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  • American Geophysical Union
  • 2020-2024  (259)
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  • 11
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    Sediments in sea ice drive the Canada Basin surface Mn maximum: insights from an Arctic Mn Ocean model (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007320.
    Description: Biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic Ocean are sensitive to the transport of materials from continental shelves into central basins by sea ice. However, it is difficult to assess the net effect of this supply mechanism due to the spatial heterogeneity of sea ice content. Manganese (Mn) is a micronutrient and tracer which integrates source fluctuations in space and time while retaining seasonal variability. The Arctic Ocean surface Mn maximum is attributed to freshwater, but studies struggle to distinguish sea ice and river contributions. Informed by observations from 2009 IPY and 2015 Canadian GEOTRACES cruises, we developed a three-dimensional dissolved Mn model within a 1/12° coupled ocean-ice model centered on the Canada Basin and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Simulations from 2002 to 2019 indicate that annually, 87%–93% of Mn contributed to the Canada Basin upper ocean is released by sea ice, while rivers, although locally significant, contribute only 2.2%–8.5%. Downstream, sea ice provides 34% of Mn transported from Parry Channel into Baffin Bay. While rivers are often considered the main source of Mn, our findings suggest that in the Canada Basin they are less important than sea ice. However, within the shelf-dominated CAA, both rivers and sediment resuspension are important. Climate-induced disruption of the transpolar drift may reduce the Canada Basin Mn maximum and supply downstream. Other micronutrients found in sediments, such as Fe, may be similarly affected. These results highlight the vulnerability of the biogeochemical supply mechanisms in the Arctic Ocean and the subpolar seas to climatic changes.
    Description: This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Climate Change and Atmospheric Research Grant: GEOTRACES (RGPCC 433848-12) and VITALS (RGPCC 433898), an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2016-03865) to SEA, and by the University of British Columbia through a four year fellowship to BR. Computing resources were provided by Compute Canada (RRG 2648 RAC 2019, RRG 2969 RAC 2020, and RRG 1541 RAC 2021).
    Keywords: GEOTRACES ; Arctic Ocean ; Trace elements ; Canadian Arctic Archipelago ; Ocean modeling ; Micronutrients
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  • 12
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    WISTFUL: whole‐rock interpretative seismic toolbox for ultramafic lithologies (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Shinevar, W., Jagoutz, O., & Behn, M. WISTFUL: whole‐rock interpretative seismic toolbox for ultramafic lithologies. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(8), (2022): e2022GC010329, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gc010329.
    Description: To quantitatively convert upper mantle seismic wave speeds measured into temperature, density, composition, and corresponding and uncertainty, we introduce the Whole-rock Interpretative Seismic Toolbox For Ultramafic Lithologies (WISTFUL). WISTFUL is underpinned by a database of 4,485 ultramafic whole-rock compositions, their calculated mineral modes, elastic moduli, and seismic wave speeds over a range of pressure (P) and temperature (T) (P = 0.5–6 GPa, T = 200–1,600°C) using the Gibbs free energy minimization routine Perple_X. These data are interpreted with a toolbox of MATLAB® functions, scripts, and three general user interfaces: WISTFUL_relations, which plots relationships between calculated parameters and/or composition; WISTFUL_geotherms, which calculates seismic wave speeds along geotherms; and WISTFUL_inversion, which inverts seismic wave speeds for best-fit temperature, composition, and density. To evaluate our methodology and quantify the forward calculation error, we estimate two dominant sources of uncertainty: (a) the predicted mineral modes and compositions, and (b) the elastic properties and mixing equations. To constrain the first source of uncertainty, we compiled 122 well-studied ultramafic xenoliths with known whole-rock compositions, mineral modes, and estimated P-T conditions. We compared the observed mineral modes with modes predicted using five different thermodynamic solid solution models. The Holland et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy048) solution models best reproduce phase assemblages (∼12 vol. % phase root-mean-square error [RMSE]) and estimated wave speeds. To assess the second source of uncertainty, we compared wave speed measurements of 40 ultramafic rocks with calculated wave speeds, finding excellent agreement (Vp RMSE = 0.11 km/s). WISTFUL easily analyzes seismic datasets, integrates into modeling, and acts as an educational tool.
