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  • 1
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    Stick-slip vs. stable sliding fault behaviour: A case-study using a multidisciplinary approach in the volcanic region of Mt. Etna (Italy) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: In active volcanic zones, fault dynamics is considerably fast but it is often difficult to separate the pattern of nearly continuous large-scale volcanic processes (inflation/deflation processes, flank instability) from impulsive episodes such as dyke intrusions or coseismic fault displacements. At Etna, multidisciplinary studies on active faults whose activity does not strictly depend on volcanic processes, are relatively few. Here we present the case-study of the San Leonardello fault, an active structure located in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna characterised by a well-known seismic history. This fault saw renewed activity in May 2009, when pre-seismic creeping along the southern segment preceded an MW 4.0 earthquake in the northern segment, followed by some twenty-five aftershocks. Later, in March–April 2016, creep events reactivated the southern section of the same fault. Both the seismic and aseismic phenomena were recorded by the seismic and GNSS networks of INGV-Osservatorio Etneo, and produced surface faulting that left a footprint in the pattern of ground deformation detected by the InSAR measurements. We demonstrate that the integration of multidisciplinary data collected for volcano surveillance may shed light on different aspects of fault dynamics, and allow understanding how coseismic slip and creep alternate in space and time along the strike. Moreover, we use findings from our independent datasets to propose a conceptual model of the San Leonardello fault, taking into account behaviour and previous constraints from fault-based seismic hazard analyses. Although the faulting mechanisms described here occur at a very small scale compared with those of a purely tectonic setting, this case-study may represent a perfect natural lab for improving knowledge of seismogenic processes, also in other fault zones characterised by stick slip vs. stablesliding fault behaviour.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228554
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fault ; Earthquake ; Creep ; Seismotectonics ; Behaviour ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Fault dip vs shear stress gradient (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-28
    Description: In the brittle regime, faults tend to be oriented along an angle of about 30° relative to the principal stress direction. This empirical Andersonian observation is usually explained by the orientation of the stress tensor and the slope of the yield envelope defined by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, often called critical-stress theory, assuming frictional properties of the crustal rocks (μ ≈ 0.6−0.8). However, why the slope has a given value? We suggest that the slope dip is constrained by the occurrence of the largest shear stress gradient along that inclination. High homogeneous shear stress, i.e., without gradients, may generate aseismic creep as for example in flat decollements, both along thrusts and low-angle normal faults, whereas along ramps larger shear stress gradients determine higher energy accumulation and stick-slip behaviour with larger sudden seismic energy release. Further variability of the angle is due to variations of the internal friction and of the Poisson ratio, being related to different lithologies, anisotropies and pre-existing fractures and faults. Misaligned faults are justified to occur due to the local weaknesses in the crustal volume; however, having lower stress gradients along dip than the optimally-oriented ones, they have higher probability of being associated with lower seismogenic potential or even aseismic behavior.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100211
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Fault dip ; Tectonic settings ; Shear stress gradients ; Tectonics ; Seismogenic faults ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Receiver function mapping of the mantle transition zone beneath the Western Alps: New constraints on slab subduction and mantle upwelling (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-17
    Description: To better constrain the deep structure and dynamics of the Western Alps, we studied the mantle transition zone (MTZ) structure using P-wave receiver functions (RFs). We obtained a total of 24904 RFs from 1182 events collected by 307 stations in the Western Alps. To illustrate the influence of the heterogeneity on the upper mantle velocity, we used both IASP91 and three-dimensional (3-D) velocity models to perform RF time-to-depth migration. We documented an MTZ thickening of about 40 km under the Western Alps and most of the Po Plain due to the uplift associated with the 410-km discontinuity and the depression associated with the 660-km discontinuity. Based upon the close spatial connection between the thickened MTZ and the location of the subducted slabs, we proposed that the thick MTZ was due to the subduction of the Alpine slab through the upper MTZ and the presence of remnants of subducted oceanic lithosphere in the MTZ. The uplift associated with the 410-km discontinuity provided independent evidence of the subduction depth of the Western Alps slab. In the Alpine foreland in eastern France, we observed localized arc-shaped thinning of the MTZ caused by a 12 km depression of the 410-km discontinuity, which has not been previously reported. This depression indicated a temperature increase of 120 K in the upper MTZ, and we proposed that it was caused by a small-scale mantle upwelling. Hardly any uplift of the 660 km discontinuity was observed, suggesting that the thermal anomaly was unlikely to be the result of a mantle plume. We observed that the thinning area of the MTZ corresponded to the area with the highest uplift rate in the Western Alps, which may have indicated that the temperature increase caused by the mantle upwelling contributed to the topographic uplift.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117267
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: receiver function, mantle transition, slab subduction ; Receiver function for the Western Alps ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Building climate resilience through nature-based solutions in Europe: A review of enabling knowledge, finance and governance frameworks (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-01
