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  • Calcium  (121)
  • Fine structure  (90)
  • Chromatographie, Gas  (87)
  • Springer  (298)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wiley
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (145)
  • 1970-1974  (153)
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Intestine ; Calcium ; Binding ; Protein ; Uremia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to assess the usefulness of intestinal biopsies as indicators of end-organ responsiveness to vitamin D in uremic patients, calcium binding activity and calcium binding protein (CaBP) content were measured in intestinal biopsies from 12 uremic patients (glomerular filtration rate〈5.0 ml/min) and 12 adult controls. Values for both were found to vary with the site of biopsy, highest values being obtained in the duodenal bulb, with lower values distally. Values for activity correlated with values for CaBP content in both normals and uremics and no difference was observed between groups. Levels of calcium binding activity and content of CaBP did not correlate with serum immunoreactive parathormone levels, but were directly related to circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) levels. The data show that intestinal CaBP is normal in activity, quantity, and affinity for calcium in malabsorbing uremic patients, and are consistent with the hypothesis that calcium malabsorption in uremia is unrelated to deficiency of intestinal calcium binding protein.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Citrate ; Precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of citrate ions on the precipitation of crystalline apatitic precipitates with low Ca/P molar ratios [octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and calcium-deficient apatites (DA) (system A)] and of the intercrystalline mixtures of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and DA (system B) was investigated. Samples were prepared by direct mixing of calcium chloride solutions (A, 6·10−3 mol dm−3; B, 1·10−1 mol dm−3) and sodium phosphate solutions (A, 6·10−3 mol dm−3; B, 2·10−2 mol dm−3) containing citrate (0–2·10−3 mol dm−3) and preadjusted to pH 7.4. In the presence of citrate ions: (a) crystal growth of OCP and DA was slowed down; (b) habit modification of DCPD crystals occurred; and (c) equilibration in intercrystalline mixtures of DCPD and DA's was slowed down. All phenomena were caused by surface adsorption of negatively charged ions, most probably CaC6H5O7-, which is the prevalent calcium citrate species under the given experimental conditions. Habit modification of DCPD was induced by preferential adsorption at the (001) crystal plane.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Anticonvulsant ; Ketogenic diet ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Vitamin D and mineral metabolism status was examined in five children maintained chronically on combined ketogenic diet-anticonvulsant drug therapy (KG), and the results compared to those obtained in 18 patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs alone (AD) and 15 normal controls. KG patients exhibited biochemical findings of vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia: decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and calcium concentrations, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone concentrations, decreased urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and decreased bone mass. Although the KG and AD groups demonstrated similar reductions in serum 25OHD concentration, the KG patients exhibited a significantly greater reduction in bone mass. In response to vitamin D supplementation (5000 IU/day), mean bone mass in the KG group increased by 8.1±0.9% (P〈0.001) over a 12-month period. These results suggest that ketogenic diet and anticonvulsant drug therapy have additive deleterious effects on bone mass and that these effects are partially reversible by vitamin D treatment.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Double diffusion ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary One-dimensional double diffusion was applied to determine critical concentrations at which the precipitation of calcium phosphates occurs in reconstituted connective tissue collagen and agar gels at 37°C and in gelatin gels at 25°C. Experiments were performed in the presence of unbuffered 0.15 mol dm−3 NaCl, or 0.15 mol dm−3 NaCl-veronal adjusted to pH 7.4. It was found that critical concentrations of precipitation of both precipitating components, CaCl2 and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), were equimolar and independent of the ratios of initial concentrations of the components. Critical concentrations of precipitation were not affected by the concentrations and kinds of gels used. The first-formed precipitates showed amorphous structure by X-ray diffraction analyses. Infrared (IR) spectra of the precipitates indicated CaHPO4 · H2O to be their predominant species. The molar Ca/P ratio obtained by chemical analyses was 1.08. This precipitate transformed in time into octacalcium phosphate. In all experiments, two very thin membranes of precipitate were formed in the gel column at the onset of precipitation simultaneously on both sides of the actual disc of precipitate. IR spectra and chemical analyses showed that both membranes were identical to the actual precipitation discs.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone ; Calcium ; Plasma phosphate ; Bone phosphate ; Plasma32P ; Specific activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Plasma changes in calcium, phosphate, and their radionuclides were studied in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats treated with parathyroid hormone (PTH) for 8 h, this treatment starting 10 h after injection of45Ca and32P. Prior to intravenous infusion or hourly injections of PTH (10 mU/g/h), rats were maintained in one of three ways: on an extended fast (24 h); on a partial fast (10 h); or provided with 10% glucose and 1% calcium lactate overnight as a substitution for solid food. The pattern of change for plasma calcium,45Ca, and45Ca specific activity (S.A.) produced by PTH was not affected by these dietary conditions. The changes in phosphate were as follows: During the experimental (8 h) period, the rate of loss of32P from plasma in control rats was proportional to the length of the fast. This suggests that32P was released into plasma during the experimental period proportional to the ready availability of soft tissue glucose. In rats on an extended fast, PTH was phosphaturic, hypophosphatemic, and increased the rate of loss of32P from plasma without affecting32P S.A. values. In rats fasted for only 10 h, PTH produced similar effects on plasma phosphate and plasma32P values, but also caused a significant fall in plasma32P S.A. After glucose and calcium lactate treatment, PTH-induced phosphaturia was temporarily lost and the marked hypophosphatemia was replaced with a slight hyperphosphatemia. Plasma32P values also rose slightly; therefore, no effect on32P S.A. was produced. It is concluded from these studies that as the result of the phosphaturia caused by PTH, the hypophosphatemia which is produced automatically changes the phosphate gradient between various body compartments, causing phosphate entry into plasma. The authors postulate that this phosphate entering plasma is withdrawn primarily from bone fluid and bone.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Parathyroid hormone ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Parameters of mineral metabolism were examined in 6 patients with moderately severe anticonvulsant drug-induced osteomalacia. Compared to 15 matched controls, the patients exhibited significantly reduced serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration, reduced intestinal47Ca absorption, reduced urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and reduced forearm bone mass. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D3 was normal. Following 4 months of treatment with vitamin D3 (4000 units/day), serum 25-OHD concentration was increased to 3 times mean normal values and all parameters except serum iPTH, urinary calcium excretion, and forearm bone mass were returned to levels not significantly different from normal. Serum iPTH concentration was reduced by 39% (P〈0.05); 24-h urinary calcium excretion rose by 98% (P〈0.001), and forearm bone mass increased by 5.6% (P〈0.05). It is concluded that moderate-dose vitamin D3 supplementation is effective in normalizing parameters of mineral metabolism in this disorder, despite evidence of resistance to the biologic effects of vitamin D.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; PTH ; 1,25(OH)2D ; Acid ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We measured mineral and acid balances, serum iPTH, urinary cAMP/creatinine, and plasma concentrations of 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D in 7 healthy adults during control conditions and during increased fixed acid production achieved either by the administration of NH4Cl (N=3) or by increased dietary protein intake (N=4). When acid production was increased, the subjects were in positive acid balance and negative Ca balance because of increased urinary Ca excretion. Serum iPTH fell slightly but urinary cAMP and the plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites did not change. We conclude that the accelerated skeletal and urinary losses of Ca that occur when fixed acid production is increased are not contributed to nor compensated for by the parathyroid-vitamin D endocrine systems.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 29 (1979), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vaterite ; Calcium ; Eggshells ; Cuckoos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The crystalline spherules occurring in patches on the outer surface of the eggshells ofGuira guira and the bloom on the entire outer surface of those ofCrotophagi ani were shown by X-ray diffraction analysis to be vaterite.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 29 (1979), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periosteal cells ; Calcium ; PTH ; CT ; Metabolic inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Calcium transport was studied in cells isolated from cultured periostea of 18-day-old chick embryos. Net calcium uptake was stimulated by iodoacetate (IAA) and inhibited by dinitrophenol (DNP). Calcium efflux from the intracellular compartment was inhibited by IAA. Changes in the extra-or intracellular sodium concentration had only minor effects on calcium transport. This indicates that calcium efflux from periosteal cells is probably directly dependent on ATP hydrolysis, whereas calcium-sodium exchange is of less importance. The cation ionophore A23187 stimulated calcium uptake during short incubations but was inhibitory in long incubations. The possible involvement of the mitochondria in this effect is discussed. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) stimulated the net uptake of calcium in relatively low doses (both 0.01 U/ml or higher). The effects of the hormones on net calcium uptake were not additive. Calcium efflux was not changed in the presence of PTH or CT.
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  • 10
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    Planta 146 (1979), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Calcium ; Mougeotia ; Phytochrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ca2+ is proposed to function as a messenger in such phytochrome-mediated responses as localized cell growth, intracellular movements, and control of plasma membrane properties. To test this hypothesis, the uptake of Ca2+ in irradiated and non-irradiated regions of individual threads of the green alga Mougeotia was studied with the aid of 45Ca2+ and low temperature autoradiography: 10–20 cells within 40–60 cell-long threads were irradiated for up to 1 min, transferred to darkness for 3 to 10 min, submersed in a radioactive medium for 1 min, washed in an unlabelled medium for 30 min, and then autoradiographed at-80° C for several days. The autoradiographs show that those cells which had been pre-irradiated with red light did take up 2–10 times more Ca2+ than the adjacent non-irradiated cells of the same thread. Cells pre-irradiated with farred light or red light followed by far-red light showed no enhanced uptake of Ca2+. These results might be interpreted to indicate, firstly, that phytochrome-Pfr is involved in the enhanced uptake of Ca2+ and secondly, that the accumulation of radioactive Ca2+ in red light irradiated cells is an expression of an increased intracellular concentration of Ca2+. This interpretation is based on the data that (i) the dark interval between irradiation and labelling precluded the involvement of photosynthesis, (ii) the effect of red light was reversible with far-red light, and (iii) the accumulation of Ca2+ persisted during the long wash-out period. We speculate, that the red light-enhanced accumulation of Ca2+ in Mougeotia cells is caused by a Pfr-mediated increase of the Ca-permeability of the plasma membrane, and perhaps by a Pfr-impeding of an active Ca2+-extrusion.
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  • 11
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    Planta 144 (1979), S. 401-406 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: A23187 gradients ; Calcium ; Germination (moss spores) ; Electric fields-Funaria ; Ionophore gradient ; Moss spores-Polarization ; Spores (moss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used both steady electric fields, and gradients of the divalent ionophore, A23187, to control the point at which rhizoids emerge from spores of the common moss Funaria hygrometrica. The spores were grown in a medium containing calcium nitrate as the only major salt. Spores tend to form rhizoids towards the positive electrode, with a half maximal response to a difference of 4–8 mV across each cell. They also tend to form rhizoids towards the end of higher ionophore concentration in response to A23187 gradients. Both of these responses are the same at pH 5.5 and 8.0. Our tentative explanation is that Funaria spores tend to form rhizoids where most calcium enters. However, the point of chloronema emergence is scarcely affected by steady fields of up to 45 mV/cell. Moreover, when steady fields are applied across already developed rhizoids or chloronemata, their subsequent growth is directed towards the negative electrode in both cases, with rhizoids giving a 50% response at only 3—5 mV/cell, and chloronemata being less responsive.
