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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (3,679)
  • Fisheries
  • 2020-2024  (8)
  • 1975-1979  (3,681)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: In a marine environment that is rapidly changing due to anthropogenic activities and climate change, area-based management tools are often used to mitigate threats and conserve biodiversity. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are amongst the most widespread and recognized marine conservation tools worldwide, however, MPAs alone are inadequate to address the environmental crisis. The promotion of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) under draft Target 3 of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, i.e., conserving 30% of marine areas by 2030, holds promise to acknowledge sites and practices occurring beyond MPAs that contribute to conservation. Here, we evaluate the potential recognition of OECMs into Indonesia's national policy framework on marine resource management and provide the first-ever overview of distribution and types of potential marine OECMs in Indonesia, including a review of the existing evidence on conservation effectiveness. We identified 〉 390 potential marine OECMs, led by government, customary and local communities, or the private sector, towards diverse management objectives, including habitat protection, traditional/customary management, fisheries, tourism, or other purposes. While some evidence exists regarding the conservation effectiveness of these practices, the long-term impacts on biodiversity of all potential marine OECMs in Indonesia are unknown. Many OECM elements have been included in several national policies, yet there are no established mechanisms to identify, recognize and report sites as OECMs in Indonesia. We propose four transformational strategies for future OECM recognition in Indonesia, namely: (i) safeguard customary and traditional communities, (ii) leverage cross-sector and cross-scale collaboration, (iii) focus on delivering outcomes, and (iv) streamline legal frameworks. Our study shows that OECMs have the potential to play a significant role in underpinning marine area-based conservation in Indonesia, including supporting the Government of Indonesia in reaching national and international conservation targets and goals.
    Keywords: Area-based management ; Biodiversity conservation ; Customary management ; Fisheries ; Co-management ; Sustainable marine management
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: This draft White Paper has been prepared as part of the Vision 2030 process of the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (hereafter, Ocean Decade). The Vision 2030 process aims to identify tangible measures of success for each of the ten Ocean Decade Challenges by 2030. From a starting point of existing initiatives underway in the Ocean Decade and beyond, and through a lens of priority user needs, the process determines critical gaps in science and knowledge, needs for capacity development, priority datasets, infrastructure, and technology for each Challenge. Focusing investments in science and knowledge to address these needs will help ensure progress towards meeting each critical Challenge by the end of the Ocean Decade in 2030. The results of the process will contribute to the scoping of future Decade Actions, identification of resource mobilisation priorities, and ensure relevance of the Challenges over time. This draft White Paper is one of a series of ten White Papers, all of which have been authored by an expert Working Group and discussed at the 2024 Ocean Decade Conference. A synthesis report, authored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO/IOC), will accompany the White Papers. With a substantial portion of people depending on the ocean as a primary source of nutrition and livelihood, a significant challenge comes into focus: How can we ensure that the ocean's resources continue to effectively nourish an expanding global population? The Ocean Decade responds to this critical concern through its Challenge 3: “Sustainably nourish the global population”.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Food ; Agriculture ; Sustainable economy ; Fisheries ; World population ; Ocean economy ; Nutrition ; Aquatic foods ; Aquaculture ; Sustainable production ; Forward look ; Vision paper
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 33pp.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multilake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101988
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Erosion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: living marine resources ; Forecasting ; prediction ; fish ; Fisheries ; Seasonal to Decadal Prediction ; Climate services ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans)
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book explores fishing livelihoods in the context of the wider contexts in which they are embedded. Drawing on case studies from across the Asia-Pacific region, the book highlights how fishing livelihoods are shaped by globalisation, social relationships and governance. The book concludes by showing how better understanding these relationships can contribute to governance for healthier ecosystems and social wellbeing. This is an open access book. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; marine social science ; fishing livelihoods in the Asia-Pacific ; sustainable fishing ; environmental sustainability ; food security ; coastal conservation ; fish stocks ; fisheries governance ; Fishing livelihoods and social diversity ; Fishing livelihoods and wellbeing ; Open Access ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGB Physical geography and topography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-03-05
    Description: Con sus 220 km2 la región geográfica de Bahía de Nipe es el mayor acuatorio en su tipo en Cuba, donde se encuentran representaciones de diversos ecosistemas a lo largo de sus costas. Los asentamientos humanos y sus múltiples actividades productivas de importancia y magnitud, le dan a esta bahía relevancia como recurso natural que sustenta usos estratégicos para el país.
