ALBERT

Description: Abstract We traced diatom composition and diversity through time using diatom derived sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) from eastern continental slope sediments off Kamchatka (North Pacific) by applying a short, diatom-specific marker on 63 samples in a DNA metabarcoding approach. The sequences were assigned to diatoms that are common in the area and characteristic of cold water. SedaDNA allowed us to observe shifts of potential lineages from species of the genus Chaetoceros that can be related to different climatic phases, suggesting that pre-adapted ecotypes might have played a role in the long-term success of species in areas of changing environmental conditions. These sedaDNA results complement our understanding of the long-term history of diatom assemblages and their general relationship to environmental conditions of the past. Sea-ice diatoms (Pauliella taeniata (Grunow) Round & Basson, Attheya septentrionalis (Ãstrup) R.M.Crawford and Nitzschia frigida (Grunow)) detected during the late glacial and Younger Dryas are in agreement with previous sea-ice reconstructions. A positive correlation between pennate diatom richness and the sea-ice proxy IP25 suggests that sea ice fosters pennate diatom richness, whereas a negative correlation with June insolation and temperature points to unfavorable conditions during the Holocene. A sharp increase in proportions of freshwater diatoms at 11.1 cal kyr BP implies the influence of terrestrial runoff and coincides with the loss of 42% of diatom sequence variants. We assume that reduced salinity at this time stabilized vertical stratification which limited the replenishment of nutrients in the euphotic zone.

Description: The paper presents a new local meteoric water line (LMWL) of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in precipitation from Inuvik in the western Canadian Arctic. Data were obtained over 37 months between August 2015 and August 2018 resulting in 134 measurements of the isotopic composition of both types of precipitation, snow and rain. For 33 months of the sampling period each month is represented at least two times from different years. The new LMWL from Inuvik is characterized by a slope of 7.39 and an intercept of −6.70 and fills a data gap in the western Arctic, where isotopic composition data of precipitation are scarce and stem predominantly from before the year 1990. Regional studies of meteorology, hydrology, environmental geochemistry and paleoclimate will likely benefit from the new Inuvik LMWL. Data are available on the PANGAEA repository under https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.935027 (Fritz et al., 2021).

Description: Sedimentary diatoms have been used to quantitatively reconstruct climate-related variables, such as temperature at different timescales. Even though temperature is often less of a key driver of diatom ecology than other environmental parameters (water chemistry), diatom inference models have been shown to be reliable in deducing past temperature trends. In addition, the oxygen isotope composition (δ18Odiatom) preserved in buried diatom frustules has demonstrated its potential to reflect climatic and hydrological conditions at the time of frustule formation. This study combines results from both diatom-based climate proxies to reconstruct summer water and mean annual air temperatures, and hydrological trends in Nettilling Lake, Baffin Island, from ca. 5000 to 500 cal a bp. Diatom-inferred temperatures revealed an overall ca. 2 °C cooling throughout the Late-Holocene. The δ18Odiatom values showed an increasing trend up to ca. 1900 cal a bp, where they reached their highest values (+24.8‰ at 15 cm) and thereafter decreased to their lowest values (+21.4‰ at 4 cm). These trends were linked to meltwater inflows associated with Penny Ice Cap thaw rate that was in turn controlled by regional climatic conditions which went from intensified cooling during the Neoglacial period to slight warming thereafter. Our results suggest that diatom- and diatom-isotope-based temperature and hydrological reconstructions can identify trends related to the natural climate system variability. The diatom oxygen isotopes are useful for paleoenvironmental studies of terrestrial aquatic ecosystems, but not for all hydrological systems are the ideal temperature proxy. Hence, the combination of proxies helps to disentangle temperature and hydrological effects for paleoclimatic reconstructions and may support future studies of postglacial environmental change in northern lakes.

Description: In eastern Africa, there are few long, high-quality records of environmental change at high altitudes, inhibiting a broader understanding of regional climate change. We investigated a Holocene lacustrine sediment archive from Lake Garba Guracha, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, (3,950 m a.s.l.), and reconstructed high-altitude lake evaporation history using δ18O records derived from the analysis of compound-specific sugar biomarkers and diatoms. The δ18Odiatom and δ18Ofuc records are clearly correlated and reveal similar ranges (7.9‰ and 7.1‰, respectively). The lowest δ18O values occurred between 10 and 7 cal ka BP and were followed by a continuous shift towards more positive δ18O values. Due to the aquatic origin of the sugar biomarker and the similar trends of δ18Odiatom, we suggest that our lacustrine δ18Ofuc record reflects δ18Olake water. Therefore, without completely excluding the influence of the ‘amount-effect’ and the ‘source-effect‘, we interpret our record to reflect primarily the precipitation-to-evaporation ratio (P/E). We conclude that precipitation increased at the beginning of the Holocene, leading to an overflowing lake between ~10 and ~8 cal ka BP, indicated by low δ18Olake water values interpreted as reduced evaporative enrichment. This is followed by a continuous trend towards drier conditions, indicating at least a seasonally closed lake system.

