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  • Other Sources  (358)
  • Springer Berlin Heidelberg  (327)
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  • 2020-2024  (358)
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  • 1
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    Physiology of Reproduction in Porifera (2024)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-06
    Description: Sponges (Porifera) are one of the most ancient animals present on the planet. They are aquatic, filter-feeding sessile metazoans that rely on asexual and sexual reproduction. These animals have a long history on Earth and had plenty of time to develop different reproductive strategies. Here, we review different aspects of the physiology of reproduction in Porifera. This chapter is divided into six sections. In the first section, we present general features of sponge reproduction, such as factors that trigger the onset of their reproduction, as well as the periodicity of their reproductive cycles. The molecular basis of the hormonal control of gametogenesis is presented although sponges have no endocrine system. The second section deals with gametogenesis, 2including how sex and the germline are determined and maintained in this group, how oocytes and spermatozoa are formed and nourished, and how they behave once released. The third section reviews different topics about the reproductive mode. Here, we discuss the dichotomy in reproductive mode: oviparity vs. viviparity, the spatial distribution of the reproductive elements in the sponge tissue, the effect of symbiosis in reproduction (and vice-versa), and energetic trade-offs during reproduction. The fourth section describes fertilization, and we cover the factors controlling the spawning events and how the sperm are attracted and recognized by the egg. The diversity of developmental modes, the molecular control of sponge embryonic development, and the maternal-embryo relationship are discussed in the fifth section. Finally, in the sixth section, the types of asexual reproduction, factors influencing budding, gemmulation, hibernation, and gemmule development are described. Knowledge about the physiology of reproduction of sponges is still fragmentary and based on studies in very few species. Consequently, there are many generalizations that need further investigation. However, evidence-based on morphological, experimental, and molecular data demonstrates that their physiology is not very different from that of other metazoans
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    Four millennia of vegetation and environmental history above the Hyrcanian forest, northern Iran (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: Past vegetation, fire, and climate dynamics, as well as human impact, have been reconstructed for the first time in the highlands of the Gilan province in the Alborz mountains (above the Hyrcanian forest) for the last 4,300 cal yrs bp. Multi-proxy analysis, including pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, charcoal, and geochemical analysis, has been applied to investigate the environmental changes at 2,280 m a.s.l., above the Hyrcanian forest. Dominant steppe vegetation occurred in the study area throughout the recorded period. The formation of the studied mire deposits, as well as vegetation composition, suggest a change to wetter climatic conditions after 4,300 until 1,700 cal yrs bp. Fires were frequent, which may imply long-lasting anthropogenic activities in the area. Less vegetation cover with a marked decrease of the Moisture Index (MI) suggests drier conditions between 1,700 and 1,000 cal yrs bp. A high proportion of Cichorioideae and Amaranthaceae, as well as the reduction of trees, in particular Fagus and Quercus, at lower elevations, indicate human activities such as intense livestock grazing and deforestation. Soil erosion as the result of less vegetation due to dry conditions and/or human activities can be reconstructed from a marked increase of Glomus spores and high values of K and Ti. Since 1,000 cal yrs bp, the increasing MI, as well as the rise of Poaceae and Cyperaceae together with forest recovery, suggest a change to wetter conditions. The occurrence of still frequent Cichorioideae and Plantago lanceolata along with Sordaria reflect continued intense grazing of livestock by humans.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
    Description: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)
    Keywords: ddc:561 ; Late Holocene ; Northern Iran ; Multi-proxy studies ; Hyrcanian mountain vegetation ; Climate change ; Human impact
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Against the budget view in climate ethics (2022)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: The extent of our duties to mitigate climate change is commonly conceptualized in terms of temperature goals like the 1.5°C and the 2°C target and corresponding emissions budgets. While I do acknowledge the political advantages of any framework that is relatively easy to understand, I argue that this particular framework does not capture the true extent of our mitigation duties. Instead I argue for a more differentiated approach that is based on the well-known distinction between subsistence and luxury emissions. At the heart of this approach lies the argument that we have no budget of substantial, net-positive luxury emissions left. In a world in which dangerous climate change has begun, we must expect all further substantial, net-positive luxury emissions to cause harm. Since they lack the kind of justification needed for them to be nevertheless permissible, I conclude that we must stop emitting them with immediate effect. I also briefly discuss the difficult case of subsistence emissions and offer some first thoughts on the morality of a third category of emissions, what I call ‘transition emissions’.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
