact areas between pineal cells are described. In the first two types, which occur more frequently, the diameter of the area varied from 1000 to 2500 Å, with irregularly aggregated membrane associated particles. The third type, larger but less frequently found, has a surface area of 0.4 μm2 and much more regularly distributed membrane associated particles (ø 88 Å). These contact areas can be considered to be electric coupling areas between pineal cells.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 285-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin terminals ; 5,6- and 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Chemical degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopical evidence for the existence of an important serotonergic input to the rat median eminence is presented. This evidence is based on the demonstration of degenerating nerve terminals in the external layer of the rat median eminence following the application of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, drugs known to exert more or less selective toxic effects on central serotonin neurons. The finding of a serotonergic innervation of the median eminence in mammals has important implications for 5-hydroxytryptamine as a modulator of synthesis and/or release of hypothalamic, hypophysiotropic hormones.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anococcygeal muscle ; Smooth muscle ; Rat ; Innervation, adrenergic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat anococcygeus muscle, which is known from previous functional and histochemical investigations to be a smooth muscle with a dense adrenergic innervation, was studied by electron microscopic methods. The muscle was found to be organized in small bundles of 2 to 8 muscle cells, which were interconnected by desmosome-like junctions and by gap junctions. Small Schwann cell-axon complexes with 1 to 5 axons appeared to represent the functional terminal nerve pathway. Such axon complexes were located at the periphery of the small smooth muscle bundles, they never penetrated into them. A ratio of approximately 6 small axon complexes per 100 muscle cells was found. After glutaraldehyde fixation axon varicosities contained mainly small empty vesicles. After treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine and permanganate fixation mainly small vesicles with a dense core were found. The neuromuscular distances ranged from 550 to 5000 Å, with a mean of about 2600 Å. True close neuromuscular contacts at a distance below 500 Å with a fusing of basal laminae were absent. The present observations provide a morphological base for the findings of previous electrophysiological and pharmacological studies on the anococcygeal muscle.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex-hormones ; Ultramorphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ultramorphometrisch wurde nach dem Verfahren von Rohr et al. (1971) die äußere Zona fasciculata von Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bei 5 Gruppen zu je 4 Tieren verglichen: Männchen, Weibchen im Diöstrus, Weibchen im Östrus, männliche und weibliche Kastraten (Kastration am 4. Lebenstag). Die Nebennierenrindenzellen der äu\eren Fasciculata sind bei Weibchen gegenüber denen normaler Männchen hypertroph: Weibchen im Diöstrus zeigen gegenüber Männchen größere Einzelzellen mit vermehrtem glattem endoplasmatischem Reticulum, erhöhten Einzel- und Gesamtvolumina der Mitochondrien sowie einem höheren Lipoidgehalt bei stärkerer Dispersion der Liposomen. Dieselben funktionsspezifischen Strukturen nehmen bei den Weibchen im Östrus noch weiter zu. Die Kastration der Weibchen am 4. Lebenstag führt zu einer Reduktion der funktionsspezifischen morphometrischen Parameter unter die Werte der Diöstrus-Tiere. Männliche Kastraten gleichen die Werte ihrer funktionsspezifischen Strukturen weitgehend denen der Weibchen im Diöstrus an. Nach Kastration am 4. Lebenstag zeigen weibliche Tiere somit etwas niedrigere morphonietrische Parameter in der äußeren Zona fasciculata als die männlichen Kastraten.
    Notes: Summary With the method of Rohr et al. (1971) the outer zona fasciculata of Sprague-Dawley-rats was compared ultramorphometrically in 5 groups of 4 animals each: males, females during diestrus, females during estrus, male and female castrates (castration on 4th day of life). Adrenal cortical cells of the outer fasciculata in females are hypertrophic in comparison with those of normal males: females during diestrus show in comparison with males larger individual cells with increased SER, increased volume of the individual mitochondrium and total volume of mitochondria as well as an increased lipoid content together with a more pronounced dispersion of liposomes. The same function-specific structures show a further increase in females during estrus. Castration of females on the 4th day of life leads to a reduction of the function-specific morphometric parameters below the values of the diestrus animals. Male castrates show adaption of the values of their function-specific structures towards those of females during diestrus. Following castration on the 4th day of life, female animals thus show somewhat lower morphometric parameters in the outer zona fasciculata than male castrates.
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal zona glomerulosa ; Rat ; Normal ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper reports on an electron microscopic study of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in the normal rat, with special emphasis on the structural diversity of mitochondria in its parenchymatous cells. The mitochondria of cristae may be tubulo-vesicular, plate-like and/or straight tubular, any one mitochondrion containing one or more types of cristae. The mitochondrial features of the zona glomerulosa parenchymatous cells are attributed to the biochemical stages of aldosterone synthesis, taking place in different mitochondria of these cells.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Rat ; Granule distribution ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neurohypophyse und die neurosekretorischen hypothalamischen Kerngebiete von normalen männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, von trächtigen und durstenden Tieren wurden elektronenmikroskopisch und morphometrisch mit der Fragestellung untersucht, ob sich in den Häufigkeitsverteilungen der mittleren Granula-Durchmesser, bezogen auf die Anzahl der Axone, eine zweigipflige Verteilung ergibt. Bei Kontrolltieren zeigen die Perikarya des Nucleus supraopticus zahlreichere und größere Granula als die Zellen des Nucleus paraventricularis, wobei der Unterschied in den Durchmessern der Granula bei den weiblichen Tieren ausgeprägter ist als bei den männlichen. Beide Kontrollgruppen zeigen in der Neurohypophyse ein zweigipfliges Verteilungsmuster der Granula, wobei die beiden Gipfel bei den männlichen Kontrollen dichter beieinander liegen als bei den weiblichen. Bei den trächtigen Tieren weisen beide Kerngebiete Zeichen gesteigerter Aktivität auf und die Granula in den Zellen des Nucleus paraventricularis sind deutlich größer als bei Kontrolltieren. Zu Beginn der Tragzeit werden relativ große, wahrscheinlich vasopressinhaltige Granula in der Neurohypophyse gespeichert, während sich im letzten Drittel der Tragezeit die beiden Populationen dort nicht mehr unterscheiden lassen. Nach 48 Std. Wasserentzug erscheinen beide hypothalamischen Kerne aktiviert. Auffallend ist, daß die Granula im Nucleus supraopticus deutlich kleiner sind als bei Kontrolltieren. Entsprechend fehlen in der Neurohypophyse große Granula, während Axone mit kleinen Granula vermehrt sind. Nach zehntägiger Durstperiode lassen sich im Nucleus supraopticus, neben sehr typischen morphologischen Veränderungen, morphometrisch ebenfalls deutlich kleinere Granula nachweisen. Im Hypophysenhinterlappen dieser Versuchsgruppe sind die granulahaltigen Axone sehr stark vermindert, und in der Häufigkeitsverteilung fehlen die Granula mit großem Durchmesser während der dem Oxytocin zugeordnete Gipfel unverändert erscheint. In Verbindung mit den elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden lassen sich also aus den Verschiebungen der Verteilungsmuster zwischen den sechs Versuchsgruppen die Granula mit kleinerem Durchmesser oxytocinhaltigen Axonen zuordnen und Granula mit größerem Durchmesser zu den Endigungen, die Vasopressin enthalten. Die morphometrischen Befunde in den neurosekretorischen hypothalamischen Kerngebieten bestätigen diese Zuordnung. Die elektronenmikroskopischen und morphometrischen Befunde werden besonders im Hinblick auf die Hormonverschiebungen zwischen dem “reserve pool” und den “easily releasable pool” diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A morphometric evaluation of electron micrographs has been carried out from neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis and from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in normal male and female rats as well as in pregnant and water deprived rats. The task of this investigation was to find out whether frequency distribution diagrams of the mean diameter of the neurosecretory granules, plotted versus the number of axons, reveal a grossly bimodal distribution. In normal rats the nerve cells of the nucleus supraopticus (S.O.N.) show more numerous and larger granules than the cells of the nucleus paraventricularis (P.V.N), this difference with respect to the diameter being more pronounced in female than in male animals. In the posterior pituitary lobes the neurosecretory granules exhibit a bimodal distribution, the second peak being situated more closely to the first one in male controls. In pregnant animals both nuclei appear to be activated, and the granules of P.V.N. are distinctly larger as compared to those of female control animals. In early pregnancy larger, i.e. presumably vasopressin-containing granules are stored in the neurohypophysis, while in the last phase before delivery oxytocin-containing neurons and vasopressin-containing ones cannot be differentiated any more. After 48 hrs of thirst both hypothalamic nuclei exhibit signs of increased activation, the diameters of the granules in the S.O.N. being distinctly smaller than in normals. In the neurohypophysis granules with large diameters are lacking, while axons with small granules are more frequent. In the S.O.N. of animals, water deprived for 10 days the diameters of the granules are smaller than normal and in the neurohypophysis the number of granule-containing fibres is strongly reduced. In the frequency distribution diagram granules with larger diameters are lacking whereas the peak, attributed to oxytocin, is not essentially altered. However, from the observed alteration on the distribution patterns of the six experimental groups and in connection with the electron microscopic results the granules with smaller diameters can be attributed to oxytocin-containing axons and the larger ones to vasopressin-containing terminals. Analogous morphometric data have been obtained from the neurosecretory nuclei as well. The electron-microscopic and morphometric observations are discussed with regard to hormone-shifts between the reserve pool and the easily-releasable pool.
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 471-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Rat ; Influence of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die quantitativ-morphologische Analyse des juxtaglomerulären Apparates nach DOC-Behandlung zeigte, daß mit der Hemmung der Reninbildung eine Hypoplasie der epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates einhergeht. Der Granulagehalt der juxtaglomerulären Zellen nahm ab; die Kern-Plasma-Relation änderte sich und die Leiomyofibrillen in den Epitheloidzellen nahmen zu. An den übrigen Anteilen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere der Macula densa, wurden keine morphologischen Veränderungen beobachtet. Die DOC-Behandlung führte darüber hinaus zu einer Bildung von Einschlüssen in den Podocyten, den Mesangiumzellen und den Zellen der Bowman-Membran. Die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, über welche Faktoren die juxtaglomerulären Zellen nach DOC-Behandlung degranuliert werden, werden diskutiert. Das ultrastrukturelle Bild der Epitheloidzellen nach DOC-Behandlung entspricht deutlich einer gehemmten Sekretion, da das Ergastoplasma und der Golgi-Apparat ganz besonders stark zurückgebildet werden.
    Notes: Summary Quantitative morphological analysis of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus of rats treated with deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and salt revealed hypoplasia of the epithelioid cells as a concomitant of the inhibition of renin synthesis. The granular content of the Juxtaglomerular cells was significantly decreased, while the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and the volume density of leiomyofilaments in the epithelioid cells increased. No morphological alterations were observed in the remaining constituents of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus, including the macula densa. DOC-treatment also induced the appearance of inclusions in the podocytes in the cells of the mesangium, and in the cells of Bowman's capsule. The possible mechanisms of degranulation of the Juxtaglomerular cells after treatment with DOC are discussed. The ultrastructural appearance of the epithelioid cells after treatment with DOC corresponds to an inhibition of secretion, since the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus undergo marked regressive changes.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Growth ; Epiphyses ; Hypophysectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La largeur de la métaphyse tibiale, la zone indifférenciée, la zone sériée et les cellules en dégénerescence ont été observées chez des rats Sprague-Dawley normaux et hypophysectomisés. La production cellulaire de la métaphyse est déterminée sur la base de la croissance osseuse longitudinale déterminée par l'oxytétracycline et la taille des cellules en dégénérescence. La diminution de la croissance osseuse longitudinale, en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge et après hypophysectomie, est due partiellement, à la diminution de production cellulaire et partiellement à une décroissance de la taille des cellules en dégénérescence dans la métaphyse. L'influence de la production cellulaire et de l'activité mitotique prédomine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Breite der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia, deren undifferenzierter und säulenförmiger Zone und die Größe der nahe bei der Metaphyse auftretenden degenerativen Zellen wurden in normalen und hypophysektomierten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bestimmt. Die Zellproduktion in der Wachstumsplatte wurde aus dem longitudinalen Knochenwachstum berechnet, welches mittels Oxytetracyclin und der Größe der degenerativen Zellen bestimmt wurde. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Abnahme des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums bei zunehmendem Alter und nach Hypophysektomie zum Teil einem Rückgang in der Zellproduktion, zum Teil einer Verminderung der Größe der degenerativen Zellen in der Wachstumsplatte zuzuschreiben ist. Der Einfluß der Zellproduktion, und somit der mitotischen Aktivität, herrscht vor.
