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  • 04.08. Volcanology  (31)
  • 03.02. Hydrology  (5)
  • Elsevier  (33)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 2020-2024  (33)
  • 1
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    Theoretical principles and application to measure the flux of carbon dioxide in the air of urban zones (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: •Anthropogenic CO2 flux can be estimated by stable isotopic surveying. •Gas emissions from human activities force the atmospheric CO2. •The monitoring of stable isotopes allows identifying the CO2 sources in the air. •Several tons per day of CO2 flow through the geosphere in urban zones. •Transient in the air CO2 occurs owing to changes in weather variables.
    Description: Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations increase due to volcanic emissions, diffuse degassing from fault zones, and various human-caused gas emissions, especially in densely populated urban zones, which play a pivotal role in the ongoing climate change. This study aims to examine changes in the concentration and stable isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2. A laser-based analyzer provided the δ13C and δ18O values based on concentration measurements for various CO2 isotopologues. Multiple linear regression (MLR) showed that almost 30% of the atmospheric CO2 changes are caused by weather variations, while ~70% of the changes involve CO2 from various gas sources related to human activities. The Keeling plot approach was used to identify the isotopic signature of the extra CO2, which points to the gas produced by hydrocarbon combustion. An isotopic mass balance model was designed to show the relation between excess atmospheric CO2 and the flux of human-related gas emissions. Calculating the CO2 flux in the atmosphere based on this isotopic mass balance model showed that several tons of CO2 move daily between geospheres. This study shows that surveying atmospheric CO2 in urban zones allows quantifying the CO2 emissions from various sources.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119302
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2 flux ; Carbon stable isotopes ; Oxygen isotope composition ; Atmospheric CO2 ; Geochemical modeling ; Gas Hazard ; Stable isotopes ; Isotopes ; 01.01. Atmosphere ; 04.08. Volcanology ; environmental geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Geochemistry of trace metals and Rare Earth Elements in shallow marine water affected by hydrothermal fluids at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: Trace metals and Rare Earth Element (REE) are amply discharged by submarine hydrothermal vents, sometimes leading to the formation of ore deposits of economic interest. We report on first data on the geochemical processes involving REE and trace metals, at the solid-liquid interface, in the hydrothermal area of Levante Bay at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy). Samples were collected from several submarine springs and seeps, a mud pool and one thermal well, and analyzed for Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, U and REE, besides major ions. Within the bay, hydrothermal fluids contaminate seawater and promote the leaching of metals from sediments through the dissolution of CO2 and H2S, while the particulate matter removes several elements from the water. The leaching of the bottom sediments and the contribution of steam-heated water produce an enrichment of some metals and REE in the Levante Bay with respect to the concentrations expected in the ambient seawater. An enrichment up to one order of magnitude is measured for Fe, Al, Ba, Cs and Rb, and up to two orders of magnitude for Mn in the submarine samples. Other transition metals (Ti, V, Co, Cr), U, As and Sr have concentrations similar or slightly lower than the ambient seawater. REE are in concentrations higher than in ambient seawater up to two orders of magnitude. Despite being significantly higher than uncontaminated seawater, the concentrations of some metals (namely Fe, Al, Ti, Cr, V, Co, U) and REE in most samples are lower than expected by the mixing between seawater and the steam-heated water, discharging from submarine springs. Indeed, equilibrium and reaction path modeling indicate the likely precipitation of Fe-oxyhydroxides, able to remove minor elements, such as Ti, Cr, Co, V and As, and REE. The last ones are significantly removed by newly-forming solid phases, due to the presence of a large amount of Fe released by the acidic fluids through the leaching of sediments. The low pH limits the formation of solution complexes of REE with carbonate ions (the main complexing agent for REE in seawater), whereas the sorption onto particles is still effective, even at close distance from the submarine springs and seeps. This study brings new insights on the geochemical processes occurring in submarine hydrothermal systems, in particular, those in subduction-related context.