    Description: Other
    Keywords: Contaminación ; Metales pesados ; Fuentes contaminantes ; Pesquerías ; Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Plaguicides ; Fisheries ; Plaguicidas ; Sources pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: La producción de ostión en Cuba aumenta hacia el este, y los máximos de abundancia y captura se presentan en la zona costera cercana a la cuenca del río Cauto, en la región correspondiente al municipio Manzanillo, provincia de Granma. En esta región habitan el ostión de mangle antillano (Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828), y el ostión americano (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791). Aunque la tendencia histórica ha sido al incremento, posterior a 2013 (853 t) la producción promedio anual disminuye a 307 t. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el estado actual del recurso ostión y su aprovechamiento industrial en la región del golfo de Guacanayabo, en relación a la situación ambiental de sus hábitats. Se realizó un diagnóstico de la pesquería de ostión y de la gestión ambiental de la pesca extractiva para determinar impactos ecosistémicos. Se identificaron como principales factores de impacto negativo, que inciden sobre las poblaciones de ostión y sus hábitats, el incumplimiento del periodo de veda, el manejo inadecuado de la pesca extractiva, y eventos de contaminación, que afectan los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos del manglar y reducen las poblaciones de ostión. Se propone la ostricultura artesanal como alternativa pesquera sostenible y se proyectó un plan de producción de ostión para 2023-2030. Se estimó que a calidad ambiental de la región donde se desarrollan las especies de interés es adecuada para su desarrollo.
    Description: Oyster production in Cuba increases to the east, and the maximum abundance and catch occur in the coastal zone near the Cauto river basin, in the region corresponding to the Manzanillo municipality, Granma province. The West Indian mangrove oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828), and the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791) inhabit this region. Although the historical trend has been to increase, after 2013 (853 t) the average annual production decreases to 307 t. The objective of this research was to evaluate the current state of the oyster resource and its industrial use in the region of the Guacanayabo Gulf, in relation to the environmental situation of its habitats. A diagnosis of the oyster fishery and the environmental management of extractive fishing was carried out to determine ecosystem impacts. The main factors of negative impact, which affect oyster populations and their habitats, were identified as non-compliance with the closed season, inadequate management of extractive fishing, and pollution events, which affect the goods and ecosystem services of the mangrove and reduce oyster populations. Artisanal oyster farming is proposed as a sustainable fishing alternative and an oyster production plan was projected for 2023-2030. It is estimated that the environmental quality of the region where the species of interest develop is adequate for their development.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Golfo de Guacanayabo ; Gestión ambiental ; Pesquería ; Ostricultura ; Gulf of Guacanayabo ; Environmental management ; Fisheries ; Ostrich farming
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Description: The 60–80s of the last century were the period of the most rapid development of commercial oceanology in the Azov and Black Sea Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (AzCherNIRO, further renamed YugNIRO). In addition to the monitoring of oceanographic processes, it was involved in the areas of general marine ecology, monitoring of marine pollution, and space oceanology. Oceanographic information is used in forecasting the state of aquatic ecosystems at various timescales and is crucial for fishing forecasts. In 1981, a satellite data reception center was established in AzCherNIRO. In the 80–90s, in YugNIRO, an optimal procedure was created for multidimensional predictive monitoring of the state of the Black Sea ecosystem. In September 1986, within the Laboratory of Commercial Oceanology of the Black Sea, a group for the conservation of marine ecosystems was created, which turned into a sector in January 1989, and into a separate laboratory in December 1996. Its reasearchers carried out multidisciplinary environmental studies, investigating the ecological status of the aquatic areas affected by the facilities of the marine industry during their operation, monitoring the level of soil contamination, and excercising the toxicological control of fish and fish products. YugNIRO oceanological studies conducted in the World Ocean from the early 1970s to the early 1990s made it possible to link the productivity and catches of exploitable species to the atmospheric circulation, changes in the climatic fields of currents, as well as to the geo- and heliophysical factors, which enabled the fishing predictions with a one-year lead time or more for the fishing areas of the Central, Southeastern and Southwestern Indian Ocean, the Patagonian Shelf, and the Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica. In the 70–90s and early 2000s, YugNIRO conducted marine geological studies facilitating fishing operations and environmental protection in the Gulf of Aden, on the bottom elevations of the tropical and subtropical parts of the Indian Ocean, in the Antarctic Shelf area, and in the Black and Azov Seas. This article lays down the current major goals and prospects of commercial oceanology.