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    Water dynamics at the urban soil-atmosphere interface—rainwater storage in paved surfaces and its dependence on rain event characteristics (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Purpose: The surface store governs the rainwater partition, e.g., water storage and evaporation on paved surfaces, especially for low-intensity and low-sum rain events, which account for the greatest part of the total rainfall in a temperate climate city like Berlin, Germany. The surface store S is a fixed value, dependent on surface relief and pore system characteristics. Contrary, in this study, the surface storage was assumed to depend also on the rain intensity, thus being variable from event to event. Materials and methods: The surface store filling dynamics for dense (DP), porous (PP), and highly infiltrative (IP) paving materials were studied in a rainfall simulator. Irrigation intensities p ranged from 0.016 to 0.1 mm min〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 which represent the 25 to 88% quantiles of the rain event distribution in Berlin, Germany (1961 to 1990). Results and discussion: Three surface stores can be separated: storage until initial runoff, S〈sub〉f〈/sub〉, at maximum filling, S〈sub〉m〈/sub〉, and for steady-state runoff, S〈sub〉eq〈/sub〉—all of them can be regarded as effective stores depending on the aim of its use. The equilibrium store varies from 0.2 to 3 mm for DP, PP, and IP for the investigated rainfall intensities. Conclusions: For all pavers, the surface store depends on rainfall intensity, which was shown experimentally and confirmed by numerical simulation of the infiltration. We introduce a simple and robust method to describe S〈sub〉f〈/sub〉, S〈sub〉m〈/sub〉 = f(p) for different pavers. Pavers can evaporate a multiple of their surface store per day, depending on the rainfall distribution, which implicates the need for high temporal resolutions in urban hydrology modeling. Pavers can evaporate a multiple of their surface store per day, depending on the rainfall distribution. That implicates the need for high temporal resolutions in urban hydrology modeling.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Evaporation ; Paved soils ; Paving material ; Precipitation intensity ; Surface store ; Water storage
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Groundwater fluoride contamination in Coimbatore district: a geochemical characterization, multivariate analysis, and human health risk perspective (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: In this paper, fluoride geochemistry and health risk of groundwater in Coimbatore district is studied. The order of dominance of ions were HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 〉 Cl 〉 SO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 〉 CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 and Na 〉 Ca 〉 Mg 〉 K. Alkaline groundwater and the dominance of HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 and Na is favourable for the fluoride enrichment. Around 46% of the samples, N–NE regions, have F〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 higher than permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L. Pink granites, charnockite and gneisses in lithology is the possible origin of F〈sup〉−〈/sup〉. However, NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 vs F plot shows positive trend in some samples, indicating anthropogenic inputs of F〈sup〉−〈/sup〉. Correlation plots of F〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 was trending positive with pH, HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 and Na and but negative for Ca, indicating the control of these ions in F〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 mobility. This result is supported by undersaturation of fluorite and supersaturation of carbonates. Four significant principal components were derived, which have explained 87% of the total variation. PC1 has high factor loadings for EC, Ca, Mg Na, Cl, SO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 indicating both natural and anthropogenic influences. PC2, PC3 and PC4 have higher loading for pH and HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, K and HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 and F〈sup〉−〈/sup〉, respectively, indicating geogenic factors in the F〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 enrichment. Human health risk assessment (HHRA) by ingestion and dermal pathways were calculated using Hazard Quotient HQ and Hazard Index (HI). 27% of males, 36% of females and 39% of the children have HI 〉 1, posing noncarcinogenic risks.