Description: The sediment succession of Lake Emanda in the Yana Highlands was investigated to reconstruct the regional late Quaternary climate and environmental history. Hydro‐acoustic data obtained during a field campaign in 2017 show laminated sediments in the north‐western and deepest (up to ̃15 m) part of the lake, where a ̃6‐m‐long sediment core (Co1412) was retrieved. The sediment core was studied with a multi‐proxy approach including sedimentological and geochemical analyses. The chronology of Co1412 is based on 14C AMS dating on plant fragments from the upper 4.65 m and by extrapolation suggests a basal age of c. 57 cal. ka BP. Pronounced changes in the proxy data indicate that early Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 was characterized by unstable environmental conditions associated with short‐term temperature and/or precipitation variations. This interval was followed by progressively colder and likely drier conditions during mid‐MIS 3. A lake‐level decline between 32.0 and 19.1 cal. ka BP was presumably related to increased continentality and dry conditions peaking during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A subsequent rise in lake level could accordingly have been the result of increased rainfall, probably in combination with seasonally high meltwater input. A milder or wetter Lateglacial climate increased lake productivity and vegetation growth, the latter stabilizing the catchment and reducing clastic input into the lake. The Bølling‐Allerød warming, Younger Dryas cooling and Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) are indicated by distinct changes in the environment around Lake Emanda. Unstable, but similar‐to‐present‐day climatic and environmental conditions have persisted since c. 5 cal. ka BP. The results emphasize the highly continental setting of the study site and therefore suggest that the climate at Lake Emanda was predominantly controlled by changes in summer insolation, global sea level, and the extent of ice sheets over Eurasia, which influenced atmospheric circulation patterns.

Description: Dating of ancient permafrost is essential for understanding long-term permafrost stability and interpreting palaeoenvironmental conditions but presents substantial challenges to geochronology. Here, we apply four methods to permafrost from the megaslump at Batagay, east Siberia: (1) optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz, (2) post-infrared infrared-stimulated luminescence (pIRIR) dating of K-feldspar, (3) radiocarbon dating of organic material, and (4) 36Cl/Cl dating of ice wedges. All four chronometers produce stratigraphically consistent and comparable ages. However, OSL appears to date Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 to MIS 2 deposits more reliably than pIRIR, whereas the latter is more consistent with 36Cl/Cl ages for older deposits. The lower ice complex developed at least 650 ka, potentially during MIS 16, and represents the oldest dated permafrost in western Beringia and the second-oldest known ice in the Northern Hemisphere. It has survived multiple interglaciations, including the super-interglaciation MIS 11c, though a thaw unconformity and erosional surface indicate at least one episode of permafrost thaw and erosion occurred sometime between MIS 16 and 6. The upper ice complex formed from at least 60 to 30 ka during late MIS 4 to 3. The sand unit above the upper ice complex is dated to MIS 3–2, whereas the sand unit below formed at some time between MIS 4 and 16.

Description: Arctic warming and permafrost thaw visibly expose changes in the landscape of the Lena River delta, the largest Arctic delta. Determining the past and modern river regime of thick deltaic deposits shaping the Lena River mouth in north-eastern Siberia is critical for understanding the history of delta formation and carbon sequestration. Using a 65 m long sediment core from the delta apex a set of sedimentological techniques is applied to aid reconstructing the Lena River history. The analysis includes: (i) grain-size measurements and the determination of the bedload composition; (ii) X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffractometry, and magnetic susceptibility measurements and heavy mineral analysis for tracking mineral change; (iii) pH, electrical conductivity, ionic concentrations, and the δ18O and δD stable isotope composition from ground ice for reconstructing permafrost formation. In addition; (iv) total and dissolved organic carbon is assessed. Chronology is based on; (vi) radiocarbon dating of organic material (accelerator mass spectrometry and conventional) and is complemented by two infrared – optically stimulated luminescence dates. The record stretches back approximately to Marine Isotope Stage 7. It holds periods from traction, over saltation, to suspension load sedimentation. Minerogenic signals do not indicate provenance change over time. They rather reflect the change from high energy to a lower energy regime after Last Glacial Maximum time parallel to the fining-up grain-size trend. A prominent minimum in the ground ice stable isotope record at early Holocene highlights that a river arm migration and an associated refreeze of the underlying river talik has altered the isotopic composition at that time. Fluvial re-routing might be explained by internal dynamics in the Lena River lowland or due to a tectonic movement, since the study area is placed in a zone of seismic activity. At the southern Laptev Sea margin onshore continental compressional patterns are bordering offshore extensional normal faults.

Description: A new dataset from Lake Emanda provides insights into climate and environmental dynamics in an extreme continental setting in northeastern Siberia. The δ18Odiatom record is supported by diatom assemblage analysis, modern isotope hydrology and atmospheric circulation patterns. The data reveal a relatively cold oligotrophic freshwater lake system persisting for the last ∼13.2 cal ka BP. Most recent δ18Odiatom (+21.5‰) combined with present-day average δ18Olake (−16.5‰) allows calculating Tlake (∼21 °C), reflecting summer conditions. Nonetheless, the δ18Odiatom variability is associated with changes in δ18Olake rather than with Tlake. An obvious shift of ∼2‰ in the δ18Odiatom record at 11.7–11.5 cal ka BP accompanied by significant changes in diatom assemblages reflects the onset of the Holocene. Relatively high δ18Odiatom during the Early Holocene suggests relatively warm and/or dry climate with associated evaporation effects. The absolute maximum in δ18Odiatom of +27.7‰ consistent with high values of diatom indices at ∼7.9–7.0 cal ka BP suggests a Mid Holocene Thermal Maximum. A continuous depletion in δ18Odiatom since ∼5.0 cal ka BP is interpreted as Middle to Late Holocene cooling reaching the absolute minimum at 0.4 cal ka BP (i.e. the Little Ice Age). An overall cooling trend (∼0.3‰ 1000 yr−1) throughout the Holocene follows decreasing solar insolation. The pattern of the Lake Emanda δ18Odiatom record is similar to that obtained from Lake El’gygytgyn suggesting a common “eastern” regional signal in both records, despite their hydrological differences. Presently, atmospheric moisture reaches the study region from the west and east with ∼40% each, as well as ∼20% from the north.

