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  • thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research  (9)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Chemistry
  • ddc:330
  • The MIT Press  (10)
  • 2020-2024  (10)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 2020-2024  (10)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
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    The Science of Bureaucracy (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: How the US Environmental Protection Agency designed the governance of risk and forged its legitimacy over the course of four decades. The US Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 to protect the public health and environment, administering and enforcing a range of statutes and programs. Over four decades, the EPA has been a risk bureaucracy, formalizing many of the methods of the scientific governance of risk, from quantitative risk assessment to risk ranking. Demortain traces the creation of these methods for the governance of risk, the controversies to which they responded, and the controversies that they aroused in turn. He discusses the professional networks in which they were conceived; how they were used; and how they served to legitimize the EPA. Demortain argues that the EPA is structurally embedded in controversy, resulting in constant reevaluation of its credibility and fueling the evolution of the knowledge and technologies it uses to produce decisions and to create a legitimate image of how and why it acts on the environment. He describes the emergence and institutionalization of the risk assessment–risk management framework codified in the National Research Council's Red Book, and its subsequent unraveling as the agency's mission evolved toward environmental justice, ecological restoration, and sustainability, and as controversies over determining risk gained vigor in the 1990s. Through its rise and fall at the EPA, risk decision-making enshrines the science of a bureaucracy that learns how to make credible decisions and to reform itself, amid constant conflicts about the environment, risk, and its own legitimacy.
    Keywords: risk sciences ; risk management ; dispute ; EPA ; risk paradigm ; ruckelshaus ; OSHA ; toxics ; carcinogens ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy and protocols ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNQ Nuclear issues
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Managing Meaning in Ukraine (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: An in-depth look at Ukraine's attempts to shape how it is perceived by the rest of the world.During times of crisis, competing narratives are often advanced to define what is happening, and the stakes of information management by nations are high. In this timely book, Göran Bolin and Per Ståhlberg examine the fraught intersection of state politics, corporate business, and civil activism to understand the dynamics and importance of meaning management in Ukraine. Drawing on fieldwork inside the country, the authors discuss the forms, agents, and platforms within the complex political and communicative situation and how each articulated and acted upon perceptions of the propaganda threat.Bolin and Ståhlberg focus their analysis on the period between 2013 and 2022, when political tensions, commercial dynamics, and new communication technologies bred novel forms of information management. As they show, entities from governments and governmental administration to commercial actors, entrepreneurs, and activists formed new alliances in order to claim a stake in information policy. Bolin and Ståhlberg also explore how the various agents engaged in information management and strove to manage meaning in communication practice; the communicative tools they took advantage of; and the subsequent consequences for narrative constructions.
    Keywords: Public diplomacy ; soft power ; strategic communication ; nation branding ; communication management ; Ukraine ; war ; protest ; revolution ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    The Alienation of Fact (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: An investigation of the role of educational privatization and technology in the crises of truth and agency. Today, conspiracy theories run rampant, attacks on facts have become commonplace, and systemic inequities are on the rise as individual and collective agency unravels. The Alienation of Fact explains the educational, technological, and ideological preconditions for these contemporary crises of truth and agency and explores the contradictions and competing visions for the future of education that lie at the center of the problem. Schools are increasingly reimagined as businesses, and high-stakes standardized testing and curricula, for-profit charter schools, and the rise of educational AI put capital and technology at the center of education. Yet even as our society demands measure, data, and facts, politicians and news outlets regularly make unfounded assertions. How should we make sense of the contradictions between the demand for radical data-driven empiricism and the flight from evidence, argument, or theoretical justification? In this critical investigation of the new digital directions of educational privatization—AI education, adaptive learning technology, biometrics, the quantification of play and social emotional learning—and the politics of the body, Saltman shows how the false certainty of bodies and numbers replaces deliberative and thoughtful agency in a time of increasing precarity. A distinctive contribution to scholarship on public school privatization and educational technology, politics, policy, pedagogy, and theory, The Alienation of Fact is a spirited call for democratic education that values creating a society of “thinking people” over capitalistic gains.