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  • 12
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    European biophysics journal 5 (1979), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rhodopsin ; Calcium ; Reaction kinetics ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of metarhodopsin II in various bovine rhodopsin preparations (rod outer segment (ROS) suspensions and rhodopsin-detergent solutions) was measured by means of flash spectrophotometry. The half-lifetime and formation of metarhodopsin II in ROS did not depend on the calcium concentration in the range of less than 10−9 M (using EGTA or EDTA) to 15×10−3 M calcium at pH values of 5.0, 7.1, and 9.0 (Table 1). The regeneration of rhodopsin from opsin by adding 11-cis retinal to ROS-suspensions and rhodopsin digitonin solutions was measured spectrophotometrically. It was not substantially different in either saline, one containing less than 10−7 M calcium (by adding EGTA), the other containing 10−3 M calcium (Table 2).
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  • 13
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    European biophysics journal 5 (1979), S. 223-230 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Prolonged depolarising after-potential (PDA) ; Visual pigment ; Invertebrate photoreceptor ; Manganese ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the effects on the PDA of modifying intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and Mn2+. The effect of decreased Ca2+ concentration or addition of EGTA is mainly an increase in the PDA amplitude and length. Raising Ca2+ concentration using ruthenium red or high external Ca2+ has the opposite effect. The effect of Mn2+ is much more striking: In the presence of 50–100 mM Mn2+ the PDA is initially greatly depressed but can rise slowly for up to 20 or 30 s (in the dark) until it approaches its original amplitude and time course. Bridge measurements showed that the depression of the PDA corresponds to a depressed conductance and so is not due to an increase in K+ conductance. The Mn2+ effect is potentiated by decreased Ca2+. Appropriate stimulation suppresses the rising PDA as promptly as it does a normal PDA, suggesting that if lateral diffusion is the source of the slow rise, the PDA and PDA-depressing processes must be spatially linked. The action of the anti-PDA is apparently prolonged by both Ca2+ and Mn2+.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Pedomicrobium ; Budding bacteria ; Iron deposition ; Manganese deposition ; Polymer ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological characteristics of two Pedomicrobium-like budding bacteria are described. A structured surface layer was regularly observed on strain 868. Ruthenium red- and Alcian blue-staining polymers were found on both strains. When either strain was grown in the presence of iron or manganese, the corresponding oxides accumulated on their surfaces. In thin sections iron oxides appeared as fine threads, arrays of particles or dense coatings, depending on the source of iron. Manganese oxides appeared as branching filaments or convoluted ribbons. Both metal oxides stained with ruthenium red. Extraction of the oxides followed by ruthenium red staining revealed that polyanionic polymers previously deposited on the cells were associated with the metals. Treatment of cultures with glutaraldehyde, HgCl2, or heat, inhibited manganese but not iron deposition, suggesting that iron oxides accumulated by passive, non-biological processes. Manganese oxides apparently accumulated under control of a biological manganese-oxidizing factor. Incomplete inhibition of manganese deposition observed in cell suspensions suggested that, if the oxidizing factor was an enzyme, it was unusually stable. Based on these results, possible mechanisms of iron and manganese deposition in association with extracellular polymers are suggested.
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  • 15
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    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Movement ; Phototaxis ; Cations ; Chlamydomonas ; Calcium ; Lanthanum ; Circadian rhythms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of several cations on phototaxis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been studied with the aid of an automated phototaxis monitoring device, coupled with a continuous culture. Sodium, potassium and magnesium ions, if added to the complete nutrient medium, have only slight effects on phototaxis at lower concentrations (10-3 mol), but inhibit at higher concentrations (10-2 mol). This inhibitory effect is not specific because motility is also impaired. Addition of 10-3 mol calcium enhances the phototactic reaction for some hours, but then the stimulation decreases gradually. Addition of 10-2 mol calcium causes strong inhibition. However, the reactivity recovers gradually during the following hours. If 10-3 mol potassium which does not influence phototaxis if added alone is applied simultaneously with calcium, the stimulation by calcium is enhanced. By the addition of 5·10-4—2·10-3 mol Ca2+ or Ca2++K+ cicadian rhythms with an average period length of 24 h are initiated which damp out after 1–2 weeks. If the cells are grown in a calcium deficient medium or if calcium is removed, phototactic activity decreases to very low reaction values or to zero, but is drastically increased immediately after the addition of calcium. The stimulatory effect of Ca2+ ions is specific. Ca2+ cannot be fully substituted by Ba2+ or Sr2+, and phototaxis is reversibly inhibited by lanthanum which is known to inhibit the calcium pump.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phycobilisomes ; Phycobiliproteins ; Cyanobacteria ; Chromatic adaptation ; Fine structure ; Photosynthesis ; Protein assembly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phycobilisomes, supramolecular complexes of water-soluble accessory pigments, serve as the major light-harvesting antennae in cyanobacteria and red algae. Regular arrays of these organelles are found on the surface of the thylakoid membranes of these organisms. In the present study, the hemi-discoidal phycobilisomes of several species of cyanobacteria were examined in thin sections of cells and by negative staining after isolation and fixation. Their fundamental structures were found to be the same. Isolated phycobilisomes possessed a triangular core assembled from three stacks of disc-shaped subunits. Each stack contained two discs which were ∼12 nm in diameter and ∼6–7 nm thick. Each of these discs was probably subdivided into halves ∼3–3.5 nm thick. Radiating from each of two sides of the triangular core were three rods ∼12 nm in diameter. Each rod consisted of stacks of 2 to 6 disc-shaped subunits ∼6 nm thick. These discs were subdivided into halves ∼3 nm thick. The average number of discs of ∼6 nm thickness forming the peripheral rods varied among the strains studied. For certain chromatically adapting strains, the average rod length was dependent upon the wavelength of light to which cells were exposed during growth. Analyses of phycobilisomes by spectroscopic techniques, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy were compared. These analyses suggested that the triangular core was composed of allophycocyanin and that the peripheral rods contained phycocyanin and phycoerythrin (when present). A detailed model of the hemi-discoidal phycobilisome is proposed. This model can account for many aspects of phycobiliprotein assembly and energy transfer.
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  • 17
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    Archives of microbiology 120 (1979), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic fibrils ; Treponemes ; Treponema refringens ; Fine structure ; Cell lysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cytoplasmic fibrils of Treponema refringens were studied in situ by electron microscopy of thin sectioned and negatively stained cells. From 5 to 21 parallel fibrils ran through the cell in a band adjacent to the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane, on the inner sides of the curves of the spirochete. The nuclear areas of cells were adjacent to the fibrils. Cross sections of fibrils isolated from cells which had been lysed were polygonal and not uniformly electron dense. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of partially purified fibril preparations indicated their main component to be a protein with a molecular weight of 97,000. Fibrils were solubilized by 1% trypsin, 1% pronase, 6 M urea, 1 N HCl, 0.005 N NaOH or 1.3% sodium dodecyl sulfate. By electron microscopy of negatively stained isolated fibrils, each fibril was found to be a complex arrangement of strands rather than a single tubule.
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  • 18
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 409-409 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 19
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 410-411 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von 1,3,5-Trioxan ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 20
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 117-120 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluor ; Chromatographie, Gas ; F-spezifischer Detektor, Candoluminescenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein spektroskopischer fluor-spezifischer Detektor für gas-chromatographische (GC) Anwendungen beschrieben, der sich der Candoluminescenz bedient. Das Auftreten von InF-Bandenemissionen bei 233,7 nm bei Anwendung des MECA (= Molecular Emission Cavity Analysis)-Verfahrens kann als qualitatives Zeichen für die Anwesenheit von F in einer GC-Fraktion benützt werden. Nach entsprechender Kalibrierung kann die Bandenemission als Maß für die F-Konzentration in einer Fraktion dienen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit ist besser als ±2%, die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 3,2 μg F pro Peak.
    Notes: Summary A fluorine-specific spectroscopical detector is described that takes advantage of candoluminescence. The intensity of the InF-band emission at 233.7 nm in Molecular-Emission-Cavity Analysis (MECA) is an indicator for F in a GC-fraction. After calibration the band intensity can be used as measure for the F-content in the fraction. The reproducibility is better than ±2%, the detection limit 3.2 μg F per peak.
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  • 21
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 385-390 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Kohlenwasserstoffen, aromat. polycycl. in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; ECD, Anreicherungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein einfaches und schnelles Adsorptionsverfahren zur Anreicherung von polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (=PAK) wird angegeben: nach einer Magnesiumhydroxidfällung in der Wasserprobe wird der Niederschlag abzentrifugiert und durch Zugabe von Ammoniumchlorid gelöst; die organischen Substanzen in dieser Lösung werden mit sehr wenig Cyclohexan extrahiert, wodurch eine Einengung des Extraktes nicht erforderlich ist. Die PAK im Extrakt werden gas-chromatographisch mit ECD-Detektion getrennt. Ein Vergleich dieser neuen Methode mit der “rapid liquid extraction” wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A simple and rapid adsorption method for the enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (=PAH)is described: after precipitation of magnesium hydroxide in the water sample the precipitate is separated by centrifugation and then dissolved by adding ammonium chloride; the organic substances in this solution are extracted with a very small volume of cyclohexane. A concentration of the extract is not necessary. The PAH in the extract are, separated gaschromatographically using ECD detection. The new method is compared with the “rapid liquid extraction” method.
