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  • thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology  (13)
  • bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)  (9)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • The MIT Press  (23)
  • 2020-2024  (23)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
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  • 2020-2024  (23)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
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    Balkan Cyberia (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: How Bulgaria transformed the computer industry behind the Iron Curtain—and the consequences of that transformation for a society that dreamt of a brighter future.Bulgaria in 1963 was a communist country led by a centralized party trying to navigate a multinational Cold War. The state needed money, and it sought prestige. By cultivating a burgeoning computer industry, Bulgaria achieved both but at great cost to the established order. In Balkan Cyberia, Victor Petrov elevates a deeply researched, local story of ambition into an essential history of global innovation, ideological conflict, and exchange. Granted tremendous freedom by the Politburo and backed by a concerted state secret intelligence effort, a new, privileged class of technical intellectuals and managers rose to prominence in Bulgaria in the 1960s. Plugged in to transnational business and professional networks, they strove to realize the party's radical dreams of utopian automation, and Bulgaria would come to manufacture up to half of the Eastern Bloc's electronics. Yet, as Petrov shows, the export-oriented nature of the industry also led to the disruption of party rule. Technicians, now thinking with and through computers, began to recast the dominant intellectual discourse within a framework of reform, while technocratic managers translated their newfound political clout into economic power that served them well before and after the revolutions of 1989.Balkan Cyberia reveals the extension of economic and political networks of influence far past the reputed fall of communism, along with the pivotal role small countries played in geopolitical games at the time. Through the prism of the Bulgarian computer industry, the true nature of the socialist international economy, and indeed the links between capitalism and communism, emerge.
    Keywords: Computer Science/History of Computing ; Science, Technology & Society/History of Technology ; Economics/Economic History ; Business/Business Technology ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Digital Oil (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: How is digitalization of the offshore oil industry fundamentally changing how we understand work and ways of knowing? Digitalization sits at the forefront of public and academic conversation today, calling into question how we work and how we know. In Digital Oil, Eric Monteiro uses the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry as a lens to investigate the effects of digitalization on embodied labor and, in doing so, shows how our use of new digital technology transforms work and knowing. For years, roughnecks have performed the dangerous and unwieldy work of extracting the oil that lies three miles below the seabed along the Norwegian continental shelf. Today, the Norwegian oil industry is largely digital, operated by sensors and driven by data. Digital representations of physical processes inform work practices and decision-making with remotely operated, unmanned deep-sea facilities. Drawing on two decades of in-depth interviews, observations, news clips, and studies of this industry, Monteiro dismantles the divide between the virtual and the physical in Digital Oil. What is gained or lost when objects and processes become algorithmic phenomena with the digital inferred from the physical? How can data-driven work practices and operational decision-making approximate qualitative interpretation, professional judgement, and evaluation? How are emergent digital platforms and infrastructures, as machineries of knowing, enabling digitalization? In answering these questions Monteiro offers a novel analysis of digitalization as an effort to press the limits of quantification of the qualitative.
    Keywords: digitalization ; datafication ; data science ; quantification of quality ; work practices ; knowing ; digital transformation ; offshore oil and gas ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMK Knowledge management
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  • 3
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    Forecasting Travel in Urban America (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: A history of urban travel demand modeling (UTDM) and its enormous influence on American life from the 1920s to the present.For better and worse, the automobile has been an integral part of the American way of life for decades. Its ascendance would have been far less spectacular, however, had engineers and planners not devised urban travel demand modeling (UTDM). This book tells the story of this irreplaceable engineering tool that has helped cities accommodate continuous rise in traffic from the 1950s on. Beginning with UTDM's origins as a method to help plan new infrastructure, Konstantinos Chatzis follows its trajectory through new generations of models that helped make optimal use of existing capacity and examines related policy instruments, including the recent use of intelligent transportation systems.Chatzis investigates these models as evolving entities involving humans and nonhumans that were shaped through a specific production process. In surveying the various generations of UTDM, he delves into various means of production (from tabulating machines to software packages) and travel survey methods (from personal interviews to GPS tracking devices and smartphones) used to obtain critical information. He also looks at the individuals who have collectively built a distinct UTDM social world by displaying specialized knowledge, developing specific skills, and performing various tasks and functions, and by communicating, interacting, and even competing with one another.Original and refreshingly accessible, Forecasting Travel in Urban America offers the first detailed history behind the thinkers and processes that impact the lives of millions of city dwellers every day.