Description: The diatom oxygen isotope composition (δ18Odiatom) from lacustrine sediments helps tracing the hydrological and climate dynamics in individual lake catchments, and is generally linked to changes in temperature and δ18Olake. Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye (67°53′N; 66°19′ E; 186 m a.s.l) is the largest and deepest freshwater reservoir in the Polar Urals, Arctic Russia. The diatom oxygen isotope interpretation is supported by modern (isotope) hydrology, local bioindicators such as chironomids, isotope mass-balance modelling and a digital elevation model of the catchment. The Bolshoye Shchuchye δ18Odiatom record generally follows a decrease in summer insolation and the northern hemisphere (NH) temperature history. However, it displays exceptional, short-term variations exceeding 5‰, especially in Mid and Late Holocene. This centennial-scale variability occurs roughly contemporaneously with and similar in frequency to Holocene NH glacier advances. However, larger Holocene glacier advances in the Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye catchment are unknown and have not left any significant imprint on the lake sediment record. As Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye is deep and voluminous, about 30–50% of its volume needs to be exchanged with isotopically different water within decades to account for these shifts in the δ18Odiatom record. A plausible source of water with light isotope composition inflow is snow, known to be transported in surplus by snow redistribution from the windward to the leeward side of the Polar Urals. Here, we propose snow melt variability and associated influx changes being the dominant mechanism responsible for the observed short-term changes in the δ18Odiatom record. This is the first time such drastic, centennial-scale hydrological changes in a catchment have been identified in Holocene lacustrine diatom oxygen isotopes, which, for Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye, are interpreted as proxy for palaeo precipitation and, on millennial timescales, for summer temperatures.

Description: High-accumulation sites are crucial for understanding the patterns and mechanisms of climate and environmental change in Antarctica since they allow gaining high-resolution proxy records from firn and ice. Here, we present new glacio- and isotope-geochemical data at sub-annual resolution from a firn core retrieved from an ice cap on Plateau Laclavere (LCL), northern Antarctic Peninsula, covering the period 2012–2015. The signals of two volcanic eruptions and two forest fire events in South America could be identified in the non-sea-salt sulphur and black carbon records, respectively. Mean annual snow accumulation on LCL amounts to 2500 kg m−2 a−1 and exhibits low inter-annual variability. Time series of δ18O, δD and d excess show no seasonal cyclicity, which may result from (1) a reduced annual temperature amplitude due to the maritime climate and (2) post-depositional processes. The firn core stratigraphy indicates strong surface melt on LCL during austral summers 2013 and 2015, likely related to large-scale warm-air advection from lower latitudes and temporal variations in sea ice extent in the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea. The LCL ice cap is a highly valuable natural archive since it captures regional meteorological and environmental signals as well as their connection to the South American continent.

Description: The role of seasonality is indisputable in climate and ecosystem dynamics. Seasonal temperature and precipitation variability are of vital importance for the availability of food, water, shelter, migration routes, and raw materials. Thus, understanding past climatic and environmental changes at seasonal scale is equally important for unearthing the history and for predicting the future of human societies under global warming scenarios. Alas, in palaeoenvironmental research, the term �seasonality change� is often used liberally without scrutiny or explanation as to which seasonal parameter has changed and how. Here we provide fundamentals of climate seasonality and break it down into external (insolation changes) and internal (atmospheric CO2 concentration) forcing, and regional and local and modulating factors (continentality, altitude, large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns). Further, we present a brief overview of the archives with potentially annual/seasonal resolution (historical and instrumental records, marine invertebrate growth increments, stalagmites, tree rings, lake sediments, permafrost, cave ice, and ice cores) and discuss archive-specific challenges and opportunities, and how these limit or foster the use of specific archives in archaeological research. Next, we address the need for adequate data-quality checks, involving both archive-specific nature (e.g., limited sampling resolution or seasonal sampling bias) and analytical uncertainties. To this end, we present a broad spectrum of carefully selected statistical methods which can be applied to analyze annually- and seasonally-resolved time series. We close the manuscript by proposing a framework for transparent communication of seasonality-related research across different communities.

Description: This is a compilation of all Concordia station datasets that were/are published in the frame of BSRN. The collection will be updated regularly with recent data. The data are subject to the data release guidelines of BSRN (https://bsrn.awi.de/data/conditions-of-data-release/).