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  • 22
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 45-46 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Barbituraten, Phenytoin in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Hg-Verbindungen v. Barbituraten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 441-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Rat ; Seminiferous tubule ; Transitional zone ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study was made on the structure of the testicular transitional zone (TZ) in the adult rat. The TZ proper consists of modified Sertoli cells, with only a few spermatogonia and macrophages, surrounding distally a very narrow lumen. The TZ Sertoli cells have nuclei with a somewhat coarser matrix and more peripheral heterochromatin than Sertoli cell nuclei of the nearby seminiferous tubules, and the electron density of the cytoplasm varies from cell to cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant, but usually there are also scattered ribosomal rosettes and an occasional profile of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubules are very numerous in the columnar portion of the cell, and laminar structures seemingly joining the cell surfaces are sometimes seen. Lipid droplets and lysosomal structures are frequent cellular components in proximal TZ Sertoli cells. Empty intracellular vacuoles are abundant, sometimes arranged around areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally, membrane-limited fine granules and vacuoles are seen within Sertoli cells and also in the TZ lumen, suggesting a possible secretory activity by these cells. The apical processes of the Sertoli cells form large vacuolar structures, and in the basal parts of the epithelium vacuoles with capillary-like appearance are frequently seen. Phagocytosis of germinal cells by the Sertoli cells occurs in the proximal region of the TZ. Round waste bodies in contact with the Sertoli cell apices protruding into the tubulus rectus, are also common. The tunica propria of the TZ is thickened and somewhat wrinkled, and in the proximal region the myoid cell layer loses its continuity and is replaced by fibroblasts. The epithelium of the tubulus rectus adjacent to the TZ consists of several overlapping epithelial cells. The typical junctional complexes between TZ Sertoli cells appear to be impermeable to the lanthanum tracer.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Aortic body ; Calcium ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chief cells of the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors possess numerous cytoplasmic dense-core vesicles which are known to contain primarily dopamine. Following fixation in solutions containing 50 mM CaCl2, a 20–30 nm electron-dense particle (EDP) is often observed eccentrically located in many of the vesicles. Approximately 44 % of the carotid body and 16 % of the aortic body vesicles contain an EDP. The EDP probably represents the Ca+ + binding site critical to the stimulus-secretion coupling events culminating in exocytosis of these vesicles. The presence of Ca+ + in the cytoplasmic vesicles was verified by electron probe X-ray microanalysis.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 409-422 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish scale ; Fine structure ; Calcification ; Fibrillary plate ; Carassius auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigation of scales of the goldfish Carassius auratus revealed that the lamellae of fibrillary plates contain sheet-like structures composed of vertically oriented collagen fibers embedded in an organic matrix. The fibers (TC fibers) are smaller in diameter (35–45 nm) than those of the lamellae and the matrix is stained intensely with lead citrate. The sheet-like structures as well as the lamellae are formed by fibroblasts located beneath the lamellae. The orientation of the collagen fibers of the sheets and the lamellae seems to be controlled by the orientation of the ridges and invaginations of the surface of the fibroblasts. The fibrillary plate of C. auratus was found to be partially calcified. Calcification was initiated by the deposition of needle-like or flaky crystals of hydroxyapatite in the organic matrix of the sheet-like structure and proceeded into the TC fibers and the matrix region of the lamellae. The potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide method showed a heavy concentration of calcium in the osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and in the matrix regions of the fibrillary plate. Calcium-containing precipitates were also present in the “hole zone” of the collagen fibers in the lamellae, but the significance of this location in calcification remains to be elucidated.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 41-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Abdominal muscle receptor organ ; Dendrites ; Fine structure ; Crayfish
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of both the slow- and the fast-adapting abdominal muscle receptor organ of Astacus leptodactylus is described with particular reference to differences between the two systems. The receptors are composed of a thin muscle that extends from the front edge of one segment to the front edge of the following and a sensory cell connected with this muscle. In the zone where the sensory cells enter their respective muscle, muscle fibers are reduced (zone of relative muscle exclusion=ZRME) and partly replaced by connective tissue. The occurrence of dendritic processes of both the slow and the fast neurons is confined to this zone. The following differences between the two receptor types are established: (1) The fast receptor muscle reveals a smaller sarcomere length than the slow receptor muscle and a higher myosin/actin filament ratio. (2) Muscle fibers that pass the ZRME are always found at its periphery in the fast system, separated from dendritic processes by layers of connective tissue, while in the slow system muscle fibers frequently are intermingled with the sensory elements. (3) The ZRME of the slow receptor is 20–30% longer than that of the fast receptor. (4) The dendritic varicosities of the slow neuron, on an average, contain many more mitochondria than those of the fast neuron. (5) Dendritic processes (fine twigs as well as varicosities) are juxtaposed to the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers only in the slow system; in the fast system dendrites and muscle are spatially separated by connective tissue. It is assumed that these differences between the two receptor types arep at least in part responsible for the different thresholds observed in physiological experiments.
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  • 27
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Gas ; Anwendung der Subtraktionsmethode, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The fundamental principles of the subtraction method and its practical application in gas chromatography are discussed. Its use for identifying components of complex mixtures and analysing impurities is explained in detail and prospects for further development of the method are outlined. 136 Literature references.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Überblick über die Grundlagen der Subtraktionsmethode und ihre praktische Anwendung in der Gas-Chromatographie wird gegeben. Die Anwendbarkeit zur Identifizierung der Bestandteile komplexer Gemische und zur Analyse von Verunreinigungen wird eingehend diskutiert. Abschließend wird die mögliche weitere Entwicklung der Methode betrachtet. 136 Literaturzitate.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell polarity ; Fine structure ; Funaria caulonema ; Side branch formation ; Side branch orientation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The regular branching of theFunaria caulonema filaments is partly related to rhythms in nuclear and cell division. The formation and development of the branches were studied by light and electron microscopy with particular attention directed to the distribution of microtubules and the polar organization of the cytoplasm. The new side branch breaks through the wall of the mother cell. The site of branch development is determined by the position of the nucleus of the mother cell. In protonemata which grow in vertically placed Petri dishes gravity influences the position of nuclei and side branches, and also the direction of oblique cross walls in the caulonema filaments to a certain extent.
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  • 29
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    Protoplasma 101 (1979), S. 111-126 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Antennal sensilla ; Fine structure ; Neodiprion sertifer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary There is a considerable sexual dimorphism as regards the development of the antenna inNeodiprion sertifer. In the male this is manifested in a larger antennal surface area and the possession of a great number of long single-walled sensilla (SW 1), which are located on the antennal branches. In the female the antennal branches are vestigial, and the single-walled sensilla, of a second type (SW 2), are shorter and present in lower numbers. Both sexes have in addition four types of sensilla in common:viz. a third type of single-walled sensilla (SW 3), terminal pore sensilla, double-walled sensilla, and poreless sensilla. These four sensillar types are characterized not only by their external appearance but also by their internal morphology. Especially the cells enveloping the sensory cells vary in number and appearance.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ash alkalinity ; Calcium ; Cation distribution ; Humidity ; Magnesium ; Mineral composition ; Oxalate ; Pectate ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tomato plants grown in water culture under two different humidity regimes (50% R.H. and 95% R.H.) were harvested at intervals over the growth period and cation uptake and calcium distribution investigated. The following results were obtained: 1. Plants in the high humidity regime initially grew faster but at the final harvest after 22 days, dry matter yields were the same. 2. In the high humidity treatment particularly towards the end of the experiment, the growth of the young leaves was disturbed and the plants showed symptoms resembling Ca or B deficiency. Analysis revealed that these tissues were lower in Ca than comparative tissues of the low humidity plants. The converse was true for B. 3. Cation uptake was little affected by the humidity treatment. However, the distribution of calcium within the plant was markedly influenced by humidity. In the high humidity treatment the level of Ca in the young leaves was very low and Ca accumulated in the stems. A high proportion of both Ca and Mg in these younger Ca deficient leaves was found to be associated with pectate. The same trend was observed in the stems, more of the Ca and Mg in this case being bound to oxalate as well as pectate. These results further indicate the possible significance of exchange movement of Ca particularly under low transpiration conditions when Ca transport by mass flow is restricted. 4. Xylem sap analysis showed a close cation-anion balance in all samples. NO3-ion was the predominant anion and the two major cations were K and Ca. This provides further evidence that the upper plant parts provide the major site of NO3-reduction in the tomato plant.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Hagfish ; Agranular cells ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Agranular cells are found throughout the adenohypophysis of Myxine glutinosa. They are located at the margin of single hypophysial follicles in the form of a spongy epithelial net. Their relationship to the secretory cells of the adenohypophysis and their morphology are described in adult animals. The distribution and ultrastructure of the agranular cells in the hagfish are in good agreement with the pattern of comparable cells in other vertebrates.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pore cells ; Fine structure ; Acid phosphatase ; Cell lysis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pore cells in pre- and post-hatched Deroceras reticulatum is described. The cells have been divided into three main types on morphological grounds, one type being particularly rich in glycogen. Certain pore cells contain haemocyanin granules in grooves below cytoplasmic tongues, and in characteristic double-membrane-bounded vesicles within dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as in other identified areas. All types of pore cells show fine fibres reminiscent of collagen associated with the basal lamina and pore complexes. In addition to acid phosphatase activity in lysosomes and Golgi elements, intra- and extracisternal activity has been demonstrated in association with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The intracisternal activity is in close proximity to the Golgi apparatus and may represent enzyme that is about to enter the GERL system. Extracisternal activity may be associated with cellular lysis and death, or may represent local areas of degradation leading to cytodifferentiation. Remnants of lysed pore cells appear to be taken up by connective tissue amoebocytes.
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  • 33
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 266-268 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von trans-Dichloräthen, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,1,1-Trichloräthan, Trichloräthylen in Siliciumtetrachlorid ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Anreicherung, Dampfraum, ppm-Gebiet
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe trans-Dichloräthen, 1,1-Dichloräthan, 1,1,1-Trichloräthan und Trichloräthylen werden nach Abtrennung des SiCl4 mittels Dampfraumtechnik angereichert und gaschromatographisch analysiert. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei ca. 1 Gew.-ppm für diese Verbindungen.
    Notes: Summary The chlorinated hydrocarbons trans-dichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene are enriched after separation of tetrachlorosilane with the aid of head-space technique and are determined by gas-chromatography. The detection limit is found to be about 1 ppm (wt.) of these compounds.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluorkohlenwasserstoffen, Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; C1, C2, Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Als Beitrag zur Untersuchung des viel diskutierten Ozonabbaus wurde eine Analysenmethode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von CCl4 (R10), CFCl3 (R11), CF2Cl2 (R 12), CHCl3, CH3-CCl3, C2HCl3 und C2Cl4 ausgearbeitet. Geeignete Methoden der Probenahme, Anreicherung, Detektion und der gesamten gas-chromatographischen Technik ermöglichen Bestimmungen in ppb-Bereich (10−9 V/V) und ppt-Bereich (10−12 V/V) bis herab zur Nachweisgrenze, die für alle genannten Verbindungen bei 10 ppt (V/V) liegt, u. U. auch darunter. Im Spurenbereich ≥ 100 ppt (V/V) werden eine Genauigkeit von 〈 10% und eine Reproduzierbarkeit von 〈 5 % erreicht, wenn die Untersuchung unmittelbar oder wenigstens innerhalb von 2 Tagen nach der Speicherung durchgeführt wird. Ist dies nicht möglich, wird ein besonderes Gas-Sammelgefäß verwendet, von dem aus in das Speicherrohr übergeführt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary As a contribution to the frequently discussed ozone decomposition an analytical method has been elaborated for the quantitative determination of CCl4, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CHCl3, CH3-CCl3, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4. Suitable methods of sampling, enrichment, detection, and the whole gas-chromatographic operation allow determinations in the ppb range (10−9 V/V) and the ppt-range (10−12 V/V) down to the limit of detection at 10 ppt for all the cited compounds. For trace amounts of ≥ 100 ppt, an accuracy of 〈 10% and a reproducibility of 〈 5 % are reached if the determination is carried out immediately or at least 2 days after storage. If this is impossible, a special gassampling vessel is employed from which the sample is transferred to the storage column.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Continuous emission ; Fine structure ; Ionosphere ; Line emission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary From the theoretical investigation ofLetfus andApostolov (1974) it follows that under flare conditions the intensive X-ray emission lines in the 1–8 Å range have an insignificant contribution to the ionization state of the lower ionosphere in comparison with the enhanced emission of the continuum. This result is experimentally confirmed by direct comparison of the intensity variations of the emission line 1.87 Å (Fe XXV) during the solar flare of 25 July 1967 measured onboard of the OSO III satellite with simultaneous ground observations of the ionization state variations of the lower ionosphere made by the A3 method.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Intestine ; Growth ; Cortisol ; Hydroxyproline ; Parathyroid hormone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper reports the effects of cortisol on intestinal management of calcium and on related changes on bone metabolism. Five groups of 12 rats each fed a standard diet (0.8% Ca) received 2, 6, 16, 32, and 128 mg/kg/day of cortisol hemisuccinate, subcutaneously. After 16 days, intestinal absorption and excretion of Ca were measured with the aid of45Ca. True Ca absorption increased as a function of dose up to 16 mg/kg/day and remained high with the larger doses. Endogenous fecal Ca excretion increased exponentially as a function of the dose from 16 mg/kg/day onwards. Therefore, a dual effect was observed: (a) an increase in true Ca absorption at low cortisol doses (which increased net Ca absorption); and (b) an increase in endogenous fecal Ca excretion at high doses (which reduced net Ca absorption). In no case was a depression of true Ca absorption observed. Growth rate and food conversion efficiency were depressed only with a cortisol dose of 128 mg/kg/day. The urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, pyrophosphate, and aminopolysaccharides decreased with low doses and increased above normal levels with the highest dose. When animals treated with 128 mg/kg/day of cortisol were fed Ca-enriched diets, net Ca absorption improved. Simultaneously, growth rate and food conversion efficiency approached normal values. In these experiments, net absorption of Ca was found to be inversely related to urinary excretion of hydroxyproline. The urinary rate of excretion of hydroxyproline is suggested as an indicator of the effect of a Ca supplement on cortisol affected connective tissue turnover.