    Notes: Abstract The width of the proximal growth plate of the tibia, its undifferentiated and columnar zone and the size of the degenerative cell close to the metaphysis, were determined in normal and hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. The cell production in the growth plate was calculated from the longitudinal bone growth determined with oxytetracycline and the degenerative cell size. It was found that the decrease in longitudinal bone growth with increasing age and after hypophysectomy, is due partly to a decrease in cell production, and partly to a decrease in degenerative cell size in the growth plate. The influence of cell production and thus the mitotic activity predominates.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 101-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Neuro-glial synapses ; Neuro-Vascular contacts ; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gefäßfortsätze von ependymalen und subependymalen Zellen bilden in der subependymalen Zone und in der Zona interna des Ratteninfundibulum mit Nervenfasern kompakte neuro-gliöse Faserbündel, die sich in der Zona externa aufzweigen. 2. In allen Zonen des Infundibulum kommen zwischen den Nervenfasern und den Gefäßfortsätzen zahlreiche neuro-gliöse Synapsen vor. In den Gefäßfortsätzen fällt die hohe Zahl an Mikrotubuli sowie die zahlreichen, vielgestaltigen Einschlüsse auf. 3. In der subependymalen Zone sind die Interzellularspalten an bestimmten Stellen außerordentlich weit. Sie haben eine kanalartige Beschaffenheit und enthalten feine Bündel von Nervenfasern. 4. Von den lateralen Anteilen des Infundibulum her erreichen Dendriten von Ganglienzellen des Nucleus infundibularis die Mitte des Infundibulum. In dieser Region sind axodendritische Synapsen anzutreffen. 5. Morphometrische Analysen der Nervenfaserendigungen der Zona externa von Normaltieren zeigen, daß die prozentuale Verteilung der nach Granulagröße differenzierten Nervenfaserklassen für Mitte und Seite der Zona externa etwa gleich ist. Zwischen der Größe der Elementargranula und der Anschnittfläche der zugehörigen Nervenfasern besteht eine direkte Beziehung. 6. Die Nervenfaserendigungen erreichen die Basalmembran des perikapillären Raumes fast ausschließlich im Bereich von gefäßwärts gerichteten Vorwölbungen der Zona externa. Das Ausmaß, in dem Nervenfasern im Vergleich zu den Gefäßfortsätzen von Ependymund Gliazellen den perivaskulären Raum erreichen, ist medial weitaus größer als lateral. 7. Bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Ratten nimmt in bestimmten, vorwiegend lateral gelegenen Nervenfasern die Zahl und Größe der Elementargranula in Abhängigkeit von der Überlebensdauer zu. Dies dürfte auf eine verstärkte Synthese und Speicherung von Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in diesen Nervenfasern zurückzuführen sein. Gegenüber dem Normalbefund ist die neurohämale Kontaktfläche erheblich vergrößert. Der perivaskuläre Raum enthält zerfallene Nervenfaserteile, die durch Bindegewebszellen phagocytiert werden. Diese Veränderungen dürften durch eine unter Versuchsbedingungen verstärkte Wachstumstendenz der Nervenfasern in Richtung auf die Blutgefäße und durch eine Abschnürung der Nerven-faserendigungen ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the subependymal and internal zones of the rat median eminence nerve fibres and vascular processes of ependymal and subependymal cells form neuro-glial bundles. They branch in the external zone. 2. In all these three zones of the infundibulum numerous neuro-glial synapses are found between nerve fibres and vascular processes of glial cells. The vascular processes contain a high number of microtubules as well as polymorphous granular inclusions. 3. In certain regions of the subependymal layer the intercellular spaces are enlarged. They form channel-like spaces containing small bundles of delicate nerve fibres. 4. Nerve cells of the infundibular nucleus located in the lateral parts of the infundibulum send dendrites to the medial parts of the infundibulum. In this area axo-dendritic synapses are found. 5. For morphometric analysis, the nerve fibres of the external zone were classified according to the diameter of their granules. It is shown that in the different regions of the external zone the distribution of the various types of nerve fibre is similar. Moreover it can be seen that a direct correlation exists between the size of the sectional plane of a given nerve fibre and the size of the granules it comprises. 6. Nerve fibre endings abutting on the basement membrane of the pericapillary space are mostly found in bulb-like protrusions of the external zone. The extent to which nerve fibres reach the perivascular space—as compared with the vascular processes of ependymal and glial cells—is higher in the medial than in the lateral parts of the infundibulum. 7. In bilaterally adrenalectomized rats the number and diameter of elementary granules increases in nerve fibres located laterally. This increase is directly related to the survival time and may be due to an enhanced synthesis and storage of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in these nerve fibres. Compared with the findings in untreated animals the neurohemal contact area is significantly enlarged. The perivascular space contains degenerating nerve fibres which are undergoing phagocytosis by connective tissue cells. It is assumed that these alterations are due to the increased growth of nerve fibres towards the vessels of the “Mantelplexus”, and that, following adrenalectomy, this excessive growth leads to a pinching off of nerve fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrarenal blood vessels ; Rat ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the extrarenal blood vessels of the rat left kidney was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and by electron microscopy. The trunk of the renal artery proximal to the aorta is elastic and appears to be very sparsely innervated. In contrast, near the kidney the renal artery—which divides into 3 to 4 large branches of the muscular type possesses a dense adrenergic innervation. The adrenergic terminal axons are situated in the adventitia close to the external elastic lamella, but only rarely in close contact with smooth muscle cells. In most instances several terminal axons are grouped and enclosed by a Schwann cell, single axons being rare. All terminal axons are able to take up and to store 5-hydroxydopamine which strongly suggests that they are adrenergic. The innervation of the renal vein is more sparse than that of the muscular arteries but somewhat denser than that of the elastic artery. In addition, close to the origin of the renal artery the presence of “small intensively fluorescent” (SIF) cells as well as of some adrenergic ganglion cells is noted. The latter are situated in the adrenergic nonterminal axon bundles, which run parallel to the blood vessels. It is concluded that the uneven adrenergic innervation along the artery as well as individual variations in the branching of the artery are the main causes of the unusually high individual variations of the NA content of this organ such as used in pharmacological experiments.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Gonadotrophic cells ; Cycle, influence of testosterone ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 4-day cyclic adult female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate on diestrus 1 at 16:00 and on diestrus 2 at 10:00 respectively. Non-injected females served as controls. Autopsy was performed on diestrus 2 at 23:00, and on proestrus at 14:00 and 17:00 respectively. The blue Alcian-PAS staining was used to evidence FSH (β) and LH (γ) pituitary cells. In control animals and in diestrus 2 injected females only a small number of FSH cells could be detected on diestrus 2 at 23:00. This number increased markedly on proestrus at 14:00 and decreased on proestrus at 17:00. A similar evolution was observed in diestrus 1 testosterone injected females, but the number of FSH cells appeared higher at any stage of autopsy in these females than in diestrus 2 injected females and in control rats. In control females, numerous LH cells were observed on diestrus 2 at 23:00. The number of these cells was diminished on proestrus at 14:00 and still more at 17:00. On the contrary few LH cells were detected in testosterone injected females on the evening of diestrus 2. An increase of these cells occurred on proestrus at 14:00, followed at 17:00 by only a weak diminution as established by comparison with control animals. An inhibition of FSH release and a suppression of the proestrus surge of LH were therefore supposed to cause, on one hand, the slowing up of follicular growth observed in diestrus 1 injected females and, on the other hand, the blockage of ovulation noted in both diestrus 1 and diestrus 2 treated animals.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Granule-containing cells ; Synapses ; Three-dimensional analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of 4 granule-containing cells, in a cluster within the rat superior cervical ganglion, was studied by a serial sampling technique for electron microscopy. The result shows that all the 4 cells receive one, or three afferent synaptic boutons from the preganglionic fibers impinging upon their somata, and a somatic efferent synapse exists at two locations on each soma of the 2 of these cells. The postsynaptic element of the efferent synapse is observed to be represented by non-vesiculated and vesiculated segments of dendrites, soma and a possible axon collateral of the adrenergic principal neuron of the ganglion. There is a remarkably constant development of the attachment plaque between the granule-containing cells themselves, representing 1.7–2.3% of surface area for each cell. The surface area exposed to the extracellular space (covered only by a basal lamina) varies from 0.1 to 2.3% of the total perikaryal surface of the 4 cells. A tendency is noted that those cells without efferent synapses possess a more extensive area exposed to extracellular space than those forming somatic efferent synapse to the postganglionic elements.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Pituicytes ; Organotypic culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of adult rats have been explanted and organ-cultured for 5–10 days. While perivascular cells and neurosecretory fibers undergo a progressive degeneration, scattered pituicyte-like cells are observed mostly associated with each other in number of two or three cells for group. Cultured pituicytes are quite similar to in vivo pituicytes except for some particular features as the shape of the nucleus and the number of dense bodies. Furthermore they share with the in vivo pituicytes the phagocytic capacity which appears even increased as far as neurosecretory fibers are concerned. Finally, degenerating pituicytes and free lipid droplets are observed in the intercellular spaces: the significance of these facts is discussed and tentatively interpreted. The organotypic culture of the neural lobe seems to represent an experimental model useful to obtain a relatively pure population of pituicytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 117-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Intra-mesogleal nervous system ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence is given of the occurrence of nervous elements in the mesoglea of Ctenophores based on the presence of the typical synapses of this phylum. In Beroids, nervous fibers from the ectodermal nerve-net cross the epithelial basal membrane and run through the mesoglea; they are devoid of any ensheathing cell. These neurites build highly differentiated synapses upon the muscles and upon peculiar cells, tentatively named mesenchymal cells. In Cydippids, nerve fibers and nerve cell-bodies have been observed in the mesoglea of the tentacles. The mesogleal core of each tentacle contains mesenchymal cells and a thick strand of neurons and neurites, forming a kind of elongated ganglion. Neurites of either the axial neurones or the epithelial nerve-net neurones form numerous radial nerve strands across the tentacular muscles. Interneural, neuro-muscular and neuro-mesenchymal junctions are very frequent in the tentacle. As far as the organization of the mesoglea is concerned, the Ctenophora thus appear closer to Turbellaria than to Cnidaria.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Paracervical ganglion (Rat) ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two new types of structure of the cytoplasm of an autonomic neuron were described: (1) Inclusions of the rough ergastoplasmic reticulum, which were named “ergastosomes”, contain finely granular material with moderately electron opaque staining with both glutaraldehyde-OsO4 and KMnO4 fixations. A short comment was made on the nature of the contents of the ergastosomes. (2) Tubular formations of endoplasmic reticulum were found in the axons and/or dendrites of the paracervical ganglion.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 453-461 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Primordium ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To see whether adenohypophysial tissue has the capacity of self-differentiation, Rathke's pouch together with part of the neurohypophysial primordium was isolated from 12-(Group A), 14- (Group B) and 15-day-old (Group C) rat fetuses and cultivated for 9, 6 and 5 days, respectively. Electron microscopic examination of these explants showed many adenohypophysial cells containing electron dense granules, indicative of cytodifferentiation in all groups. Three cell types were distinguishable on the basis of the size of their granules. Variable amounts of neurohypophysial tissue were seen in some explants of Groups B and C, but not A. This “pars nervosa” contained pituicytes with lipid-like inclusions in their cytoplasm but no neurosecretory axons. The adenohypophysial cells abutting on the pars nervosa were arranged rather regularly like cells of the pars intermedia which contained a few granules of about 200 mμ diameter. From these data it is concluded that in rats granule formation in the adenohypophysial primordial cells starts in the absence of hypothalamic neurosecretory substances. It is uncertain from this study whether these cells actually contain hypophysial hormones.