    Description: Fondo Sociale Europeo (PO FSE 2014-2020)
    Description: Published
    Description: 120756
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: REE ; Trace metals ; Hydrothermal system ; Seawater ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 03.04. Chemical and biological ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Post-caldera volcanism reveals shallow priming of an intra-ocean arc andesitic caldera: Hunga volcano, Tonga, SW Pacific (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Intra-oceanic arcs are typically associated with intermediate (andesitic) cone volcanoes. However, caldera volcanoes may also form in these settings from very large eruptions, resulting in sudden changes to the magma reservoir. These reservoirs can then produce either semi-continuous or intermittent low-intensity volcanism between major caldera-producing or caldera-deepening eruptions, providing insights into the post-caldera evolution of the system. Hunga volcano (Kingdom of Tonga, Southwest Pacific) is a large mainly submarine edifice that produced a series of caldera-forming eruptions ~900 years ago. Since then, numerous smaller-scale subaerial and submarine eruptions occurred, the most recent forming new islands in 2009 and 2014/15. Pyroclastic deposits associated with these latest eruptions have identical (range ~ 0.1 wt% of all major oxides) andesitic composition that overlap with the primitive end of the slightly wider compositional range of the caldera-forming episodes. Texturally simple plagioclase, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene phenocrysts in pre-, syn- and post-caldera pyroclasts point to a single shallow storage reservoir at 5–8 km depth. Lack of complex zonation indicates that this reservoir is constantly resupplied by low-flux inputs of basaltic andesite magma and is large enough that convective mixing rapidly homogenises new inputs. The reservoir feeds intermittent, low-intensity, post-caldera volcanism with constant andesite composition, driven possibly by magmatic overpressure and “leakage” of gas-rich magma pockets around the edges of the caldera. More primitive and compositionally variable basaltic andesites formed a lava-dominated edifice prior to the caldera-forming event. This suggests a causal link between magma supply dynamics and caldera priming relating to the maturing of the plumbing system and formation of a sustained subvolcanic andesite magma reservoir.
    Description: This research was funded by the Faculty Research Development Fund, The University of Auckland to MB and SJC. We are grateful for financial and logistic support from ICON Films, Bristol, UK. We are especially grateful for the help and company of Lucy Meadows and Alex Holden, ICON Films, UK, during the field studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106614
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Andesite caldera, mafic ignimbrite ; Lava Explosive volcanism ; Hunga Tonga Arc volcanism ; South Pacific volcanism ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Trace element partitioning in zoned clinopyroxene as a proxy for undercooling: Experimental constraints from trachybasaltic magmas (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Sector-zoned clinopyroxene records kinetic effects imposed by variable degrees of magma undercooling, ΔT, and can be utilised to track the dynamics of magmatic systems. The partitioning of trace elements into sectors grown in different crystallographic orientations can be used as a proxy for ΔT. However, an experimental assessment of the relationship between trace element zoning and ΔT has been lacking to date. Here we present trace element data from a series of undercooling crystallisation experiments on a primitive trachybasalt from Mt. Etna (Italy), at conditions of crustal storage (400 MPa, NNO + 2), and ΔT ranging from 23 to 173 °C. Changes in ΔT were modulated by varying both resting and liquidus temperatures, the latter via the melt-H2O content of the experiments. The resting temperature was retained for 24 h to ensure the attainment of near-equilibrium conditions. High-resolution elemental mapping reveals the distribution of trace elements in individual clinopyroxene zones. Increasing ΔT drives a shift from polyhedral morphologies with Al-rich prism and Al-poor hourglass sectors (ΔT = 23–25 °C), to skeletal (ΔT = 75–123 °C) and dendritic (ΔT = 132–173 °C) crystals with Al-rich skeletons and Al-poor overgrowths. Aluminium-rich zones have higher concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) than Al-poor zones across all investigated ΔT conditions, and overall, Al, REE and HFSE contents increase with ΔT. This indicates that tetrahedral aluminium (TAl) and associated charge-balancing mechanisms govern the incorporation of REE and HFSE within clinopyroxene. Lattice strain parameters