    Description: Funding for this study was provided by NSF Grants EAR-17-22935 (OJ) and EAR-18-44340 (MB).
    Keywords: Seismic velocity ; Seismic wave speed ; Thermodynamic modeling ; Density ; Composition ; Elastic moduli
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  • 13
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    Seismic imaging of Dante’s Domes oceanic core complex from streamer waveform inversion and reverse time migration (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2021JB023814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jb023814.
    Description: Early arrival traveltime tomography and full waveform inversion were conducted on downward continued streamer seismic data at Dante's Domes oceanic core complex (OCC), providing unprecedented details of shallow P wave velocity structure. Together with reverse time migration images, seafloor morphology, in situ geological samples, magnetic and gravity data, the seismic constraints are used to infer the lithological distribution along the seismic profiles. Based on the striking similarity in velocity structure beneath the corrugated domes with other OCCs and drilling results from Atlantis Massif, we confidently reconfirmed the Southern Dome as dominantly gabbroic rocks, and the Northern Dome as serpentinized peridotites. A series of isolated gabbroic bodies embedded in the diabase and basaltic layers is observed in the breakaway zone, suggesting that the initiation of Dante's Domes OCC occurred over a long period during which there were several failed attempts to form a long-lived detachment fault. This early development of the OCC probably occurred under a regime of alternating magma starvation and magma replenishment. The predominantly gabbroic section, beneath the Southern Dome and extending to termination, indicates the OCC has been created with relatively high magma flux. We also imaged distinct shallow subseafloor reflections which are also termed as D reflectors underneath the corrugated domes. The location of the D reflectors is similar to those in the Atlantis Massif, with depths well correlated with the top of exhumed gabbroic bodies and the discontinuities in the D reflectors between gabbroic bodies. Our findings contribute to the understanding of processes controlling the OCCs initiation and evolution at slow spreading ridges.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91858207), Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (GML2019ZD0205), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021B1515020023). M. X. acknowledges support from Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China (2018FY100505), Guangdong NSF research team project (2017A030312002), K. C. Wong Education Foundation (GJTD-2018-13), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y4SL021001, QYZDY-SSWDQC005, 133244KYSB20180029, 131551KYSB20200021, and ISEE2021PY03). J. P. C. acknowledges support from the Independent Research and Development Program at WHOI.
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  • 14
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    Spatial variability of movement, structure, and formation of Warm Core Rings in the Northwest Atlantic Slope Sea (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(8),(2022): e2022JC018737, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018737.
    Description: Gulf Stream Warm Core Rings (WCRs) have important influences on the New England Shelf and marine ecosystems. A 10-year (2011–2020) WCR dataset that tracks weekly WCR locations and surface areas is used here to identify the rings' path and characterize their movement between 55 and 75°W. The WCR dataset reveals a very narrow band between 66 and 71°W along which rings travel almost due west along ∼39°N across isobaths – the “Ring Corridor.” Then, west of the corridor, the mean path turns southwestward, paralleling the shelfbreak. The average ring translation speed along the mean path is 5.9 cm s−1. Long-lived rings (lifespan 〉150 days) tend to occupy the region west of the New England Seamount Chain (NESC) whereas short-lived rings (lifespan 〈150 days) tend to be more broadly distributed. WCR vertical structures, analyzed using available Argo float profiles indicate that rings that are formed to the west of the NESC have shallower thermoclines than those formed to the east. This tendency may be due to different WCR formation processes that are observed to occur along different sections of the Gulf Stream. WCRs formed to the east of the NESC tend to form from a pinch-off mechanism incorporating cores of Sargasso Sea water and a perimeter of Gulf Stream water. WCRs that form to the west of the NESC, form from a process called an aneurysm. WCRs formed through aneurysms comprise water mostly from the northern half of the Gulf Stream and are smaller than the classic pinch-off rings.