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 453-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lacrimal gland ; Rat ; Duct system ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duct system of the rat exorbital lacrimal gland consists of intercalated ducts, interlobular ducts and excretory ducts. The morphological changes from one type of duct to the next are gradual. At the light microscopical level this consists of a change from a bilaminar epithelium in the intercalated ducts to an epithelium, consisting of approximately three layers — which may be pseudostratified — in the excretory ducts. The basal layer of the intercalated ducts consists of myoepithelial cells, whereas the inner epithelial cells may have both a secretory and an electrolyte transporting function. The interlobular duct epithelium contains many cells with deep infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes and associated mitochondria, suggesting a similar function to the striated duct epithelium in salivary glands. Numerous basal cells in this epithelium have tentatively been interpreted as unusual myoepithelial cells. Nerve terminals have been observed in the ductal epithelium.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Granular vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative evaluation
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    Notes: Summary In order to characterize different sub-zones in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence, quantitative ultrastructural parameters were applied to brains fixed in aldehyde-osmium tetroxide. The palisade zone has been subdivided in 4 successive sub-zones. Increasing numbers of granular vesicles (GV), especially those smaller than 110 nm, are observed from dorsal to ventral sub-zones. There also are more GV per unit area of nervous tissue in the perivascular than in the more dorsal sub-zones. The individual nerve profiles exhibit a larger size in the perivascular layer than in the more dorsal areas, whereas the number and size of nerve profiles devoid of vesicles diminish from dorsal to ventral. As a consequence more GV occur in the perivascular nerve profiles. In the GV containing nerve profiles the concentration of GV is, however, constant in the different sub-zones. A fluctuating size of the preterminal and terminal parts of the nerve fibres is suggested.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Epididymis ; Effect of vasectomy ; Spermatozoa ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Epididymal biopsies from rats that had undergone unilateral or bilateral vasectomies from one to eight months previously were compared with biopsies from their contralateral side or from normal controls to ascertain what ultrastructural changes had occurred. After vasectomy, spermatozoa appeared to dissolve in the lumen of the caput epididymidis and to be absorbed by the principal cells. About 5 weeks after vasectomy, numerous lamellar accumulations became apparent in the supernuclear region. Their resemblance to lysosomes or residual bodies was confirmed by an acid phosphatase reaction. After 10 weeks, similar lamellar and polymorphic accumulations on the contralateral side of animals with unilateral vasectomies indicated that resorption had also increased on the unligated side.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 369-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Giant fibres ; Ventral nerve cord ; Lumbricus terrestris L. ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die proximalen Kollateralen der dorsalen Riesenfasern des Regenwurms wurden in Serienschnitten vom Soma bis zum Eintritt in die Riesenfaser verfolgt und im Hinblick auf ihre Feinstruktur und ihre synaptischen Kontakte Untersucht. Es finden sich sowohl chemische als auch elektrische Synapsen. Ihre Feinstruktur wird mit der bekannter Synapsen anderer Wirbellosen und Wirbeltiere verglichen. In beiden Riesenfasersystemen kommen efferente chemische Synapsen mit feinen postsynaptischen Verzweigungen vor, die anscheinend von Bauchmark-Motoneuronen stammen. Das Axon der medianen Riesenfaser weist darüber hinaus nur noch eine elektrische Synapse mit den Rieseninterneuronen auf. Demgegenüber erhalten die Kollateralen der lateralen Riesenfasern zahlreiche Afferenzen, die zum Teil als sensorische Fasern der Epidermis, multisegmentale Fasern der Hauptfaserzüge und Rieseninterneurone identifiziert werden konnten. Weitere Afferenzen stammen vermutlich von unisegmentalen Interneuronen her. Beide lateralen Riesenzellaxone bilden außerdem miteinander eine elektrische Chiasma-Synapse mit besonderen Membraneinfaltungen.
    Notes: Summary The proximal collaterals of the dorsal giant fibres of the earthworm were traced through serial sections from the cell bodies to the giant axons. Their structure and synaptic connections were examined. There are chemical as well as electrical synapses. Their fine structure is compared to that of other known invertebrate and vertebrate synapses. Both giant fibre systems have efferent chemical connections with thin postsynaptic arborizations which probably belong to ventral cord motoneurons. Moreover the median giant axon is connected by an electrical synapse with the giant interneurons. The lateral giant collaterals on the contrary receive many afferences through chemical synapses which were partly identified as sensory fibers from the epidermis, multisegmental axons from the main fibre bundles or giant interneurones. Other afferences probably come from unisegmental interneurones. In addition both lateral giant axons form an electrical chiasma synapse with special membrane folds.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 223-237 
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    Keywords: Aorta, endothelium ; Rat ; Transport of serum lipoproteins ; Radioautography ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The transport of 125I-labeled serum lipoproteins through the aortic endothelium was studied by radioautography. Rat aorta and heart was perfused in vitro with a medium containing human very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), delipidated HDL apolipoprotein or rat HDL. In all lipoproteins more than 95% of the radioactivity was TCA precipitable and lipid radioactivity was from 2–4% in HDL, 4–6% in LDL, 7–15% in VLDL. After 18–60 min of perfusion and wash with unlabeled medium, most of the aortic radioactivity was TCA precipitable and the percent of lipid counts was similar to that in the original lipoprotein. Following perfusion with VLDL, LDL, or HDL the radioautographic reaction was seen over the endothelium, the subendothelial space and the inner media, and was separated by an unlabeled zone from the reaction present over the adventitia. Uniform labeling of the entire wall was found after perfusion with HDL apolipoprotein. The presence of silver grains over endothelial cells in regions rich in plasmalemmal vesicles suggested that these organelles participate in the transport of the labeled lipoprotein, as was shown for lactoperoxidase (Stein and Stein, 1972). The present data indicate that cholesterol may enter the aortic wall as a constituent of lipoprotein particles. Since an HDL particle carries less than 1/20 of the cholesterol present in a LDL particle, it seems that the lower susceptibility of the female to atheromatosis might be related to the higher ratio of HDL to LDL particles in the female serum.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 141-143 
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    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular cells ; Rat ; Granulation index ; Diurnal rhythm ; Statistical evaluation
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Granulations-Index der juxtaglomerulären epitheloiden Zellen der Rattenniere unterliegt tagesrhythmischen Schwankungen, wobei die berechneten Werte in den Nachtstunden significant höher sind als in den Tagesstunden.
    Notes: Summary Marked diurnal changes occur in the granulation index of the juxtaglomerular cells in the rat kidney. According to the results the night values are significantly higher than those obtained in daytime.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 309-314 
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    Keywords: Pituitary Gland ; Rat ; Somatotropin ; Cellular Response ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The response of somatotrophs to large doses of purified bovine growth hormone was examined in uninephrectomized rats drinking 1% sodium chloride in an attempt to prolong the action of the hormone. Growth hormone produced a triphasic response in the ultrastructure of somatotrophs. Uninephrectomy and salt alone induced no changes in somatotrophs as compared to unoperated animals consuming tap water. In the first phase (3 days) the cross sectional area of the cell increased, the size of the largest granule per cell as well as the number of granules per cell increased significantly. All these parameters then reached control level after 7 days of injections during a second phase. Suppression of somatotrophs by exogenous growth hormone was evident by 16 days (third phase) when the area of the cell, the size of the largest secretory granule as well as the number of granules per cell all decreased significantly. Somatotrophs apparently did not react to suppression by a lysosomal mechanism inasmuch as no increase in the number of lysosome-derived structures was seen even at 16 days.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 301-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cnidaria ; Nervous system ; Synapses
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    Notes: Summary The nervous system of juvenile and adult Ceriantheopsis americanus has been examined with the electron microscope. The nervous system is exclusively ectodermal, forming a plexus of fibres lying between the epithelium and the muscle layer. The plexus consists of three types of nerve fibre that vary in diameter from 0.1 to 20 μ, and a fourth type of fibre of uncertain nature. The reticulum, previously thought to be the ectodermal nervous system, is redescribed as the peduncles of epithelial supporting cells. Intraneural and neuromuscular synapses are described. About 97% of the interneural are polarized. The unpolarized synapses are a variety not previously described, consisting of a series of polarized zones, for which the name multipolarized synapse is proposed. Structurally, the interneural synapses are more complex than those previously seen in the Cnidaria. Presynaptic projections, periodic cleft densities, and a postsynaptic web are described. By contrast, the neuromuscular synapses bear no membrane specializations. On the basis of observed synaptic interactions of its components a preliminary model of the functional organization of the nervous system is proposed.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 143-147 
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    Keywords: Rat ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Blinding ; Retinohypothalamic connections ; Karyometry
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Radioaktiv markierte Aminosäuren werden bei Säugetieren nach intraokulärer Injektion nicht nur zu den primären optischen Kerngebieten, sondern auch in den Nucleus suprachiasmaticus des Hypothalamus transportiert (Moore und Lenn, 1972; Hendrickson, Wagoner und Cowan, 1972; Moore, 1973). Dieser Befund macht eine direkte Verknüpfung zwischen der Netzhaut und dem sekretorisch aktiven Nucleus suprachiasmaticus wahrscheinlich, obwohl mit Silbertechniken eine solche Verbindung nicht sicher nachgewiesen werden konnte. Karyometrische Studien am Nucleus suprachiasmaticus männlicher Wistar-Ratten zeigen 6 Tage nach beidseitiger Blendung eine signifikante Abnahme der Zellkerndurchmesser. Dieses Ergebnis spricht für eine Aktivitätsänderung der Neurone im Nucleus suprachiasmaticus geblendeter Ratten.
    Notes: Summary Intraocular injection of labeled amino acids results, in different mammals, in an accumulation of radioactive material not only in the primary optic centers but also within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (Moore et al., 1972; Hendrickson et al., 1972; Moore, 1973). This finding argues in favour of a direct connection between the retina and the secretory suprachiasmatic nucleus although silver techniques do not show such a pathway. In male Wistar rats the nuclear diameter of the suprachiasmatic neurons decreases significantly 6 days after bilateral experimental ablation of the retina. These results indicate an alteration in activity of the suprachiasmatic neurons in blinded rats.
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 535-547 
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    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Mitoses, topographic distribution ; Influence of fixation ; Light microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mitoses de l'adénohypophyse du rat mâle ont été examinées comparativement après fixation par perfusion et après fixation par immersion. Après fixation par perfusion la répartition topographique des mitoses dans le parenchyme est homogène, et l'index mitotique est de 1,85 pour 1 000 cellules. Après fixation par immersion, la densité des mitoses décroit de la périphérie vers le centre, et l'index mitotique n'est que de 0,80 mitoses pour 1 000 cellules. La lenteur de pénétration du fixateur pendant l'immersion est tenue pour principal responsable des différences observées. Elle entraîne une modification de l'aspect des mitoses, telle que plus de la moitié d'entre elles ne sont pas identifiables et échappent aux comptages.
    Notes: Summary The mitoses of the adenohypophysis in male rats have been observed comparatively after fixation by perfusion and fixation by immersion. After fixation by perfusion, the topographic distribution of mitoses throughout the parenchyma is homogenous and the mitotic index is 1.85 for 1 000 cells. After fixation by immersion, the density of the mitoses is decreasing from the periphery towards the center and the mitotic index is only 0.80 for 1 000 cells. The slow penetration of the fixative during fixation by immersion is considered to be the main cause in the differences observed. This slow action causes a modification in the aspect of the mitoses, and more than fifty percent of them cannot be identified and escape to the counts.
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Castration ; Alterations ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventral, lateral and dorsal lobes of the rat prostate were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The major changes were a general reduction of the Golgi area and the RER. The cells became pale and contained less organelles compared with the normals. One of the most conspicuous changes were enormous autophagic vacuoles which were present already after 2 days, seemed to reach a numerical peak 3 days after castration and were seldom encountered after 7 days. Increased number of dense bodies were found within the same period. Lipid droplets were observed in the basal cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, especially in the ventral lobe. The basal cells showed the same involution as in the ordinary epithelium. In addition, macrophages were relatively numerous, and between the epithelial cells also lymphocytes were found. The results are discussed in relation to biochemical data on the different lobes.
