ALBERT

Description: The tethered balloon system BELUGA (Balloon-bornE moduLar Utility for profilinG the lower Atmosphere) was operated during leg 4 of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC). The balloon was operated from the Balloon Town site in the central observatory, close to RV Polarstern (Shupe et al., 2022). Balloon payload included an extended meteorological package, an ultrasonic anemometer package, a broadband radiation package, the video ice particle sampler, and the cubic aerosol measurement platform. An overview showing the value of the combined observation is displayed by Lonardi et al. (2022). The data processing is described in Pilz et al. (2023). The present dataset covers the solar irradiances measured by the broadband radiation package on 18 flights between 29 June and 27 July 2020.

Description: Short sediment cores were taken at six stations in Wismar Bay, southern Baltic Sea (Germany) in May 2019 using a Rumohr-Lot device. Our aim in this study was to investigate the role of diagenetic element fluxes and different fresh water sources, including submarine groundwater discharge, on the water column in the bay. Porewaters were extracted from the sediment cores by applying the rhizon technique at a resolution between 2 and 5 cm. The porewaters were analyzed for major and trace metals and selected nutrients using a ICP-OES (iCAP, 7400, Duo Thermo Fischer Scientific), total sulphide by a Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and δ13CDIC using an isotope gas mass spectrometre (MAT 253) coupled to a Gasbench II, and δ18OH2O, and δ2HH2O using a CRDS system (laser cavity-ring-down-spectroscopy, Picarro L2140- I). Sediment cores were further sliced at 2 to 4 cm resolution and each freeze-dried solid subsample was analyzed for contents of total carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur using an Elemental Analyzer (Euro Vector EuroEA 3, 052), inorganic carbon using an Elemental Analyzer multi EA (Analytik Jena), total mercury by a DMA-80 analyzer, and HCl-extractable Pb, Mn and Fe using an ICP-OES (iCAP, 7400, Duo Thermo Fischer Scientific).

Description: Solar radiation over and under sea ice was measured by radiation station 2020R15, an autonomous platform, installed on drifting First-Year-Ice (FYI) in the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC (Leg 4) 2019/20. The resulting time series describes radiation measurements as a function of place and time between 13 July 2020 and 19 July 2020 in sample intervals of 3 hours. The radiation measurements have been performed with spectral radiometers. All data are given in full spectral resolution interpolated to 1.0 nm, and integrated over the entire wavelength range (broadband, total: 320 to 950 nm). Two sensors, solar irradiance and upward reflected solar irradiance, were mounted on a on a platform about 1 m above the sea ice surface. The third sensor was mounted 0.5 m underneath the sea ice measuring the downward transmitted irradiance. This buoy had no own GPS source. It was located at the Central Observertory (CO2) of MOSAiC. The drift track of CO2 is published here: Nicolaus, Marcel; Riemann-Campe, Kathrin; Bliss, Angela; Hutchings, Jennifer K; Granskog, Mats A; Haas, Christian; Hoppmann, Mario; Kanzow, Torsten; Krishfield, Richard A; Lei, Ruibo; Rex, Markus; Li, Tao; Rabe, Benjamin (2021): Drift trajectory of the Central Observatory 2 (CO2) of the Distributed Network of MOSAiC 2019/2020. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937186

Description: Solar radiation over and under sea ice was measured by radiation station 2020R12, an autonomous platform, installed on drifting Second-Year-Ice (SYI) in the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC (Leg 3) 2019/20. The resulting time series describes radiation measurements as a function of place and time between 24 April 2020 and 07 August 2020 in sample intervals of 3 hours. The radiation measurements have been performed with spectral radiometers. All data are given in full spectral resolution interpolated to 1.0 nm, and integrated over the entire wavelength range (broadband, total: 320 to 950 nm). Two sensors, solar irradiance and upward reflected solar irradiance, were mounted on a on a platform about 1 m above the sea ice surface. The third sensor was mounted 0.5 m underneath the sea ice measuring the downward transmitted irradiance. Along with the radiation measurements, this autonomous platform consisted of a lightchain, which measured counts of red, green and blue light at 49 positions at hourly intervals. In addition, the evolution of snow height is measured at hourly intervals. All times are given in UTC.

Description: Solar radiation over and under sea ice was measured by radiation station 2020R11, an autonomous platform, installed on drifting Second-Year-Ice (SYI) in the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC (Leg 2) 2019/20. The resulting time series describes radiation measurements as a function of place and time between 26 March 2020 and 01 August 2020 in sample intervals of 3 hours. The radiation measurements have been performed with spectral radiometers. All data are given in full spectral resolution interpolated to 1.0 nm, and integrated over the entire wavelength range (broadband, total: 320 to 950 nm). Two sensors, solar irradiance and upward reflected solar irradiance, were mounted on a on a platform about 1 m above the sea ice surface. The third sensor was mounted 0.5 m underneath the sea ice measuring the downward transmitted irradiance. Along with the radiation measurements, this autonomous platform consisted of a lightchain, which measured counts of red, green and blue light at 49 positions at hourly intervals. In addition, the evolution of snow height is measured at hourly intervals. All times are given in UTC.