    Keywords: Education ; digital privatization ; education technology ; politics of education ; education policy ; sociology of education ; critical theory ; critical pedagogy ; neoliberalism and education ; educational privatization ; positivism ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding & policy ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Design Justice (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: An exploration of how design might be led by marginalized communities, dismantle structural inequality, and advance collective liberation and ecological survival. What is the relationship between design, power, and social justice? “Design justice” is an approach to design that is led by marginalized communities and that aims explicitly to challenge, rather than reproduce, structural inequalities. It has emerged from a growing community of designers in various fields who work closely with social movements and community-based organizations around the world. This book explores the theory and practice of design justice, demonstrates how universalist design principles and practices erase certain groups of people—specifically, those who are intersectionally disadvantaged or multiply burdened under the matrix of domination (white supremacist heteropatriarchy, ableism, capitalism, and settler colonialism)—and invites readers to “build a better world, a world where many worlds fit; linked worlds of collective liberation and ecological sustainability.” Along the way, the book documents a multitude of real-world community-led design practices, each grounded in a particular social movement. Design Justice goes beyond recent calls for design for good, user-centered design, and employment diversity in the technology and design professions; it connects design to larger struggles for collective liberation and ecological survival.
    Keywords: Industrial / commercial art and design ; Impact of science and technology on society ; Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AK Design, Industrial and commercial arts, illustration::AKB Individual designers or design groups ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Making Open Development Inclusive (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Drawing on ten years of empirical work and research, analyses of how open development has played out in practice. A decade ago, a significant trend in using and supporting open practices emerged in international development. “Open development” describes initiatives as wide-ranging as open government and data, open science, open education, and open innovation. The driving theory was that these types of open practices enable more inclusive processes of human development. This volume, drawing on ten years of empirical work and research, analyzes how open development has played out in practice Focusing on development practices in the Global South, the contributors assess the crucial questions of who is able to participate and benefit from open practices, and who cannot. Examining a wide range of cases, they offer a macro analysis of how open development ecosystems are governed, and evaluate the inclusiveness of a variety of applications, including creating open educational resources, collaborating in science and knowledge production, and crowdsourcing information. Matthew L. Smith is Senior Program Specialist at the International Development Research Centre in Ottawa. He is coeditor of Open Development: Networked Innovation in International Development (MIT Press and IDRC). Ruhiya Kristine Seward is Senior Program Officer at the International Development Research Centre. Contributors Denisse Albornoz, Chris Armstrong, Savita Bailur, Roxana Barrantes, Carla Bonina, Michael Cañares, Leslie Chan, Laura Czerniewicz, Jeremy de Beer, Stefano De Sabbata, Shirin Elahi, Alison Gillwald, Mark Graham, Rebecca Hillyer, Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams, Dick Kawooya, Erika Kramer-Mbula, Paulo Matos, Caroline Ncube, Chidi Oguamanam, Angela Okune, Alejandro Posada, Nagla Rizk, Isaac Rutenberg, Tobias Schonwetter, Fabrizio Scrollini, Ruhiya Kristine Seward, Raed Sharif, Matthew Smith, William Randall Spence, Henry Trotter, François van Schalkwyk, Sonal Zavaeri
    Keywords: access ; broadband ; collaborative science ; communications ; connectivity ; crowdsourcing ; data ; development ; digital economy ; ecology ; economics ; education ; educational resources ; entrepreneurship ; equity ; gender ; geography ; global ; global development ; global markets ; government ; health ; inclusion ; inequality ; information ; information science ; innovation hubs ; internet ; knowledge ; knowledge exchange ; logistics ; marginality ; MOOCs ; NGOs ; OCSDNet ; online platforms ; open access ; open data ; open innovation ; openness ; open science ; policy ; politics ; public resources ; Reddit ; resource distribution ; social inclusion ; technology ; telecommunications ; telecommunications reform ; U.N. ; UNDP ; university ; wi-fi ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GL Library and information sciences / Museology::GLF IT, Internet and electronic resources in libraries ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTC Communication studies