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    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 199-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Parathyroid hormone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fluoride 27 mg was given perorally to 14 subjects. It was found that the serum fluoride concentration increased followed by a decrease to normal levels during 24 h. Serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate decreased initially whereas those of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone increased. After 24 h the measured quantities were within normal limits. The results are discussed with reference to mineralization of hard tissues and to fluoride treatment of osteoporotic patients.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Solanum malacoxylon ; Vitamin D metabolites ; Rickets ; Phosphate ; Calcium
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effects of a partially purified aqueous extract ofSolanum malacoxylon (SM) leaves and of an SM extract incubated with ruminal fluid (RF) prior to administration on intestinal phosphate and calcium absorption in rachitic rats were compared with 1α, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3[1α,25-(OH)2-D3] using a duodenal loop in situ method. The time course responses elicited by both extracts were qualitatively similar to that of 1α, 25-(OH)2-D3. However, a single dose of SMRF was significantly more effective in stimulating32P absorption than an equivalent dose of SM. Part of this difference can be accounted for by incomplete saturation of the phosphate transport system with the level of SM employed. Treatment with rumen potentiated the effects of SM on45Ca absorption to a lesser extent. Extraction of SMRF with nonpolar organic solvents and purification of the lipid extract by chromatography on Silica Gel G thin-layer plates and on Sephadex LH-20 columns yield two fractions which promote intestinal32P absorption. The bioactive fraction eluting first from the Sephadex LH-20 column migrates similarly as 1α,25-(OH)2-D3. The greater effectiveness of SMRF extracts on intestinal phosphate and calcium absorption may be tentatively attributed to the release of 1α,25-(OH)2-D3 from the corresponding glycoside, shown previously to be present in SM, and to steroid modification during incubation with rumen.
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  • 39
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone ; Bone ; Calcium ; Chick embryo ; Organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to measure in an in vitro system the movement of Ca and phosphate (Pi) out of bone when treated with parathyroid hormone (PTH). Tibiae from 13-day chick embryos were incubated for up to 8 h in a defined medium containing 1.8 mM Ca. Medium samples were collected every 2 h and were analyzed for Ca, Pi and lactate. Net effluxes from the bones were calculated. When bones were incubated with PTH in the medium (1 U/ml), net Ca efflux was increased 44, 60 and 100% at 4, 6 and 8 h, respectively. At no time was net Pi efflux affected by the hormone. The well known PTH-stimulated lactate production was not seen until 8 h. Lower doses of PTH (0.1 and 0.3 U/ml) were also effective. Comparing PTH (1 U/ml) responsiveness at higher (2.2 mM) and lower (0.9 mM) medium Ca concentrations, showed that with 2.2 mM Ca no increased Ca efflux was seen, while with 0.9 mM Ca significant elevation in medium Ca occurred 2 h sooner than in the experiments using 1.8 mM Ca. In another experiment, varying the medium Pi level from 1 to 2 mM had no effect on the Ca response to PTH. In neither experiment was Pi release affected by PTH. The results of this study have led to the following conclusions: (1) PTH acts on bone to cause an early dose related increase in net Ca efflux; (2) the effect is specific for Ca, since it is not accompanied by an increased Pi efflux, and may be saturated by raising the medium Ca level; and (3) PTH-stimulated Ca efflux in this system is not correlated with, and is probably not a result of increased lactate production.
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  • 40
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    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Solanum malacoxylon ; Bone culture ; Resorption ; Calcium ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The water-soluble active principle of the plantSolanum malacoxylon (SM) was partially purified by column chromatography, and its bone-resorbing activity was tested by using an organ culture system of 18-day fetal mouse fibulae prelabeled with45Ca. Three series of experiments were performed. In the first series, the aqueous extract of SM was submitted to Sephadex G-25 chromatography to separate the active substances. From six collected fractions only two exhibited reproducible bone-resorbing activity as indicated by an increased release of45Ca from bone rudiments. In the second series, the active fractions were combined and lyophilized to a powder which was dissolved in the culture media to obtain the concentrations of 5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml. The addition of this saltfree material resulted in a dose-related accentuation of45Ca release from fetal mouse bones into the medium. Histologically, the treated fibulae showed greater numbers of osteoclasts than the controls and a disappearance of bone trabeculae. In the third series, the active material was further purified on Sephadex LH-20 column. From four collected fractions, only one showed bone-resorbing activity in vitro. It is concluded that the purified active factor of SM exerts a direct effect on bone. It stimulates the mobilization of bone calcium in vitro by increasing the population of osteoclasts. The nature of the active principle remains unknown.
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  • 41
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    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Absorption ; Calcium ; Mitochondria ; Intestinal epithelium ; Potassium-pyroantimonate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Intracellular transport of calcium from the apical to the basal-lateral region of the intestinal epithelial cell was invetigated in duodenum from normal fed, fasted, and calcium-loaded rats. The process was followed with time using electron microscopy with potassium pyroantimonate to precipitate calcium. The observations made were subjected to morphometric analysis. The specificity of the method was demonstrated in the villus cell by resistance to micro-incineration and by absence of deposits following exposure to EGTA. Using this method calcium was seen in cells from calcium-fed rats at the microvillus border, in the Golgi zone, and within the internal compartments of the mitochondria. In cells from fasted rats calcium was not seen. Mitochondria were found largely at the apex of the cell and were free of detectable calcium. By 5 min, in the cells of fasted rats given a calcium load, the calcium had reached the Golgi apparatus and the inner mitochondrial compartment. After 15 min mitochondria were heavily loaded with calcium and had moved to the basal region of the cell. These observations suggest that mitochondria play an important role in absorption of calcium and appear to transport this ion from the apex to the basal region of the cell where entry into the capillaries takes place.
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    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thermophilic bacteria ; Bacillus stearothermophilus ; thermostability ; Calcium ; Transport ; Survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The calcium transport in resting vegetative cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus was studied by determining the retention of 45Ca in a membrane filter assay. The kinetics of death by vegetative cells, when suspended in buffer at 55°C, was also investigated. The calcium influx required the presence of an energy source, e.g. glucose-1-phosphate and the system exhibited saturation kinetics. The requirements for survival of the thermophilic cells reflected those of the calcium transport system. Thus, cells treated with nitrogen gas showed an increased thermal stability and a decreased efflux of calcium. The initial velocity of calcium influx correlated linearly with the survival of the cells after 1 min heating at 55° C. Lanthanum inhibited calcium influx and reduced survival. Magnesium did not inhibit calcium influx but could replace calcium as a stabilizing agent. The results suggest that the thermophilic cells are not intrinsically heat stable but survive due to a high cellular concentration of divalent ions.
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  • 43
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Tieftemperaturgradientenrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein gas-chromatographisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Alkanen, Alkenen und Aromaten in der Außenluft berichtet, bei dem die Probenahme an Tenax GC oder Carbopack mit Hilfe eines Tieftemperaturgradientenrohres erfolgt und die Analyse unter Einsatz eines Doppelsäulensystems in Verbindung mit zwei Flammenionisationsdetektoren durchgeführt wird. Eingehende Untersuchungen zum Verhalten der Substanzen bei der Probenahme zeigen, daß die Trocknung der Probeluft mit Magnesiumperchlorat das Ergebnis nicht beeinflußt und für Kohlenwasserstoffe mit drei oder mehr C-Atomen keine auf Durchbruch zurückzuführenden Substanzverluste zu befürchten sind. Bei einem Probenahmevolumen von 51 Luft können 2 μg Substanz/m3 gut bestimmt werden. Für Außenluft-Konzentrationen von 45 μg Benzol/m3, 95 μg Toluol/m3 und 35 μg n-Pentan/m3 betrugen die Standardabweichungen 3,5, 6,0 bzw. 3,6 μg/m3. Bei leichter Modifikation des Systems ist mit derselben Probenahmevorrichtung die gleichzeitige Bestimmung von Kohlenwasserstoffen mit einem Flammenionisationsdetektor und von Organohalogen Verbindungen mit einem Elektroneneinfangdetektor möglich.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the gas-chromatographic determination of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics in ambient air. The hydrocarbons are trapped by cryogenic sampling using Tenax GC or Carbopack as adsorbing material and are analyzed in a two-column system equipped with two flame-ionization detectors. A detailed examination of the sampling procedure shows that drying the air with magnesium perchlorate does not affect the results, and losses of substances due to break-through need not be reckoned with for hydrocarbons with three and more carbon atoms. In a 51 air sample 2 μg/m3 of hydrocarbons can be determined readily. The standard deviations for benzene, toluene and n-pentane were 3.5, 6.0 and 3.6 μg/m3 at ambient air concentrations of 45, 95 and 35 μg/m3. A slight modification of the system which includes the combined use of a flame-ionization detector and an electron-capture detector permits the simultaneous determination of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metaboliten in Biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Fraktionierung durch Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the gas-chromatographic multicomponent analysis of metabolites in biological material is described. It is an analytical procedure involving several extractions carried out under different conditions. In this procedure the metabolites are divided according to their functional groups and specific chemical behaviours into eight main fractions: lipids, hydrocarbons, organic acids, neutral substances, phenols, amines, amino acids and carbohydrates. Each of these fractions is derivatized; the components are separated and estimated by gas chromatography. This analytical system was applied to the determination of a number of metabolites in serum, urine, amniotic fluid, sperma, tissues and other biological materials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode für die Multikomponenten-GC-Analyse von Metaboliten in Biomaterialien wird beschrieben. Das Verfahren umfaßt mehrere Extraktionen, die unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden. Die Komponenten werden in Abhängigkeit von ihren funktionellen Gruppen und spezifischem chemischen Verhalten in acht Hauptfraktionen geteilt: Lipide, Kohlenwasserstoffe, organische Säuren, neutrale Substanzen, Phenole, Amine, Aminosäuren und Kohlenhydrate. Die Komponenten jeder Gruppe werden nach spezieller Derivatisierung gaschromatographisch getrennt und bestimmt. Dieses neue System ist bei verschiedenen biologischen Materialien (klinische Proben, Pflanzen- und Tiergewebe) angewandt worden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 385-390 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Carbonsäuren, Sulfonsäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spuren in wäßrigem Medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gas-chromatographische Methoden für die Spurenbestimmung einiger Carbonund Sulfonsäuren in wäßrigem Medium werden beschrieben. Die Nachweisvermögen für Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, n-Buttersäure, n-Valeriansäure, Capronsäure, Acrylsäure, Benzoesäure und Chloressigsäure sowie für Methansulfonsäure und Äthansulfonsäure liegen zwischen 1 · 10−7 und 8 · 10−7 Mol/Liter. Anreicherung und Derivatisierung werden bei den Carbonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Tetra-n-butylammoniumsalze und deren Umsetzung mit Benzylbromid zu den Benzylestern, bei den Sulfonsäuren durch Gefriertrocknung der Silbersalze und deren Umsetzung mit n-Butyljodid zu den n-Butylestern erreicht.