for REE in the M2 site indicate the incorporation of light relative to heavy REE in clinopyroxene is controlled by competing effects between the strain-free partition coefficient, D0, and the optimum cation radius, r0. Critically, the middle and heavy REE switch from incompatible to compatible with increasing ΔT. Used to model fractional crystallisation, our data demonstrate that fractionation of clinopyroxene at low ΔT controls pre-eruptive melt evolution. Importantly, this indicates crystallisation of clinopyroxene in the deep portions of Mt. Etna’s plumbing system is not rapid and is unlikely to result in the early formation of dendrites. We develop a parameterisation of ΔT based on REE partitioning between experimental clinopyroxene and coexisting melt, which can be applied to sector-zoned augite crystallising from mafic alkaline magmas, to reconstruct dynamic processes and thermal pathways during magma transport and storage. Applied to sector-zoned clinopyroxene microphenocrysts and groundmass microcrysts from the 1974 eccentric eruption at Mt. Etna, our parameterisation tracks an increase in ΔT with magma ascent and eruption, following recharge of Cr-rich mafic magma at depth. Sector-zoned clinopyroxene can track ΔT variations leading to volcanism at Mt. Etna and could be applied to quantify magma dynamics in other active volcanoes.
    Description: This work was supported by a Foundation Research Excellence Award from The University of Queensland (UQ-FREA RM2019001828, T.U.), the Advance Queensland Women’s Research Assistance Program from the Queensland Government (WRAP109-2019RD1 RM2020002371, T.U.) and the HP-HT laboratory of Experimental Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, Rome). A.M. was supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP). S.M, M.M. and A.P. were supported by the MIUR project “Time scales of solidification in magmas: Applications to Volcanic Eruptions, Silicate Melts, Glasses, Glass- Ceramics” (PRIN 2017J277S9).
    Description: Published
    Description: 249-268
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Clinopyroxene ; Sector Zoning ; Trace element partitioning ; Undercooling ; Dendritic crystals ; Rare earth elements ; LA ICP-MS Mapping ; Mt. Etna ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    A geophysical multidisciplinary approach to investigate the shallow subsoil structures in volcanic environment: The case of Ischia Island (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-06
    Description: The ability to image the underground structures of volcanoes is limited by the precision, resolution and pene tration depth of each single geophysical method. In order to improve the knowledge of specific volcanic edifices and to better understand the general behavior of structures, the use of a combination of methods is strongly recommended to exploit and maximize their complementary capabilities of resolution and penetration depths. In this work a large dataset of seismic and electromagnetic measurements has been used to provide a more detailed and improved geophysical image of the shallower portion of the northern sector of Ischia Island(Campania region, Italy), severely hit by the August 21, 2017 earthquake (Mw 3.9). We analysed data by using different methodologies: Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR), seismic array technique (f k),polarization analysis and Time Domain ElectroMagnetic (TDEM) survey. These methods are sensitive in a different way to tectonic features, lithologies, layer geometry and fluid distribution. Thus, their combination is useful for studying sites with complex crustal structures such as Ischia island, which is characterized by a well-developed geothermal system linked to the presence of a shallow magmatic body. Results of our study provides detailed information of the physical properties of the subsoil through: 1) the spatial distribution of the amplification parameters of ground motion, showing frequency peaks below 1 Hz and/or between 1 Hz and 5 Hz; 2) the definition of the velocity models up to 600 m depth, with shear wave velocities ranging from 150 m/s for the shallower layers to 2500 m/s for the half space; 3) the recognition of the correlation between the principal fault structures and polarization directions of the noise wavefield, mostly oriented along EW and NE-SW directions; 4) the resistivity models of the first 80 m depth with high resistivity values of the shallow layers in the range 50–100 Ω.m and low resistivity values of the bottom layers in the range 1–10 Ω.m.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107820
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ischia volcanic island ; Shear-wave velocity of volcanic deposits ; Site effects ; Seismic noise analysis ; 1D Resistivity models ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Sacred plant impressions from Somma-Vesuvius volcanic ash deposits: A medicinal garden in Late Antique Acerra (Naples, Campania, Italy)? (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-03