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 179-189 
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    Keywords: Seminal vesicles ; Coagulating Gland ; Rat ; Castration ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The seminal vesicles and the coagulating gland of the rat were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The major changes within the seminal vesicles were primarily formation of whorls of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), followed by a general atrophy with a numerical reduction of the RER-profiles, and with general simplification of the cytoplasm due to loss of the organelles. It was a gradually reduction of secretion granules, diminution of the Golgi apparatus, formation of pigment bodies and autophagic vacuoles. Lipid droplets were observed in the basal cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. In the coagulating gland, similar changes occurred within the Golgi area and the lysosome complex. On the other hand, cisternae of the basal endoplasmic reticulum tended to persist in many cells. The similarity in response strongly suggests that the pathogenetic mechanisms are similar in both organs, i.e. atrophy due to deprivation of the androgenic stimulus. The deprivation of androgen gave rise to an inflammatory-like process with infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. The increased number of macrophages may indicate that they contribute in some way to the involution of the prostate by removing the material in the autophagic vacuoles.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 473-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testicular feminization ; Rat ; Leydig cells ; Sterility ; Androgens, Steroids ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells of the pseudohermaphrodite rat testis are both hypertrophic and hyperplastic. The cytoplasm is characterized by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is abundant and variable in form. Mitochondria are numerous and large with tubular cristae and occasional inclusions. Structural features of the Leydig cells indicate potential for increased steroid synthesis. The presence of large numbers of mast cells in the intertubular area is confirmed. Small seminiferous tubules lack advanced germinal elements. Additional connective tissue and myoepithelial layers produce a thickening of the limiting membrane. Some myoepithelial cells are atypical with an electron translucent cytoplasm and nuclei with dense peripheral chromatin. No spermatogenic cells beyond the cap phase of the spermatid are observed. The cytoplasm of Sertoli cells contains large lipid droplets and degenerating germ cells.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory granule ; Pars nervosa ; Rat ; Morphometry
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    Notes: Summary The distribution of the diameters of the neurosecretory granules in the rat pars nervosa (measured from electron micrographs taken at 40 000 × ) was compared among axons by nonparametric statistical methods and the axons were classified into five groups with median granule diameters of 143, 155, 167, 180 and 193 nm. We suggested that these five axon types carried different secretory substances contained in the pars nervosa.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 361-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Saline-treatment ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Neural lobes from rats which had been allowed to drink hypertonic saline for five days were examined electron microscopically and by bioassay of oxytocin levels. The profound changes in the ultrastructure were examined and the reversal of these changes in morphology was followed until the hormone levels returned to normal. The recovery of the gland as measured by the two parameters of structure and hormone content indicated that the morphological recovery apparently preceded the hormone level recovery, a factor which might be explained by continued release of hormone during the period of recovery.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 511-520 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Sensory ending ; Rat ; Development ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary A fine structural study of sternothyroid muscle spindles of young adult rat demonstrates the rare occurrence of unique nerve endings. These endings are situated in the juxta-equatorial region of nuclear-bag fibers, adjacent to the annulo-spiral sensory endings. They consist of a bundle of terminal axons less than 0.3 μ in diameter and appear to be disposed nearly longitudinally to the axis of the intrafusal fibers. Whereas, the annulo-spiral endings consist of a single axon, coiling around the intrafusal fibers. Transverse sections of these muscle spindles reveal these unique endings scattered around the muscle fibers, fitting into depressions on their surface. The innermost axons directly face the muscle surface and are separated by a narrow gap less than 200 Å in width. No Schwann cell process appears to be associated with these endings. From their unique multi-axonal composition, these endings are termed “bundled endings”. Investigations of developing muscle spindles show the occasional presence of a similar multi-axonal composition of sensory endings in perinatal rats. It is suggested that “bundled endings” are sensory in nature, carrying an immature feature over to adult life.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 223-250 
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    Keywords: Nervous system ; Ctenophores ; Nerve-net, Nervous concentration ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary A subectodermal nerve-net is demonstrated in ten species of Ctenophores by means of either Methylene Blue vital staining or silver impregnation. There is no evidence of subendodermal nerve-net. The ectodermal nerve-net displays a characteristic polygonal pattern which is thought to result from morphogenetic events. Both bipolar and tripolar neurones occur. Three types of concentrations of nervous tissue are described: a) a high accumulation of nervous perikarya at the aboral sensory pole; b) a noticeable densification of the net along the eight meridional ciliary strands of every species, and around the lips of Beroidea; c) in the Cydippids Pleurobrachia and Hormiphora two thick strands of fibers and neurones interconnecting the aboral organ and the tentacles: the tentacular nerves. Ultrastructural evidence is given for the presence of nervous elements under and amidst ectodermal epithelial cells. Three features allow the recognition and characterization of neurites and neurones: a) numerous clear and/or granulated vesicles; b) microtubules in variable amounts; c) frequent and highly differentiated synaptic contacts. The very peculiar arrangement of the presynaptic elements is observed in all the species of Ctenophores so far studied. These synaptic contacts suggest chemical transmission in the nerve-net. On the basis of ultrastructural evidence the author refutes the nervous nature previously attributed to the ciliated cells of the meridional grooves. A parallel is drawn between nervous systems of Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental enamel ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Crystallography
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    Notes: Summary Thin sections of rat incisor enamel were studied with the electron microscope. Fringe patterns having repeat periods in the range 3.1–8.2 Å were seen in individual enamel crystals. These images were interpreted as representing the resolution of corresponding planes in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice. The lattice spacings and interplanar angles were identified by comparing the observations with available data derived from X-ray diffraction analysis.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart innervation (Turtle) ; Monomamine-containing cells ; Synapses ; Fluorescence and electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Fluorescence and electron microscopy of the turtle heart indicates the presence of monoamine-containing, granulated cells in the wall of venous sinus and near the openings of the aortic trunks. These cells occur in clusters and are always in association with nerve fibers and/or ganglion cells within the turtle heart. Vesiculated axon terminals make a synaptic contact with the cytolemma of the granulated cell which in turn makes a synapse to the processes from the other granulated cell and to the cardiac nerve fibers. The close contact occurs also between the granulated cell process and the smooth muscle cell membrane in the wall of large vessels. The granulated cell has no special relationship to the blood capillaries. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to nervous control of the cardiac activity of the turtle.
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Development ; Chick embryo ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The formation and development of synaptic contacts between dissociated chick spinal cord neurons has been investigated. By the 6th day in vitro “immature” profiles with few vesicles were observed. By 14–18 days “mature” types with numerous vesicles were found, indistinguishable from those of newly hatched chick spinal cord. After this period degeneration occurred, and was especially marked in the post-synaptic element. Such degeneration could be postponed by the addition of small numbers of somatic muscle cells. The Kanaseki and Kadota (1969) technique was applied to the study of coated vesicles at various stages of synaptic development.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Rat ; Development ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The development of the pars tuberalis was studied in the rat fetus from 13 days of gestation to 6 weeks after birth. After the closure of Rathke's pouch, the pars tuberalis anlage is clearly distinguishable from the anlagen of the partes intermedia and distalis. It comprises the entire basal portion of the adenohypophysial anlage; the limit between the anlagen of the pars tuberalis and the pars distalis is defined by Atwell's recess, i.e. the pathway taken by the hypophysial vessels coming from the vascular plexus of the median eminence. At 14 days the pars tuberalis cells are characterized by the presence of glycogen which persists in the adult. Their secretory differentiation (elaboration of granules with a diameter of 100–120 nm) is obvious at 15 days of gestation. It therefore, clearly precedes that of the other hypophysial cell types. Its functional differentiation takes place well before its adhesion to the primary vascular plexus of the portal system. Cystic formations appear just before birth in the pars tuberalis, much later than those of the pars distalis. These observations on the development of the pars tuberalis, together with previous observations on the adult PT in various species, showing that the specific glandular cells of the pars tuberalis are cytologically different from all known adenohypophysial cell types, seem to indicate a specific endocrine function of this lobe.
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 207-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Rat ; Six bouton types ; Strio-nigral projection ; Bouton degeneration ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The normal ultrastructure of rat substantia nigra was investigated. Special attention was paid to the different types of boutons, and the mode of termination of the striatonigral connection was examined. Two different types of nigra neurons with deep nuclear membrane indentations were observed. The synaptic organization of rat substantia nigra is very complex. Six types of boutons, with many characteristics, could be differentiated: pleomorphicvesicle boutons (40%), elongated-vesicle boutons (10%), small-round-vesicle boutons (10%), large-round-vesicle boutons (20%), “clear-terminal” (15%) and dense-core-vesicle boutons (about 5%). Vesicle-containing dendrites were observed entering dendro-dendritic synapses. One to four days after large unilateral striatal lesions were made, a great number of degenerating boutons were seen in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, while the contra-lateral substantia nigra was entirely free of degeneration. The newly defined pleomorphic-vesicle boutons were found almost exclusively in the process of degeneration. The neuronal origin of the other bouton types is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 238-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Bone ; Rat ; Tetracycline
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de croissance normale en longueur de la métaphyse proximale du tibia est déterminée chez le rat Sprague-Dawley entre les âges de 20 et 100 jours, en utilisant la méthode à la tétracycline. Le taux de croissance ne varie que légèrement dans les groupes d'âges différents. Il est plus élevé chez les animaux jeunes et décroit considérablement en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge. Les rats mâles présentent une croissance plus élevée que les femelles. Cette étude a pour but de mettre au point une méthode permettant de déterminer les facteurs expérimentaux, liés à la croissance en longueur du rat.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die normale Längenwachstums-Geschwindigkeit der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia wurde bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten in einem Alter zwischen 20 und 100 Tagen mittels der Tetracyclinmethode gemessen. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit variierte nur wenig innerhalb der einzelnen Altersgruppen. Die Geschwindigkeit war bei jungen Tieren am höchsten und nahm mit zunehmendem Alter beträchtlich ab. Männliche Ratten wuchsen schneller als weibliche. Diese Arbeit dient als Grundlage, um die experimentelle Beeinflussung des Längenwachstums der Ratte abschätzen zu können.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of normal growth in length from the proximal growth plate of the tibia in the Sprague-Dawley rat was measured between 20 and 100 days of age using the tetracycline method. The growth rate varied only slightly within different age groups. The rate was highest in young animals and decreased considerably with increasing age. Male rats grew faster than female. This study is intended to provide a base for an evaluation of experimental influence on the growth in length of the rat.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 261-277 
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    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Rat ; Cell types ; Secretion ; Influence of fixation
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nebennierenmark der Ratte wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixationsmethoden untersucht. Nach Immersionsfixation mit Glutaraldehyd oder Osmiumtetroxyd finden sich in der Nebenniere sog. Mischzellen, helle Zellen, syncytiale oder plasmodiale Zellen, die von den Untersuchern als Artefaktbildungen angesehen werden. In allen Proben nach Perfusionsfixation wurden solche Artefaktbildungen niemals beobachtet. Bei Immersionsfixation wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen Sekretgranula und Cytoplasmamembran beobachtet, was bei Perfusionsfixation selten der Fall war. Die heutigen Theorien über den Sekretionsmechanismus bei Nebennierenmarkzellen werden aufgrund der vorgelegten Ergebnisse diskutiert. Die Arbeit zeigt die wesentlichen Vorteile der Anwendung der Perfusionsfixation für die Untersuchung der Nebenniere.
    Notes: Summary The adrenal medulla of the rat was studied utilizing various methods of fixation. In adrenal medulla specimens after immersion fixation either with glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide, elements such as mixed, clear, syncytial, or plasmodial cells, believed to be of artifactual origin, are observed in all of this material examined. These elements are absent in the specimens prepared by perfusion fixation. In specimens prepared by immersion fixation, secretory granules are found in close proximity to the plasma membrane; this localization is infrequent after perfusion fixation. Current theories of the mechanism of secretion of adrenal medullary hormones are discussed on the basis of our results. This investigation demonstrates the advantage and necessity of perfusion fixation in the study of the adrenal medulla.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 466-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Microtubules ; Enamel organ ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the enamel organ of rat incisors macrophages are present in the zone of matrix formation, the transitional zone, the enamel maturation and pigmentation zone. The macrophages accumulate adjacent to redifferentiating amelocytes in the transitional zone. The macrophages phagocytize fragments of disintegrating amelocytes. In addition to the well known complement of organelles the macrophages present an elaborated microtubular system, scattered, thick filaments, a cortical feltwork of thin filaments, and spherical nuclear bodies. The microtubules emanate from “attached” and free pericentriolar satellites and radiate aster-like towards the cell surface or into pseudopods or curve along the nuclear surface for long distances, often related to nuclear constrictions. It is suggested that the microtubular system plays a prominent role in directional movement of the macrophages. The cortical filaments, if contractile, may create the cytoplasmic flow necessary for the cell motility.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 240-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insects ; Brain ; Corpora pedunculata ; α-lobe ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Organisation der α-Loben der Pilzkörper im Gehirn von Acheta domesticus L. wird nach licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden beschrieben. Der säulenartige Faserkomplex des α-Lobus besteht aus Fortsätzen von Pilzkörperzellfasern (intrinsischen Fasern, IF) und pilzkörperfremden Fasern (extrinsischen Fasern, EF), die in den Lobus eindringen. Die feinen IF durchziehen den Lobus hauptsächlich parallel zu seiner Längsachse, während die EF zumeist senkrecht zur Längsachse angeordnet sind. Der Lobus erscheint von seiner Peripherie bis zu seinem Zentrum durch IF-Zonen gegliedert. Die Verteilung der EF weist auf eine zusätzliche Ordnung von der Basis zur Spitze des Lobus hin. Zahlreiche polarisierte Synapsen verbinden IF mit EF. Die IF zeigen Vesikelanhäufungen und präsynaptische Apparate besonders in Erweiterungen, die auch in Golgi-Präparaten lichtmikroskopisch zu sehen sind. Es werden zwei EF-Typen unterschieden: 1. Postsynaptische EF (zahlreich) und 2. EF mit prä- und postsynaptischen Kontakten, die nur in einigen Regionen des α-Lobus gefunden wurden. Präsynaptische IF konvergieren auf „dendritische“ EF, die Verbindungen mit anderen Teilen des Hirns und des Nervensystems herstellen. Funktionelle Gesichtspunkte werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The organization of the α-lobes of the corpora pedunculata in the brain of the cricket Acheta domesticus L. has been investigated in the light and electron microscopes. The cylindrical fibre complex is composed of branches of “mushroom-body” fibres (intrinsic fibres) and extrinsic fibres, which penetrate the α-lobe. Intrinsic fibres (IF) run through the α-lobe in the same direction, but not strictly parallel to each other or to the axis of the α-lobe. Extrinsic fibres (EF) and their fine branches are often arranged perpendicular to the axis of the α-lobe. There is some evidence that different IF zones occur in the α-lobe when passing from its periphery to its centre. The distribution of EF may reflect a structural order when passing from the base of the lobe to its top. Numerous polarized synapses connect the IF with the EF. The IF show clusters of vesicles and presynaptic figures especially in their “blebs”, which can be seen in Golgi preparations for light microscopy. Two types of EF are distinguished on the basis of their synaptic junctions: (1) postsynaptic EF (abundant) and (2) EF with pre- and postsynaptic sites (perhaps restricted to some regions of the α-lobe). Presynaptic IF converge on EF, which may transfer excitation from the α-lobe to different parts of the brain and nervous system.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Olfactory tubercle ; Rat ; Degeneration ; Synapse
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    Notes: Summary The olfactory tubercle of the rat was studied by electron microscopy both in the normal and after ipsilateral olfactory bulb ablation at survival times of from 14 hours to seven days. Particular emphasis was placed on synaptic structures and their changes following the lesion. Normal synapses are similar to those described in previous studies and presynaptic profiles are of at least three types. Types-A and -B contain round vesicles and form asymmetrical contacts and type-C profiles contain flattened vesicles and form symmetrical contacts. There appear to be two major types of degenerative changes. The electron-lucent type predominates at early survival times and is seen first at 14 hours. These profiles show an early reduction in numbers of vesicles with mitochondrial swelling followed by shrinkage of the profile. These profiles become increasingly electron-dense at later survival times. The second major type of degenerating profile is initially electron-dense. The earliest changes in these profiles are an increased axoplasmic density and increased microtubular density and clumping without apparent loss of vesicles. These profiles also become progressively more electron-dense at longer survival times. The observations are discussed in relation to previous reports.