    Description: 60–80-е годы прошедшего столетия были в АзЧерНИРО (ЮгНИРО) периодом наиболее активного развития промысловой океанологии. Кроме мониторинга океанографических процессов она начала внедряться в сферы общей экологии моря, мониторинга загрязнения моря, космической океанологии. Океанографическая информация используется при разработке прогнозов состояния водных экосистем различной заблаговременности и является неотъемлемой составляющей рыбопромысловых прогнозов. В 1981 г. в АзЧерНИРО был создан центр приема спутниковой информации. В 1980–1990-х гг. в ЮгНИРО была создана оптимальная для Черного моря схема комплексного прогностического мониторинга состояния его экосистемы. В сентябре 1986 г. в составе лаборатории промысловой океанологии Черного моря была создана группа, в январе 1989 г. — сектор, в декабре 1996 г. — лаборатория охраны морских экосистем. Сотрудниками лаборатории проводились комплексные экологические исследования состояния акваторий предприятий морехозяйственого комплекса в условиях их производственной деятельности, контроль уровня загрязненности почв, токсикологический контроль рыбы и рыбопродукции. Океанологические исследования ЮгНИРО, проводимые в Мировом океане с начала 1970-х до начала 1990-х гг., позволили получить систему связей урожайности и вылова промысловых объектов с особенностями атмосферной циркуляции, изменениями макромасштабных полей течений, гео- и гелиофизическими факторам для прогноза промысловых характеристик с заблаговременностью год и более в промысловых районах центральной, юго-восточной и юго-западной частей Индийского океана, в районе Патагонского шельфа, в индоокеанском секторе Антарктики. Выполнение морских геологических работ в рыбопромысловых и природоохранных целях проводилось ЮгНИРО в 1970–1990-х и в начале 2000-х гг. в Аденском заливе, на поднятиях тропической и субтропической частей Индийского океана, на шельфе Антарктиды, в Черном и Азовском морях. В статье формулируются основные современные цели и пути развития промысловой океанологии.
    Description: Published
    Description: Non Refereed
    Keywords: Commercial oceanography ; Marine geology ; Ecosystems ; Fisheries ; Промысловая океанография ; Морская геология ; Экосистемы ; АзЧерНИРО ; ЮгНИРО ; Промысловые прогнозы ; Океанографическая информация ; Океанологические исследования ; YugNIRO ; AzCherNIRO ; ASFA_2015::F::Fishery oceanography ; ASFA_2015::F::Forecasting ; ASFA_2015::F::Fishery institutions ; ASFA_2015::M::Monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.159-169
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  • 9
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The videotape includes footage of the following: Voyagers to Jupiter, Pioneer to Saturn, High Energy Astronomy Observatory, space telescope, space shuttle, astronauts Young and Crippen, 10th anniversary of Apollo 11, Skylab reentry, Landsat, satellite freeze warning, Fire Fighting Module, SAGE, wind generators, Solar Energy Project, electric car research, XV-15, HiMAT, and crash worthiness tests.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ASR-178 , NASA-TM-109443 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190240
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The proceedings of a news conference on the Voyager 2 Jupiter project are presented. Topics include the instrumentation on the Voyager 2, Jupiter's atmosphere and magnetic field, the Jupiter moons, and the observations of lightning on Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80854 , P79-10189
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spatial distribution of major units of uniform relative age exposed in the far eastern maria and Mare Humorum was determined using a crater density mapping technique. Correlation of crater densities and radiometric ages of Apollo and Luna landing sites provided estimates of the absolute ages for the units. The combination of such data with relative age data from previous crater morphology studies produced a complete map of the distribution of major age units in the lunar near-side maria. The map shows that there are young (2.5 + or - 0.5 billion years old) mare basalts in the eastern maria, although most young flows occur in the western maria. The vents for the young flows generally are found along the edges of basins. Because old mare units (greater than 3.5 billion years old) are also commonly found around the edges of the basins, it is suggested that the basins were subsiding during filling, probably as a result of isostatic compensation due to the weight of the lava.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 13, 1978 - Mar 17, 1978; Houston, TX
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  • 12
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Viking spacecraft are described as well as the instruments carried to accomplish the combined goal of studying the atmosphere and geology of the entire planet, and to analyze the Martian soil and search for life in two specific locations. Imagery received from the spacecraft illustrate discussions of the planetary surface, composition, and winds. Suggestions for further reading are included along with a list of available NASA film. Experiments and activities for classroom use are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: EP-146
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Mass spectrometer experiments installed on the descent vehicles of the Venera-11 and the Venera-12 are described. Data on the chemical composition of the lower atmosphere of Venus is discussed with emphasis on the isotope state of the basic components (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) and of the inert gases.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75477
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Eight analyses of the atmosphere of Venus were made beginning at an altitude of 42 km right down to the surface of the planet. The following were detected in the atmosphere of Venus: nitrogen in concentrations of 2.5 plus or minus 0.5 volumetric %, argon ir concentrations (4 plus or minus 2) x 10 to the minus 3 power volumetric %, CO--(2.8 plus or minus 1.4) x 10 to the minus 3 power volumetric % and SO2 in concentrations (1.3 plus or minus 0.6) x 10 to the minus 2 power volumetric %. The upper limits were estimated for the content of oxygen and water equal to 2 x 10 to the minus 3 power and 10 to the minus 2 power volumetric %, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75476