Description: The data set represents an extensive collection of the sediment non-clay and clay mineral compositions, based on quantitative X-ray diffraction (qXRD) data. Mineral compositions are included from 90 bedrock or large ice-rafted clasts from around the Western North Atlantic. Sediment samples on the 〈 2mm sediment fraction were obtained using the whole pattern approach to mineral identification from the same area that include cores and sites collected on CCS Hudson and Marion Dufrense expeditons. Several cores include one or more detrital carbonate Hudson Strait Heinrich events.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow. One drifter did not collect any data.

Description: The data presented herein originates from a mesocosm study conducted as part of the EU H2020 OceanNETs project, aimed at investigating the ecological ramifications of ocean alkalinity enhancement. Nine mesocosms were deployed in Taliarte Harbour, Gran Canaria, Spain, and systematically sampled using integrated water samplers over the period spanning from September 10th to October 25th, 2021. Alkalinity was employed in a gradient design, ranging from ambient (0 µeq kg-1 added alkalinity, OAE0) to elevated levels of 2400 µeq kg-1 additional alkalinity (OAE2400) in increments of 300 µeq kg-1. The dataset encompasses a spectrum of sediment trap particle flux data, water column biogeochemistry variables, including inorganic nutrients, carbonate chemistry parameters, and particulate matter, alongside chlorophyll a concentrations. The study and data set offer insights into impacts of alkalinity enhancement on marine ecosystems and their associated biogeochemistry.

Description: Ground-based electromagnetic induction (EM) measurements of land-fast sea ice and sub-ice platelet layer (SIPL) thickness distributions were carried out in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica in late spring (November 1-19) of 2018. Repeated west to east EM transects were carried out across McMurdo Sound along latitude 77.767°S. The EM data was acquired using a frequency-domain Geonics Ltd EM31-MK2 instrument mounted on a sledge and towed by skidoo. The thicknesses of consolidated ice (sea ice plus the snow layer) and the sub-ice platelet layer were simultaneously retrieved from the EM31 measured response using forward modelling and inversion methods of Irvin (2018). Variability in EM thicknesses detected significant growth of sub-ice platelet layer over the 18-day survey period (Brett et al., 2024).

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_VortZ_helical.dat' shows the streamwise vorticity of the optimal helical perturbation in the radial-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the radial-radial cross-section; the third column 'VortZ' indicates streamwise vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_VortZ_classic.dat' shows the streamwise vorticity of the optimal classic perturbation in the radial-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the radial-radial cross-section; the third column 'VortZ' indicates streamwise vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Uz_profile_classic.dat' shows the streamwise velocity profile corresponding to the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes two columns: the first column 'r' indicates radial coordinate; the second column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Uz_profile_helical.dat' shows the streamwise velocity profile corresponding to the optimal helical perturbation. This file includes two columns: the first column 'r' indicates radial coordinate; the second column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the Tropical Atlantic during cruise MSM49 that took place between 2015-11-28 and 2015-12-21. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 122. This data is part of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance) underway research data project.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean during cruise M152/2 that took place between 2019-01-03 and 2019-02-12. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 122.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the Atlantic during cruise M79/3 that took place between 2009-09-24 and 2009-10-26. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 120. This publication is conducted within the efforts of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance) underway research data project.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'TG_A_Wo20.dat' shows the dependence of the maximum energy amplification on the pulsation amplitude for the Reynolds number of 2000 and the Womersley number of 20. This file includes two columns: the first column indicates the pulsation amplitude; the second column indicates the maximum energy amplification.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'time_TG_A2.6.dat' shows the time series of the maximum energy amplification for the Reynolds number of 2000, the amplitude of 2.6 and the Womersley number of 15. This file includes three columns: the first column indicates the time; the second column indicates the time normalized by the pulsation period; the third column indicates maximum energy amplification.

Description: TThe data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'wavenumber_Wo_Reo8000.dat' shows the dependence of the optimal wavenumber on the Womersley number for the oscillatory Reynolds number of 8000. This file includes twelve columns: the first column indicates the Womersley number; the second column indicates the pulsation period; the third column indicates the optimal axial wavenumber; the fourth column indicates the optimal azimuthal wavenumber; the fifth column indicates the initial time of the optimal perturbation; the sixth column indicates the final time of the optimal perturbation; the seventh column indicates the evolution time of the optimal perturbation; the eighth column indicates the initial time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the nineth column indicates the final time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the tenth column indicates the evolution time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the eleventh column indicates the maximum energy amplification; the twelfth column indicates the Reynolds number which is defined with the characteristic length of the thickness of the Stokes layer.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_ZRCros_Wo10_Redelta530.dat' shows the time series of the three components of velocity and spanwise vorticity in the radial-radial cross-section, for the Reynolds number (defined with Stokes layer thickness) of 530 and Womersley number of 10. This file includes six columns: the first column indicates the streamwise coordinate; the second column indicates the radial coordinate; the third column indicates the radial component of velocity; the fourth column indicates the azimuthal component of velocity; the fifth column indicates the streamwise component of velocity; the sixth column indicates the spanwise vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'TG_t0_tf_wavenumber_Redelta_Reo8000.dat' shows the dependence of the optimal wavenumber on the Womersley number for the oscillatory Reynolds number of 8000. This file includes twelve columns: the first column indicates the Womersley number; the second column indicates the pulsation period; the third column indicates the optimal axial wavenumber; the fourth column indicates the optimal azimuthal wavenumber; the fifth column indicates the initial time of the optimal perturbation; the sixth column indicates the final time of the optimal perturbation; the seventh column indicates the evolution time of the optimal perturbation; the eighth column indicates the initial time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the nineth column indicates the final time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the tenth column indicates the evolution time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the eleventh column indicates the maximum energy amplification; the twelfth column indicates the Reynolds number which is defined with the characteristic length of the thickness of the Stokes layer.