    Description: The European Union (EU) has firmly positioned itself as a global leader in promoting and implementing nature-based solutions (NBS). The recently released EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change, and Forest Strategy - all representing key pillars of the ambitious European Green Deal (EGD) - rely on NBS to both preserve and restore ecosystem integrity and increase climate resilience. Although research and policy in Europe have advanced the conceptualization and operationalization of NBS, a much wider adoption is needed to reach the ambitious goals of the EGD and fulfil its vision of transforming into a sustainable, climate-neutral, climate resilient, fair, and prosperous EU by 2050. In this paper, we review recent EU-supported research, policy, and practices to identify critical dimensions that still need to be addressed for greater uptake of NBS. While recognising the multiple societal challenges NBS can target, we build on the key messages from the ‘5th European Climate Change Adaptation conference ECCA 2021′ and focus our analysis on NBS for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. We screen a wide range of NBS cases across the EU and identify-three core challenges to implementation: the lack of a comprehensive evidence base on the effectiveness of NBS to address targeted challenges; the need for a greater involvement of the private sector in financing NBS; and opportunities for enhancing stakeholder engagement in the successful design and implementation of NBS. We take these challenges as the starting point for a broader reflection and critical discussion on the role of i) knowledge, i) finance, including investments in NBS and divestments from nature-negative projects, and iii) governance and policy frameworks to enable the uptake of NBS. We conclude by identifying options for the EU to foster the uptake of NBS in research, policy and practice.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100450
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Nature-based solutions ; European Union ; European Green Deal ; Climate change adaptation ; Disaster risk reduction ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Relative seismic and tsunami risk assessment for Stromboli Island (Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-02
    Description: An innovative method of estimating the relative risk of buildings exposed to seismic and tsunami hazards in volcanic islands is applied to Stromboli (Italy), a well-known stratovolcano affected by moderate earthquakes and mass-flow-induced tsunamis. The method uses a pre-existing quali-quantitative analysis to assess the relative risk indices of buildings, which provide comparative results useful for prioritisation purposes, in combination with a historical-geographical settlement analysis consistent with the ‘territorialist’ approach to the urban and regional planning and design. The quali-quantitative analysis is based on a new proposed survey-sheet model, useful to collect building information necessary for the relative risk estimation, whereas the historical-geographical investigation is based on the multi-temporal comparison of aerial and satellite images. The proposal to combine two consolidated methods represents an innovation in estimating relative risk. Considering that Stromboli Island had never been subjected to similar analyses, the results of the relative seismic risk assessment are novel and moreover identify buildings with a fairly-low and spatially-uniform relative risk. The results of the relative tsunami risk assessment are consistent with results of similar past studies, identifying buildings with a higher relative risk index on the northern coast of the island. The combined use of a building-by-building survey with a multi-temporal analysis of settlements allows obtaining a higher detail than previously available for the region. If adequately modified, the proposed combination of methods allows assessing relative risk also considering other geo-environmental hazards and their cascading effects, in a multi-hazard risk assessment perspective.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103002
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Relative risk assessment ; Seismic risk ; Tsunami risk ; Volcanic islands ; Stromboli ; Aeolian archipelago ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Seawater intrusion and hydrogeochemical processes in the Ischia Island groundwater system (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-16
    Description: Ischia is a volcanic island located NW of the Gulf of Naples (South Italy). The island of Ischia is a structurally complex hydrothermal active system that hosts a fractured aquifer system whose geometry and hydraulic properties are still partly unknown. The aquifer system of Ischia, composed mainly of Quaternary volcanic deposits and marine sediments, exhibits physically and chemically heterogeneous waters. The intense seismicity and hydrothermal activity are expressed by numerous fumaroles and thermal springs, which have been exploited since ancient times, promoting, and supporting the world-renowned tourist activities that constitute the main economic activity of the island. The aim of this study is to determine the hydrogeochemical processes in the Ischia aquifer system. Also, we calculated the proportion of seawater in the aquifer system of Ischia using historical hydrogeochemical data relative to two sampling campaigns. Sixty-nine groundwater and thermal spring samples collected in July 2000 were analyzed and compared with previously published data to identify the changes in seawater contribution. The sample analysis shows that different physicochemical processes occur in the groundwater of Ischia Island, where recharge water, seawater and deep fluids interact and overlap with different intensity. The calculated saline factor indicates a seawater content of up to 70% in some samples near the coast, suggesting that seawater intrusion is the main process in these areas. Later data show that seawater intrusion increases around the coastline with up to 93% seawater content. Finally, data analysis shows that although a change in chemical composition is observed, no variation in thermal water temperature is recorded over time.