    Description: Freie Universität Berlin (1008)
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; Fluoride ; Geochemistry ; Multivariate analysis ; Human health risk assessment (HHRA) ; Revised permissible limits ; Coimbatore
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    From tree to architecture: how functional morphology of arborescence connects plant biology, evolution and physics (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Trees are the fundamental element of forest ecosystems, made possible by their mechanical qualities and their highly sophisticated conductive tissues. The evolution of trees, and thereby the evolution of forests, were ecologically transformative and affected climate and biogeochemical cycles fundamentally. Trees also offer a substantial amount of ecological niches for other organisms, such as epiphytes, creating a vast amount of habitats. During land plant evolution, a variety of different tree constructions evolved and their constructional principles are a subject of ongoing research. Understanding the “natural construction” of trees benefits strongly from methods and approaches from physics and engineering. Plant water transport is a good example for the ongoing demand for interdisciplinary efforts to unravel form-function relationships on vastly differing scales. Identification of the unique mechanism of water long-distance transport requires a solid basis of interfacial physics and thermodynamics. Studying tree functions by using theoretical approaches is, however, not a one-sided affair: The complex interrelationships between traits, functionality, trade-offs and phylogeny inspire engineers, physicists and architects until today.
    Description: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMNS) (4944)
    Keywords: ddc:634.9 ; Trees ; Xylem ; Water transport ; Branching structure ; Soil-plant-atmosphere continuum ; Epiphytes
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Improving solar radiation pressure modeling for GLONASS satellites (2020)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-12
    Description: The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) satellites have a stretched body shape and take a specific attitude mode inside the eclipse. Based on previous studies, the new Empirical CODE orbit model (ECOM2) performs better than the classical ECOM model if a satellite has elongated shape or does not maintain yaw-steering mode, and the use of an a priori box-wing (BW) model improves the orbits significantly when employing the ECOM model. However, we find that the ECOM model performs better than the ECOM2 model for GLONASS satellites outside eclipse seasons, while it performs two times worse in eclipse seasons. The use of the conventional box-wing model results in very little improvement. By assessing the ECOM Y〈sub〉0〈/sub〉 estimates, we conclude that there are potential radiators on the -x surface of GLONASS satellites causing orbit perturbations also inside the eclipse. The higher-order Fourier terms of the ECOM2 model can compensate for such effects better than the ECOM model. Based on this finding, we first confirm that GLONASS-K satellites take a similar attitude mode as GLONASS-M satellites inside the eclipse. Then, we adjust optical parameters of GLONASS satellites as part of precise orbit determination (POD) considering the potential radiator and thermal radiation effects. Finally, the adjusted parameters are introduced into a new box-wing model and jointly used with the ECOM and ECOM2 model, respectively. Results show that the amplitude and the dependency of the empirical parameters on the β angle are greatly reduced for both ECOM and ECOM2 models. Rather than the conventional box-wing model, the new box-wing model reduces the orbit misclosure between two consecutive arcs for both GLONASS-M and GLONASS-K satellites. In particular, the improvement in GLONASS-M satellites is more than 30% for the ECOM model during eclipse seasons. Further evaluation from 24-h predicted orbits demonstrates that the improvement during eclipse seasons is mainly in along- and cross-track directions. Finally, we validate GLONASS satellite orbits using Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) observations. The use of the new box-wing model reduces the spurious pattern of the SLR residuals as a function of β and Δu significantly, and the linear dependency of the SLR residuals on the elongation drops from as large as -0.760 mm/deg to almost zero for both ECOM and ECOM2 models. In general, GLONASS-M satellites benefit more from the new a priori box-wing model and the BW+ECOM model results in the best SLR residuals, with an improvement of about 50% and 20%, respectively, for the mean and standard deviation (STD) values with respect to the orbit products without a priori model.
    Description: Technische Universität München (1025)
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; Solar radiation pressure ; Eclipse ; Radiator ; GLONASS ; Box-wing
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Building stone quarries: resource evaluation by block modelling and unmanned aerial photogrammetric surveys (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: The production of building stones shown an exponential growth in last decades as consequences of the demand and developments in the extraction and processing techniques. From the several conditioning factors affecting this industry, the geological constrains at quarry scale stands out as one of most important. Globalization and increasing competition in the building stone market require large raw material blocks to keep further processing as cost-effective as possible. Therefore, the potential extraction volume of in-situ stone blocks plays an important role in the yield of a dimensional stone quarry. The full characterization of the fracturing in the quarries comes up as fundamental in the assessment of the in-situ blocks volume/shape and potential extracted raw blocks. Identify the joint sets present, their spacing and the differences across the quarry demands a continuous assess during the quarry live span. Information from unmanned aerial vehicles helps in the field survey, namely trough digital surface models, orthophotos, and three-dimensional models. Also, the fracturing modelling by specific software programs is crucial to improve the block size assessment and the increase the quarry yield. In this research fracturing of twenty-one quarries of granite, limestone, marble, and slate from Portugal were assessed by combining field surveys with new techniques. From the studied quarries several cases were selected and presented to highlight the importance of this combined methodology in the fracturing assessment and how they can be helpful in the maximization of the resources and quarry management.