    Description: The AD 472 eruption of Somma-Vesuvius widely impacted the northern and eastern territory around the volcano, laying down a complex sequence of pyroclastic fallout and pyroclastic current deposits. During archaeological test excavations conducted in the Acerra locality, Pollena eruption (AD 472) fallout and lahar deposits composed of fine ash containing traces of plant impressions were found. These deposits were sampled and carefully frac tured in order to recover the plant imprints. Features of the ash impressions were compared with those of live plants and dried Herbarium specimens. Species identification was based on the characteristics of leaves (maximum width, type of leaf margin, size of midrib, angle of formation of the secondary veins) and fruits. Impressions of Mandragora officinarum L., Rosa canina L. and Hedera helix L. were recognized. This is the first documented discovery of subfossil mandrake specimens. The use of mandrake plants for healing and psycho tropic purposes is referred to by Classical authors such as Pliny the Elder and Dioscorides; it was sometimes used mixed with rose. In addition, rose and ivy plants were symbolically important to the ancient Romans and were employed together as medicinal plants. The coexistence of these plants in a restricted area suggests the presence of a garden dedicated to sacred/medicinal plants. In addition, it is interesting to note that the discovery of mandrake plants with fruits supports the hypothesis that the eruptive event took place between the end of summer and the autumn.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103802
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 472 AD Pollena eruption ; Archaeobotany ; Ash deposits ; Gardens ; Mandragora officinarum ; Medicinal plants ; Palaeoennvironmet ; Palaeoethnobotany ; Plant impressions ; Vesuvius ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Magma storage and degassing beneath the youngest volcanoes of the Massif Central (France): Lessons for the monitoring of a dormant volcanic province (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Developing appropriate monitoring strategies in long-quiescent volcanic provinces is challenging due to the rarity of recordable geochemical and geophysical signals and the lack of experienced eruptive phenomenology in living memory. This is the case in the Massif Central (France) where the last eruptive sequence formed the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes, about 7 ka ago. There, current evidence of a mantle activity reminiscence is suggested by the presence of mineral springwaters, mofettes, and soil degassing. It appears fundamental as a prerequisite to decipher the evolution of the gas phase in the magmatic system at the time of the eruptive activity to understand the meaning of current local gas emissions. In this study, we develop an innovative approach coupling CO2 densimetry and geochemistry of fluid inclusions from products erupted by the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes. 3D imagery by Raman spectroscopy revealed that carbonate forming in fluid inclusions may lead to underestimation of CO2 density in fluid inclusions by up to 50 % and thus to unreliable barometric estimates. Fortunately, we found that this effect may be limited by focusing on fluid inclusions with a small diameter (〈4 m) and where no solid phase is detected on Raman spectra. The time evolution of the eruptions of the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes shows a progressive decrease of the pressure of magma storage (from more than 9 kbar down to 1.5-2 kbar) in parallel to magma differentiation (from basanites at Montcineyre to benmoreites at Pavin). The analysis of the noble gases entrapped in fluid inclusions yielded two main conclusions: (1) the helium isotope signature (Rc/Ra = 6.5-6.8) is in the range of values obtained in fluid inclusions from mantle xenoliths in the Massif Central (Rc/Ra = 5.6±1.1, on average) suggesting partial melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and (2) magma degassing (4He/40Ar* from 4.0 to 16.2) mirrors magma differentiation and the progressive rise of the magma ponding zones of the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes. According to our modelling, about 80 % of the initial gas phase would be already exsolved from these magmas, even if stored at mantle depth. Based on the results obtained from fluid inclusions, we propose a model of the evolution of the signature of noble gases and carbon isotopes from mantle depth to crustal levels. In this frame, gas emissions currently emitted in the area (Rc/Ra = 6.1-6.7 and 4He/40Ar* = 1.7) point to an origin in the lithospheric mantle. This study strongly encourages the establishment of a regular sampling of local gas emissions to detect potential geochemical variations that may reflect a change from current steady-state conditions