    Description: AS and AG are grateful for financial support from NOAA (NA11NOS0120038), NSF (OCE-1851242 and OCE-2123283), SMAST, and UMass Dartmouth. GG was supported by NSF under grant OCE-1657853. MA was supported by NSF under grant OCE-2122726 and by ONR under grant N00014-22-1-2112.
    Keywords: Gulf Stream ; Warm core rings ; Trajectories ; Eddies ; Aneurysm ; Ring formation
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  • 15
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    Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biasi, J., Asimow, P., Horton, F., & Boyes, X. Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2021GC010172, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010172.
    Description: High-temperature melting in mantle plumes produces voluminous eruptions that are often temporally coincident with mass extinctions. Paleocene Baffin Island lavas—products of early Iceland mantle plume activity—are exceptionally well characterized geochemically but have poorly constrained stratigraphy, geochronology, and eruptive tempos. To provide better geologic context, we measured seven stratigraphic sections of the volcanic deposits and collected paleomagnetic data from 38 sites in the lavas and underlying Cretaceous sediments (Quqaluit Fm.). The average paleomagnetic pole from this study does not overlap with the expected pole for a stable North American locality at 60 Ma, yet the data have sufficient dispersion to average out secular variation. After ruling out other possibilities, we find that the picrites were probably erupted during a polarity transition, over less than 5 kyr. If so, the average eruption interval was ∼67 years per flow for the thickest sequence of exposed lavas. We also calculate that the flood basalts had a minimum total volume of ∼176 km3 (excluding submerged lavas in Baffin Bay). This implies a minimum eruption rate of ∼0.035 km3 yr−1, which is similar to rates found in West Greenland lavas but less than rates found in larger flood basalts. Despite this, the Baffin and West Greenland lavas temporally correlate with the “End C27n event” (a period of ∼2°C global warming) and may be its underlying cause.
    Description: his work was supported by the National Science Foundation (award #1911699 to F. Horton and award #2052963 to J. Biasi), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research, a National Geographic Society grant (#CP4-144R-18), and internal funding from the Caltech Geological and Planetary Sciences Division.
    Keywords: Baffin island ; North Atlantic ; Flood basalt ; Paleomagnetism ; Volcanology ; Secular variation
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  • 16
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    Carbonation of serpentinite in creeping faults of California (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(15), (2022): e2022GL099185, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099185.
    Description: Several large strike slip faults in central and northern California accommodate plate motions through aseismic creep. Although there is no consensus regarding the underlying cause of aseismic creep, aqueous fluids and mechanically weak, velocity-strengthening minerals appear to play a central role. This study integrates field observations and thermodynamic modeling to examine possible relationships between the occurrence of serpentinite, silica-carbonate rock, and CO2-rich aqueous fluids in creeping faults of California. Our models predict that carbonation of serpentinite leads to the formation of talc and magnesite, followed by silica-carbonate rock. While abundant exposures of silica-carbonate rock indicate complete carbonation, serpentinite-hosted CO2-rich spring fluids are strongly supersaturated with talc at elevated temperatures. Hence, carbonation of serpentinite is likely ongoing in parts of the San Andres Fault system and operates in conjunction with other modes of talc formation that may further enhance the potential for aseismic creep, thereby limiting the potential for large earthquakes.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants NSF-EAR-1220280 to F. K. and J. L., NSF-EAR-1219908 to D. G., and NSF-OCE-2001728 to J. L.
    Keywords: Mineral carbonation ; Serpentinite ; Talc ; CO2 ; Aseismic creep ; San Andreas Fault
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  • 17
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    Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15) (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marsay, C. M., Landing, W. M., Umstead, D., Till, C. P., Freiberger, R., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Lanning, N. T., Shiller, A. M., Hatta, M., Chmiel, R., Saito, M., & Buck, C. S. Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15). Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007416. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007416.