    Description: This paper is partially funded by Program U-Apoya (N/A1/2014), University of Chile who granted Dr. Linda Daniele and by project PCI ITAL170012. Additional funding was provided by project M02761 Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale to Renato Somma and by ANID-FONDAP #15200001/ACE210005 (Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes, CEGA). Finally, we acknowledge chief editor Stefano Albanese for handling the manuscript. An anonymous reviewer is acknowledged for the helpful comments and suggestions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106935
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seawater intrusion ; Water-rock interaction ; Thermal waters ; Ischia Island ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Arsenic contamination at the Bagnoli Bay seabed (South Italy) via particle tracking numerical modeling: Pollution patterns from stationary climatic forcings (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-16
    Description: Almost 140 years of industrial exploitation have severely degraded the environment of Bagnoli Coroglio (BC), the westernmost neighborhood of the city of Naples (Italy). In this peculiar area, however, geogenic processes overlap with the impact of human activities, making it difficult to distinguish between anthropogenic and geogenic pollution sources. This is particularly true for Arsenic, the concentration of which in the marine sediments largely exceeds the tolerable level for human health and the background value for local pyroclastics. After several studies have used traditional tools based on multivariate statistics, this article attempts at tackling the problem via numerical modeling, which provides a deeper insight into the physics that governs the pollution process. Therefore, we use a particle tracking model to assess whether arsenic levels in the seabed can be affected by the influx of thermal water from an artificial channel outfalling at the westernmost part of the coast The climatic forcings that drive the marine circulation are simplified to basic "scenarios", in which wind and waves are stationary in strength and direction. Since the simulation time is much less than the contamination timescale, the comparison between numerical results and measurements is essentially qualitative and concerns the shape of contamination contours. It was found the primary forcing that enables seabed pollution is the tidal circulation, which, moreover, acts continuously in time. Quantitative arguments based on regression analysis suggest the discharge of thermal water explains almost a quarter of the observed pollution, which is consistent with previous research based on multivariate statistics.
    Description: This research results from a collaboration between the University of Naples Federico II and the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology (INGV). The partnership is born in the frame of the multidisciplinary project ABBaCo, funded by the Italian Ministry of Education and Research, which aimed to provide innovative and environmentally friendly solutions for restoring the Bagnoli area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 134955
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Arsenic contamination in marine sediments ; Diffusion in coastal waters ; Numerical modeling ; Particle tracking ; Sediments settling ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 03.04. Chemical and biological ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.08. Risk ; 05.06. Methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Quaternary slip-rates probabilistic estimation for the Northern Apennines frontal thrust in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) by integrating surface and subsurface data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: The Northern Apennines thrust front in the Po basin exhibits active blind thrusts and associated anticlines, with some anticline crests either emerging or shallowly buried beneath late Pleistocene continental deposits. This study focuses on the outcropping San Colombano Structure and its buried neighbouring Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structure, representing thrust-controlled anticlines in the central part of the Po basin. We reconstruct the Pleistocene evolution of these anticlines by integrating previously published surface geological maps and subsurface geological constraints from geophysical data and boreholes. We performed a trishear inversion of the deformation observed after the decompaction of the sediments. We used the solutions of the trishear inversion to compute the probabilistic distribution of slip rates over distinct time intervals. Our findings align with previous estimations of long-term slip rates in the Po Plain during the Quaternary, revealing rates of approximately 0.63 mm/yr and 0.53 mm/yr over the past 2.4 Myr for the San Colombano and Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structures, respectively. The analysis of stratigraphic markers unveils a general decrease in faults activity during the Pleistocene, with slip rates around 0.2–0.3 mm/yr in the last 0.3 Myr, along with a diverse evolution of the thrust faults governing the two anticlines. Specifically, the activity rates of the San Colombano Structure supersede that of the Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structure during the Middle to Late Pleistocene, implying an out-of-sequence propagation of the San Colombano ramp-anticline in the Late Pleistocene along an oblique right-lateral transfer zone. Incorporating a probabilistic approach in slip rates calculation provides a more comprehensive handling of uncertainties. This attribute is pivotal in seismic hazard assessment analyses and understanding complex fault systems' tectonic evolution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230227