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Synapses ; Crustacea ; Abdominal Ganglia ; Lateral glant fibers ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The abdominal ganglia of the crayfish Astacus pallipes contain numerous vertebrate-like synapses which are characterized by presynaptic vesicles, darkened pre- and post-synaptic membranes, cleft material, and post-synaptic “fuzz”. Such synapses occur throughout the ganglia but are most easily found dorsally, where the neuropile is relatively coarse. The neuropile is far from homogeneous. Regional variations in fiber size, in degree of profile tortuosity, and in kind, magnitude, and distribution of vesicular content result in conspicuous textural variations. The structural polarity of synapses between the lateral giant fibers and other neurons is consistent with known physiological polarity and, hence, validates our criteria for recognition of synapses within the ganglion.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Rat ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between rat spermatogonia and between spermatocytes is illustrated from electron microscopy of serial sections. Clones, or syncytia, containing as many as 22 connected spermatogonia and as many as 74 connected spermatocytes were observed. The absence of closed rings of cells agrees with the observation that intercellular bridges are the result of incomplete cell division, rather than cell fusion. The bridges thus are a record of spermatogonial divisions within a clone. In early spermatogonial generations there is a predominantly linear arrangement. The groups of spermatocytes have more side branches. From the presence of synaptonemal complexes it is concluded that the connected spermatocytes of a given clone are in about the same developmental stage. The pattern of intercellular bridges indicates, however, that not all nuclei in a clone undergo mitosis in the same cycle. The connected cells of a clone are therefore not all of the same generation. From unconnected bridges it is assumed that new clones originate from single cells or groups of spermatogonia which separate from an existing clone.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tubuli seminiferi ; Rat ; Structure ; Contractility ; Organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated pieces of seminiferous tubules of adult rats were grown in organ culture for up to 8 weeks in Petri dishes on the surface of nutrient agar. The medium consisted of newborn calf serum, Eagle's minimum essential medium, glutamate and antibiotics. This method allowed observation of the contractions of the seminiferous tubules in the culture. Contractility, light and electron microscopic structure and histochemically demonstrable activities of alkaline phosphatase and ATPase of the tubule walls were studied at 1-week intervals. The contractility and alkaline phosphatase activity were maintained in the tubule wall for 3 weeks, and the activity of ATPase was maintained for 5 weeks. The thin filaments of the myoid cells, which are responsible for the contractility, were seen with the electron microscope in tubules cultured for 5 weeks. The organ culture method described in the present paper seems to be valuable for studies concerning the functioning of the myoid cells of the seminiferous tubules and the possibility that this is regulated by hormones.
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Releasing factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exocytosis has been demonstrated by electron microscopy in the external zone of the median eminence of the rat. Exocytotic profiles have been observed in nerve fibres characterized by the presence of granular vesicles with median diameters of 90–103 nm and agranular vesicles of about 50 nm. In addition to the small agranular vesicles, coated vesicles of the same size have been found in many nerve fibres, suggesting that at least part of the agranular vesicles in the median eminence originate by micro-pinocytosis. The nature of the fibres showing exocytosis is discussed. Attention is drawn to the possibility of identifying types of fibres in the median eminence by the occurrence of exocytosis.
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 553-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Brain ventricles ; Rat ; Subependymal labyrinths ; Light- and electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Färbung (Specht) lassen sich am ganzen Ventrikelsystem des Rattengehirns sub- und interependymale Strukturen lichtmikroskopisch nachweisen, die elektronenmikroskopisch als Basalmembranlabyrinthe (BML) identifiziert werden können. Verschiedene Formen dieser BML lassen sich unterscheiden. Sie stehen in Verbindung mit subependymalen Kapillaren. Die Verteilung der BML wird in Ventrikelkarten dokumentiert.
    Notes: Summary Sub- und interependymal structures, being demonstrable by a period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydthionine-method (Specht), occur in the whole ventricular system by light microscopy. They can be identified electron microscopically as basement membrane labyrinths (BML). Different shapes of these BML can be distinguished. They are in communication with the basement membrane of subependymal capillaries. The distribution of BML is documented in “ventricular maps”.
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 205-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diabetes insipidus ; Rat ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Synthesis of hormones ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The general ultrastructural features of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI-rats, Brattleboro strain) are described. There is no decisively distinguishing difference between the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurons of both nuclei show signs of active protein synthesis. The perikarya of the neurons are markedly hypertrophic, the nuclei are large and the nucleoli prominent. In the cytoplasm there are numerous ribosomes, abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. However, very few neurosecretory granules are to be seen. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract are likewise enlarged and the paucity of neurosecretory granules is a striking feature also in the area of the tract. The majority of nerve endings in the posterior pituitary of DI-rats are devoid of neurosecretory granules. Microvesicles are abundant in the nerve endings and there are findings which suggest that microvesicles are involved either in endoor exocytosis. The signs of active protein synthesis and the concomitant paucity of neurosecretory granules are interpreted to imply transportation of the secretory proteins in an extragranular phase. The possible mode of release of the secretory proteins from the nerve endings and the role of microvesicles therein are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Perivascular cells ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study is to investigate the ultrastructural features of perivascular cells as found in the neural lobe of the hypophysis. In particular, an inquiry was made into the nature of the relationship of such cells to neurosecretory fibers and endings. The latter, in fact, are often invaginated within the perivascular cells and enveloped by their processes; furthermore, they often reveal a certain number of empty granules as well as characteristics of degenerative nature. In the course of this study the localization of the perivascular cells has been investigated as well as that of their processes within the extensive interlobular network typical of the hypophysial neural lobe of rodents. Based on the data gathered, the hypothesis is put forward that the perivascular cells play an important role in the turnover of neurosecretory endings, both under physiological and experimental conditions, contributing thereby to the release of post-hypophysial hormones.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Freeze-etching ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes of rats subjected to severe acute haemorrhage under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia were examined electron microscopically and the ultrastructure compared with that in anaesthetised and unanaesthetised controls. Changes in the localisation and numerical distribution of elementary granules and small vesicles in the neurohypophysial nerve endings of bled rats were consistent with the occurrence of exocytosis. The occurrence of “exocytotic profiles” was observed more frequently in freeze-etched tissue samples as compared with the material fixed for conventional electron microscopy. The ratio of small vesicles: elementary granules was shown to be significantly increased (P〈0.005) in the nerve endings of neural lobes from bled rats. Equally, the numbers of exocytotic profiles related to 1000 μm2 of neurohypophysial tissue area were significantly greater (P〈0.005) in bled rats.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Rat ; Blood vessels ; Extracellular space ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of capillaries were found in the medial terminal nucleus of the rat accessory optic system. Type one capillaries are surrounded by glial processes and lack a perivascular space, whereas the type two capillaries and arterioles show a distinct extracellular perivascular space often filled with collagen fibrils. An internal as well as an external basal lamina lines these spaces. No fenestration of the endothelium was observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic junctions in intact rat cerebral cortex have been examined following glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining. In the presynaptic ending the network has a hexagonal arrangement, while the dense projections are regularly placed along the presynaptic membrane. Cleft densities occupy the intracleft region. The postsynaptic thickening extends uninterrupted along the length of the junction. Qualitatively, the majority of junctions fall into the ‘discontinuous-continuous’ category, in which the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane together with its associated dense projections is discontinuous along the length of the junction, whereas the postsynaptic thickening is continuous. By contrast, a small number of junctions are ‘continuous-continuous’. In an attempt to analyze the junctions quantitatively, nine indices were measured. Histograms of the size distributions of seven of these appear to be bimodal, and from this it is concluded that two junction populations may be distinguishable on quantitative grounds. It is also shown that the distance separating dense projections at the presynaptic membrane is of the order of 10–15 nm. This surprisingly low value has consequences for current ideas on the relationship between synaptic vesicles and dense projections, and these are discussed at length.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 404-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal medulla ; Rat ; Interstitial ground substance ; Fixation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Interstitium des inneren Nierenmarkes von Ratten wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Neben Bindegewebszellen und kollagenen Fibrillen enthält der interstitielle Raum bandförmige, basalmembranartige Strukturen, in deren weiträumigen Maschen zwei weitere Komponenten, nämlich ein feingranuläres und feinfilamentäres Material sowie kontrastreiche, globuläre Partikel liegen. Diese beiden Formelemente stellen sich bei den verschiedenen Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen unterschiedlich dar. Bei der feingranulären und feinfilamentären Komponente handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um interstitielles Blutplasma. Diese Deutung wird gestützt durch die morphologische Ähnlichkeit mit dem Blutplasma der Blutgefäße, die unterschiedliche Darstellbarkeit nach Glutardialdehyd-und Formalinfixierung sowie durch die Befunde nach Gefäßperfusion und Nierenvenenstauung. Das Verhalten der globulären Partikel nach OsO4-Einwirkung steht in Einklang mit der schon früher gegebenen Interpretation als präzipitierte saure Mukopolysaccharide. Ihr elektronenoptisches Bild wird im Vergleich zur bekannten makromolekularen Struktur der Mukopolysaccharid-Protein-Moleküle diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial ground substance in the inner medulla of the rat kidney is examined electron microscopically after fixation with various fixation agents and under different experimental conditions. The papillary interstitium contains besides interstitial cells and few collagen fibrils basement membrane like material and two other components, fine granular-fibrillar elements and globular particles with heavy contrast. The appearance of the two latter interstitial components varies according to the different fixation agents used and to the experimental conditions. The fine granular and fine fibrillar material surrounds the globular particles numerously after glutardialdehyde-fixation but scarcely after formaldehyde-fixation. It increases after renal vein occlusion, but is diminished or absent, if the kidney is rinsed bloodfree. These results allow to conclude that this material represents interstitial bloodplasma. The behaviour of the globular particles after OsO4-fixation agrees well with the earlier interpretation according to which they represent precipitated acid mucopolysaccharides. Their electron microscopic appearance is discussed in comparison with the known macromolecular structure of the acid mucopolysaccharides.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 432-447 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Working with glutaraldehyde fixed, PTA stained rat cerebral cortex, the authors compared the ultrastructural features of synaptosomes with those of intact synaptic junctions. In general there is close correspondence between the two, although the cleft densities and postsynaptic focal densities of synaptosomes show a greater degree of focalization than their counterparts in synaptic junctions. The dense projections have similar profiles in both preparations, but are more difficult to distinguish clearly in synaptosomes on account of the closer packing of the presynaptic network around their apices. The limiting membrane of the presynaptic terminal is usually visible in synaptosomes, but not in synaptic junctions. Comparing the preparations quantitatively reinforces the qualitative findings, and points to their overall similarity. However a number of the indices in synaptosomes are significantly smaller than the corresponding ones in synaptic junctions, and this points to the operation of a shrinkage factor during fractionation procedures. This is confined to the pre- and post-synaptic components and does not affect the intervening contact region. Histograms of the size distributions of the indices are similar to those obtained for intact synaptic junctions, the majority displaying two peaks. It is concluded that synaptosomes accurately reproduce the major ultrastructural features of synaptic junctions.