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  • 15
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A NASA News Release is presented which contains the following: (1) general release; (2) two views of Voyager 2 flight past Jupiter; (3) Voyager mission summary; (4) Voyager 1 science results; (5) Jupiter science objectives; (6) Jupiter the planet and its satellites; (7) Voyager experiments; (8) planet comparison; (9) a list of Voyager science investigators and (10) the Voyager team.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-86 , P79-10088
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  • 16
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Altitudes and relative ages of mare surface units were compared to test if a systematic correlation in height of lava eruption surfaces and age might reflect a corresponding increase in depth of the magma chamber with time; in addition the altitudes were studied to shed light on the time and place of warping of mare surfaces. The laser altimeter data from the Apollo missions and relative age data based on crater erosion models and crater counts were used for the study. The data were correlated by using the image data bank of the Lunar Geoscience Consortium. Results of the first part of the study are inconclusive as no systematic increase in height of lavas with time could be shown. The data of the second part of the study support the conclusion that mare surfaces may have warped throughout most of the time represented by sample ages from the Apollo missions, and that the lithosphere may have become strong enough to remain stable after the time of Apollo 12 samples around 3 b.y. ago.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 17
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of the Viking Mars probe is presented. The Viking spacecraft is described and a brief history of the earlier observations and exploration of Mars is provided. A number of the Viking photographs of the Martian surface are presented and a discussion of the experiments Viking performed including a confirmation of the general theory of relativity are reported. Martian surface chemistry is discussed and experiments to study the weather on Mars are reported.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-EP-146
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Altitude profiles of the concentrations of the atmospheric components measured by the on board mass spectrometers during the descent of Viking lander are discussed by assuming that temperature has a smoother profile, and the eddy mixing coefficients are smaller at altitudes of 120 to 170 km than those formally determined. The influence of acoustic gravitational waves and errors in measurements and calculations are discussed in relation to the convolutions in the altitude profiles of the concentrations of the atmospheric components and the temperature of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75717 , PR-343
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A numerical simulation of the process of formation of the terrestrial planets is carried within the framework of a new theory for the accumulation of planetary and satellite systems. The numerical simulation permitted determining the parameters of the protoplanetary disk from which Mercury, Venus and the Earth were formed as result of the evolution. The acquisition of a slow retrograde rotation for Venus was discovered during the course of the investigation, whereas Mercury and the Earth acquired direct rotation about their axes. Deviations of the semimajor axes of these three planets as well as the masses of the Earth and Venus from the true values are small as a rule (l 10%). It is shown that during the accumulation of the terrestrial planets, there existed a profound relationship between the process of formation of the orbits and masses of the planet and the process of formation of their rotation about their axes. Estimates are presented for the radii of the initial effective bodies and the time of evolution for the terrestrial accumulation zone.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75641 , PREPRINT-135
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  • 20
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Scientific objectives and mission strategies for a flyby of Halley's comet and rendezvous with Tempel-2 are discussed. Instrumentation to be carried by both the rendezvous spacecraft and the coma probe payload are listed. Known characteristics of both comets are summarized.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80542
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  • 21
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Physical features of the planet Venus, including its rotational characteristics and the surface properties observed by NASA's Deep Space Network radar scanner and Soviet spacecraft are examined. Atmospheric composition and circulation and the nature of the Venus clouds are also discussed in this instructional pamphlet. A reading list and student projects are included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79954 , NF-86/12-77
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  • 22
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: General scientific questions and measurement objectives that can be addressed on a first comet mission relate to: (1) the chemical nature and the physical structure of comet nuclei as well as the changes that occur as functions of time and orbital position; (2) the chemical and physical nature of the atmospheres and ionospheres of comets, the processes which occur in them, and the development of these atmospheres and ionospheres as functions of time and orbital position; and (3) the nature of comet tails, the processes by which they are formed, and the interaction of comets with the solar wind. Capabilities of the various instruments required are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80543
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  • 23