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: San Colombano thrust ; Quaternary tectonics ; Slip rates ; Trishear inversion ; Sediment compaction ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Minor earthquake sequences in the Amatrice-Norcia epicentral area (Central Italy) (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: This study presents a detailed analysis of minor seismic sequences recorded in the Amatrice-Norcia area (central Italy) before 2016 when the most important seismic sequence of the last 40 years struck the region with the Mw 6.0 Amatrice and the Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquakes. We observe that, in the four decades before the 2016–2018 Amatrice-Visso-Norcia sequence, the instrumental seismicity rate is low, with maximum magnitudes lower than Mw 4.0, and is characterized by different types of behaviours as single shock events, swarms and minor se- quences. For the first time, we relocate the minor seismicity recorded before 2016 by the Italian National Seismic Network of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia by applying the nonlinear inversion code Non- LinLoc in a local velocity model. Revised earthquake locations of the past seismic sequences are compared to the recent 2016–2018 seismicity in order to investigate some possible correlations with the seismogenic structures reactivated in 2016. With this goal, we also integrated our new hypocentral locations with fault plane solutions and geological data to interpret our results with respect to the 2016–2018 seismicity. Our results show how some of the structures identified by the minor seismicity before 2016 were reactivated during the recent sequence, while others seismic structures remained silent. We therefore highlight how the study of minor seismic sequences provides important information about the seismogenic attitude of less active or less known seismogenic struc- tures with consequent impact on the evaluation of the seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228858
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Slip localization on multiple fault splays accommodating distributed deformation across normal fault complexities (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Deformation across structural complexities such as along-strike fault bends may be accommodated by distributed faulting, with multiple fault splays working to transfer the deformation between two principal fault segments. In these contexts, an unsolved question is whether fault activity is equally distributed through time, with multiple fault splays recording the same earthquakes, or it is instead localized in time and space across the distributed faults, with earthquakes being clustered on specific fault splays. To answer this question, we studied the distributed deformation across a structural complexity of the Mt. Marine fault (Central Apennines, Italy), where multiple fault splays accommodate the deformation throughout the change in strike of the fault. Our multidisciplinary (remote sensing analysis, geomorphological-geological mapping, geophysical and paleoseismological surveys) study identified five principal synthetic and antithetic fault splays arranged over an across-strike distance of 500 m, all of which showing evidence of multiple surface-rupturing events during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. The fault splays exhibit different and variable activity rates, suggesting that fault activity is localized on specific fault splays through space and time. Nonetheless, our results suggest that multiple fault splays can rupture simultaneously during large earthquakes. Our findings have strong implications on fault-based seismic hazard assessments, as they imply that data collected on one splay may not be representative of the behaviour of the entire fault. This can potentially bias seismic hazard calculations.
    Description: This work was realized under the agreement between the University of Chieti-Pescara (Dep. INGEO) and the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology (INGV): “Ridefinizione delle Zone di Attenzione delle Faglie Attive e Capaci emerse dagli studi di microzonazione sismica effettuati nel territorio dei Centri abitati di Barete e Pizzoli in provincia de L'Aquila, interessati dagli eventi sismici verificatisi a far data dal 24 agosto 2016”, funded by the Commissioner structure for post-earthquake reconstruction of the Italian Government.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230075
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Structural geology ; Seismic Hazard ; Active faults ; Paleoseismology ; Distributed faulting ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Along-strike variations of strain partitioning within the Apennines determined from large-scale multi-temporal InSAR analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In the Apennine Mountains of the Italian Peninsula, GPS data display 3–4 mm/yr of divergent motion oriented N50°E between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian coastlines. However, the mechanisms driving this extension remain debated and along-strike variations of extension within the actively deforming belt remain poorly constrained. Here, we derived the first large-scale extensional and vertical velocity field for the Apennines by multi-temporal InSAR analysis of 7 years of Sentinel-1 data at the scale of the entire range, improving the spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of existing GPS measurements. The results reveal along-strike variations of extensional rates and gradients, with extension concentrated on single fault systems in the north, consistent with the loci of seismicity and recent moderate earthquakes, and distributed throughout the central Apennines, where the range is widening. Vertical surface displacements do not resolve any active long-wavelength uplift of the orogenic belt and, on average, show more subsidence than uplift relative to the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coasts. This work provides the first InSAR-based geodetic map of differential extension and uplift within the Italian Peninsula. Our results are compatible with a pure shear extensional model of the crust, driven by both boundary and gravitational forces.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230076
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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