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 480-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Normal ; Hypophysectomy ; Structural alteration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal cortex of normal and hypophysectomized rats was observed by electron microscopy 5–90 days after the operation and, chiefly, the degeneration mechanism of the cortical tissue was discussed. In normal rats mitochondrial inner structures are generally tubular in shape in glomerulosa cells, vesicular (and tubulo-vesicular) in fasciculate cells and tubulo-vesicular (and vesicular) in reticularis cells. Some mitochondria in a few glomerulosa cells show long straight tubular crests in normal as well as hypophysectomized rats. Usually lipid droplets in normal glomerulosa, fasciculate and reticularis cells are surrounded by elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which are very closely associated with mitochondria. About 10–25 days after hypophysectomy, most mitochondria in fasciculate and reticularis cells show tubular crests, and numerous electron lucent lipid droplets are accumulated in these cells. These droplets occupy most parts of the cytoplasm and are sometimes in contact with one another or with mitochondria. The elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are markedly reduced in number and size. About 10–90 days after the hypophysectomy, the degenerative cortical cells containing irregularly shaped nuclei, heterogeneously dense bodies in various sizes, and a large number of electron lucent lipid droplets are seen. The author speculates that most fasciculate and reticularis cells degenerate because of a disorder in the lipid metabolism, since ACTH release, which is necessary for synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol, is absent in hypophysectomy. The fatty degeneration of the fasciculate and reticularis cells is considered to be a main cause for attenuation of the cortical tissue. Sometimes atrophied cortical cells without lipid droplets are also found 60–90 days after hypophysectomy.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Rat ; Spermatids ; Manchette ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The manchette or caudal tube has been examined in Stage 14 rat spermatids. The microtubules of the caudal tube have been found to be partially sheathed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears to be continuous with the outer nuclear membrane of the redundant nuclear envelope. The microtubules in caudal regions of the manchette have been noted to be interconnected by links of unusual size and morphology. It is suggested that the caudal tube consists at this stage of development of two structures, membrane and microtubules and that the links between the microtubules appear to play a role in the structural order noted in the position of the tubules of the manchette. The possible significance of these links in relation to motility is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Neurovascular contacts ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the median eminence of the rat axons of the supraoptic-paraventricular-hypophyseal tract with elementary neurosecretory granules (150–200 mμ) traverse the internal zone. Terminals containing dense core vesicles 60–120 mμ in diameter end on the portal capillaries of the median eminence. A unique organisation of the primary portal capillaries is shown. Endothelial cells have many fenestrae. The pericapillary space has numerous extensions all of which represent a special zone around the endothelial tube. The fine structural organisation and function of the neurovascular contacts in the median eminence are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rat ; Oestradiol influence ; STH-cells ; Leucine incorporation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitaries of male and female rats neonatally treated with oestradiol dipropionate were examined with light and electron microscopy, disc electrophoresis and in vitro C14-leucine incorporation. Single dose of oestradiol administered shortly after birth to male rats has an prolonged stimulative effect on LTH synthesis and release. This is expressed in the cell hypertrophy, proliferation of ER, increase of corresponding band density and higher rate of 14C-leucine incorporation. In females this effect was less pronounced. STH cell in the treated male pituitaries were degranulated, corresponding hormone band density significantly lowered and incorporation of 14C-leucine was reduced. This could be considered as an inhibitory effect of oestradiol on STH synthesis and release. Such effect was more expressed two than four months after treatment and is more pronounced in male than in female rats.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 421-430 
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    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Growth ; Sex-dimorphism ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand des Verlaufs des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate in Anhängigkeit vom Lebensalter wurde die Proliferationsaktivität in den Zonen der Nebennierenrinde untersucht. 84 SPF-Ratten erhielten 2 μCi/g 3H-Thymidin i.p.; der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom 18. Trächtigkeitstag bis zur 12. Lebenswoche. Alle Zonen zeigten in der Rangfolge Glomerulosa — Fasciculata — Reticularis eine Abnahme DNS-synthetisierender Zellkerne. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede im Ausmaß der Proliferationsaktivität konnten zu keiner Zeit nachgewiesen werden. Aus der Dissoziation der Kurven des 3H-Index und der Mitoserate bei vergleichbaren DNS-Syntheseraten wird auf eine Änderung der G2-Phase des Generationszyklus der NNR-Zellen in der teilexponentiellen Wachstumsphase geschlossen.
    Notes: Summary In 84 SPF-rats the poliferative activity of the adrenal cortical cells was studied from the 18th day of pregnancy up to 12 weeks post partum. Rats were given 2 μC/g tritiated thymidine and killed 1 hour thereafter. It was shown that there was no sex-related difference in the degree of proliferation that could explain the sexual dimorphism in adrenal weights. In all cortical zones a decrease in the number of labeled cells was seen during the obvservation period. The highest percentage of labeled cells was found in the glomerulosa. There exists no parallelism of the mitotic and labeling index, which gives evidence for a change in length of the G2-phase of the cell generation cycle.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean ; Muscle ; Nerve ; Blood vessel ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to study the innervation and vascular supply of crayfish skeletal muscle. Blood vessels and nerve terminals identified by TEM were often closely associated. Synaptic regions of the nerve terminals were always located under sarcolemma and contained both dense-cored and agranular synaptic vesicles. Axo-axonal synapses of several different types were observed. Blood vessels consisted of several “vessel cells” or “supporting cells” enclosing a lumen, which was connected to the exterior by fine channels between the “supporting cells”. SEM of whole freeze-dried muscles revealed two types of ramifying structure, which often ran in parallel over the muscle surface. One, identified as nerve, was more cylindrical and had a smoother surface than the other, which was identified as blood vessel. Fine nerve branches disappeared under the sarcolemma, probably near synaptic regions, but synapses could not be seen. Blood vessels also had fine terminations which merged into the sarcolemma.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 483-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and the lateral preoptic area from the brains of aldehyde-perfused male and female rats were examined by electron microscopy. In the lateral preoptic area, three neuronal types are described: a small light neuron, a larger light one, and a dark neuron resembling the larger light one in size and nuclear shape. Many myelinated axons are interposed among single neurons or neuronal pairs. The relationship of structures to each other is discussed. Several observations not previously reported are illustrated from tissue of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 354-366 
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    Keywords: Hippocampal region ; Rat ; Monoamine oxidase ; Chemoarchitectonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the hippocampal region of the rat has been studied in cryostat sections with the tryptamine-tetrazolium method of Glenner et al. 2. The staining pattern was rather diffuse as compared with the distribution of MAO in the guinea pig and of other enzymes in the rat hippocampal region. 3. However, there were differences in enzyme activity between different areas and layers which could be correlated to some degree with results obtained with other methods, e.g., silver impregnation, catecholamines, and acetylcholinesterase.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 406-425 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parafollicular Cells ; Rat ; Normalcalcemia ; Vitamin D2 ; Electronmicroscopy ; Histochemical fluorescence method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroid parafollicular cells of normocalcemic and vitamin D2-treated rats were investigated by electron microscopy and with the histochemical fluorescence technique of Hillarp and Falck. Administration of high doses of vitamin D2 caused hypercalcemia and an extensive degranulation of the parafollicular cells. The formation and storage of monoamines in granulated and degranulated parafollicular cells was investigated by fluorescence microscopy after injection of monoamine precursors (DOPA, 5-HTP), alone or in combination with Ro 4-4602, nialamide or reserpine. No fluorescence was observed in parafollicular cells of untreated rats. l-DOPA and l-5-HTP (but not the corresponding D-amino acids) were taken up by a process closely linked to the decarboxylation of the amino acids to the corresponding amines (dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine). Treatment with vitamin D2 did not seem to affect the formation of amines in the parafollicular cells or the formation and storage of amines in other cell systems investigated. The amine itself (dopamine) was not taken up by the parafollicular cells. In normocalcemic rats, the amine formed was retained in the cytoplasm of the parafollicular cells by a partially reserpine-resistant mechanism. The storage of amines is concluded to occur in association with the calcitonin-containing granules. In parafollicular cells of vitamin D2-treated rats, a certain amount of amine was bound in the cytoplasm in the absence of typical granules. As a considerable amount of calcitonin is known to remain in the thyroid of vitamin D2-treated rats, the present observations may indicate an association between the amine and the polypeptide hormone calcitonin, whether the latter is confined to typical granules or not.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 471-499 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Rat ; Mitotic division ; Myofibril changes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the myocyte at all phases of mitosis as well as of early postmitotic cells has been studied in the myocardia of 14- and 18-day rat embryos and 5- and 7-day old rats. The myofibrils remain unchanged up to the late prophase. In prometaphase the majority of Z-disks in embryo myocyte myofibrils and considerable part of these disks in myofibrils of suckling rats are drastically disintegrated. This is followed by a progressive isolation and scattering of the myofilament bundles and of the whole sarcomeres during the subsequent phases of mitosis. Thick myofilaments seem to be unchanged but thin ones become frequently poorly outlined (mainly in embryos). The sarcoplasmic reticulum, including its typically differentiated subsarcolemmal cisternae, exhibits relatively few changes during mitosis. In the early postmitotic period there is a gradual restoration of contrast-rich Z-bands, interconnecting the previously isolated sarcomeres. Patterns of this process have much in common with early stages of myofibrillogenesis (appearance of subsarcolemmal “Z-bodies”, formation of skeins of thin filaments etc.). The cleavage furrow formation is either absent or considerably retarded up to the postmitotic period. Behaviour of some other organelles during myocyte mitosis has been described. Possible mechanisms and significance of the observed phenomena are discussed.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 58-69 
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    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Ependymal and glial cells ; Inclusions ; Neuroglial synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche Ependymzellen des Recessus infundibularis und Gliazellen der Zona externa besitzen Fortsätze, die bis an den perivaskulären Raum der Kapillarschlingen des Portalplexus heranreichen. Die Ultrastruktur dieser Gefäßfortsätze wird beschrieben. Sie können verschiedenartige Einschlüsse enthalten: 1. große, runde osmiophile Einschlüsse (0,5–2 μ im Durchmesser), die als „lipid inclusions“ bezeichnet werden; 2. unregelmäßig geformte, granuläre Einschlüsse mit gleichmäßiger Elektronendichte (500 bis 2000 Å im Durchmesser); 3. rundliche Granula mit einem hellen Zentrum und ringartig um dieses Zentrum gelagerten elektronendichten Körnchen (1200–1600 Å im Durchmesser). Der letztgenannte Granulatyp scheint ein charakteristisches Merkmal der Gefäßfortsätze in der Zona externa der Wistar-Ratte zu sein. Meist häufen sich die Körnchen gemeinsam mit den anderen beschriebenen Einschlüssen in den kolbenförmigen Endigungen der Gefäßfortsätze. Exocytosevorgänge an der dem perivaskulären Raum zugewandten Oberflächenmembran der Fortsätze weisen auf eine Abgabe von Substanzen an die Blutbahn hin. Neurogliöse Synapsen finden sich im Infundibulum vorwiegend zwischen Nervenfasern des Tractus tuberohypophyseus und Gefäßfortsätzen der Ependym- und Gliazellen. Der synaptische Spalt enthält häufig fädige oder körnige Strukturen. Solche Partikel finden sich zusammen mit tubulären oder vesikulären Membranprofilen auch im synapsennahen Bereich des Glia- oder Ependymfortsatzes. Die funktionelle Bedeutung dieser Synapsen insbesondere für die Abgabe neuronaler Substanzen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Many ependymal cells of the infundibular recess and many glial cells of the external layer send their processes to the perivascular space of capillary loops of the portal plexus. The ultrastructure of these vascular processes is described. They may contain various inclusions: (1) large, osmiophilic globules (0,5–2 μ in diameter), mostly termed “lipid inclusions”; (2) irregularly formed, granular inclusions with an evenly distributed content (500–2000 Å in diameter); (3) circular granules comprising an electron-lucent centre surrounded by an annular wall of electron-dense particles (1200–1600 Å in diameter). This type of granule seems to be characteristic for the vascular processes in the external layer of the Wistar rat. Frequently accumulations of these granules are found together with other inclusions in the widened end-feet of the vascular processes. The occurrence of exocytosis at the perivascular surface membrane of the vascular processes indicates a release of substances into the blood. Neuro-glial synapses in the infundibulum are mainly found between nerve fibres of the tuberohypophyseal tract and the vascular end-feet of ependymal and glial cells. The synaptic cleft often contains filamentous or granular material. Together with tubular and vesicular membrane profiles such particles are also found in the postsynaptic area of the ependymal and glial processes. The functional significance of these contacts is discussed particularly with respect to the release of neuronal substances.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 362-377 
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    Keywords: Lorenzinian ampullae ; Polyodon spathula ; Sensory epithelium ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic observations on the ampullary organs of Polyodon spathula (Chondrostei, Osteichthyes) reveal a sensory epithelium similar to that found in the Lorenzinian ampulla, an electroreceptor found in marine Elasmobranchs. The sensory cells have a very small luminal part provided with a cilium. They are innervated by many nerve endings. Each nerve fibre apparently makes synaptic contact with several sensory cells. The synaptic structure in the sensory cell is composed of a flat sheet, the outermost part of which is surrounded by 3 or 4 annuli of densely staining material. The sheet extends into a protrusion of the sensory cell, and there is a corresponding invagination in the nerve terminal. The conclusion that these organs are electroreceptors, is supported by the finding that the fish responds to the introduction of an iron tube in the aquarium, whereas a wooden rod introduced in the same way causes no response.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 481-488 