Description: This is the measurement data from chemical analysis of archaeological Neolithic pottery using portable X-ray fluorescence analysis (p-XRF). The pottery came from the sites Wanna 1588, 1591, 1592, 1594 and 1603 (district of Cuxhaven, Lower Saxony, Germany) and belongs to the cultural group of the Funnel Beaker culture. The measurements are part of the research projects "Preserved in the bog - relics of prehistoric settlement landscapes in the Elbe-Weser triangle" funded by Niedersachsen Vorab and "Pottery traditions as a mirror of social structures of the 5th and 4th millennium BC in northern Central Europe" funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG project number 438036891). A handheld Niton XL3t XRF-Analyzer of the company analyticon was used. The device was held stationary in a stand. The measurements were taken on the edge of each sherd that have been previously cleaned and smoothed using abrasive paper. Each sherd was analysed in three different areas of the edge using the mode Mining and a small beam of 3 mm. The data consist of the average values of these measurements for each element. Each spot was analysed with four different filters. The total measuring time was 125 seconds.

Description: This data publication contains maps resulting from spatial prioritisations conducted for the iAtlantic D5.3 report on Systematic Conservation Planning of the wider Atlantic Ocean based on results generated by the iAtlantic project. The maps were produced using the prioritizr R package (Hanson et al. 2023), which identifies priority areas for achieving specific conservation goals while minimising costs. The various prioritisations were developed to address multiple research questions related to: (1) identifying priority areas for conservation and restoration, (2) transboundary conservation, (3) climate-smart conservation planning, and (4) protecting 30% of the Atlantic Ocean, including 10% under strict protection. The results are organised into subfolders based on the research questions addressed and further categorised into data-rich and data-poor regions, along with aggregate results for each region. Further, the results are organised into subfolders representing multiple scenarios executed using various cost layers, including area-based, Global Fishing Watch (GFW, 2023) benthic, GFW total fishing, Global Fisheries Landings (GFL, Watson 2019) v4.0 benthic, and GFL v4.0 total landings. Each map filename provides descriptive information about the executed scenario.

Description: This is the measurement data from chemical analysis of archaeological Neolithic pottery using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The pottery came from the sites Wanna 1588, 1591, 1592 and 1594 (district of Cuxhaven, Lower Saxony, Germany) and belongs to the cultural group of the Funnel Beaker culture. The measurements are part of the research projects "Preserved in the bog - relics of prehistoric settlement landscapes in the Elbe-Weser triangle" funded by Niedersachsen Vorab and "Pottery traditions as a mirror of social structures of the 5th and 4th millennium BC in northern Central Europe" funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG project number 438036891). The measurements were carried out by OMAC Laboratories Ltd. in Loughrea, Galway, Ireland. A minimum of 0.5 g of sample material was taken from each sherd. The sample material was grinded to a fine powder and solved in a 4-acid solution. These solutions were injected into an excited argon plasma.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: Arctic warming increases the degradation of permafrost soils but little is known about floodplain soils and other permafrost soils in the permafrost region. This dataset present soil properties from twelve analyzed cores located in the northeastern Siberian Lena River Delta within the continuous permafrost zone in northern Yakutia, Russia that were sampled in 2018. The cores represent intact yedoma, yedoma thaw slumps, and floodplain profiles. The soil coring and sampling was carried out in August 2018 for a total of 30 soil cores, 35 soil profiles, and 341 sediment samples. First, vegetation and other characteristics of the plots were described. Then, the active layer soils were excavated, described, and sampled with a fixed volume cylinder (250 cm³). Then the permafrost layers were sampled with a modified, snow, ice, and permafrost (SIPRE) auger to a depth of 1 m (core diameter of 7.62 cm) and visually described in their characteristics. Each core was divided into subsamples with 5-10 cm length according to its facies horizons, transported frozen to Alfred Wegener Institute in Potsdam, and stored at -20 °C until analysis. A subset of these sediment samples (n=105 from 12 cores) were later analyzed in the laboratory for physical and chemical properties; this data is presented here. The analysis from these samples includes: water content, dry bulk density, gravimetric ice content, pH, conductivity, total organic carbon content, total inorganic carbon content, total carbon content, total nitrogen content, carbon density, TOC storage, and TN storage. Selected samples were further analyzed for radiocarbon and grain size analysis.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the Atlantic during cruise M160 that took place between2019-11-23 and 2019-12-20. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 122. This data is part of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance) underway research data project.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_helical_time_vel_vort.dat' shows the time series of the three velocity components and three vorticity components of the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes eight columns: the first column indicates dimensionless time; the second column indicates the time normalized by period; the third column indicates the radial velocity of the perturbation; the fourth column indicates the azimuthal velocity of the perturbation; the fifth column indicates the streamwise velocity of the perturbation; the sixth column indicates the radial component of vorticity; the seventh column indicates the azimuthal component of vorticity; the eighth column indicates the streamwise component of vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_StreamwiseVel_helical.dat' shows the streamwise velocity of the optimal helical perturbation in the streamwise-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the streamwise-radial cross-section; the third column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Uz_profile_classic.dat' shows the streamwise velocity profile corresponding to the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes two columns: the first column 'r' indicates radial coordinate; the second column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Uz_profile_helical.dat' shows the streamwise velocity profile corresponding to the optimal helical perturbation. This file includes two columns: the first column 'r' indicates radial coordinate; the second column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the North Atlantic during cruise M80/3 that took place between 2009-12-29 and 2010-02-01. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 120. This data is part of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance) underway research data project. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. SVP data are part of this dataset publication.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'Fig2a_time_TG_all.dat' shows the maximum energy amplification over all perturbations at each time instant. This file includes three columns: the first column indicates dimensionless time; the second column indicates the time normalized by the pulsation period; the third column indicates the energy amplification at a time instant (first column).