    Keywords: Engineering/Systems Science & Engineering ; Science, Technology & Society/History of Technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RP Regional and area planning::RPT Transport planning and policy ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNH Highway and traffic engineering
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  • 4
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    Selling the American People (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: How marketers learned to dream of optimization and speak in the idiom of management science well before the widespread use of the Internet.Algorithms, data extraction, digital marketers monetizing "eyeballs": these all seem like such recent features of our lives. And yet, Lee McGuigan tells us in this eye-opening book, digital advertising was well underway before the widespread use of the Internet. Explaining how marketers have brandished the tools of automation and management science to exploit new profit opportunities, Selling the American People traces data-driven surveillance all the way back to the 1950s, when the computerization of the advertising business began to blend science, technology, and calculative cultures in an ideology of optimization. With that ideology came adtech, a major infrastructure of digital capitalism.To help make sense of today's attention merchants and choice architects, McGuigan explores a few key questions: How did technical experts working at the intersection of data processing and management sciences come to command the center of gravity in the advertising and media industries? How did their ambition to remake marketing through mathematical optimization shape and reflect developments in digital technology? In short, where did adtech come from, and how did data-driven marketing come to mediate the daily encounters of people, products, and public spheres? His answers show how the advertising industry's efforts to bend information technologies toward its dream of efficiency and rational management helped to make "surveillance capitalism" one of the defining experiences of public life.
    Keywords: Advertising ; adtech ; optimization ; media studies ; political economy of media ; science and technology studies ; history ; surveillance capitalism ; data ; automation ; programmatic advertising ; privacy ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society
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  • 5
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    Age of Auto Electric (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The electric vehicle revival reflects negotiations between public policy, which promotes clean, fuel-efficient vehicles, and the auto industry, which promotes high-performance vehicles. Electric cars were once as numerous as internal combustion engine cars before all but vanishing from American roads around World War I. Now, we are in the midst of an electric vehicle revival, and the goal for a sustainable car seems to be within reach. In Age of Auto Electric, Matthew N. Eisler shows that the halting development of the electric car in the intervening decades was a consequence of tensions between environmental, energy, and economic policy imperatives that informed a protracted reappraisal of the automobile system. These factors drove the electric vehicle revival, argues Eisler, hastening automaking's transformation into a science-based industry in the process. Challenging the common assumption that the electric vehicle revival is due to the development of better batteries, Age of Auto Electric instead focuses on changing environmental and socioeconomic conditions, energy and environmental policies, systems of energy conversion and industrial production, and innovation practices that affected the prevalence and popularity of electric vehicles in recent decades. Eisler describes a world in transition from legacy to alternative energy-conversion systems and the promises, compromises, new problems, and unintended consequences that enterprise has entailed.
    Keywords: History of engineering and technology ; Energy, power generation, distribution and storage ; Automotive technology and trades ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THR Electrical engineering::THRM Electric motors ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades::TRC Automotive technology and trades::TRCS Automotive (motor mechanic) skills
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  • 6
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    Universal Access and Its Asymmetries (2023)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: A framework for understanding the totality of costs and benefits of universal access that will foster honest appraisal and guide the development of good policies. Universal access—the idea that certain technologies and services should be extended to all regardless of geography or ability to pay—evokes ideals of democracy and equality that must be reconciled with the realities on the ground. The COVID-19 pandemic raised awareness of the need for access to high-speed internet service in the United States, but this is just the latest in a long history of debates about what should be made available and to whom. Rural mail delivery, electrification, telephone service, public schooling, and library access each raised the same questions as today's debates about health care and broadband. What types of services should be universally available? Who benefits from extending these services? And who bears the cost? Stepping beyond humanitarian arguments to conduct a clear-eyed, diagnostic analysis, this book offers some surprising conclusions. While the conventional approach to universal access looks primarily at the costs to the system and the benefits to individuals, Harmeet Sawhney and Hamid Ekbia provide a holistic perspective that also accounts for costs to individuals and benefits for systems. With a comparative approach across multiple cases, Universal Access and Its Asymmetries is an essential exploration of the history, costs, and benefits of providing universal access to technologies and services. With a fresh perspective, it overturns common assumptions and offers a foundation for making decisions about how to extend service—and how to pay for it.