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    Keywords: Limulus heart ; Neurogenic heart ; Neuromuscular junctions ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characteristics of the neuromuscular junctions were studied in the neurogenic heart of Limulus polyphemus. Several types were encountered. The first type consisted of nerve terminals which synapsed along the borders of the myocardial fibers, embedded just under the sarcolemma. A second type of terminal was ensheathed in glial cells, synapsing on the outer sarcolemmal membrane. The third, and most prevalent type of junction consisted of terminals which synapsed with arms of granular sarcoplasm, remote from the fibrillar portion of the muscle fibers. Junctional complexes of the third type were often observed near intercalated discs and were often formed by several axons synapsing with arms of sarcoplasm from several muscle fibers. The results are discussed in relation to the previously reported electrophysiological characteristics of the neuromuscular junctions.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 92-113 
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    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretory granule ; Rat ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurosecretory granules (NSG) of rat posterior pituitary glands were prepared by differential centrifugation techniques mainly according to the procedure as described by Barer, Heller and Lederis (1963). As revealed by electron microscopy, the recovery of neurophysin and the contents of enzymes, purified NSG were obtained in a pellet at 30 000 g/60 min (0.44 M sucrose). Eighteen h after injection of (35S) cysteine into the supraoptic nucleus 60% of the recovered radioactivity in the neural lobe was found in the NSG, whereas 20% was found in the final supernatant (100 000 g/120 min). Sixteen days after injection the NSG and the final supernatant fraction contained fairly equal amount of (35S) cysteine (approximately 40%). It is suggested that after a period of intragranular maturation neurophysin is extruded into an extragranular pool of neurosecretory material. With the use of conventional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it was shown that the predominating proportion of radioactivity in the NSG after a hypothalamic injection of (35S) cysteine was located within the neurophysin fraction A and in fraction B. Fraction B is suggested to be partly bound to the NSG membranes. When the NSG soluble and NSG insoluble proteins, obtained after lysis of NSG, were separated on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, the highly radioactive soluble protein was shown to consist of two components with average molecular weights of 12 300 and 14 600. Most of the proteins in the lysate were found in the NSG membranes, though less radioactive. A component with a mol.wt. of 37 000 was enriched in the membrane fraction. At longer times after isotope injection the high mol.wt. proteins, particularly those of the NSG membranes, contained increased amounts of radioactivity.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Kidney ; Rat ; Actin- and myosin-like filaments ; Tubule and interstitial cells ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary By electron microscopy, the prominent bundles of filaments occurring in the basal part of proximal and distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells of rat kidney cortex were studied in cells fixed by vascular perfusion, in glycerol-extracted cells and in glycerol-extracted cells treated with heavy meromyosin (HMM). The studies of perfusion-fixed tissue showed that the proximal tubule cells contained in their most basal part filamentous bundles oriented transversely around the tubule. The bundles consisted of trightly packed thin filaments (50–80 Å in diameter). Similar but less prominent bundles were found in distal tubule cells and in interstitial cells. The dimension of these filaments was similar to that of actin filaments and their insertion in the basal cell membrane of the tubule epithelial cells resembled the insertion of actin filaments in the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells. The studies on glycerol-extracted cells revealed that some tubule cells contained two types of filaments (60–80 Å and 130–170 Å in diameter) located side by side in the basal filamentous bundles. The dimension of the thick filaments corresponds well to the values for myosin filaments in glycerinated smooth and skeletal muscle. The studies on HMM-reacted renal tissue revealed that the thin filaments (60–80 Å) described in tubule and interstitial cells are probably actin filaments, as they formed characteristic arrowhead complexes morphologically indistinguishable from the complexes of HMM with actin filaments in smooth and striated muscle cells. Our results provide strong evidence that a two-filament contractile system, based on interaction of actin and myosin filaments, exists in renal tubule and interstitial cells. As a hypothesis it is proposed that it is changes in tonus of the basal filamentous system in the proximal tubule cells which stabilize the intratubular pressure, possibly via angiotensin.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 1-11 
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    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Rat ; Spermatids ; Manchette ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The manchette or caudal tube has been examined in Stage 14 rat spermatids. The microtubules of the caudal tube have been found to be partially sheathed by smooth endoplasmic reticulum which appears to be continuous with the outer nuclear membrane of the redundant nuclear envelope. The microtubules in caudal regions of the manchette have been noted to be interconnected by links of unusual size and morphology. It is suggested that the caudal tube consists at this stage of development of two structures, membrane and microtubules and that the links between the microtubules appear to play a role in the structural order noted in the position of the tubules of the manchette. The possible significance of these links in relation to motility is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 217-229 
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    Keywords: Sensory axons ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Rat ; Ribosomes ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the dorsal root ganglia of the rat, ribosomes were found not only in the initial segment, but they were also observed in the axoplasm of intraganglionar myelinated fibres and in the sensory portion of spinal nerves. Axons of seven-days-old rats contained more ribosomes than those of adult animals. The amount of particles decreased gradually from the initial segment trough intraganglionar internodes to the axons of spinal nerves. No ribosomes were found in axons of dorsal roots. In intraganglionar fibres, ribosomal particles were usually observed near the nodes of Ranvier, in the vicinity of Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and in axons near the Schwann cell nuclei. They were arranged in tetrads, pentads or in larger polysomes, and they were often observed adjacent to a group of mitochondria. The particles had invariably a stable size, their average diameters measuring 234 ± 2 × 197 ± 3 Å, which is practically equal to the diameters of 232 ± 2 × 203 ± 3 Å of ribosomes in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. These values fall within the range of diameters of ribosomes isolated from various cells of eukaryotic organisms as given in the literature. Since no other granular component of the cytoplasm has similarly stable dimensions, the measurements are considered to prove that the axonal particles described here are ribosomes.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 278-296 
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    Keywords: Anura ; Pineal organ ; Synapses ; Acetylcholinesterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Epiphyse von Bombina kommen durch „synaptic ribbons“ gekennzeichnete Synapsen und konventionelle Synapsen vor. Bei den „ribbon“-Synapsen handelt es sich um axodendritische und axosomatische Formen. Die axodendritischen „ribbon“-Synapsen lassen sich aufgrund der Zahl der Dendriten und der „synaptic ribbons“ in 2 Typen gliedern. Es kommen Dendriten vor, die nacheinander in „ribbon“-Synapsen und konventionelle Synapsen einbezogen sind. Neben konventionellen und durch „ribbons“ gekennzeichneten synaptischen Verbindungen finden sich weitere Kontakte zwischen Sinnes- und Nervenzellen und Interrezeptorkontakte, die jedoch beide nicht als echte Synapsen angesprochen werden können. Anhand der Befunde zur Synaptologie werden Probleme der neuronalen Schaltung der Epiphyse diskutiert. Beim Acetylcholinesterase-Nachweis findet sich das Reaktionsprodukt vor allem in den Neuropilzonen der Epiphyse. Eine eindeutige Zuordnung zu Fortsätzen bestimmter Zelltypen ist nicht möglich. Das Ergebnis des Acetylcholinesterase-Nachweises in der Epiphyse wird mit entsprechenden Befunden in anderen Bereichen des ZNS und in der Netzhaut verglichen.
    Notes: Summary Both conventional and ribbon synapses occur in the pineal organ of Bombina. Ribbon synapses are both axodendritic and axosomatic. Two axodendritic types can be distinguished on the basis of the number of dendrites and synaptic ribbons. Both conventional and ribbon synapses can be formed with the same dendrite. Other contacts, which cannot be classified as true synapses, are also found between sensory cells and nerve cells and likewise between sensory cells. The synaptology of the pineal organ permits a discussion of the problems of its neurocircuitry. Products of the acetylcholinesterase reaction occur mainly in the plexiform layer of the pineal organ. It is not possible to correlate the reaction products with definite cell types. The results of the acetylcholinesterase reaction in the pineal is compared with corresponding findings in other parts of the CNS and in the retina of the lateral eyes.
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 356-368 
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    Keywords: Ependyma ; Brain ; Rat ; Glycogen-rich cells ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of the rat brain was investigated at different ages from 20 days to adulthood. A particular cell type occurs in the external wall of the ventricle, where the proliferative subependymal layer is present. These cells found at all ages studied, are characterized by a high content of glycogen, and a structure different of typical ependymal cells. A large number of nerve endings is situated in close vicinity of these cells, either free in the ventricle lumen, or sometimes ensheathed in the cells. No synapse was found between these endings an the glycogen-rich cells. These glycogen-rich cells undergo several modifications with age: their glycogen content is reduced in the adult, and they acquire a few cilia and gliofilaments. It is suggested that they represent a transitory differentiation of the ependyma, functionally linked with the proliferative subependymal layer.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 570-579 
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    Keywords: Sympathetic nerve fibres ; Rat ; 5-HT-cells ; Habenular region (Lamina intercalaris ; Medial habenular nucleus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal gland of the rat is located near the brain surface and is via a slender stalk connected to lamina intercalaris which constitutes a cell formation between the habenular and posterior commissures, continuing to the subcommissural organ. The stalk and lamina intercalaris, like the pineal proper, exhibited a yellow, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence which showed the histochemical and pharmacological properties of 5-HT. All these structures were richly supplied with catecholamine-fluorescent nerves which could be further followed rostrally from lamina intercalaris, mixing with the non-fluorescent commissural fibres and stria terminalis, into the medial habenular nucleus in which they extensively supplied both blood vessels and non-fluorescent nerve cells. Cytospectrofluorometric and chemical analysis suggested that the fluorescent nerves stored noradrenaline. This was supported by the finding that they disappeared after bilateral cervical sympathectomy (as did the fluorescent nerves in the pineal complex). In the medial habenular nucleus also catecholamine-containing and 5-HT-containing nerves of central origin were present. The occurrence of a rich, peripheral sympathetic innervation in the medial habenular nucleus of the brain offers possibilities for a previously not observed sympathetic influence on this nucleus. Also the arrangement, and the apparent continuity of the sympathetic innervation in the pineal gland, the lamina intercalaris, and the medial habenular nucleus, suggests some functional interconnection or coordination between these structures.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 114-139 
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    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Neurophysin ; Vasopressin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The release of neurophysin from neural lobe tissue slices and isolated neurosecretory granules of the rat was studied at various time intervals after injection of (35S) cysteine into the supraoptic nucleus. For hours after isotope injection the release of radioactive neurophysin from neural lobe tissue was increased by depolarizing concentration of potassium in the presence of calcium ions. Fourteen and 30 days after isotope injection the release of radioactive neurophysin was relatively decreased in a medium of high potassium concentration which might be explained by the heterogeneity of the pool of neurophysin within the neural lobe. Four h after isotope injection the “spontaneous” release of neurophysin from neural lobe tissue was higher in dehydrated rats than in controls, and the neural lobes of these animals did not respond with an increased release of radioactive neurophysin when exposed to high potassium concentration. Eighteen h after isotope injection the predominating proportion of neurophysin-bound radioactivity was found in the neurosecretory granule fraction, whereas 14 days after injection a fairly equal amount of radioactivity was found in this fraction and in the “soluble” protein fraction. This indicates that with time an increasing amount of radioactive neurophysin passes from an intragranular to an extragranular pool. The spontaneous release of radioactive neurophysin from isolated neurosecretory granules was higher, and the increase of release upon exposure to an ATP-regenerating system was higher 14 days after isotope injection than 18 h after injection. This may imply that the neurosecretory material undergoes an intragranular “maturation” process to become more easily releasable. The release of radioactive neurophysin was inhibited in the presence of AMP and EDTA, which demonstrates the dependence of the release process of an ATPase and, probably, of calcium ions. Neurosecretory granules from dehydrated rats possessed a higher spontaneous release than those of control rats 18 h after injection, which may indicate an enhanced intragranular “maturation” process of the neurosecretory material due to osmotic stimulation.