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'TG_Re_Wo25.dat' shows the dependence of the maximum energy amplification on the Reynolds numbers at Womersley number of 25 and pulsation amplitude of 1. This file includes two columns: the first column indicates the Reynolds number; the second column indicates the maximum energy amplifiation.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'TG_Re_Wo15.dat' shows the dependence of the maximum energy amplification on the Reynolds numbers at Womersley number of 15 and pulsation amplitude of 1. This file includes two columns: the first column indicates the Reynolds number; the second column indicates the maximum energy amplifiation.

Description: Laminar flows through pipes driven at steady, pulsatile or oscillatory rates undergo a subcritical transition to turbulence. We carry out an extensive linear non-modal stability analysis of these flows and show that for sufficiently high pulsation amplitudes the stream-wise vortices of the classic lift-up mechanism are outperformed by helical disturbances exhibiting an Orr-like mechanism. In oscillatory flow, the energy amplification depends solely on the Reynolds number based on the Stokes-layer thickness, and for sufficiently high oscillation frequency and Reynolds number, axisymmetric disturbances dominate. In the high-frequency limit, these axisymmetric disturbances are exactly similar to those recently identified by Biau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 794, 2016, R4) for oscillatory flow over a flat plate. In all regimes of pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow, the optimal helical and axisymmetric disturbances are triggered in the deceleration phase and reach their peaks in typically less than a period. Their maximum energy gain scales exponentially with Reynolds number of the oscillatory flow component. Our numerical computations unveil a plausible mechanism for the turbulence observed experimentally in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow.

Description: Laminar flows through pipes driven at steady, pulsatile or oscillatory rates undergo a subcritical transition to turbulence. We carry out an extensive linear non-modal stability analysis of these flows and show that for sufficiently high pulsation amplitudes the stream-wise vortices of the classic lift-up mechanism are outperformed by helical disturbances exhibiting an Orr-like mechanism. In oscillatory flow, the energy amplification depends solely on the Reynolds number based on the Stokes-layer thickness, and for sufficiently high oscillation frequency and Reynolds number, axisymmetric disturbances dominate. In the high-frequency limit, these axisymmetric disturbances are exactly similar to those recently identified by Biau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 794, 2016, R4) for oscillatory flow over a flat plate. In all regimes of pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow, the optimal helical and axisymmetric disturbances are triggered in the deceleration phase and reach their peaks in typically less than a period. Their maximum energy gain scales exponentially with Reynolds number of the oscillatory flow component. Our numerical computations unveil a plausible mechanism for the turbulence observed experimentally in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow.

Description: Laminar flows through pipes driven at steady, pulsatile or oscillatory rates undergo a subcritical transition to turbulence. We carry out an extensive linear non-modal stability analysis of these flows and show that for sufficiently high pulsation amplitudes the stream-wise vortices of the classic lift-up mechanism are outperformed by helical disturbances exhibiting an Orr-like mechanism. In oscillatory flow, the energy amplification depends solely on the Reynolds number based on the Stokes-layer thickness, and for sufficiently high oscillation frequency and Reynolds number, axisymmetric disturbances dominate. In the high-frequency limit, these axisymmetric disturbances are exactly similar to those recently identified by Biau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 794, 2016, R4) for oscillatory flow over a flat plate. In all regimes of pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow, the optimal helical and axisymmetric disturbances are triggered in the deceleration phase and reach their peaks in typically less than a period. Their maximum energy gain scales exponentially with Reynolds number of the oscillatory flow component. Our numerical computations unveil a plausible mechanism for the turbulence observed experimentally in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flow.