    Keywords: universal access ; universal service ; digital divide ; connectivity ; social inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society
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  • 7
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    The Civic Potential of Video Games (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: This report focuses on the civic aspects of video game play among youth. According to a 2006 survey, 58 percent of young people aged 15 to 25 were civically "disengaged," meaning that they participated in fewer than two types of either electoral activities (defined as voting, campaigning, etc.) or civic activities (for example, volunteering). Kahne and his coauthors are interested in what role video games may or may not play in this disengagement.Until now, most research in the field has considered how video games relate to children's aggression and to academic learning. Digital media scholars suggest, however, that other social outcomes also deserve attention. For example, as games become more social, some scholars argue that they can be important spheres in which to foster civic development. Others disagree, suggesting that games, along with other forms of Internet involvement, may in fact take time away from civic and political engagement. Drawing on data from the 2006 survey, the authors examine the relationship between video game play and civic development. They call for further research on teen gaming experiences so that we can understand and promote civic engagement through video games.
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
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  • 8
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    New Digital Media and Learning as an Emerging Area and "Worked Examples" as One Way Forward (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: A proposal to move the academic area of digital media and learning toward more coherence. In this report, noted scholar James Paul Gee discusses the evolution of digital media and learning (DMAL) from its infancy as an “academic area” into a more organized field or coherent discipline. Distinguishing among academic areas, fields, disciplinary specializations, and thematic disciplines, Gee describes other academic areas that have fallen into these categories or developed into established disciplines. He argues that DMAL will not evolve until a real coherence develops through collaboration and the accumulation of shared knowledge. Gee offers a concrete proposal of one way scholars in DMAL could move the area forward to a more cohesive, integrated, and collaborative enterprise: the production of what he terms “worked examples.” In Gee's sense of a worked example, scholars attempting to build the new area of DMAL would publicly display their methods of valuing and thinking about a specific problem, proposing them as examples of “good work” in order to engender debate about what such work in DMAL might come to look like and what shape the area itself might take. The goal would not be for the proposed approach to become the accepted one but for it to become fodder for new work and collaboration. Gee concludes by offering a sample worked example that illustrates his proposal.
    Keywords: Media studies ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
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  • 9
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    We Used to Wait (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An investigation of music videos as a form, a practice, and a literacy. Music videos were once something broadcast by MTV and received on our TV screens. Today, music videos are searched for, downloaded, and viewed on our computer screens—or produced in our living rooms and uploaded to social media. In We Used to Wait, Rebecca Kinskey examines this shift. She investigates music video as a form, originally a product created by professionals to be consumed by nonprofessionals; as a practice, increasingly taken up by amateurs; and as a literacy, to be experimented with and mastered. Kinskey offers a short history of the music video as a communicative, cultural form, describing the rise and fall of MTV's Total Request Live and the music video's resurgence on YouTube. She examines recent shifts in viewing and production practice, tracing the trajectory of music video director Hiro Murai from film student and dedicated amateur in the 1990s to music video professional in the 2000s. Investigating music video as a literacy, she looks at OMG! Cameras Everywhere, a nonprofit filmmaking summer camp run by a group of young music video directors. The OMG! campers and counselors provide a case study in how cultural producers across several generations have blurred the line between professional and amateur. Their everyday practices remake the notion of literacy, not only by their collaborative and often informal efforts to impart and achieve literacy but also by expanding the definition of what is considered a valuable activity, worthy of dedicated, pleasurable pursuit.
    Keywords: Media studies ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
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  • 10
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    Machineries of Oil (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The emergence of the international oil corporation as a political actor in the twentieth century, seen in BP's infrastructure and information arrangements in Iran. In the early twentieth century, international oil corporations emerged as a new kind of political actor. The development of the world oil industry, argues Katayoun Shafiee, was one of the era's largest political projects of techno-economic development. In this book, Shafiee maps the machinery of oil operations in the Anglo-Iranian oil industry between 1901 and 1954, tracking the organizational work involved in moving oil through a variety of technical, legal, scientific, and administrative networks. She shows that, in a series of disagreements, the British-controlled Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC, which later became BP) relied on various forms of information management to transform political disputes into techno-economic calculation, guaranteeing the company complete control over profits, labor, and production regimes. She argues that the building of alliances and connections that constituted Anglo-Iranian oil's infrastructure reconfigured local politics of oil regions and examines how these arrangements in turn shaped the emergence of both nation-state and transnational oil corporation. Drawing on her extensive archival and field research in Iran, Shafiee investigates the surprising ways in which nature, technology, and politics came together in battles over mineral rights; standardizing petroleum expertise; formulas for calculating profits, production rates, and labor; the “Persianization” of employees; nationalism and oil nationalization; and the long-distance machinery of an international corporation. Her account shows that the politics of oil cannot be understood in isolation from its technical dimensions.