    Description: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)
    Keywords: ddc:622.1 ; Building stones ; Quarries ; Exploitation ; Fracturing modelling ; UAV technique ; 3D BlockExpert ; Photogrammetry
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Comparing Methods and Defining Practical Requirements for Extracting Harmonic Tidal Components from Groundwater Level Measurements (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: The groundwater pressure response to the ubiquitous Earth and atmospheric tides provides a largely untapped opportunity to passively characterize and quantify subsurface hydro-geomechanical properties. However, this requires reliable extraction of closely spaced harmonic components with relatively subtle amplitudes but well-known tidal periods from noisy measurements. The minimum requirements for the suitability of existing groundwater records for analysis are unknown. This work systematically tests and compares the ability of two common signal processing methods, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and harmonic least squares (HALS), to extract harmonic component properties. First, realistic conditions are simulated by analyzing a large number of synthetic data sets with variable sampling frequencies, record durations, sensor resolutions, noise levels and data gaps. Second, a model of two real-world data sets with different characteristics is validated. The results reveal that HALS outperforms the DFT in all aspects, including the ability to handle data gaps. While there is a clear trade-off between sampling frequency and record duration, sampling rates should not be less than six samples per day and records should not be shorter than 20 days when simultaneously extracting tidal constituents. The accuracy of detection is degraded by increasing noise levels and decreasing sensor resolution. However, a resolution of the same magnitude as the expected component amplitude is sufficient in the absence of excessive noise. The results provide a practical framework to determine the suitability of existing groundwater level records and can optimize future groundwater monitoring strategies to improve passive characterization using tidal signatures.
    Description: H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010665
    Description: Swedish Research Council
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; Tidal subsurface analysis ; Tidal constituents ; Signal analysis ; Harmonic least squares ; Non-uniform sampling
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Identification of suitable sites for managed aquifer recharge under semi-arid conditions employing a combination of numerical and analytical techniques (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: Overpumping or overexploitation of groundwater is one of the major threats for aquifer systems in arid and semi-arid areas. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has been suggested by many researchers as a sustainable and effective method to alleviate negative impacts of overpumping. Optimizing artificial recharge considers the selection of suitable MAR sites in terms of surface and subsurface characteristics. While surface characteristics at potential MAR sites could be modified (e.g. slope, soil texture, etc.), subsurface characteristics cannot be changed through engineering work. Characteristics of the aquifer, such as depth to groundwater, play an important role in determining the capability of an aquifer to store a specific volume of infiltrated water. Currently, only a limited number of quoted researches are available that consider factors related to aquifer characteristics and the range of these factors to identify optimal MAR sites. In this study, a new approach is presented, that employs numerical groundwater modeling to generate MAR suitability maps considering sub-surface characteristics, such as depth-to-groundwater, aquifer transmissivity and specific yield. Multiple model-runs are conducted to simulate groundwater table response with respect to the volume of infiltrated water. Simulation results are used to calibrate a groundwater mound empirical equation that calculates the groundwater level increase as a function of the transmissivity and infiltrated water volume for a given value of aquifer’ specific yield, range of vertical hydraulic conductivities and a specific design and operation conditions of the MAR system. The empirical equation is employed in GIS to spatially calculate the height of groundwater mound beneath a hypothetical MAR site and to generate, based on that, suitability maps for MAR implementation. Assuming that MAR structures capture the median of monthly surface runoff rates at the respective wadi (catchment area), suitability maps are generated for different configurations/scenarios of aquifer hydraulic conductivity in a parameter study. The results highlight the importance of integrating aquifer characteristics (geometry and hydraulic parameters) and expected magnitudes and fluxes of infiltration water in delineating suitable sites for MAR.
    Description: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; Numerical groundwater modeling ; Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) ; Azraq basin
    Language: English
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