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Frankenstein (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The original 1818 text of Mary Shelley's classic novel, with annotations and essays highlighting its scientific, ethical, and cautionary aspects. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has endured in the popular imagination for two hundred years. Begun as a ghost story by an intellectually and socially precocious eighteen-year-old author during a cold and rainy summer on the shores of Lake Geneva, the dramatic tale of Victor Frankenstein and his stitched-together creature can be read as the ultimate parable of scientific hubris. Victor, “the modern Prometheus,” tried to do what he perhaps should have left to Nature: create life. Although the novel is most often discussed in literary-historical terms—as a seminal example of romanticism or as a groundbreaking early work of science fiction—Mary Shelley was keenly aware of contemporary scientific developments and incorporated them into her story. In our era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and climate engineering, this edition of Frankenstein will resonate forcefully for readers with a background or interest in science and engineering, and anyone intrigued by the fundamental questions of creativity and responsibility. This edition of Frankenstein pairs the original 1818 version of the manuscript—meticulously line-edited and amended by Charles E. Robinson, one of the world's preeminent authorities on the text—with annotations and essays by leading scholars exploring the social and ethical aspects of scientific creativity raised by this remarkable story. The result is a unique and accessible edition of one of the most thought-provoking and influential novels ever written. Essays by Elizabeth Bear, Cory Doctorow, Heather E. Douglas, Josephine Johnston, Kate MacCord, Jane Maienschein, Anne K. Mellor, Alfred Nordmann
    Keywords: science fiction ; gothic ; horror ; European ; British ; literature ; fiction ; cautionary tale ; STEM ; science ; bioethics ; classic ; bicentennial ; Josephine Johnston ; Cory Doctorow ; Jane Maienschein ; Kate MacCord ; Alfred Nordmann ; Elizabeth Bear ; Anne K. Mellor ; Heather E. Douglas ; Frankenstein ; Creature ; Monster ; Mary Shelley ; Makers ; women in science ; science and anti-science ; values in science ; responsible innovation ; Industrial Revolution ; Mary Wollstonecraft ; William Godwin ; Percy Bysshe Shelley ; Galvanism ; Mount Tambora ; Myths ; Two Cultures ; epistolary novel ; Victor Frankenstein ; Geneva ; Prometheus ; Arctic ; Lord Byron ; John Polidori ; ghost stories ; Revisions ; Electricity ; Lightning ; Vitalism ; Chemistry ; Extinction ; Magnetism ; Moral responsibility ; Legal responsibility ; Social responsibility ; Consequences ; Obligations ; Ethics ; Maker Culture ; DIY ; Technology Adjacent Possible ; Facebook ; Surveillance ; Aristotle ; Fetal development ; Epigenesis ; Embryo ; Person ; Technoscience ; Alchemy ; uncanny valley ; animation ; complexity ; Morality ; Monstrosity ; Christianity ; Otherness ; Gender ; Nature ; Domestic Affections ; Women ; Sexuality ; Technical Sweetness ; Los Alamos ; Trinity Test ; Scientific Responsibility ; Nuclear Weapons ; adjacent possible ; synthetic biology ; robotics ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FB Fiction: general and literary::FBC Classic fiction: general and literary ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FL Science fiction::FLC Classic science fiction
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  • 7
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    Digital Economies at Global Margins (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Investigations of what increasing digital connectivity and the digitalization of the economy mean for people and places at the world's economic margins. Within the last decade, more than one billion people became new Internet users. Once, digital connectivity was confined to economically prosperous parts of the world; now Internet users make up a majority of the world's population. In this book, contributors from a range of disciplines and locations investigate the impact of increased digital connectivity on people and places at the world's economic margins. Does the advent of a digitalized economy mean that those in economic peripheries can transcend spatial, organizational, social, and political constraints—or do digital tools and techniques tend to reinforce existing inequalities? The contributors present a diverse set of case studies, reporting on digitalization in countries ranging from Chile to Kenya to the Philippines, and develop a broad range of theoretical positions. They consider, among other things, data-driven disintermediation, women's economic empowerment and gendered power relations, digital humanitarianism and philanthropic capitalism, the spread of innovation hubs, and two cases of the reversal of core and periphery in digital innovation. Contributors Niels Beerepoot, Ryan Burns, Jenna Burrell, Julie Yujie Chen, Peter Dannenberg, Uwe Deichmann, Jonathan Donner, Christopher Foster, Mark Graham, Nicolas Friederici, Hernan Galperin, Catrihel Greppi, Anita Gurumurthy, Isis Hjorth, Lilly Irani, Molly Jackman, Calestous Juma, Dorothea Kleine, Madlen Krone, Vili Lehdonvirta, Chris Locke, Silvia Masiero, Hannah McCarrick,Deepak K. Mishra, Bitange Ndemo, Jorien Oprins, Elisa Oreglia, Stefan Ouma, Robert Pepper, Jack Linchuan Qiu, Julian Stenmanns, Tim Unwin, Julia Verne, Timothy Waema
    Keywords: digitization ; disintermediation ; Internet ; East Africa ; trade ; ICT ; ICT4D ; agriculture ; value chains ; knowledge exchange ; women's economic empowerment ; digital development ; neoliberalism ; Chile ; Tanzania ; entrepreneurship ; digital humanitarianism ; philanthro-capitalism ; crowdsourcing ; social media ; neoliberalis ; food security ; anti-poverty programs ; Aadhaar ; India ; mobile phones ; China ; Uganda ; boundary object ; innovation hubs ; discourse ; technology ; digital economy ; coding ; hackathons ; infrastructure investment ; technical innovation ; volunteers ; service outsourcing ; impact sourcing ; corporate social responsibility ; the Philippines ; gig economy ; digital labor ; outsourcing ; freelancing ; precarity ; discrimination ; online platforms ; Latin America ; alternative digital economy ; marginality ; Shenzhen ; Shanzhai ; Didi Chuxing ; ride-hailing platforms ; connectivity ; development ; logistics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJE E-commerce: business aspects
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  • 8