    Keywords: Iran ; British Petroleum ; Oil ; Infrastructure ; Trans-national corporation ; Democracy ; Techno-science ; Science and Technology Studies ; Middle East ; Socio-technical system ; Oil Concession ; Anglo-Iranian Oil Company ; British Admiralty ; Sheikh Khaz'al ; Standardization ; Natural resources ; Petroleum expertise ; Oil cartel ; Nationalism ; communism ; race ; labor ; oil nationalization ; boycott ; oil consortium ; energy crisis ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 11
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    Northern Sparks (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: An “episode of light” in Canada sparked by Expo 67 when new art forms, innovative technologies, and novel institutional and policy frameworks emerged together. Understanding how experimental art catalyzes technological innovation is often prized yet typically reduced to the magic formula of “creativity.” In Northern Sparks, Michael Century emphasizes the role of policy and institutions by showing how novel art forms and media technologies in Canada emerged during a period of political and social reinvention, starting in the 1960s with the energies unleashed by Expo 67. Debunking conventional wisdom, Century reclaims innovation from both its present-day devotees and detractors by revealing how experimental artists critically challenge as well as discover and extend the capacities of new technologies. Century offers a series of detailed cross-media case studies that illustrate the cross-fertilization of art, technology, and policy. These cases span animation, music, sound art and acoustic ecology, cybernetic cinema, interactive installation art, virtual reality, telecommunications art, software applications, and the emergent metadiscipline of human-computer interaction. They include Norman McLaren's “proto-computational” film animations; projects in which the computer itself became an agent, as in computer-aided musical composition and choreography; an ill-fated government foray into interactive networking, the videotext system Telidon; and the beginnings of virtual reality at the Banff Centre. Century shows how Canadian artists approached new media technologies as malleable creative materials, while Canada undertook a political reinvention alongside its centennial celebrations. Northern Sparks offers a uniquely nuanced account of innovation in art and technology illuminated by critical policy analysis.
    Keywords: Canada;Canadian culture;media arts;innovation policy;human-computer interaction;cultural networking;virtual reality;computer animation;electronic music;acoustic ecology;improvisation studies. ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AG The Arts: treatments and subjects::AGA History of art ; thema EDItEUR::6 Style qualifiers::6P Styles (P)::6PD Postmodernism
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  • 12
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    The Squares (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: When ungroovy scientists did groovy science: how non-activist scientists and engineers adapted their work to a rapidly changing social and political landscape. In The Squares, Cyrus Mody shows how, between the late 1960s and the early 1980s, some scientists and engineers who did not consider themselves activists, New Leftists, or members of the counterculture accommodated their work to the rapidly changing social and political landscape of the time. These “square scientists,” Mody shows, began to do many of the things that the counterculture urged: turn away from military-industrial funding, become more interdisciplinary, and focus their research on solving problems of civil society. During the period Mody calls “the long 1970s,” ungroovy scientists were doing groovy science. Mody offers a series of case studies of some of these collective efforts by non-activist scientists to use their technical knowledge for the good of society. He considers the region around Santa Barbara and the interplay of public universities, think tanks, established firms, new companies, philanthropies, and social movement organizations. He looks at Stanford University's transition from Cold War science to commercialized technoscience; NASA's search for a post-Apollo mission; the unsuccessful foray into solar energy by Nobel laureate Jack Kilby; the “civilianization” of the US semiconductor industry; and systems engineer Arthur D. Hall's ill-fated promotion of automated agriculture.