Description: Coastlines globally are increasingly being illuminated with Artificial Light At Night (ALAN) from various urban infrastructures such as houses, offices, piers, roads, ports and dockyards. Artificial sky glow can now be detected above 22% of the world's coasts nightly and will dramatically increase as coastal human populations more than double by the year 2060. One of the clearest demonstrations that we have entered another epoch, the urbanocene, is the prevalence of ALAN visible from space. Photobiological life history adaptations to the moon and sun are near ubiquitous in the surface ocean (0-200m), such that cycles and gradients of light intensity and spectra are major structuring factors in marine ecosystems. The potential for ALAN to reshape the ecology of coastal habitats by interfering with natural light cycles and the biological processes they inform is increasingly recognized and is an emergent focus for research. This dataset is derived from two primary satellite data sources: an artificial night sky brightness world atlas (Falchi et al., 2016) and an in-water Inherent Optical Property (Lee et al., 2002) dataset derived from ESA's Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI https://www.oceancolour.org/). These primary datasets are both used in conjunction with in-situ derived measurements and radiative transfer modelling in order to quantify the critical depth (Zc) to which biologically relevant ALAN penetrates throughout the global ocean's estuarine, coastal and near shore regions, in particular the area defined by an individual country's Exclusive Economic Zone. The critical depth is defined as the depth at which the modelled light level in the water column, illuminated by ALAN, drops below 0.102 µWm-2, the minimum irradiance of white light that elicits diel vertical migration in adult female Calanus copepods (Batnes et al., 2015). This is function of incident ALAN irradiance at the surface as well as the in-water transparency (governed by in-water optically active constituents). This dataset is an updated version of https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.922885.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'TG_t0_tf_wavenumber_Redelta_Wo10.dat' shows the parameters corresponding to the optimal perturbation for the Womersley number of 10. This file includes twelve columns: the first column indicates the Womersley number; the second column indicates the pulsation period; the third column indicates the optimal axial wavenumber; the fourth column indicates the optimal azimuthal wavenumber; the fifth column indicates the initial time of the optimal perturbation; the sixth column indicates the final time of the optimal perturbation; the seventh column indicates the evolution time of the optimal perturbation; the eighth column indicates the initial time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the nineth column indicates the final time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the tenth column indicates the evolution time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the eleventh column indicates the maximum energy amplification; the twelfth column indicates the Reynolds number which is defined with the characteristic length of the thickness of the Stokes layer.

Description: This data set comprises raw CTD data collected during the RV ALKOR cruise AL540 conducted in July 2020 (July 21st to July 31st 2020) in the Western Baltic Sea by the University of Hamburg. The cruise was part of the 5-year MARSYS teaching cruise program of the University of Hamburg GFP20-1_047. The cruises are designed to train students in sampling methods targeting the different compartments of a marine ecosystem.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: Raw multibeam bathymetry data were recorded on RV Meteor during M68/2 using a Kongsberg EM120 multibeam echosounder. The cruise took place between 6.6.2006 – 9.7.2006 (Recife (Brazil) – Mindelo (Cape Verde)) in the Tropical Atlantic. Data were recorded throughout the whole time spend outside EEZs as well as within the Brazilian EEZ with an approximate average depth of around 3500m. There is no information about sound velocity correction made. There are no extra SVP files provided in this publication. Data are unprocessed and can therefore contain incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) if not further processed. Note that refraction errors can be expected due to the lack of proper SVP. During M68/2 an intensive mooring program was carried out to investigate circulation and variability in the Tropical Atlantic. This program particularly consisted of the recovery of two equatorial current meter moorings at 35°W and 23°W. The data are archived at the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, BSH) and provided to PANGAEA database for data curation and publication. Data publication is accomplished within work package 2 of the EU Horizon 2020 project iAtlantic- Integrated Assessment of Atlantic Marine Ecosystem in Space and Time (https://www.iatlantic.eu/).

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: The scientific program of the Meteor M184 expedition was dedicated to studies on the intensity of water mass transformation, a synoptic view of the hydrography in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin, as well as submesoscale resolving surveys of fronts. Measurements of the vertical structure of temperature, salinity, density, oxygen, optical properties, and the flow along selected sections have been surveyed during the M184 expedition. Close to the surface, permanent registrations are carried out with the thermosalinograph (temperature, salinity), meteorological data are continuously collected, flow measurements up to 1000 m depth are performed with the ships installed ADCP and surface currents by a X-band marine radar. Detailed surveys on submesoscale fronts were done with autonomous underwater gliders and ship mounted gear. Furthermore, 40 Hereon drifters were deployed to sample the surface flow.

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the North Atlantic during cruise MSM70 that took place between 2017-12-25 and 2018-02-04. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 122. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. SVP data are part of this dataset publication. This data is part of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance) underway research data project.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'time_TG_helical.dat' shows the time series of the maximum energy amplification of a helical perturbation. This file includes five columns: the first column indicates streamwise wavenumber or axial wavenumber; the second column indicates the azimuthal wavenumber; the third column indicates the phase of the perturbation; the fourth column indicates the dimensionless time; the fifth column indicates the maximum energy amplification at the time instant.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'time_wavenumber.dat' shows the optimal wavenumber (corresponding to the maximum energy amplification) at a time instant. This file includes three columns: the first column indicates the dimensionless time normalized by the pulsation period; the second column indicates the optimal axial wavenumber at the time instant; the third column indicates the optimal azimuthal wavenumber at the time instant.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 't0_TG_contour.dat' shows the maximum energy amplification over modes in the parameter regime of initial time and final time. This file includes three columns: the first column indicates initial time of perturbations normalized by pulsation period; the second column indicates the evolution time of the perturbation normalized by period; the third column indicates the energy amplification corresponding to the initial time (first column) and the evolution time (second column).

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 't0_TG_contour.dat' shows the maximum energy amplification over modes in the parameter regime of initial time and final time. This file includes three columns: the first column indicates initial time of perturbations normalized by pulsation period; the second column indicates the evolution time of the perturbation normalized by period; the third column indicates the energy amplification corresponding to the initial time (first column) and the evolution time (second column).