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    Resistance to the Current (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: How hacking cultures drive contemporary capitalism and the future of innovation. In Resistance to the Current, Johan Söderberg and Maxigas examine four historical case studies of hacker movements and their roles in shaping the twenty-first-century's network society. Based on decades of field work and analysis, this intervention into current debates situates an exploding variety of hacking practices within the contradictions of capitalism. Depoliticized accounts of computing cultures and collaborative production miss their core driver, write Söderberg and Maxigas: the articulation of critique and its recuperation into innovations. Drawing on accounts of building, developing, and running community wireless networks, 3D printers, hackerspaces, and chat protocols, the authors develop a theoretical framework of critique and recuperation to examine how hackers—who have long held a reputation for being underground rebels—transform their outputs from communal, underground experiments to commercial products that benefit the state and capital. This framework allows a dialectical understanding of contemporary social conflicts around technology and innovation. Hackers' critiques of contemporary norms spur innovation, while recuperation turns these innovations into commodified products and services. Recuperation threatens the autonomy of hacker collectives, harnessing their outputs for the benefit of a capitalist system. With significant practical implications, this sophisticated multidisciplinary account of technology-oriented movements that seek to challenge capitalism will appeal to science and technology readers interested in innovation studies, user studies, cultural studies, and media and communications.
    Keywords: hackers ; capitalism ; 3D printing ; hackerspaces ; community wireless networks ; new media ; open innovation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTN Network security ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Democratic Experiments (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: An examination of nanotechnology as a lens through which to study contemporary democracy in both theory and practice. In Democratic Experiments, Brice Laurent discusses the challenges that emerging technologies create for democracy today. He focuses on nanotechnology and its attendant problems, proposing nanotechnology as a lens through which to understand contemporary democracy in both theory and practice. Arguing that democracy is at stake where nanotechnology is defined as a problem, Laurent examines the sites where nanotechnology is discussed and debated by scientists, policymakers, and citizens. It is at these sites where the joint production of nanotechnology and the democratic order can be observed. Focusing on the United States, France, and Europe, and various international organizations, Laurent analyzes representations of nanotechnology in science museums, collective discussions in participatory settings, the making of categories such as “nanomaterials” or responsible innovation” in standardization and regulatory arenas, and initiatives undertaken by social movements. He contrasts American debates, in which the concern for public objectivity is central, with the French “state experiment,” the European goal of harmonization, and the international concern with a global market. In France, public debate proceeded in response to public protest and encountered a radical critique of technological development; the United States experimented with an innovative approach to technology assessment. The European regulatory approach results in lengthy debates over political integration; the United States relies on the adversarial functioning of federal agencies. Because nanotechnology is a domain where concerns over anticipation and participation are pervasive, Laurent argues, nanotechnology—and science and technology studies more generally—provides a relevant focus for a renewed analysis of democracy.
    Keywords: Nanotechnology ; Political structures: democracy ; Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBN Nanotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPH Political structure and processes::JPHV Political structures: democracy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Social Science for What? (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: How the NSF became an important yet controversial patron for the social sciences, influencing debates over their scientific status and social relevance. In the early Cold War years, the U.S. government established the National Science Foundation (NSF), a civilian agency that soon became widely known for its dedication to supporting first-rate science. The agency's 1950 enabling legislation made no mention of the social sciences, although it included a vague reference to “other sciences.” Nevertheless, as Mark Solovey shows in this book, the NSF also soon became a major—albeit controversial—source of public funding for them. Solovey's analysis underscores the long-term impact of early developments, when the NSF embraced a “scientistic” strategy wherein the natural sciences represented the gold standard, and created a social science program limited to “hard-core” studies. Along the way, Solovey shows how the NSF's efforts to support scholarship, advanced training, and educational programs were shaped by landmark scientific and political developments, including McCarthyism, Sputnik, reform liberalism during the 1960s, and a newly energized conservative movement during the 1970s and 1980s. Finally, he assesses the NSF's relevance in a “post-truth” era, questions the legacy of its scientistic strategy, and calls for a separate social science agency—a National Social Science Foundation. Solovey's study of the battles over public funding is crucial for understanding the recent history of the social sciences as well as ongoing debates over their scientific status and social value.
    Keywords: Central / national / federal government policies ; History of science ; History of the Americas ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDK Science funding and policy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDM Scientific research ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHK History of the Americas
    Language: English
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