    Keywords: History of engineering and technology;History of science;History of the Americas ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHK History of the Americas
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  • 13
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    What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa? (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Explorations of science, technology, and innovation in Africa not as the product of “technology transfer” from elsewhere but as the working of African knowledge. In the STI literature, Africa has often been regarded as a recipient of science, technology, and innovation rather than a maker of them. In this book, scholars from a range of disciplines show that STI in Africa is not merely the product of “technology transfer” from elsewhere but the working of African knowledge. Their contributions focus on African ways of looking, meaning-making, and creating. The chapter authors see Africans as intellectual agents whose perspectives constitute authoritative knowledge and whose strategic deployment of both endogenous and inbound things represents an African-centered notion of STI. “Things do not (always) mean the same from everywhere,” observes Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga, the volume's editor. Western, colonialist definitions of STI are not universalizable. The contributors discuss topics that include the trivialization of indigenous knowledge under colonialism; the creative labor of chimurenga, the transformation of everyday surroundings into military infrastructure; the role of enslaved Africans in America as innovators and synthesizers; the African ethos of “fixing”; the constitutive appropriation that makes mobile technologies African; and an African innovation strategy that builds on domestic capacities. The contributions describe an Africa that is creative, technological, and scientific, showing that African STI is the latest iteration of a long process of accumulative, multicultural knowledge production. Contributors Geri Augusto, Shadreck Chirikure, Chux Daniels, Ron Eglash, Ellen Foster, Garrick E. Louis, D. A. Masolo, Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga, Neda Nazemi, Toluwalogo Odumosu, Katrien Pype, Scott Remer
    Keywords: collection ; STS ; science ; technology ; and society ; anthropology ; African studies ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHH African history ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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    Voicing Code in STEM (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: An exploration of coding that investigates the interplay between computational abstractions and the fundamentally interpretive nature of human experience. The importance of coding in K–12 classrooms has been taken up by both scholars and educators. Voicing Code in STEM offers a new way to think about coding in the classroom—one that goes beyond device-level engagement to consider the interplay between computational abstractions and the fundamentally interpretive nature of human experience. Building on Mikhail Bakhtin's notions of heterogeneity and heteroglossia, the authors explain how STEM coding can be understood as voicing computational utterances, rather than a technocentric framing of building computational artifacts. Empirical chapters illustrate this theoretical stance by investigating different framings of coding as voicing. Understanding the experiential nature of coding allows us to design better tools and curricula for students, and enables us to see computing as experience beyond the mastery of symbolic power. Arguing for a critical phenomenology of coding, the authors explain that the phenomenological dimension refocuses attention on the fundamentally complex nature of human experiences that are involved in coding and learning to code. The critical dimension involves learning to recognize voices that historically have received less attention.
    Keywords: STEM Education ; Science Education ; Computing Education ; Computational Thinking ; Technocentrism ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNU Teaching of a specific subject
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    Inventive Minds (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Six essays by artificial intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky on how education can foster inventiveness, paired with commentary by Minsky's former colleagues and students. Marvin Minsky was a pioneering researcher in artificial intelligence whose work led to both theoretical and practical advances. His work was motivated not only by technological advancement but also by the desire to understand the workings of our own minds. Minsky's insights about the mind provide fresh perspectives on education and how children learn. This book collects for the first time six essays by Minsky on children, learning, and the potential of computers in school to enrich children's development. In these essays Minsky discusses the shortcomings of conventional education (particularly in mathematics) and considers alternative approaches; reflects on the role of mentors; describes higher-level strategies for thinking across domains; and suggests projects for children to pursue. Each essay is paired with commentary by one of Minsky's former colleagues or students, which identifies Minsky's key ideas and connects his writings to current research. Minsky once observed that in traditional teaching, “instead of promoting inventiveness, we focus on preventing mistakes.” These essays offer Minsky's unique insights into how education can foster inventiveness. Commentary by Hal Abelson, Walter Bender, Alan Kay, Margaret Minsky, Brian Silverman, Gary Stager, Mike Travers, Patrick Henry Winston
    Keywords: computer science ; One Laptop per Child ; OLPC ; Logo ; scratch ; artificial intelligence ; AI ; W. Walter Grey ; MIT ; Seymour Papert ; Alan Kay ; Dynabook ; Hal Abelson ; Gary Stager ; Margaret Minsky ; Patrick Winston ; Brian Silverman ; Walter Bender ; Media Lab ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNA Philosophy & theory of education