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of the Voyager mission to Jupiter, Saturn, and possibly Uranus is presented. Scientific instruments onboard the spacecraft are described as well as methods used for their calibration and evaluation during the cruise phase of the mission. Experiments to be performed cover the following areas: imaging science, radio science, cosmic rays, ultraviolet spectroscopy, photopolarimetry, planetary radio astronomy, magnetic fields, low-energy charged particles, plasma science, and infrared radiometry and spectroscopy. A list of the satellites of Jupiter and their diameters, distances, and periods is included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-23 , P79-10024
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  • 24
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Galileo Jupiter orbiter and its science investigations are briefly described as a baseline design for a Saturn orbiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: JPL The Saturn System; p 379-384
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  • 25
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The current state of asteroid science is assessed. Future space missions to gain more knowledge on asteroid relationship to solar system formation are outlined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CP-2053 , Jan 19, 1978 - Jan 21, 1978; Chicago
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Global mean distributions of Martian atmospheric components concentrations from the planet's surface up to an altitude of 250 km are calculated. Improved data on the turbulent mixing coefficient, as a function of altitude, on temperature distribution and on chemical and photochemical reaction rates are used. The model data agree well with available measurements of some components concentrations. Variations of composition due to long-period variations of temperature, moisture and turbulent mixing are investigated. The relative significance of different catalytic cycles and the important role of excited atoms 0 (d-1) are revealed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75048
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Formation of the equatorial jet of the Jovian surface was explained as a consequence of the Taylor-Proudman theorem. The asymptotic theory of motion of low viscosity fluids in a rotating spherical shear layer was included. The model shows the straited structure of the Jovian surface as the outflow of convective cells having the shape of axisymmetric rolls extended along the axis of rotation in the meridional direction. Depth of the layer was found to be of the order of 1000 kilometers.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75247
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The science objectives of a first comet mission are reviewed and related to what is known or can be expected to be learned in the near future from ground-based and near earth observations. A set of instruments and their science objectives are defined for a mission to Comet Halley during its 1985/86 apparition. The benefits from a fast flyby, a slow flyby, or a rendezvous mission and the relative impact of each on the instrument payload were assessed. The relative scientific value of encounters with the comet at distances from the sun ranging from 1 AU to 2.5 AU, including possible tradeoffs between flyby velocity and distance was considered. Pre- and post-perihelion encounters were likewise evaluated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78420
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The NASA Voyager mission to explore planets of the outer solar system is summarized. The mission schedule and profiles for encounters with Jupiter and Saturn, and possibly with Uranus and Pluto are included along with a description of the spacecraft and its trajectories. Scientific investigations to be made and the instruments carried are also discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-420
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  • 30
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Theoretical understanding of geologic processes of all planets and satellites is the ultimate goal of comparative geologic studies, simply because it is not possible to sample and study all bodies in the solar system in situ. Theories must make verifiable predictions, be able to test the aptness of terrestrial analogs, and ultimately should provide direction for future planetary research.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 85-106
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The atmosphere and topography of Venus were studied in detail from the Venera-9 and Venera-10. Research on plasma around the Sun was also carried out. Information on pressure, temperature and gas composition of the atmosphere in five regions of the planet was obtained. The Venera-9 and Venera-10 transmitted useful information for several months, making a detailed study possible. Radio waves and fluoroscopy were used as the research methods.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75578
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography cites publications submitted by 484 principal investigators and their associates who were supported through NASA's Office of Space Sciences Planetary Geology Program. Subject classifications include: solar system formation, comets, and asteroids; planetary satellites, planetary interiors, geological and geochemical constraints on planetary evolution; impact crater studies, volcanism, eolian studies, fluvian studies, Mars geological mapping; Mercury geological mapping; planetary cartography; and instrument development and techniques. An author/editor index is provided.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79732
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The history of naming the details of the relief on the near and reverse sides of the moon is examined. The book contains lists of the names of craters of the reverse side of the moon in Russian and the Latin spellings.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75035
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  • 34