    Notes: Summary Gas-chromatographic methods for the determination of traces of several carboxylic and sulphonic acids in aqueous media are presented. Detection limits for formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, caproic, acrylic, benzoic, and chloroacetic acids as well as of methanesulphonic and ethanesulphonic acids range from 1 · 10−7 moles/liter to 8 · 10−7 moles/liter. Preconcentration and derivatisation of the carboxylic acids are achieved by freezedrying their tetra-n-butylammonium salts and converting the latter into the benzyl carboxylates using benzyl bromide. The sulphonic acids are converted to the corresponding silver salts, freeze-dried, and then esterified using n-butyl iodide.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Umweltmaterial, Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar-, Ident. von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vergleich von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices von Probe- und Referenzsubstanzen in der hochauflösenden Capillar-Gas-Chromatographie stellt eine aussagekräftige Methode der Identifizierung von Einzelkomponenten in komplexen Gemischen dar. Neben der Konstanz der GC-Parameter erfordert die präzise Bestimmung von Retentionsindices eine sehr genaue Bestimmung der Netto-Retentionszeiten. Insbesondere ist bei Anwendung einer Totzeitberechnung auf der Basis einer erzwungenen Linearisierung der log t s/Homologenzahl-Beziehung auf eine sehr genaue Retentionszeitmessung zu achten. Die Reproduzierbarkeit von präzise bestimmten Retentionsindices hängt von der Konstanz der Polarität und von der Adsorptivität der Capillarsäule ab. An ausreichend desaktivierten und konditionierten Hochleistungs-Capillarsäulen (TZ≥40) können unter der Voraussetzung einer Retentionszeit-Meßgenauigkeit von besser als 0,05% Retentionsindices über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Wochen innerhalb ±0,15 Indexeinheiten reproduziert werden. Eine Übertragung des n-Alkan bezogenen Retentionsindex-Konzeptes auf die homologe Reihe der n-Allkyl-trichloracetate (ATA) ermöglicht die Verwendung des Elektroneneinfang-Detektors (ECD) zur präzisen RetentionsindexBestimmung als Methode einer zuverlässigen Identifizierung von Substanzen im Picogrammbereich.
    Notes: Summary High resolution glass-capillary gas chromatography can be used as a powerful identification tool for single components in complex mixtures, when the matching of retention indices of reference compounds with those found in the sample is based on precise measurements. Besides the constancy of the GC-parameters high precision measurements of retention indices require an accurate determination of net retention times. Special care has to be taken for an accurate measurement of retention times when using a dead-time calculation on the basis of an enforced linearisation of the log t s/homologues-number relationship. The reproducibility of precise retention-index determinations strongly depends on the constancy of the polarity and on the adsorptivity of the capillary column. Provided a sufficiently deactivated and conditioned high performance capillary column (separation number ≥40) and an accuracy of retention-time measurement of better than 0,05 % retention indices can be reproduced within ±0.15 i.u. over a period of several weeks. A conversion of the n-alkane based retention-index concept to the use of the homologous series of n-alkyl-trichloro-acetates (ATA) allows the use of the electron-capture detector (ECD) for precise retention-index determinations for a reliable identification of compounds in the picogram range.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 412-413 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Abwasser
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei neben Wismut ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Di(trifluoräthyl)dithiocarbamat. — Verhalten von Kupfer(II), Nickel(II), Kobalt(III), Eisen(III), Wismut(III), Blei(II), Antimon(III) ; Verteilung zwischen wäßriger Lösung und Chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verteilungsverhalten der oben genannten Di(trifluroäthyl)dithiocarbamato-Chelate zwischen wäßrigen Lösungen und Chloroform wird untersucht. Eine Anwendung zur gleichzeitigen gaschromatographischen Bestimmung von Blei und Wismut im ppm-Bereich (0,2–3 ppm) nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen wird beschrieben (Säule: 5 % GE SE50 auf Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; Einspritzblock: 240° C).
    Notes: Summary The solvent extraction of the above di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates with chloroform is investigated. An application for the simultaneous gas-chromatographic determination 0.2–3 ppm of lead and bismuth after extraction out of aqueous solutions is reported (column: 5% GE SE 50 on Gas Chrom Q; 180–240° C; 4°/min; injection block: 242°C).
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drum muscles ; Piranha ; Degenerative changes ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the posterior drum muscle of the piranha structural alterations are frequently observed. Electron microscopic studies revealed a disordering of the myofibrils in these regions, accompanied by conspicuous changes in the mitochondria. As the degree of disorder increases, the mitochondrial cristae initially swell to form vesicles. Eventually the mitochondria become filled with myelin-like lamellar structures, which in many cases coalesce to form a dense outer wall. A striking concentration of lysosomes into localized masses was also characteristic of these regions.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostatic duct ; Epithelium ; Basal cell ; Muscular coat ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ducts of the rat ventral prostate have been studied by light and electron microscopy for elucidation of their role in prostatic function. The epithelium of the main duct consists of simple columnar cells and polymorphic basal cells. The columnar cells show no indication of secretory activity. The basal cells contain bundles of filaments of 5–6 nm thickness and numerous pinocytotic vesicles. The ducts are surrounded by layers of circular smooth muscle cells interspersed with nerve axons. On ultrastructural grounds the ducts do not appear to secrete material into the seminal fluid, but apparently the muscular coat actively helps drain the gland during ejaculation.
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Calcium ; Vinca alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plant alkaloid, catharanthine, was shown to stimulate release of amylase from pancreatic fragments and to cause extensive degranulation of pancreatic acinar cells with accumulation of membrane material in the Golgi region. The extent and time course of maximal catharanthine stimulation was comparable to that induced by the cholinergic analog bethanechol. Antimycin inhibited the action of catharanthine while atropine did not. Removal of Ca2+ from the incubation medium inhibited amylase release induced by catharanthine but did not affect release induced by bethanechol. Catharanthine induced a delayed release of 45Ca2+ from prelabeled pancreatic fragments as compared to bethanechol. It is suggested therefore that catharanthine activates the physiological pathway controlling amylase release by causing a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ but the mechanism by which this occurs is different from that caused by physiological secretagogues.
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Radula ; Degradation ; Fine structure ; Pulmonata
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The radula of snails is formed at the posterior end of the radular gland or pocket, and degraded at the same rate at its anterior end. Degradation is due to different secretory activities of the inferior epithelium of the radular gland. Its secretions seem to degrade enzymatically the matrix of the radular membrane and basal plates of teeth, leaving only chitin containing microfibres and degradation products. The sclerotized parts of the teeth remain unchanged, but as they are now only loosely connected with the radular membrane. they are torn off easily during feeding movements. The rest of the degraded and frayed radular membrane and the subradular membrane are also lost by abrasion during feeding. The cells of the inferior epithelium are connected with each other by septate desmosomes and an elaborate system of deep lateral interdigitation which may provide tensile strength. Extrusion of degraded cells of the inferior epithelium into the subradular membrane takes place, although the thick basal lamina forms a continuous sheath which is closely adjoined to the basal parts of the inferior epithelium. Nerve fibres containing vesicles with electron dense neurosecretory material (deduced from the diameter of 200–250 nm) are attached to this sheath or penetrate into it; they may be involved in the regulation of production and degradation processes during radula replacement. Problems of the forward transport of radula and inferior epithelium are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 387-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Isolated pancreatic islets ; Temperature ; Exocytosis ; Insulin ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exposure of isolated pancreatic islets (mouse or rat) to low temperature (2° C) evoked a threefold increase in insulin release irrespective of the glucose concentration in the incubation medium. Cold-induced release was transient and rewarming to 37° C restored the sensitivity of B-cells to glucose stimulation. In islets cooled to 2° C, exocytotic profiles could easily be detected both by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. As revealed by the freeze-fracture technique, the number of exocytotic profiles per membrane area was increased three-to fourfold as compared to islet cells incubated at 20° C. This was paralleled by intracellular fusion of secretory vesicles. Cold-induced insulin release was not affected by theophylline, cytochalasin B, omission of extracellular Ca++ or D600. Replacement of extracellular Na+ with choline or sucrose suppressed the increase in insulin release and in frequency of exocytotic profiles recorded after exposure to 2° C. It is suggested that a redistribution of Ca++ from intracellular stores, possibly mediated by an increase in intracellular Na+, triggers exocytosis of insulin granules upon exposure to cold.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 287-295 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Calcium ; Ionophore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the Ca2+ ionophore A 2317 on pancreatic amylase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, cellular electrolyte balance and ultra-structure were studied with the use of incubated pancreatic fragments. A 23187 (0.3 μM) in the presence of Ca2+, increased amylase release but at higher concentrations (1–10 μM) also increased LDH release and increased uptake of 14C-sucrose with concomitant loss of tissue K+ and gain in Na +. The ultrastructure of the majority of acini appeared normal and showed depletion of zymogen granules. Microtubules and microfilaments which have been implicated in the release process were normal or increased in number. In the absence of Ca+ the ionophore had no effect on secretion, cellular integrity or ultrastructure. It is concluded that A 23187 in the presence of Ca2+ increases amylase release by a mechanism comparable to the terminal steps in stimulussecretion coupling induced by physiological secretagogues. This provides further evidence that amylase release is mediated by a rise in cell Ca2+ although the mechanisms of the ionophore- and physiological secretagogue-induced rise in Ca+ are probably different. High concentrations of ionophore (〉 1 μM) also induce Ca2+ dependent damage in a fraction of the cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia ; Fine structure ; Reserpine ; Freeze fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hormone release from the pars intermedia is under inhibitory control of the hypothalamus. Control may be mediated via dopaminergic fibers which directly contact secretory cells. Administration of reserpine in vivo to adult male rats for four consecutive days results in major alternations in pars intermedia cytology. Cells show expanded areas and whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as extensive Golgi zones with numerous dense granules. Some nerve fibers exhibit alterations in vesicle content, while others retain a more normal appearance. Freeze-fracture of glands from reserpine-treated animals provides evidence for exocytosis of granules, although such phenomena are not observed in thin sections. The ultrastructural findings suggest that reserpine alters the content of local inhibitory neurotransmitters in the pars intermedia, leading to unrestrained hormone release, followed by renewed granule synthesis.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 187-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Egg envelope ; Polychaeta, Sabellariidae ; Larva ; Cuticle ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the egg envelope and its incorporation into the larval cuticle of the polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa, was studied by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mature egg possesses an envelope composed of five zones including an outer granular zone formed by the tips of the egg microvilli. The formation of the granules is described and their functions are discussed. The entire egg envelope is retained as the larval cuticle up to the 16 h trochophore stage. From this stage to about the 60 h larval stage, the envelope is gradually lost and replaced by a cuticle consisting of branching microvilli. The cuticle of the 20 day larva is composed of highly branching microvilli penetrating a homogeneous electron opaque cuticle. The possible functions of the cuticle among the Annelida are discussed.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory granules (Insects) ; Mitochondria ; Calcium ; Sulphur ; Microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sections of neurosecretory cells fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide were studied by means of an EMMA-4 analytical microscope. Secretory granules in neurosecretory cells of the corpus cardiacum and of the brain, both in the desert locust Schistocerca and in the blowfly Calliphora, as well as neurosecretory granules in posterior pituitaries of the frog Rana and of the albino rat all contain a high concentration of calcium. A distinct sulphur peak was also a constant feature. In neurosecretory cells of the corpus cardiacum of Schistocerca the chromatin contained a high concentration of calcium. The mitochondria also contained much calcium, but part of this disappeared during preparation except when fixative and wash contained calcium chloride. By block staining with uranyl acetate most calcium is displaced from the mitochondria, whereas most of the calcium remains in the neurosecretory granules. Since the calcium peaks in spectra from neurosecretory granules appear of similar size, regardless of variations in the preparative procedure, this calcium must be firmly bound. The possible role of the calcium bound to the neurosecretory substance is discussed. The presence of sulphur in insect neurosecretory granules indicates the presence of a protein besides the hormone, i.e., an insect neurophysin.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 199-202 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verhalten von Di(trifluoroäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelaten ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Di(trifluoäthyl)dithiocarbamatochelate unter isothermen und temperaturprogrammierten Arbeitsbedingungen verschiedener Säulen wird beschrieben. Multielementanalyse von bis zu wenigstens neun Elementen dürfte auch nach Ausschütteln aus wäßrigen Lösungen möglich sein.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic behaviour of some di(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamatochelates is investigated under isothermal and temperature programmed working conditions of various columns. Multielemental analysis of up to at least nine elements seems to be possible even after extraction out of aqueous solutions.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 216-218 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pharmazeut. Produkten im Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extrelut, saure u. neutrale Stoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum gas-chromatographischen Nachweis saurer und neutraler Arzneistoffe wurden Harnproben bei pH 6 an Extrelut® (Merck) mit Diäthyläther extrahiert. Die Wiederfindungsraten der meisten untersuchten Arzneistoffe liegen im gleichen Bereich wie bei der üblichen Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion im stärker sauren Milieu. Jedoch verbleiben endogene Carbonsäuren, welche die Auswertung der Chromatogramme erschweren, in der wäßrigen Phase.
