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  • Microplastics
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (1)
  • Springer Nature Switzerland  (1)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 2020-2024  (2)
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  • 1
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    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The study of marine environments inevitably involves considering the problem of marine pollution, which includes questions that focus on the essential need to ensure the long-term health of these exceptional ecosystems and the lives and livelihoods they support. The open access textbook "Marine Pollution: monitoring, management and mitigation" approaches these questions in a practical and highly readable format. It gives newcomers to the field background and perspective through the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary exploration of the topic. The topic is indeed complex, requiring the integration of the natural sciences and chemistry with management, policymakers, industry and all of us who are users of the marine environment. The textbook was written by leading experts to especially prepare graduates for a career in marine pollution studies. At the same time, it is relevant for anyone invested in the marine environment with a will to reduce their impacts. The chapters can easily be used independently and are also connected through the cross-referencing of related content. The introductory chapter provides a historical account of marine pollution and explores the fundamental physicochemical conditions of seawater. Two full chapters cover the requisite resources for ensuring success in field and laboratory studies. Then, chapter by chapter the book dives into to the various types of marine pollutants. In closing, it discusses the challenges of understanding multiple stressors and presents mitigation and restoration practices, along with a global overview of marine pollution legislation. We envisioned this textbook as being open access for the very reason we created it: this topic calls for global contributions and champions, and financial restraints should not limit access to this knowledge.
    Keywords: Marine pollution textbook ; Ocean acidification ; Microplastics ; Dead Zones ; Oil Pollution ; Marine conservation ; Fisheries management ; Marine geochemistry ; Ecosystem services ; Ocean chemistry ; pollution assessment ; marine pollution management ; marine ecotoxicology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans) ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution and threats to the environment ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans) ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution and threats to the environment ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical and Oceanographic Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2023.
    Description: To predict and mitigate anthropogenic impacts on the ocean, we must understand the underlying systems that govern the ocean’s response to inputs (e.g. carbon dioxide, pollutants). Analytical models can be used to generate predictions and simulate intervention strategies, but they must be grounded with empirical observations. Unfortunately, there exists a technological gap: in situ instrumentation is often lacking or nonexistent for key parameters influenced by anthropogenic inputs. While discrete bottle samples can be collected and analyzed for these parameters, their limited spatiotemporal resolution constrains scientific inquiry. To help fill the technological gap, this dissertation presents the development of instrumentation for the ocean inorganic carbon system and microplastics. The first few chapters present the development process of CSPEC, a deep-sea laser spectrometer designed to measure the ocean carbon system through alternating measurements of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). CSPEC uses tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) to measure the CO2 content of dissolved gas extracted via a membrane inlet. Chapter 2 derives membrane equilibration dynamics from first principles, thus enabling informed design decisions. The analytical results showed that cross-sensitivity to other dissolved gases can be introduced by the equilibration method, regardless of the specificity of the gas-side instrumentation. A new method, hybrid equilibration, leverages the membrane equilibration dynamics to improve time response without incurring cross-sensitivity. Chapter 3 presents POCO, a surface pCO2 instrument that employs TDLAS and a depth-compatible membrane inlet. Through laboratory and field-testing, POCO demonstrated that hybrid equilibration overcame the gas flux limitation of deep-sea membrane inlets. Chapter 4 presents CSPEC, which successfully mapped the carbon system near different hydrothermal features at 2000 m in Guaymas Basin, becoming one of the first DIC instruments field-tested at depth. Chapter 5 introduces impedance spectroscopy for quantifying microplastics directly in water. Microplastics were successfully counted, sized, and differentiated from biology in the laboratory: a step toward in situ quantification. The analytical tools and measurement systems presented in this dissertation represent a significant step towards increasing the spatiotemporal resolution of carbon system and microplastic measurements, thus enabling broader scientific inquiry in the future.
    Description: This research was supported by the following funding sources: NSF Grant # OCE-1454067 NSF Grant # OCE-184-2053 Link Foundation Ocean Engineering and Instrumentation Ph.D. Fellowship MITMartin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability Richard Saltonstall Charitable Foundation National Academies Keck Future Initiative (NAFKI DBS13)
    Keywords: In situ ; Disssolved inorganic carbon ; Microplastics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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