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Numerous questions generated by past Soviet and U.S. Venus missions regarding the climate and history of Venus have stimulated the initiation of a new U.S. program of Venus probes and orbiters. Among the issues that these missions are intended to resolve are the intensity of sunlight reaching the surface of the planet, the extent and composition of the cloud layer, and the mechanisms responsible for the extremely high surface temperatures measured by earlier probes. Also of interest are the reasons for the sharply differing terrains revealed by the Soviet probes Venera 9 and 10. Clarification of such questions may be expected to improve understanding of the origin of life on earth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Natural History; 85; June-Jul
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  • 35
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Staffing, financing and budget controls, and research grant allocations of NASA are reviewed with emphasis on NASA-supported research in planetary geological sciences: studies of the composition, structure, and history of solar system planets. Programs, techniques, and research grants for studies of Mars photographs acquired through Mariner 6-10 flights are discussed at length, and particularly the handling of computer-enhanced photographic data. Scheduled future NASA-sponsored planet exploration missions (to Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus) are mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 51; Jan. 197
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  • 36
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Various phases of planetary operations related to the Viking mission to Mars are described. Topics discussed include: approach phase, Mars orbit insertion, prelanding orbital activities, separation, descent and landing, surface operations, surface sampling and operations starting, orbiter science and radio science, Viking 2, Deep Space Network and data handling.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-76-116
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The scientific goals of the Viking mission are described. The science investigations to be carried out are explained and a timetable of planetary operations is outlined. Descriptions of the Viking orbiter and lander systems are presented including explanations of the Viking experimental instrument subsystems.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-76-103 , P76-10101
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  • 38
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Abstracts of reports which summarize work conducted by Planetology Program Principal Investigators are presented. Full reports of selected abstracts were presented to the annual meeting of Planetology Program Principal Investigators at the Center for Astrogeology, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona, March 8, 9, 19, 1976.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3364
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  • 39
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data derived from Mariners 6, 7, and 9, Russian Mars probes, and photographic and radar observations conducted from earth are used to develop engineering models of Martian surface properties. These models are used in mission planning and in the design of landing and exploration vehicles. Optical models needed in the design of camera systems, dielectric properties needed in the design of radar systems, and thermal properties needed in the design of the spacecraft thermal control system are included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-SP-8020-REV
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  • 40
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Pioneer 11's encounter with Jupiter is discussed in detail. The scientific experiments carried out on the probe are described along with the instruments used. Tables are included which provide data on the times of experiments, encounters, and the distances from Jupiter. Educational study projects are also given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66833 , ISSUE-7
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  • 41
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The evolution of Jupiter and Earth are discussed along with their atmospheres, the radiation belts around both planets, natural satellites, the evolution of life, and the Pioneer 10. Educational study projects are also included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66829 , ISSUE-3
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  • 42
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Pioneer 10's encounter with Jupiter is discussed along with the interplanetary space beyond the orbit of Mars. Other topics discussed include the size of Jupiter, the Galilean satellites, the magnetic field of Jupiter, radiation belts, Jupiter's weather and interior, and future exploration possibilities. Educational projects are also included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66832 , ISSUE-6
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  • 43
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The planet Jupiter, its planetary mass and atmosphere, radio waves emitted from Jupiter, thermal radiation, internal structure of Jupiter, and the possibility of life on Jupiter are discussed. Educational study projects are included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66828 , ISSUE-2
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  • 44
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Jupiter, its relationship to the other planets in the solar system, its twelve natural satellites, solar orbit and the appearance of Jupiter in the sky, and the sightings and motions of Jupiter in 1973 are discussed. Educational study projects for students are also included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66827 , ISSUE-1
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  • 45
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 55-60