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    Computational Thinking Education in K–12 (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: A guide to computational thinking education, with a focus on artificial intelligence literacy and the integration of computing and physical objects. Computing has become an essential part of today's primary and secondary school curricula. In recent years, K–12 computer education has shifted from computer science itself to the broader perspective of computational thinking (CT), which is less about technology than a way of thinking and solving problems—“a fundamental skill for everyone, not just computer scientists,” in the words of Jeanette Wing, author of a foundational article on CT. This volume introduces a variety of approaches to CT in K–12 education, offering a wide range of international perspectives that focus on artificial intelligence (AI) literacy and the integration of computing and physical objects. The book first offers an overview of CT and its importance in K–12 education, covering such topics as the rationale for teaching CT; programming as a general problem-solving skill; and the “phenomenon-based learning” approach. It then addresses the educational implications of the explosion in AI research, discussing, among other things, the importance of teaching children to be conscientious designers and consumers of AI. Finally, the book examines the increasing influence of physical devices in CT education, considering the learning opportunities offered by robotics. Contributors Harold Abelson, Cynthia Breazeal, Karen Brennan, Michael E. Caspersen, Christian Dindler, Daniella DiPaola, Nardie Fanchamps, Christina Gardner-McCune, Mark Guzdial, Kai Hakkarainen, Fredrik Heintz, Paul Hennissen, H. Ulrich Hoppe, Ole Sejer Iversen, Siu-Cheung Kong, Wai-Ying Kwok, Sven Manske, Jesús Moreno-León, Blakeley H. Payne, Sini Riikonen, Gregorio Robles, Marcos Román-González, Pirita Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, Ju-Ling Shih, Pasi Silander, Lou Slangen, Rachel Charlotte Smith, Marcus Specht, Florence R. Sullivan, David S. Touretzky
    Keywords: Computational Thinking Education ; K-12 Education ; Artificial Intelligence ; Physical Computing ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
    Language: English
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    The Future of Thinking (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: How traditional learning institutions can become as innovative, flexible, robust, and collaborative as the best social networking sites. Over the past two decades, the way we learn has changed dramatically. We have new sources of information and new ways to exchange and to interact with information. But our schools and the way we teach have remained largely the same for years, even centuries. What happens to traditional educational institutions when learning also takes place on a vast range of Internet sites, from Pokemon Web pages to Wikipedia? This report investigates how traditional learning institutions can become as innovative, flexible, robust, and collaborative as the best social networking sites. The authors propose an alternative definition of “institution” as a “mobilizing network”—emphasizing its flexibility, the permeability of its boundaries, its interactive productivity, and its potential as a catalyst for change—and explore the implications for higher education. The Future of Thinking reports on innovative, virtual institutions. It also uses the idea of a virtual institution both as part of its subject matter and as part of its process: the first draft of the book was hosted on a Web site for collaborative feedback and writing. The authors use this experiment in participatory writing as a test case for virtual institutions, learning institutions, and a new form of collaborative authorship. The finished version is still posted and open for comment. This book is the full-length report of the project, which was summarized in an earlier MacArthur volume, The Future of Learning Institutions in a Digital Age.
    Keywords: Media studies ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies::JFDV Advertising & society ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
    Language: English
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    Proxies (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: How those with the power to design technology, in the very moment of design, are allowed to imagine who is included—and who is excluded—in the future. Our world is built on an array of standards we are compelled to share. In Proxies, Dylan Mulvin examines how we arrive at those standards, asking, “To whom and to what do we delegate the power to stand in for the world?” Mulvin shows how those with the power to design technology, in the very moment of design, are allowed to imagine who is included—and who is excluded—in the future. For designers of technology, some bits of the world end up standing in for other bits, standards with which they build and calibrate. These “proxies” carry specific values, even as they disappear from view. Mulvin explores the ways technologies, standards, and infrastructures inescapably reflect the cultural milieus of their bureaucratic homes. Drawing on archival research, he investigates some of the basic building-blocks of our shared infrastructures. He tells the history of technology through the labor and communal practices of, among others, the people who clean kilograms to make the metric system run, the women who pose as test images, and the actors who embody disease and disability for medical students. Each case maps the ways standards and infrastructure rely on prototypical ideas of whiteness, able-bodiedness, and purity to control and contain the messiness of reality. Standards and infrastructures, Mulvin argues, shape and distort the possibilities of representation, the meaning of difference, and the levers of change and social justice.
    Keywords: History of engineering and technology ; Media studies ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies::JBCT3 Media studies: advertising and society
    Language: English
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    Kids and Credibility (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Findings from a survey of youthful Internet users that was designed to assess kids' beliefs about the credibility of online information. How well do children navigate the ocean of information that is available online? The enormous variety of Web-based resources represents both opportunities and challenges for Internet-savvy kids, offering extraordinary potential for learning and social connection but little guidance on assessing the reliability of online information. This book reports on the first large-scale survey to examine children's online information-seeking strategies and their beliefs about the credibility of that information. This Web-based survey of 2,747 children, ages 11 to 18 (and their parents), confirms children's heavy reliance on the Internet. They are concerned about the credibility of online information, but 89 percent believe that “some” to “a lot” of it is believable; and, choosing among several options, they rate the Internet as the most believable information source for entertainment, commercial products, and schoolwork (more credible than books for papers or projects). Most have more faith information found on Wikipedia more than they say others should; and they consider an article on the Web site of Encyclopedia Britannica more believable than the identical article found on Wikipedia. Other findings show that children are appropriately skeptical of trusting strangers they meet online, but not skeptical enough about entertainment and health information found online. Older kids are more rigorous in their assessment of online information than younger ones; younger children are less analytical and more likely to be fooled.