    Notes: Summary Samples of urine at pH 6 were extracted with diethyl ether from Extrelut® (Merck) columns for the gas-chromatographic identification of acidic and neutral drugs. The recovery rates for most of the investigated substances were similar to those of usual liquid-liquid extraction from strongly acidic media. Endogenous carboxylic acids however, which would otherwise interfere in the chromatogram, remained in the aqueous phase.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen, polycycl. in Klärschlamm ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Profilanalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfaches und selektives Anreicherungsverfahren für polycyclische aromatische Verbindungen angegeben (flüssig-flüssig-Verteilung: Dimethylformamid + Wasser + Cyclohexan; Chromatographie an Sephadex LH 20/Isopropanol; Filtration an Aluminiumoxid/Cyclohexan). Das Gemisch der polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe (= PAH) wird gas-chromatographisch an gepackten Hochleistungssäulen getrennt und die FID-Signale mit einem anfangs zugegebenen inneren Standard verglichen. Es wurden 18 Hauptkomponenten quantitativ ausgewertet. Die Variationskoeffizienten einer fünffachen Bestimmung derselben Probe lagen zwischen 1,6 und 11,3%. Die Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens beträgt bei einer mittleren elektronischen Signalverstärkung in Abhängigkeit von der Retentionszeit 0,5–5 ng (für Benzo(a)pyren 1 ng). Die Charakterisierung der PAH mit 4–7 Ringen erfolgte mit einer GC-MS-Kombination, was für den Routinebetrieb aufgrund der großen Ähnlichkeit der PAH-Profile verschiedener Klärschlammproben nicht erforderlich ist.
    Notes: Summary A simple and selective method of enrichment of polycylic aromatic compounds is described (liquid-liquid-distribution with DMF + water + Cyclohexane; chromatography on Sephadex LH 20/isopropanol; filtration on aluminium oxide/cyclohexane). The fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (= PAH), separated gas-chromatographically using high performance columns, is evaluated by comparising the FID-signals with those of the internal standard added to the sample. Eightteen main components are evaluated. The variation coefficient of five analyses of the sample is in the range of 1.6–11.3%. The detection limit by moderate amplification depends on retention time of the PAH (0.5–5 ng; for benzo(a)pyrene 1 ng). As the PAH profiles of different samples of sludge are very similar, it is normally not necessary to characterize the PAH by mass spectrometry.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 287-288 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenylbutazon, Oxyphenbutazon in Plasma, Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Pferde
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 111-112 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pentachlorphenol in Plasma, Urin ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 113-113 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Methylquecksilber in Blut ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 114-114 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ameisensäure in Harn ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 132-133 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best, von α-Ketosäuren ; Chromatographie, Gas ; N-selektiver Detektor
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Polycycl. Verbindungen, Carbazole, Acridine ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Carcinogene
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 155-155 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schlafmitteln in Serum ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 158-158 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Doxepin, Desmethyldoxepin in Plasma ; Chromatographie, Gas ; cis-trans-Isomere
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 316-316 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Dimethylchlorsilan in Trichlorsilan ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Chlorierung
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Metallen mit Dialkyldithiocarbamaten ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Eigenschaften, Extinktionskoeff., Dampfdrucke der Chelate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Darstellung, Eigenschaften, Extinktionskoeffizienten, thermogravimetrisches Verhalten und Dampfdrucke einer Reihe von Dialkyldithiocarbamatochelaten werden beschrieben und die Möglichkeiten zu ihrer gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung umrissen.
    Notes: Summary Preparation, properties, extinction coefficients, thermogravimetric behaviour and vapour pressure are reported of various dialkyldithiocarbamato chelates. Possibilities for their gas-chromatographic determination are outlined.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 303-304 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nimetazepam in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 290-294 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zink, Kupfer, Nickel mit Dipropyldithiocarbamat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Extraktion aus wäßr. Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kleine Mengen Ni, Cu und Zn in wäßrigen Lösungen können nach Ausschütteln ihrer Dipropyldithiocarbamatochelate gas-chromatographisch bestimmt werden. Arbeitsbedingungen für den 0,01–1 ppm-Bereich werden angegeben. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Bestimmung wird durch Zusatz eines inneren Standards verbessert.
    Notes: Summary Small amounts of Ni, Cu and Zn in aqueous solutions can be determined by gas chromatography after extraction of their dipropyldithiocarbamatochelates. Working details for the 0.01–1 ppm range are reported. Reproducibility is markedly improved by addition of an inner standard.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Biphenylen, polychlorierte, Pesticide, chlorhaltig in Fisch ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Capillar, Persistenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Besides 83 structurally defined trichloro- to octachloro-biphenyls (PCB), the following chlorinated pesticides have been identified in fish liver oil (DAB 6) and fish liver extracts: HCB;α-HCH;γ-HCH; 2,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDE; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDD; 4,4′-DDD; dieldrin; endrin. By analysing constant relative amounts of PCB-components present only in defined technical PCB-mixtures, the original PCB-pattern in environmental samples could be calculated. A mixture of Clophen A 60/Clophen A50 or of Aroclor 1260/Aroclor 1254 of 2.2∶1 gives the best fit. The constant ratio of four octachloro-biphenyls in technical mixtures and environmental samples as well requires the assumption of complete environmental stability of these compounds despite of any thinkable differences in environmental pathways. This assumption of environmental persistency is supported by a degree of degradation up to 80% of the calculated input observed for some higher chlorinated PCB-components, e.g. 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-hexachloro-biphenyl. Correlating the amount of each identified PCB-component to the octachloro-biphenyl as the internal standard, a correlation of the degradation with the PCB-substitution pattern is possible. Persistency is observed, if vicinal hydrogens are missing or a 4-position is chlorinated. A 4,4′-disubstitution favours persistency most.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neben 83 strukturell definierten Trichlor- bis Octachlor-biphenylen (PCB) wurden folgende chlorierte Biocide in Lebertran (DAB6) und Fischleberextrakten identifiziert: HCB;α-HCH;γ- HCH; 2,4′-DDE; 4,4′-DDE; 2,4′-DDT; 4,4′-DDT; 2,4′-DDD; 4,4′-DDD; Dieldrin; Endrin. Aus den Verhältnissen von nur in PCB-Produkten mit bestimmtem Chlorierungsgrad vorkommenden, schwer abbaubaren PCB-Komponenten konnte die ursprünglich in die Umwelt gelangte Zusammensetzung der PCB berechnet werden: eine Mischung aus Aroclor 1260/Aroclor 1254 (Monsanto, USA) oder Clophen A 60/Chlophen A 50 (Bayer, Deutschland) im Verhältnis 2,2∶1 ergibt die beste Näherung. Aus dem in technischen Produkten und den Umweltproben gleichen relativen Vorkommen von vier Octachlor-biphenylen muß auf deren völlige Stabilität unter Umweltbedingungen geschlossen werden. Diese Annahme wird durch den Abbau von bis zu 80% des ursprünglichen Gehalts anderer hochchlorierter Biphenyle, wie des 2,2′,3,4,5′,6-Hexachlor-biphenyls, gestützt. Wird das Vorkommen der identifizierten Chlorbiphenyle, auf die als persistent angenommenen Octachlor-biphenyle als internen Standard bezogen, ergibt sich eine klare Persistenz-Abbau-Beziehung zu dem PCB-Substitutionsmuster. Persistenz ist gegeben bei fehlenden vicinalen Wasserstoffatomen oder 4-Chlorsubstitution, wobei die 4,4′-Di-Substitution die Persistenz am stärksten fördert.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 207-212 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Carbiden in Aluminium, Magnesium ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A quantitative gas-chromatographic method (molecular sieve column, FID) for the determination of Al4C3 in aluminium and magnesium has been developed. The effect of methane from external sources has been investigated and eliminated. Metallographic analysis of carbides in polished specimens were consistent with the gas-chromatographic measurements within a factor of 2. The discrepancy can be explained by the large uncertainties in light microscopy analysis of the small carbides. Analysis of commercial magnesium shows that the metal contains ca. 2–9 ppm of Al4C3. The concentration of carbides in aluminium from the electrolysis cell is in the range of 10–35 ppm and in the final product of ca. 2–12 ppm Al4C3. CaC2 has been detected in a few magnesium and aluminium samples by means of gas-chromatography and microprobe analysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Al4C3 in Aluminium und Magnesium wurde eine quantitative gas-chromatographische Methode (MolekularsiebSäule, FID) entwickelt. Der Einfluß von Methan aus äußeren Quellen, wurde untersucht und ausgeschaltet. Die metallographischen Untersuchungen von Carbiden an polierten Proben stimmten mit den Ergebnissen der gas-chromatographischen Messungen mit einem Faktor von 2 überein. Der Unterschied kann durch die großen Unsicherheiten bei der lichtmikroskopischen Analyse der kleinen Carbide erklärt werden. Die Analyse des technisch reinen Magnesiums zeigt, daß das Metall ca. 2–9 ppm Al4C3 enthält. Die Konzentration von Carbiden in elektrolytisch raffiniertem Aluminium liegt im Bereich 10–35 ppm und im Endprodukt bei ca. 2–12 ppm Al4C3. CaC2 wurde in einigen Magnesium- und Aluminiumproben mit Hilfe von gas-chromatographischen und Mikrosondenuntersuchungen festgestellt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 236-236 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Oxidationsgemisch