Description: Multibeam bathymetry raw data was recorded in the Atlantic during cruise M159 that took place between 2019-10-29 and 2019-11-20. The data was collected using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 122. This data is part of the DAM (German Marine Research Alliance) underway research data project.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_ZRCros_Wo15_Redelta589.dat' shows the time series of the three components of velocity and spanwise vorticity in the radial-radial cross-section, for the Reynolds number (defined with Stokes layer thickness) of 589 and Womersley number of 15. This file includes six columns: the first column indicates the streamwise coordinate; the second column indicates the radial coordinate; the third column indicates the radial component of velocity; the fourth column indicates the azimuthal component of velocity; the fifth column indicates the streamwise component of velocity; the sixth column indicates the spanwise vorticity.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'TG_t0_tf_wavenumber_Redelta_Wo15.dat' shows the parameters corresponding to the optimal perturbation for the Womersley number of 15. This file includes twelve columns: the first column indicates the Womersley number; the second column indicates the pulsation period; the third column indicates the optimal axial wavenumber; the fourth column indicates the optimal azimuthal wavenumber; the fifth column indicates the initial time of the optimal perturbation; the sixth column indicates the final time of the optimal perturbation; the seventh column indicates the evolution time of the optimal perturbation; the eighth column indicates the initial time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the nineth column indicates the final time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the tenth column indicates the evolution time of the optimal perturbation normalized by the pulsation period; the eleventh column indicates the maximum energy amplification; the twelfth column indicates the Reynolds number which is defined with the characteristic length of the thickness of the Stokes layer.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'TG_A_Wo10.dat' shows the dependence of the maximum energy amplification on the pulsation amplitude for the Reynolds number of 2000 and the Womersley number of 10. This file includes two columns: the first column indicates the pulsation amplitude; the second column indicates the maximum energy amplification.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'wavenumber_A_Wo10.dat' shows the dependence of the optimal wavenumber on the pulsation amplitude. This file includes three columns: the first column indicates the pulsation amplitude; the second column indicates the optimal axial wavenumber; the third column indicates the optimal azimuthal wavenumber (corresponding to the maximum energy amplitude).

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'wavenumber_A_Wo15.dat' shows the dependence of the optimal wavenumber on the pulsation amplitude. This file includes three columns: the first column indicates the pulsation amplitude; the second column indicates the optimal axial wavenumber; the third column indicates the optimal azimuthal wavenumber (corresponding to the maximum energy amplitude).

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_energy_classic.dat' shows the time series of the energy of the optimal classic perturbation. This file includes four columns: the first column indicates dimensionless time; the second column indicates the time normalized by period; the third column indicates the energy of the perturbation; the fourth column indicates the energy of the perturbation normalized by the energy at the initial perturbation time.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_StreamwiseVel_helical.dat' shows the streamwise velocity of the optimal helical perturbation in the streamwise-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the streamwise-radial cross-section; the third column 'uz' indicates streamwise velocity.

Description: Plant protection products in the environment are partly responsible for the progressive loss of biodiversity. The mostly insufficient ecological status of surface waters is often explained by habitat degradation and excessive nutrient input. But what role do plant protection products play in this context? The Kleingewässermonitoring (KgM) project provides a worldwide unique quantitative assessment of the impact of pesticides from diffuse agricultural sources on small and medium-sized streams. The dataset comprises 124 monitoring stream sections all over Germany covering a wide pollution gradient where consistent measurements were carried out in 2018 and 2019 during the major pesticide application period from April to July. These measurements include event-driven sampling to record surface rainfall-induced short-term peak concentrations in addition to regular grab sampling of pesticides and a wide range of other pollutants resulting in more than 1,000 water samples. All further relevant anthropogenic and environmental parameters reigning ecological stream quality were recorded comprehensively (morphological and stream bed structure, temperature, flow velocity, dissolved oxygen, pH, catchment land use, stream profile). The dataset also contains effect monitoring data featuring sampled invertebrate communities and bioassay analyses of water samples. The data enables an assessment of pesticide exposure and related effects as well as the analysis of complex causal relationships in streams.

Description: The data are obtained via an in-house Matlab script (developed by Dr. Baofang Song) to compute the non-modal transient growth of disturbances in pulsatile and oscillatory pipe flows. In this study, a Newtonian fluid driven by pulsatile and oscillatory flow rate flows in a straight pipe. In pulsatile flow, there are three governing parameters: steady Reynolds number (defined by the steady flow component), pulsation amplitude (ratio of oscillatory and steady flow component) and Womersley number (dimensionless pulsation and oscillation frequency). In oscillatory flow, due to vanishment of steady flow component, oscillatory Reynolds number (defined by the oscillation flow component) and Womersley number. The Reynolds number defined by the thickness of Stokes layer is alternatively used for the oscillatory Reynolds number. The study was carried out in a manner that one governing parameter varies while other governing parameters are fixed. The data file 'OptimalPerturbation_time_VortZ_classic.dat' shows the streamwise vorticity of the optimal classic perturbation in the radial-radial cross-section. This file includes three columns: the first two column 'x' and 'y' indicate Cartesian coordinates in the radial-radial cross-section; the third column 'VortZ' indicates streamwise vorticity.