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
    Language: English
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    Frankenstein (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The original 1818 text of Mary Shelley's classic novel, with annotations and essays highlighting its scientific, ethical, and cautionary aspects. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has endured in the popular imagination for two hundred years. Begun as a ghost story by an intellectually and socially precocious eighteen-year-old author during a cold and rainy summer on the shores of Lake Geneva, the dramatic tale of Victor Frankenstein and his stitched-together creature can be read as the ultimate parable of scientific hubris. Victor, “the modern Prometheus,” tried to do what he perhaps should have left to Nature: create life. Although the novel is most often discussed in literary-historical terms—as a seminal example of romanticism or as a groundbreaking early work of science fiction—Mary Shelley was keenly aware of contemporary scientific developments and incorporated them into her story. In our era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and climate engineering, this edition of Frankenstein will resonate forcefully for readers with a background or interest in science and engineering, and anyone intrigued by the fundamental questions of creativity and responsibility. This edition of Frankenstein pairs the original 1818 version of the manuscript—meticulously line-edited and amended by Charles E. Robinson, one of the world's preeminent authorities on the text—with annotations and essays by leading scholars exploring the social and ethical aspects of scientific creativity raised by this remarkable story. The result is a unique and accessible edition of one of the most thought-provoking and influential novels ever written. Essays by Elizabeth Bear, Cory Doctorow, Heather E. Douglas, Josephine Johnston, Kate MacCord, Jane Maienschein, Anne K. Mellor, Alfred Nordmann
    Keywords: science fiction ; gothic ; horror ; European ; British ; literature ; fiction ; cautionary tale ; STEM ; science ; bioethics ; classic ; bicentennial ; Josephine Johnston ; Cory Doctorow ; Jane Maienschein ; Kate MacCord ; Alfred Nordmann ; Elizabeth Bear ; Anne K. Mellor ; Heather E. Douglas ; Frankenstein ; Creature ; Monster ; Mary Shelley ; Makers ; women in science ; science and anti-science ; values in science ; responsible innovation ; Industrial Revolution ; Mary Wollstonecraft ; William Godwin ; Percy Bysshe Shelley ; Galvanism ; Mount Tambora ; Myths ; Two Cultures ; epistolary novel ; Victor Frankenstein ; Geneva ; Prometheus ; Arctic ; Lord Byron ; John Polidori ; ghost stories ; Revisions ; Electricity ; Lightning ; Vitalism ; Chemistry ; Extinction ; Magnetism ; Moral responsibility ; Legal responsibility ; Social responsibility ; Consequences ; Obligations ; Ethics ; Maker Culture ; DIY ; Technology Adjacent Possible ; Facebook ; Surveillance ; Aristotle ; Fetal development ; Epigenesis ; Embryo ; Person ; Technoscience ; Alchemy ; uncanny valley ; animation ; complexity ; Morality ; Monstrosity ; Christianity ; Otherness ; Gender ; Nature ; Domestic Affections ; Women ; Sexuality ; Technical Sweetness ; Los Alamos ; Trinity Test ; Scientific Responsibility ; Nuclear Weapons ; adjacent possible ; synthetic biology ; robotics ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FB Fiction: general and literary::FBC Classic fiction: general and literary ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FL Science fiction::FLC Classic science fiction
    Language: English
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    Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Many teens today who use the Internet are actively involved in participatory cultures—joining online communities (Facebook, message boards, game clans), producing creative work in new forms (digital sampling, modding, fan videomaking, fan fiction), working in teams to complete tasks and develop new knowledge (as in Wikipedia), and shaping the flow of media (as in blogging or podcasting). A growing body of scholarship suggests potential benefits of these activities, including opportunities for peer-to-peer learning, development of skills useful in the modern workplace, and a more empowered conception of citizenship. Some argue that young people pick up these key skills and competencies on their own by interacting with popular culture; but the problems of unequal access, lack of media transparency, and the breakdown of traditional forms of socialization and professional training suggest a role for policy and pedagogical intervention. This report aims to shift the conversation about the "digital divide" from questions about access to technology to questions about access to opportunities for involvement in participatory culture and how to provide all young people with the chance to develop the cultural competencies and social skills needed. Fostering these skills, the authors argue, requires a systemic approach to media education; schools, afterschool programs, and parents all have distinctive roles to play. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Reports on Digital Media and Learning