    Description: Atmospheric deposition represents a major input for micronutrient trace elements (TEs) to the surface ocean and is often quantified indirectly through measurements of aerosol TE concentrations. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) dominates aerosol mass concentration over much of the global ocean, but few studies have assessed its contribution to aerosol TE loading, which could result in overestimates of “new” TE inputs. Low-mineral aerosol concentrations measured during the U.S. GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15; 152°W, 56°N to 20°S), along with concurrent towfish sampling of surface seawater, provided an opportunity to investigate this aspect of TE biogeochemical cycling. Central Pacific Ocean surface seawater Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations were combined with aerosol Na data to calculate a “recycled” SSA contribution to aerosol TE loading. Only vanadium was calculated to have a SSA contribution averaging 〉1% along the transect (mean of 1.5%). We derive scaling factors from previous studies on TE enrichments in the sea surface microlayer and in freshly produced SSA to assess the broader potential for SSA contributions to aerosol TE loading. Maximum applied scaling factors suggest that SSA could contribute significantly to the aerosol loading of some elements (notably V, Cu, and Pb), while for others (e.g., Fe and Al), SSA contributions largely remained 〈1%. Our study highlights that a lack of focused measurements of TEs in SSA limits our ability to quantify this component of marine aerosol loading and the associated potential for overestimating new TE inputs from atmospheric deposition.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) grants OCE-1756103 to C. S. Buck, OCE-1756104 to W. M. Landing, OCE-1737024 to A.M. Shiller, OCE-1736906 to M. Hatta, OCE-1736875 to C. P. Till, OCE-1737167 to J. N. Fitzsimmons, and OCE-1736599 to M. Saito. In addition, N. T. Lanning was supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program award 1746932.
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Trace elements ; GEOTRACES ; Sea spray aerosol ; Pacific Ocean
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  • 18
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    Using misorientation and weighted burgers vector statistics to understand intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation at high temperatures (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2022JB024497, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024497.
    Description: During plastic deformation, strain weakening can be achieved, in part, via strain energy reduction associated with intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation. Grain boundaries (in 2D) are segments between triple junctions, that connect to encircle grains; every boundary segment in the encircling loop has a high (〉10°) misorientation angle. Intragranular boundaries terminate within grains or dissect grains, usually containing boundary segments with a low (〈10°) misorientation angle. We analyze electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data from ice deformed at −30°C (Th≈ 0.9). Misorientation and weighted Burgers vector (WBV) statistics are calculated along planar intragranular boundaries. Misorientation angles change markedly along each intragranular boundary, linking low- (〈10°) and high-angle (10–38°) segments that exhibit distinct misorientation axes and WBV directions. We suggest that these boundaries might be produced by the growth and intersection of individual intragranular boundary segments comprising dislocations with distinct slip systems. There is a fundamental difference between misorientation axis distributions of intragranular boundaries (misorientation axes mostly confined to ice basal plane) and grain boundaries (no preferred misorientation axis). These observations suggest during progressive subgrain rotation, intragranular boundaries remain crystallographically controlled up to large misorientation angles (〉〉10°). In contrast, the apparent lack of crystallographic control for grain boundaries suggests misorientation axes become randomized, likely due to the activation of additional mechanisms (such as grain boundary sliding) after grain boundary formation, linking boundary segments to encircle a grain. Our findings on ice intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation may apply more broadly to other rock-forming minerals (e.g., olivine, quartz).
    Description: This work was supported by a NASA fund (Grant No. NNX15AM69G) to David L. Goldsby and two Marsden Funds of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Grant Nos. UOO1116, UOO052) to David J. Prior. Sheng Fan was supported by the University of Otago doctoral scholarship, the Antarctica New Zealand doctoral scholarship, a research grant from New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment through the Antarctic Science Platform (ANTA1801) (Grant No. ASP-023-03), and a New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute (NZARI) Early Career Researcher Seed Grant (Grant No. NZARI 2020-1-5). Open access publishing facilitated by University of Otago, as part of the Wiley – University of Otago agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.