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  • 93
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    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Rat ; Fat droplets ; Fat resorption ; Quantitative electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopisch nachweisbare Neutralfettpartikel kommen im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte vorwiegend in den mitochondrienreichen Fasern vom Typ C in der Nachbarschaft von Mitochondrien vor. Nach Glutaraldehyd-Osmium-Fixierung und Epon-Einbettung sind diese Partikel meist dielektronisch, seltener teilweise oder ganz adielektronisch. Auf 100 μm2 Schnittfläche durch C-Fasern findet man 3–4 Anschnitte von Fettpartikeln. Der mittlere Durchmesser der Anschnitte (d) ist 0,69 μm, der mit der graphischen Methode von Hennig bestimmte mittlere Durchmesser der Fettpartikel (d′) 0,80 μm. 2 h Narkose mit Pentobarbital beeinflussen weder Anzahl noch Durchmesser der Anschnitte. Nach 2 h Resorption von Maiskeimöl ist die Zahl der Anschnitte unverändert, der mittlere Durchmesser der Anschnitte bzw. der Partikel hat um etwa 20 % zugenommen (d=0,83 μm; d′=0,95 μm). Das entspricht einer Zunahme des morphologisch nachweisbaren Neutralfettes um 70 %. Da keine Pinocytose von Chylomikronen zu beobachten ist, wird angenommen, daß freie Fettsäuren durch das Plasmalemm in die Muskelfaser eindiffundieren und im Bereich vorhandener Fettpartikel als Triglyceride gespeichert werden.
    Notes: Summary In the anterior tibial muscle of rats triglyceride droplets predominantly appear within fibres rich in mitochondria (type C). In electron micrographs 3–4 of such droplets are present per 100 μm2 sectional area of C-fibres. The mean diameter of sections through fat droplets (d) is 0.69 μm, the mean diameter of the droplets (d′) as determined by Hennig's graphical method is 0.80 μm. Anaesthesia with pentobarbital (2 h) does affect neither number nor size of the particles. 2 h after application of corn oil into the stomach the number of fat droplets is unaltered, but the mean diameter has increased by 20 % (d=0.83 μm; d′=0.95 μm), corresponding to an increase of the volume of about 70 %. Pinocytosis of chylomicrones by muscle fibres has never been observed. Therefore it is supposed, that free fatty acids have passed the plasmalemma by diffusion and are incorporated into triglycerides and stored within pre-existing fat droplets.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 439-461 
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    Keywords: Prechiasmatic gland (Organon vasculosum laminae terminalis) ; Rat ; Nerve endings ; Dense-cored vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the present electron microscopic study of the rat median vascular prechiasmatic gland, the unmyelinated nerve fibers containing dense-cored vesicles may be classified in three categories. (1) Nerve endings containing isomorphic rounded dense-cored vesicles, 800–1600 Å in diameter with a predominance of vesicles between 1100 and 1300 Å. These vesicles are synthesized in the nerve cell perikarya which are localized principally in the lamina profunda of the outer subpial layer and also in the neuropil of the inner glial covering layer. One or more “cholinergic” axon terminals are in contact with the surface of these nerve cell perikarya. The dense-cored vesicles travel in the axonal process which branches into an extensive terminal network characterized by the presence of small varicosities. They abut on the pericapillary spaces but never against another neuron or effector cell. A few nerve processes course between the ependymal cells and terminate in the preoptic recess of the third ventricle. The dense-cored vesicles may contain one of the primary monoamines. (2) Nerve endings containing pleomorphic dense-cored vesicles, 500–1600 Å in diameter with a predominance of vesicles between 800 and 1100 Å. The latter granular vesicles are associated with small, clear-centered vesicles, 260–550 Å in diameter, which are often aggregated in the vicinity of thickenings of the plasma membrane and of cytoplasmic dense projections. The intercellular space and the cell plasma membrane, however, do not display any modification facing these structures. Synapse-like contacts are observed between these nerve endings and cells containing a great amount of microfilaments and glycogen particles in their cytoplasm. The latter cells possibly represent processes of ependymal cells. (3) Nerve endings containing a few large dense-cored vesicles in addition to a majority of synaptic vesicles.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rat ; Pars intermedia ; Adrenocorticotropin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was localized in the intermediate lobes of normal rat pituitaries with unlabeled antibody and the soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex at the electron microscopic level. All of the intermediate lobe cells (light and dark cells) stained positively for ACTH. Stain of varying intensity was found on secretory granules and vesicles. Structures which resembled rough endoplasmic reticulum stained where the secretory granules and vesicles were most numerous. No stain was on mitochondria, in nuclei, in cisternae and granules of Golgi complexes, or in rough endoplasmic reticulum where there were few secretory granules. There were distinct immunohistochemical differences between the pars intermedia and anterior lobe ACTH cells. In the ACTH cells of the anterior lobe, the Golgi complex and its granules stained strongly, but not at all in the pars intermedia cells. This suggests that ACTH may not be packaged or condensed in the Golgi region of the latter.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane labyrinths ; Spinal cord ; Central canal ; Rat ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wand des Zentralkanals im Rückenmark der weißen Ratte enthält zahlreiche Basalmembranlabyrinthe; ihre Zahl nimmt in caudaler Richtung deutlich zu. Die Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Färbung (Specht) gestattet ihren lichtmikroskopischen Nachweis. Die Labyrinthe stehen in Verbindung mit den Basalmembranen der kanalnahen Kapillaren. Sie können auch elektronenmikroskopisch identifiziert werden; ihre Struktur gleicht der der Basalmembranen der Gefäße. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der Basalmembranlabyrinthe wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The wall of the central canal of the spinal cord of the white rat contains numerous basement membrane labyrinths, their number increasing towards the end of the canal. The period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydethionine-method (Specht) permits their light microscopic finding. They are in connection with the basement membranes of the capillaries situated near the canal. The basement membrane labyrinths can be identified by electron microscopy; their structure is similar to that of basement membranes of the capillaries. The functional significance of these structures is discussed.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Surface multivesicular structures ; Erythrocyte maturation ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface multivesicular structures associated with the plasmalemma of erythrocytes were observed in the peripheral blood of rats which have a significant number of circulating reticulocytes. These surface structures appear as ovoid evaginations (0.2 to 0.7 μ in diameter) of the plasma membrane and contain numerous small vesicles ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 μ in diameter. The structures were present during the final stages of maturation of erythrocytes, after nuclei and mitochondria had been extruded and only a few polysomes and small vesicles remained. They appear quite distinct from the autophagic vacuoles which have been described in association with degeneration and extrusion of mitochondria from erythrocytes. The exact origin of the small internal vesicles of these surface multivesicular structures is unknown; however, similar vesicles have been observed in the cytoplasm of the maturing erythrocyte especially in the vicinity of the Golgi body. These structures suggest a process by which Golgi elements and other small cytoplasmic vesicles are extruded during the late stages of maturation of rat erythrocytes.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 13-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Thyroid C-cells ; Ultrastructure ; Tocopherol and Ubiquinone deficiency ; Substitution (d,1-α-Tocopherol, α-Tocopherolquinone)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An der Schilddrüse von Wistar-Ratten wurde der Einfluß der Kost (Laborstandardkost, halbsynthetische-tocopherolhaltige und halbsynthetische-tocopherol-freie Kost) und der subkutanen Injektion von Tocopherol und Tocopherolchinon auf die Ultrastruktur der C-Zellen untersucht. Während nach Standardfütterung die Aktivität der C-Zellen der Norm entspricht, werden Syntheseleistung und Sekretabgabe dieser Zellelemente durch die halbsynthetische-tocopherolhaltige Kost gesteigert und im alimentären Tocopherol-Ubichinonmangel wieder gedämpft. Der elektronenmikroskopisch erkennbare Gehalt der C-Zellen an Sekretgranula entspricht der in vitro ermittelten Calcitoninaktivität. Die Beziehungen zwischen den Funktionskreisen von Thyreozyten und Calcitoninzellen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The influence of different diets (standard laboratory diet, semisynthetic tocopherol-containing and semisynthetic tocopherol-free diet) and the influence of subcutaneous injections of tocopherol and tocopherolquinone upon the ultrastructure of the C-cells in the thyroid gland of Wistar rats were investigated. While the activity of the C-cells is quite normal after feeding a standard diet, the synthetic and secretory activities of these cells show an increase with a semisynthetic diet containing tocopherol, but a decrease during alimentary lack of tocopherol and tocopherolquinone. The amount of secretory granules in the C-cells as seen with the electron microscope corresponds with the in vitro-activity of extracted calcitonin. The relations between the functional system of the thyrocytes and that of the C-cells are discussed.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Musculus levator ani ; Rat ; Androgen sensitivity ; Foreign innervation ; Histochemical Muscle fibre pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cross-union of the tibial with the pudendal nerve innervating the androgen-sensitive levator ani (LA) muscle of male rats, results in reversal of the histochemical muscle fibre pattern concerning myofibrillar ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase and phosphorylase enzyme activities. The homogeneous muscle fibre pattern of the LA muscle is changed to a mosaic pattern of muscles normally innervated by the tibial nerve. The success of the hetero-reinnervation is shown by practically full recovery of muscle weight and of isometric twitch-contraction properties of the LA muscle. Castration of 2-months duration, i. e. lack of the male sex hormone, leads to marked atrophy but no change in histochemical muscle fibre pattern. Hetero-reinnervation of the LA muscle results in change of histochemical enzyme pattern even if the cross-union of nerves is performed after long periods of castration leading to very marked decrease of muscle fibre size. However, testosterone application alone after castration increases markedly muscle fibre size but does not lead to reversal of muscle fibre pattern. The myotropic hormonal influence on the target (LA) muscle is therefore primarily of myogenic origin and specificity of hormonal action is maintained even with a foreign nerve innervating the muscle. The experiments, thus, provide evidence for the differentiation of specific neural influences affecting muscle fibre pattern and hormonal influences in respect to the myotropic action of the sex hormone on the androgen-sensitive LA muscle.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonocytes ; Rat ; Mitotic activity ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gonocyten der Ratte können in 2 hintereinander geschaltete Keimzellarten gegliedert werden, die I-Gonocyten und II-Gonocyten. Die I-Gonocyten proliferieren bei der Wistarratte zwischen 15. und 18. Fetaltag, die Tochterzellen der I-Gonocyten, die II-Gonocyten treten nach einer Zeitdauer von 7–8 Tagen zwischen 4. und 6. Lebenstag in die Mitose. Auf Grund der gewonnenen Daten erschien es sinnvoll, die mitotische Aktivität der II-Gonocyten und die Bestimmung der Dauer ihrer S-Phase an 5 Tage alten Ratten durchzuführen. Untersuchungen von 50 Zentren mitotischer Aktivität in einem in Serie geschnittenen Hoden einer 5 Tage alten Ratte ergaben, daß 148 von 190 Mitosen, d.s. 78%, in Gruppen und 122, d.s. 64% der Mitosen in „Paaren“ vorkommen. Mit der Methode der markierten Mitosen (Quastler u. Sherman, 1959) und der Methode der Doppelmarkierung (Hilscher u. Maurer, 1962) wurde die Dauer der S-Phase der II-Gonocyten bei 5 Tage alten Ratten bestimmt. Es ergab sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der nach beiden Methoden bestimmten Werte. Die S-Phasen-Dauer der II-Gonocyten dürfte danach am 5. Lebenstag bei 11,0–11,5 Std liegen.
    Notes: Summary The gonocytes of the rat are of two types: I-gonocytes and II-gonocytes. In Wistar rat I-gonocytes proliferate at the beginning of prespermatogenesis between the 15th and 18th day of gestation. Their multiplication stops between the 18th and 19th day. Starting on the 4th postnatal day, II-gonocytes, the daughter cells of I-gonocytes, begin to proliferate. The 5th postnatal day proved to be favourable for studying the mitotic activity and for determing the S-phase of II-gonocytes. In one serially sectioned testis of a 5 days old rat 25 sex cords were reconstructed. Till now 50 centres of mitotic activity of II-gonocytes with 190 mitoses were localized. Only 42 out of the 190 mitoses were isolated, 148 occur in groups. 122 out of the grouped mitoses are in “pairs”. That means that 78% of the grouped and 64% of all mitoses were to be found in pairs. By the method of labeled mitoses (Quastler and Sherman, 1959) and by the method of double labeling with C-14- and H-3-thymidine (Hilscher and Maurer, 1962) the duration of the S-phase of II-gonocytes were determined in 5 days old rats. The results of both methods show that the S-phase is 11.0 to 11.5 hours.
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