    Keywords: Impact of science and technology on society ; Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science & technology on society
    Language: English
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    The Mobile Workshop (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: How the presence of the tsetse fly turned the African forest into an open laboratory where African knowledge formed the basis of colonial tsetse control policies. The tsetse fly is a pan-African insect that bites an infective forest animal and ingests blood filled with invisible parasites, which it carries and transmits into cattle and people as it bites them, leading to n'gana (animal trypanosomiasis) and sleeping sickness. In The Mobile Workshop, Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga examines how the presence of the tsetse fly turned the forests of Zimbabwe and southern Africa into an open laboratory where African knowledge formed the basis of colonial tsetse control policies. He traces the pestiferous work that an indefatigable, mobile insect does through its movements, and the work done by humans to control it. Mavhunga's account restores the central role not just of African labor but of African intellect in the production of knowledge about the tsetse fly. He describes how European colonizers built on and beyond this knowledge toward destructive and toxic methods, including cutting down entire forests, forced “prophylactic” resettlement, massive destruction of wild animals, and extensive spraying of organochlorine pesticides. Throughout, Mavhunga uses African terms to describe the African experience, taking vernacular concepts as starting points in writing a narrative of ruzivo (knowledge) rather than viewing Africa through foreign keywords. The tsetse fly became a site of knowledge production—a mobile workshop of pestilence.
    Keywords: tsetse fly ; Zimbabwe culture ; Blood ; Mobilities ; mobility of knowledge ; mobility studies ; Africa studies ; global south ; colonial studies ; Pests ; Dehumanization ; thingification ; environmental studies ; environmentalism ; De-Intellectualization ; Chepfu ; Knowledge ; knowledge production ; Eugenics ; colonialism ; racism ; imperialism ; Bantu Studies ; African Studies ; Africans as objects of study ; Négritude ; Self-reintellectualization ; Trypanosomiasis ; parasitization ; attractant studies ; Gomarara ; cancer ; Chemoprophylaxis ; Glossina ; chidzimbahwe ; vedzimbahwe ; ndedzi ; mhesvamukono ; Mhesvi ; Vachena ; Vatema ; Hutachiwana ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHH African history ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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    Sex Dolls at Sea (2022)
    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Investigating and reimagining the origin story of the sex doll through the tale of the sailor's dames de voyage. The sex doll and its high-tech counterpart the sex robot have gone mainstream, as both the object of consumer desire and the subject of academic study. But sex dolls, and sexual technology in general, are nothing new. Sex dolls have been around for centuries. In Sex Dolls at Sea, Bo Ruberg explores the origin story of the sex doll, investigating its cultural implications and considering who has been marginalized and who has been privileged in the narrative. Ruberg examines the generally accepted story that the first sex dolls were dames de voyage, rudimentary figures made of cloth and leather scraps by European sailors on long, lonely ocean voyages in centuries past. In search of supporting evidence for the lonesome sailor sex doll theory, Ruberg uncovers the real history of the sex doll. The earliest commercial sex dolls were not the dames de voyage but the femmes en caoutchouc: “women” made of inflatable vulcanized rubber, beginning in the late nineteenth century. Interrogating the sailor sex doll origin story, Ruberg finds beneath the surface a web of issues relating to gender, sexuality, race, and colonialism. What has been lost in the history of the sex doll and other sex tech, Ruberg tells us, are the stories of the sex workers, women, queer people, and people of color whose lives have been bound up with these technologies.
    Keywords: Sex;technology;sexual technologies;sex tech;sex dolls;sex toys;history of sexuality;history of technology;sexual history;history of sex dolls;history of sex toys;history of sex tech;technological history;historiography;computer history;feminist history;media history;sex robots;digital media;feminist media studies;gender;sexuality;queer;race;colonialism;masculinity;alternate histories ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies::JBCT3 Media studies: advertising and society
    Language: English
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