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel ; Calcium ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The diffusion of45Ca ions in sound bovine enamel at pH 7.0 was studied as a function of temperature in the range 20°–40°C. The experimental data show that the diffusion is governed by two processes with activation energies of about 0.7 and 1.3 eV respectively. These values are considerably larger than the activation energy of calcium ion diffusion in water (0.2 eV). The diffusion process with the activation energy of 1.3 eV is dependent upon the calcium concentration in solution. A model based on the complex pore structure of enamel and on interactions of diffusing ions with the enamel constituents is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel ; Calcium ; Exchange ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The penetration of45Ca ions into whole bovine enamel from an aqueous solution was studied as a function of the Ca content in the solution. A sectioning technique was employed to measure the penetration of45Ca into the enamel. Probably only Ca ions occupying surface positions in the hydroxyapatite crystallites participate in the exchange process at the solution-enamel interface. The fraction of Ca ions participating in the exchange was 2% of the total number of Ca ions. Two different diffusion processes occur; firstly, a process governed by a diffusion coefficient, D1 ranging from about 5×10−14 to 2×10−12 cm2/s and strongly dependent on the calcium concentration in the solutions; and secondly a process with a concentration-independent diffusion coefficient, D2, with a value of 2.8×10−12 cm2/s. It is assumed that the 2 diffusion types correspond to intra-and interprismatic transport, respectively. A model based on the pore structure of dental enamel and on surface charges on hydroxyapatite crystallites is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone membrane ; Calcium ; Ion fluxes ; Calvarium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To facilitate the study of membrane function in the control of the flow of ions into and out of bone, it was desirable to develop a system for the direct quantitation of unidirectional effluxes of calcium and phosphate from bones. Based on a mathematical analysis of the problem, a specially designed Ussing chamber was developed which proved successful. Calvaria from 2-day-old rat pups, 3-day chicks and adult mice were evaluated. Calcium influxes which exceeded the corresponding effluxes were observed in the neonatal calvaria but not with those from adult mice. Also, an asymmetry in efflux was observed in rat calvaria, the inner side of the skull showed a higher efflux than did the external side. no such asymmetry was seen with calvaria from chicks or mice. This new technology should permit a further exploration of the role of the bone membrane in electrolyte homeostasis.
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluoride ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Mechanical Strength
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Four groups of weanling rats were fed for 2 weeks on a diet sufficient or insufficient in calcium and/or phosphorus. Each group was divided into four subgroups which were offered distilled water supplemented with 0, 50, 75, or 150 ppm fluoride. High levels of fluoride in drinking water inhibited weight gain. This inhibition was less in rats deficient in phosphorus than when normal-phosphorus diets were offered. At a low level, fluoride was without any effect on bone ash, thickness of femoral cortical bone, and mechanical strength, as measured by maximal load, ultimate stress to breaking, and limit of elasticity. Modulus of elasticity was decreased. At higher levels fluoride tended to decrease most of these parameters, except in rats deprived of both calcium and phosphorus. The effect of fluoride was modified by lack of dietary calcium and/or phosphorus and appeared to be weaker in rats deficient in these nutrients. Lack of dietary calcium and/or phosphorus decreased bone strength more than did fluoride content of water and of bone mineral. Concentration of bone ash and thickness of femoral cortical bone were closely correlated with parameters of mechanical strength.
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Collagen ; Dentine ; Phosphoprotein
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calcium-binding and biochemical studies have been applied to characterize the state of the carboxylate and protein-bound phosphate groups in the EDTA-demineralized matrices of rat bone and dentine. The organic phosphate and carboxylate content of demineralized bone is virtually identical to that of purified steer skin collagen whereas demineralized dentine has a significantly higher phosphate and carboxylate content, presumably due to the presence of an acidic non-collagenous phosphoprotein. Two classes of calcium-binding sites can be detected in demineralized bone, demineralized dentine, and purified, reconstituted collagen. The number of strong calcium-binding sites correlates with the number of protein-bound phosphate groups. Depending on the preparative procedure, seven to nine such sites (per collagen molecule) are present in dentine, and one to two in the purified reconstituted collagen and in bone. The binding constant for the dentinal sites (1.1×104 M−1), however, is 20 times greater than that for bone or reconstituted collagen fibrils from skin. We tentatively conclude that the strong calcium-binding site in bone and reconstituted collagen is of the form protein-PO 4 − Ca++ whereas in dentine it is of the form the weak binding sites in bone and dentine are of the form protein-COO-Ca++; and that approximately 160 of the 217 carboxylate groups of the collagen molecules of dentine or bone are present as electrostatic linkages of the form protein-COO−+H3N-protein.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Strontium ; Apposition ; Tracer analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 1. Evidence has accumulated that the rate of acceretion (A) of calcium to bone is the sum of two fluxes; apposition involving the laying down of new bone and augmentation which is the result of slow exchange of non-surface bone calcium with plasma calcium pools as the result of solid state diffusion. 2. A method has been devised for separating A into its two components. It requires the use of45Ca or, for clinical studies,85Sr as a calcium tracer. Studies which are initiated with a combined accretion rate-calcium balance study, are concluded with an estimate of the exponent of the power function which has been found to describe the whole body retention of tracer from the second month onward. 3. The impulse response function of the skeleton for the tracer is then calculated, making the assumption that in any uniform volume of bone, osteoclastic resorption is a first order process. Making in addition certain simplifying assumptions, which are shown to have a modest influence on the final results, a mean rate of bone resorption can be calculated using a development of the well known Stewart-Hamilton formula. The apposition rate is calculated as the sum of the resorption rate and the calcium balance. Augmentation and diminution, defined as equal and opposite exchange processes, are given by the difference between A and the apposition rate. 4. The results of our first thirteen studies in normal subjects and patients with metabolic bone disease are presented, together with analyses of some data from the literature. It is concluded that the development of an atraumatic method for measuring rates of bone formation and resorption in the whole body would be an important advance in the study of metabolic bone disease, and this work is presented so that critical comparisons may be initiated between this tracer method and independent histological methods for measuring these parameters.
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    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Osteoporosis ; Lactation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The calcium homeostatic mechanism was challenged in adult female rats by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate, and by subjecting them to pregnancy and lactation. The regimen caused a substantial weight loss, especially in those animals which reared their young well. Severe hypocalcaemia was observed in the lactating rats. Serum-P was slightly elevated. The content of hydroxyproline in serum was considerably elevated, reflecting the degree of calcium deprivation. Serum proteins were least influenced. The calcium depriving regimen reduced the growth of long bones, but did not stop it. The ash content of the bones was considerably reduced, the degree of reduction depended on the degree of calcium deprivation. Ash as percentage of total bone organ was reduced, but not to the same extent as total ash. Analyses of different parts of femur showed that the proximal and distal parts had lost more bone mineral than the diaphyseal shaft. The ash content of cortical bone tissue from the femur was estimated by a volumetric method. No differences were observed between test groups and controls, indicating that no measurable amounts of bone mineral had been removed from the walls of the vascular canals or by osteocytic osteolysis. Planimetric determinations on cross sections from femora disclosed that a great amount of bone had been removed from the endosteal surface of the diaphysis, while the periosteal surface demonstrated reduced bone apposition.
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 271-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel ; Mineralization ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was used to study the cellular distribution of calcium during the early mineralization of enamel in rat molar tooth germs at the electron microscope level. Differing patterns of calcium distribution were observed in the ameloblast seemingly associated with the appearance of Tomes' process. In the early secretory ameloblast calcium pyroantimonate deposits were observed within the Golgi apparatus, within coated vesicles, within mitochondria and associated with the inner aspect of the cell membrane. However, with the development of Tomes' process the ameloblasts no longer demonstrated these discrete deposits of calcium pyroantimonate. Instead they showed a diffuse cytoplasmic staining pattern with no preference for any particular organelle.
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Strontium ; Bone ; Mathematical modelling
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 1. A method has been devised for comparing the impulse response functions of the skeleton for two or more boneseeking tracers, and for estimating the contribution made by measurement errors to the differences between any pair of impulse response functions. 2. Comparisons were made between the calculated impulse response functions for47Ca and85Sr obtained in simultaneous double tracer studies in sixteen subjects. Collectively the differences between the47Ca and85Sr functions could be accounted for entirely by measurement errors. 3. Because the calculation of an impulse response function requires fewera priori assumptions than other forms of mathematical analysis, and automatically corrects for differences induced by recycling of tracer and non-identical rates of excretory plasma clearance of tracer, it is concluded that differences shown in previous in vivo studies between the fluxes of*Ca and*Sr into bone can be fully accounted for by undetermined oversimplifications in the various mathematical models used to analyse the results of those studies.85Sr is therefore an adequate tracer for bone calcium in most in vivo studies.
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Thyroid ; Calcium ; Thyroïde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs utilisent une solution de Glyoxal bis 2-hydroxyanil à basse température pour localiser le calcium dans la thyroïde. Grâce à cette technique qui limite les mouvements ioniques, ils observent que le calcium situé principalement dans la colloïde est résorbé en même temps qu'elle lors d'une stimulation par le froid.
    Notes: Summary With a Glyoxal bis 2-hydroxyanil alcoholic solution at −25°C, the calcium was localized in frozen thyroid slices. The limited ionic movement permits seeing that the calcium situated principally in the colloid is resorbed at the same time by a low temperature stress.
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    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 55-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rhodopsin ; Rods ; Phototransduction ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Difficulties in testing the possible role of calcium as a Transmitter in the R.O.S. are discussed. A comparison is made with the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum system where calcium flux are easily measured. The latest results reviewed on intact cellular structures are highly indicative but not yet conclusive.
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    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Calcium ; Limulus ; Photoreceptors ; Adaptation
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calcium ion fulfills several criteria for identifying an intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus photoreceptors. Direct injection of Ca++ mimicks two aspects of light-adaptation; sequestration of intracellular calcium tends to prevent light-adaptation; and light induces an increase in intracellular Ca++ as demonstrated by two independent techniques.