Description: Between 2019 and 2022 three sediment cores HH14-897-MF-GC (2014), He519_2-3 (2018), and He560_26-2 (2020) were analyzed using biogeochemical markers to assess organic carbon dynamics and its bio-availability in the Hornsund Fjord (Svalbard) sediments. Depositional history was assessed by 210Pb+137Cs data (obtained by γ-spectrometer) building the basis for associated sedimentary age models (Bruel & Sabatier, 2020), with bulk total organic carbon concentrations (using an element analyzer) and dual C-isotopes of δ13C (obtained by isotope ration mass spectrometer) and F14C (by accelerator mass spectrometry) (Werner & Brand, 2001, Brodie et al. 2011 and Mollenhauer et al., 2021). Additionally, lipid biomarker were extracted, separated, and quantified with wet chemical perpetrations of n-alkanes (Wei, 2020) (quantified with gas chromatography – flame ionization detector), fatty acids (quantified with gas chromatography – flame ionization detector) (Wei, 2020), and GDGTs (Hopmans, 2016) (quantified with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry). Included are datasets of associated biomarker indices of Carbon Preference Index (CPI) (Bray & Evans, 1961), Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) Index (Hopmann et al., 2004), and Terrestrial Aquatic Ratio (TAR) of fatty acids (Meyers, 1997). Further microbial utilization and bio-availability of petrogenic- and marine organic carbon was assed using Intact Polar Lipid (IPL) based compound specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) in combination with a DI14C age model of the local surface waters. IPLs were extracted form sediments with a modified Bligh and Dyer (1959) and subsequently separated with wet-chemical seperations (Slater, 2006). CSRA (Mollenhauer et al., 2021) of IPLs was performed on purified single compound fatty acid (FA) methyl esters of the IPL precursor lipids (Wei et al., 2021). The bio-availability of petrogenic organic carbon was based on CSRA data of IPL-FAs using an isotope mass balance with two endmembers of fossil petrogenic and modern marine primary production (DI14C age model of the local surface waters) (Ruben et al., 2022). For the DI14C age model of the local surface waters simulations were run using the Finite-volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model FESOM2 (Danilov et al., 2017) equipped with radiocarbon (Lohmann et al., 2020). Data validity was assessed by relative concentrations of IPLs in the radiocarbon analyzed PL-fraction (Wörmer et al., 2013). Detailed dataset interpretation can be found in Ruben et al. (2023).

Description: This data set provides high-resolution geolocated point clouds of sea-ice or snow surface elevation for mapping temporal and spatial evolution of sea-ice conditions such as freeboard, roughness, or the size and spatial distributions of surface features. The surface elevation data are referenced to the DTU21 mean sea surface height and are not corrected for sea-ice drift during acquisition. The data were collected using a near-infrared, line-scanning Riegl VQ-580 airborne laser scanner (hdl:10013/sensor.7ebb63c3-dc3b-4f0f-9ca5-f1c6e5462a31 & hdl:10013/sensor.7a931b33-72ca-46d0-b623-156836ac9550) mounted in a helicopter along the MOSAiC drift from the north of the Laptev Sea, across the central Arctic Ocean, and towards the Fram Strait from September 2019 to October 2020. The flights are both small scale, ~5x5 km grid patterns mainly over the central observatory, and large scale, few tens of km away from RV Polarstern, triangle patterns, or transects. The point cloud data are stored in 5-min along-track segments in a custom binary format, for which we provide a python-based parsing tool in awi-als-toolbox (https://github.com/awi-als-toolbox/awi-als-toolbox), together with corresponding metadata json and line-shot quicklook png files. The point cloud data includes as variables: surface elevation (referenced to DTU mean sea surface height), surface reflectance, and echo width. The degraded GPS altitude data 〉85°N may cause undulations in the along-track surface elevations, which are not corrected for in this data product.

Description: GNSS Raw Data (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.956114) from board RV Polarstern during the MOSAiC expedition was processed with scintillation-processing software (see Kriegel et al, 2017). The result is stored in .ascii format and contains for each GNSS satellite in view general information such as C/No, Azimuth and Elevation Angle and basic scintillation measurements such as amplitude and phase scintillation index. Results are provided with 1 minute resolution.

Description: The XRD data has been gained from pulverized and homogenized samples of every 5 cm by KOPRI personal at KOPRI and University of Tromsoe sampling parties. XRD raw measurements were run at Crystallography, Geosciences, University of Bremen in 2018-2020. Measurement conditions: Philips X'Pert Diffractometer, Cu radiation, fixed divergence, secoundary Ni filter, 3-85 ° 2theta, 0.0016° step size, 100 sec calculated step time. XRD mineral assemblage determination were subsequently gained through the QUAX full pattern quantitative determination software (see Vogt et al. 2002 at Pangaea methods wiki). The software allows for differentiation of all minerals. Here, the Fe-oxides and hydroxides were in the focus of the research manuscript. A QXRD investigation allows for not only identification of mineral content but also for detailing authigenic vs. allochthonous minerals, transport of detrital input to the sediment core and the interpretation of the transport processes and the local environment as well as the paleoceanographic reconstruction of the region. Sediment ages are given through the below mentioned data sets. A series of fjord surface sediments were collected from various Svalbard fjord systems during expeditions of RV Helmer Hanssen from UiT The Arctic University of Norway between 2012 and 2019 (Fig. 1). Four gravity cores were retrieved along a 150 km long N‒S transect from the continental shelf off northern Svalbard to the innermost Wijdefjorden: core HH17-1085-GC (hereafter 1085; 80.27°N, 16.21°E, 322 m water depth; continental shelf), HH17-1094-GC (hereafter 1094; 79.74°N, 15.42°E, 148 m water depth; fjord mouth), HH17-1100-GC (hereafter 1100; 79.30°N, 15.78°E, 112 m water depth; central fjord), and HH17-1106-GC (hereafter 1106; 79.00°N, 16.21°E, 160 m water depth; inner fjord)

Description: Upward-looking still images as acquired by a photo camera (Tiger Shark, Imenco) with internal flash and 4 x zoom attached to a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition between November 2019 and September 2020.