    Keywords: High temperature deformation ; Misorientation ; Weighted Burgers vector ; Intragranular boundary ; Grain boundary ; Boundary geometry
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  • 19
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    Size-differentiated export flux in different dynamical regimes in the ocean (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35(3), (2021): e2020GB006764, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006764
    Description: Export of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) is mainly driven by gravitational sinking. Thus, traditionally, it is thought that larger, faster-sinking particles make up most of the POC export flux. However, this need not be the case for particles whose sinking speeds are comparable to the vertical velocities of a dynamic flow field that can influence the descent rate of particles. Particles with different settling speeds are released in two process-oriented model simulations of an upper ocean eddying flow in the Northeast Pacific to evaluate the impact of (1) ocean dynamics on the respective contribution of the different sinking-velocity classes to POC export, and (2) the particle number size-spectrum slope. The analysis reveals that the leading export mechanism changes from gravitationally driven to advectively driven as submesoscale dynamics become more active in the region. The vertical velocity associated with submesoscale dynamics enhances the contribution of slower-sinking particles to POC export flux by a factor ranging from 3 to 10, especially where the relative abundance of small particles is large (i.e., steep particle size-spectrum slope). Remineralization generally decreases the total amount of biomass exported, but its impact is weaker in dynamical regimes where submesoscale dynamics are present and export is advectively driven. In an advectively driven export regime, remineralization processes counter-intuitively enhance the role of slower-sinking particles to the point where these slower-sinking velocity classes dominate the export, therefore challenging the traditional paradigm for POC export. This study demonstrates that slow-sinking particles can be a significant contribution, and at times, even dominate the export flux.
    Description: The work was funded by NASA grant NNX16AR48 G, to complement the EXport Processes in the global Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) program.
    Description: 2021-08-17
    Keywords: Export ; Flux ; Particulate organic carbon ; Sinking rates ; Submeso-scales ; Vertical velocities
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  • 20
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    The influence of ocean topography on the upwelling of carbon in the Southern Ocean (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 48(19), (2021): e2021GL095088, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095088.
    Description: The physical circulation of the Southern Ocean sets the surface concentration and thus air-sea exchange of CO2. However, we have a limited understanding of the three-dimensional circulation that brings deep carbon-rich waters to the surface. Here, we introduce and analyze a novel high-resolution ocean model simulation with active biogeochemistry and online Lagrangian particle tracking. We focus our attention on a subset of particles with high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that originate below 1,000 m and eventually upwell into the near-surface layer (upper 200 m). We find that 71% of the DIC-enriched water upwelling across 1,000 m is concentrated near topographic features, which occupy just 33% of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Once particles upwell to the near-surface layer, they exhibit relatively uniform pCO2 levels and DIC decorrelation timescales, regardless of their origin. Our results show that Southern Ocean bathymetry plays a key role in delivering carbon-rich waters to the surface.
    Description: Riley X. Brady was supported by the Department of Energy's Computational Science Graduate Fellowship (DE-FG02-97ER25308), and particularly benefited from the fellowship's summer practicum at Los Alamos National Lab. Nicole S. Lovenduski and Riley X. Brady were further supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research program (DE-SC0022243) and by the National Science Foundation (NSF-PLR 1543457; NSF-OCE 1924636; NSF-OCE 1752724; NSF-OCE 1558225). Mathew E. Maltrud and Phillip J. Wolfram were supported as part of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. This research used resources provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Institutional Computing Program, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract No. 89233218CNA000001.
    Keywords: Southern Ocean ; Carbon cycle ; Upwelling ; Lagrangian modeling ; Ocean biogeochemistry ; Climate modeling
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