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    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Visual cell membranes ; Invertebrates ; Ion channels ; Activation of light channels ; Calcium
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is assumed that “dark channels” determine a permanent dark conductance of the arthropod visual cell membrane. The light stimulus causes a transient opening of “light channels”. The ion selectivity of dark channels and light channels is roughly described. Factors influencing the activation of light channels, as membrane energy metabolism, membrane potential and adjusted calcium ion concentration are specified. The mechanism of the action of calcium ions on the conductance of the visual cell membrane is discussed.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetobacterium woodii ; Hydrogen-oxidizing acetate-forming anaerobe ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetobacterium woodii is a Gram-positive anaerobic nonsporeforming bacterium able to grow on H2 and CO2 as sole sources of energy. The product of fermentation is acetic acid. Fine structural analysis showed rod-shaped flagellated cells, and coccoid cells without flagella arranged predominantly in pairs and chains. The cell wall was found to be composed of three layers. The cell surface exhibited a periodic array of particles consisting of subunits. The cytoplasmic membrane showed particles either either in random distribution or in a hexagonal pattern. Intracytoplasmic membranes were rarely observed, whereas inclusion bodies of varying shapes, predominantly in an uncommon disc-shape, could frequently be observed. Their content was dissolved in ultrathin sections indicating hydrophobic nature.
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 397-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chemoreceptor ; Olfaction ; Locusta ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory sensilla on the maxillary palp tip of Locusta migratoria (L.) resemble the surrounding contact chemoreceptors in general morphology. The perforated peg has a thicker wall than is commonly found in olfactory sensilla. The form and position of the sensilla are considered in relation of the olfactory function. The fine structure of the dendrites is discussed in relation to that described in other olfactory sensilla.
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    Cell & tissue research 185 (1977), S. 547-555 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drum muscles ; Fine structure ; Piranha
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior and the posterior drum muscles of the piranha resemble each other in all essential fine structural aspects: myofibrils are slender; sarcomeres are short compared with those of other drum muscles; mitochondria, located in the periphery of the fibers, are numerous and show an irregular internal structure; and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is abundant. Triads appear at the level of the Z lines. The drum muscles have many motor endplates, which, however, lack the characteristic junctional-fold apparatus. No lipid substances could be demonstrated in these muscles. In the posterior drum muscle the fibers depart from their orderly longitudinal arrangement at irregular intervals.
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    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 169-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Branchiostoma lanceolatum ; Fibre types ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Sarcolemma ; Calcium ; X-ray micro-analysis ; Freeze-fracturing ; Replica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The trunk muscle lamellae of Amphioxus is made up of cross-striated lamellae about 1 μm thick. Transverse tubules are absent, but numerous subsarcolemmal vesicles are found in both tissue blocks and minced samples after aldehyde and osmium fixation, embedding and sectioning. The vesicles contain a granular matrix, range in diameter from 30 to 200 nm and constitute about 3 to 6% of the muscle fibre volume. 8 out of 10 vesicles are found above the Z and I-bands. In the presence of oxalate, electron dense precipitates form within the vesicles. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis reveals the presence of Calcium in these precipitates. The area of the plasma membrane is about 2 μm2/μm3 muscle fibre volume. The corresponding area of sarcoplasmic membrane is ca. 1 μm2/μm3. About 20% of the plasma membrane is directly overlaid and coupled to the sarcoplasmic vesicles. A thin surface coat is present all over the lamellae, but ruthenium red staining indicates that the coat is slightly concentrated above the sarcoplasmic vesicles. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal tightly packed coarse granular material in the vesicular membrane and less concentrated and smaller particles in the plasma membrane. The latter particles are seen somewhat less commonly above the vesicles than on the rest of the plasma membrane. Likewise, direct replicas of lamella spread on glass slides and freeze-dried, reveal a distinct pattern in the surface coat or its underlying structures, corresponding to the Z and I-bands. In the scanning electron microscope the general arrangement of the sarcoplasmic vesicles could be examined. In addition, numerous defects in the plasma- and vesicular membranes indicate a strong adhesion between the two. It is concluded that the trunk muscle lamellae of Amphioxus have a sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of subsarcolemmal vesicles with calcium sequestrating properties at Z and I-level. Further that the plasma membrane and its surface coat is probably specialized above the vesicles as compared to the rest of the surface.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 45-46 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Schwefelverbindungen, aliphat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Zusammenstellung von Retentionsindices
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 107-109 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Kationen als Diäthyldithiophosphinatochelate ; Chromatographie, Gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das thermogravimetrische und gas-chromatographische Verhalten einiger Bis-(diäthyldithiophosphinato) chelate wird beschrieben. Beispiele für Trennungen und Bestimmungen anorganischer Kationen (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) werden gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The thermogravimetric and gas-chromatographic behaviour of some bis-(diethyldithiophosphinato) chelates is described. Examples for the separation and determination of several inorganic cations (Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb) are given.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Brom in organ. Verbindungen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Mikrographitküvette als Br-spezifischer Detektor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A micro carbon rod atomizer has been employed for specific and quantitative bromine determinations. This Br-specific gas-chromatographic detector works by help of InBr-bands and measurement at 372.7 nm. The performance of this flame band emission detector (FBD) is demonstrated by calibration curves and the detection limits of 2 examples (ethyl bromide, ethylene dibromide), the latter being 5 and 36 ng of bromine, respectively. The reproducibility has been found to be 4.3%. An example of this detector in comparison with a thermoconductivity detector (TCD) is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Mikro-Graphit-Küvette wird für spezifische quantitative Brombestimmungen nach der Indium-Methode bei 372,7 nm benützt und in Verbindung mit einem Gas-Chromatographen als Br-spezifischer Detektor eingesetzt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses Detektors wird an 2 Beispielen (Äthylbromid, Dibromäthan) mit Hilfe von Eichkurven, Bestimmung von Nachweisgrenzen u. ä. demonstriert. Die Nachweisgrenzen liegen bei 5 bzw. 36 ng Brom für die 2 genannten Substanzen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messungen liegt bei 4,3%. Ein Beispiel für die Registrierung eines Gemisches verschiedener Substanzen, gemessen mit dem GC + Flammen-Banden-emissions-Detektor (FBD) und zum Vergleich mit einem Wärmeleitfähigkeitsdetektor (TCD), wird dargestellt.
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  • 96
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 285 (1977), S. 238-241 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zuckern, organ. Säuren in Lebensmitteln ; Chromatographie, Gas ; automatisches Aufarbeitungsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the gas-chromatographic analysis of sugars and acids in foodstuffs, isolation and purification of the two types of components is time-consuming and laborious. An automated clean-up procedure, based on ion-exchange, has therefore been developed. A liquid food sample is successively percolated over a cation and anion and a cation exchanger. Sugars and acids are collected under the second and third column, respectively. A time programmer operates a set of pumps and a pneumatic valve system enabling simultaneous regeneration of columns not being eluted. Hence, handling of samples is continuous; each clean-up cycle takes 50 min.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine flüssige Nahrungsmittelprobe wird nacheinander über einen Kationen-, einen Anionen- und einen Kationenaustauscher perkoliert. Die Zucker und die Säuren werden abgetrennt und im Eluat der zweiten bzw. dritten Austauschersäule gefunden. Ein Steuergerät schaltet auf Zeitbasis eine Gruppe von Pumpen und ein System mit pneumatischen Hähnen derart, daß in einem Cyclus (50 min) die Substanzen eluiert und die Säulen regeneriert werden. Anschließend werden die Proben verarbeitet. Einige Ergebnisse verschiedener Nahrungsmittel werden angeführt.
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  • 97
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 219-221 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 3-Sulfolen in Sulfolan ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Best. als 1,3-Butadien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determining 3-sulfolene in sulfolane. The method involves thermal decomposition of sulfolene and determination of the 1.3-butadiene evolved, by GLC. Influence of the operating parameters on quantitative decomposition of sulfolene has been studied. The accuracy of the method as studied in the concentration range from 0.05 to 4.0 % (w/v) of 3-sulfolene in sulfolane is found to be within ±3.0%. It is rapid and sensitive down to 10 ppm and has potentialities for on-line applications also.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache gas-chromatographische Methode wurde entwickelt, die auf der thermischen Zersetzung der Probe und der Bestimmung des dabei aus 3-Sulfolen gebildeten 1,3-Butadiens beruht. Der Einfluß der einzelnen Parameter wurde untersucht. Innerhalb eines Konzentrationsbereichs von 0,05–4,0% 3-Sulfolen ergaben sich Fehler von ±3%. Das Verfahren ermöglicht bis herab zu 10 ppm eine schnelle und empfindliche Bestimmung und eignet sich auch zum on-line Betrieb.
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  • 98
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 226-228 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Trimethylsilylarsenat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung von Arsen in biologischem Material wird die Probe in einer Teflon-Bombe aufgeschlossen, das Arsen mit Dithiocarbamat extrahiert, oxidiert und mit Methyltrimethylsilylheptafluorbutyramid silyliert. Die gas-chromatographische Bestimmung läßt sich bis zu einem Arsengehalt von 0,1 ppm ausführen. Die Methode wurde radiochemisch überprüft. Der Einsatz eines flammenphotometrischen Detektors gegenüber einem Flammenionisationsdetektor brachte keine Vorteile.
    Notes: Abstract Organic matter is destroyed by acid oxidation in a Teflon bomb. Arsenic is extracted by dithiocarbamate, oxidized, and silylized by methyl-trimethylsilyl-heptafluorobutyramide. 0.1 ppm and more of arsenic can be determined by gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl arsenate. The method was controlled by radiochemical analysis. For the detection of arsenic, a flame photometric detector is not more advantageous than a flame ionisation detector.
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  • 99
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 253-254 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Dimethylterephthalat ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Rohester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 286 (1977), S. 161-190 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Celluloseäthergruppen ; Chromatographie, Gas ; Spaltung mit HJ oder HBr, Übersicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden und Apparaturen zur qualitativen und quantitativen Bestimmung von Äthergruppen in Cellulosederivaten mit einer oder mehreren Alkoxyl- und Hydroxyalkylgruppen (C1-nC4) beschrieben. Die Ätherspaltung erfolgt im allgemeinen mit Jodwasserstoffsäure und in Sonderfällen mit Bromwasserstoffsäure. Als Reaktionsprodukte entstehen Monojodalkane und Alkene oder Monobromalkane und Dibromalkane. Diese werden der gas-chromatographischen Trennung unterworfen, über die Retentionszeit identifiziert und durch Titration oder über das Gas-Chromatogramm quantitativ bestimmt.
    Notes: Abstract A report is given on methods and apparatus for the qualitative and quantitative determination of ether groups in cellulose derivatives with one or more alkoxyl and hydroxyalkyl groups (C1-nC4). Ether splitting generally takes place with hydriodic acid and in special cases with hydrobromic acid. The resulting reaction products are monoiodoalkanes and alkenes or monobromoalkanes and dibromoalkanes, which are subjected to gas chromatographic separation and identified via the retention time and quantitatively evaluated by titration or via the gas chromatogram.
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