    Description: Published
    Description: 121603
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fluid inclusions ; Barometry ; Noble gases ; Magma degassing ; Monitoring ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    A multidisciplinary geochemical approach to geothermal resource exploration: The Spezzano Albanese thermal system, southern Italy (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: This work aims to define the geothermal conceptual model of the Spezzano Albanese thermal system located in the northern sector of the Calabria Region, along the western edge of the Sibari Plain. The study confirms that the deep thermal reservoir of Spezzano Albanese is mainly hosted within the permeable levels of the evaporite deposits of the Messinian succession including siltstones with manganese mineralisation, halite, and gypsumarenites. The thermal waters show discharging temperature between 20.2 and 26.6 ◦C and a high compositional variability, from Na–Cl to Na–Ca–HCO3. The compositional evolution (from Na–Cl to Na–HCO3) is accompanied by a decrease in both salinity and the concentrations of most dissolved constituents, including Cl, Br, B, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Ba. These variations are due to mixing between the thermal endmember, rich in Cl and related components, and low-salinity, cold shallow waters (temperature between 17.5 and 22.7 ◦C). The study points out that the thermal endmember derives by halite dissolution and more complex water-rock interaction processes involving (1) the dissolution of other solid phases of the Messinian deposits, as also confirmed by δ34S values of dissolved sulphate and sulphide, and (2) the precipitation of secondary solid phases (e.g., barite). The geothermometric modelling suggests that the thermal groundwaters in the deep reservoir are probably in equilibrium with either (i) quartz, calcite, disordered dolomite, low-albite, and K-feldspar, as well as with pyrophyllite and poorly crystalline kaolinite (as proxies of clay minerals) at temperatures of 65.5 ± 4.5 ◦C or (ii) quartz, calcite, disordered dolomite, low-albite, disordered adularia, laumontite and saponites at temperatures of 56.1 ± 4.3 ◦C, based on the first and second geothermometric model, respectively. The δ18O and δ2H values of water confirm a meteoric origin for the thermal waters with average recharge altitudes between 745 and 857 m a.s.l. These elevations are compatible with the recharge from the western side of the Esaro valley where evaporite successions are found close to the surface. The isotopic value of the dissolved CO2 associated to the Spezzano Terme water highlights its likely microbial origin, as recognised for other thermal circuits hosted in sedimentary rocks of the southern Apennines. Furthermore, the thermal endmember shows a noteworthy enrichment in CH4 with respect to air due to the interaction of groundwater with sediments rich in organic matter. Although methane could have a biogenic origin, the presence of a minor component of thermogenic methane in the gas phase dissolved in the Spezzano Terme waters cannot be completely excluded. The data obtained in this study allow to assume that the recharge meteoric waters descend to a maximum depth of about 1.1–1.4 km below the main emergence area and then the regional NE-SW fault systems probably act as a preferential pathway for the ascent of the thermal waters towards the surface. These waters discharge at Spezzano Albanese, where the crystalline-metamorphic units cropping out immediately upstream of the emergence area act as cap-rock favouring the final ascent towards the surface of the thermal waters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106407
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Thermal waters ; Geothermometric model ; Sulphur isotopes ; δ18O and δ2H ; Spezzano albanese ; Calabria region ; 03.02. Hydrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Deep and shallow crustal structure control on the late-stage volcanism in Syria Planum (Mars) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-20
    Description: volcanic provinces with the largest shield volcanoes of the Solar System. However, volcanism on Mars is characterized also by the occurrence of broad volcanic fields, either in the form of small lava shields or monogenic volcanic cones. The region of Syria Planum (SP) is located east of the Tharsis province and between Noctis Labyrinthus to the North and Claritas Fossae to the southwest. It is an example of diffuse volcanism, presenting hundreds of small edifices (namely Syria Colles) which occur on top of a large bulge roughly 300 km × 200 km in size. SP exhibits a complex magmatic and volcano-tectonic evolution spanning from the early-Noachian to the more recent Amazonian. In this work, we investigate the geometry of the plumbing system of the SP volcanic field as well as the geometries of the volcanic constructs (i.e., vent elongation and vent alignment) that may be linked to the structures that fed the magma presenting a possible tectonic and volcanic evolution of the distributed volcanism phase in this area. The spatial distribution of vents and the overall map view shape of the volcanic field were studied in terms of vent clustering and spatial distribution. We show that the widespread and diffuse volcanism in SP presents clear vent clusters that are related to a deep source magma reservoir located at ~100 km depth. We also show that Syria Colles vent elongations and azimuth distributions suggest that the magma exploited the inherited regional structural framework, coherent with the Syria Colles late-stage Amazonian magmatic event, and highlighting the role of a shallow crustal tectonic framework in shaping the Martian volcanism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107830
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcanic vents clustering ; Vent spatial distribution ; Vent spatial distribution Plumbing system ; Structural inheritance ; Mars ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
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  • 10
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    Deep fluids migration and submarine emersion of the Kalang Anyar mud volcano (Java, Indonesia): A multidisciplinary study (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-14
    Description: North-east Java is part of a large sedimentary basin containing hydrocarbon provinces that feature diffuse hydrothermal systems, mud volcanoes, and degassing sites. Seismic profiles acquired to explore the basin reveal a broad distribution of palaeo- and modern piercement structures. The Watukosek fault system links the volcanic arc, to the south, with the Sidoarjo province, to the north. Several piercement structures, including the Kalang Anyar mud volcano, are hosted along this left-lateral strike-slip system that favors the migration of crustal fluids in this part of the basin. Here, we present a multidisciplinary geological, geophysical and geochemical study conducted at Kalang Anyar where dozens of seepage sites are active in the crater area and intermittently emit bursts oil, gas, mud, and water. The emitted gasses are methane-dominated with smaller amounts of heavier hydrocarbons and CO2. Unlike most mud volcanoes, at Kalang Anyar the mixed-thermogenic origin of the methane is coupled with geothermal anomalies, as indicated by helium and CO2 isotopic values (δ13CCO2 as high as −4‰) that suggest the input of mantle-derived gas. Our gas flux measurements reveal that Kalang Anyar emits about 1.62 and 5.75 t yr−1 of CO2 and CH4, respectively. The intense bubbling gives rise to a typical drumbeat seismic signal characterized by dominant frequencies around of 3–4 Hz (and up to 15 Hz). We interpret the drumbeat as fluids rising and resonating through shallow plumbing system of Kalang Anyar. Erupted clasts with different lithologies and shells are scattered across the mud volcano area, while the edges of the crater zone include cubic meter-sized carbonate-cemented blocks and ridges that contain siliciclastic sediments and abundant chemosymbiotic bivalves. Carbon isotope analyses of the carbonate cement (δ13C as low as −48.8‰) identify the latter as methanogenic chemoherms. Radiocarbon (14C) dating of bivalves cemented in the blocks indicates an age of 1890-1488 BP. These results indicate that the activity of Kalang Anyar MV dates from when the area was below sea level and that the microbially-mediated precipitation of carbonates was ongoing during subaqueous methane seepage at the crater site. To the best of our knowledge, Kalang Anyar is the first example of a mud volcano that progressed from subaqueous to subaerial conditions during marine regression, displaying evidence of former marine activity (i.e. methanogenic carbonates) and current subaerial degassing at numerous seepage sites. Potentially eruptive phases represent a clear geohazard for the numerous settlements constructed inside the mud volcano. In light of this, it may be prudent to apply stricter rules for development activities, such as housing construction permits that consider the possibility of potentially catastrophic events, and apply steps to mitigate these hazards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105970
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: mud volcano ; geochemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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