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: More than 20 local Martian dust clouds and two global dust storms were observed with the Viking Orbiter camera. Sixteen of the local clouds were imaged in two colors or were observed with other instruments confirming their identification as dust clouds. These Viking results are compared with earth-based observations of Martian dust storms and with Mariner 9 data. Most of the dust activity seen by Viking occurred during southern hemisphere spring and early summer, when Mars was near perihelion and insolation was near maximum. About half the local clouds occurred near the edge of the southern polar cap, where winds are presumably enhanced by a strong regional temperature gradient. The other half occurred mainly in the southern hemisphere near regions where circulation models incorporating topography predict positive vertical velocities. Although dust clouds observed from earth show a similar partial correlation with models, some ambiguity exists concerning interpretation of regions near Hellespontus that have spawned the most spectacular Martian dust storms on record.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 10
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spring-summer retreat of the south polar cap of Mars is portrayed in photomosaics obtained by Viking Orbiter 2 during 1977. Comparisons of these data to Mariner 9 photos and to the record of telescopic observations attest that the polar retreat viewed by Viking was significantly slower than those previously reported. A global dust storm which occurred at an unusually early season may have effected this retarded recession by introducing dust into the atmosphere of Mars which modified the polar energy balance through scattering of incident radiation. The composition of the south residual cap cannot be unambiguously determined at this time; however, some data suggest that CO2 or clathrate survived the entire summer viewed by Viking.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 10
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The retreat of Mars' south polar cap during spring and summer was observed in detail by Viking orbiters. This regression was significantly slower than those observed previously by telescope and by Mariner 9. The retardation may have been caused by a reduction in surface insolation brought about by aerosols produced in an unusually early global dust storm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Evolution of planetary atmospheres and climatology of the earth; International Conference; Oct 16, 1978 - Oct 20, 1978; Nice; France
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  • 49
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As a result of the Apollo program and other lunar probes, questions that remained unsolved during centuries of speculation and scientific study can now be answered concerning the composition, core, surface, age, and history of the moon. Data obtained from lunar samples and instruments on the lunar surface are being used to gain insight into the history of the earth and the other planets, planetary evolution, the development of planetary magnetic fields, the nature of the solar wind, and how the Sun operates. Projects suggested for using the moon to increase understanding of geophysics are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-EP-131
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data received from Venera 11 and 12 experiments involving the electrical activity of the atmosphere of Venus show that the electrical discharges occur in the cloud layer. Their energy is roughly the same as in terrestrial lightning, but with a pulse repetition frequency of the discharges which is much greater.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75639
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The evolution of Jupiter, as well as its rotation, atmosphere and magnetosphere are described in this third in a series of publications on the exploration of the outer planets by the Voyager spacecraft. Activities for student participation are included with a selected reading list.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79953 , NF-89
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: From near-infrared photometry (JHKL) of small bodies in the outer solar system a previously unrecognized class of planetary satellites is identified which may have surfaces mostly free of frosts of water, methane, or ammonia. These bodies - including two satellites of Uranus (Titania and Oberon), and one each of Saturn (Hyperion) and Neptune (Triton) - have surfaces characterized by neutral reflectance between J and H (1.25 and 1.60 microns) and rapidly decreasing reflectance at K (2.2 microns) and L (3.5 microns). It is pointed out that the 15 solid bodies in the outer solar system that have been satisfactorily observed (excluding the asteroids) fall into six classes according to spectral reflectance. The presence of water frost or ice on the surface of Enceladus is established.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In September 1977, a crater studies workshop was held for the purpose of developing standard data analysis and presentation techniques. This report contains the unanimous recommendations of the participants. This first meeting considered primarily crater size-frequency data. Future meetings will treat other aspects of crater studies such as morphologies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79730
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The article gives a general discussion of the state of knowledge concerning the composition, structure, and history of the moon, with attention focused on the new data obtained from the study of the results of Apollo and Luna experiments. The general characteristics of the lunar rocks are mentioned and compared with those of the earth. A possible structure for the lunar interior, as revealed by data on moonquakes, heat flow measurements, and meteorite impacts is sketched. A scenario for the history of the moon is outlined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 53; Mar. 197
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  • 55
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The purpose of the present paper is to review all asteroid diameter measurements, current through mid-1976, and to combine them in a consistent way to give the best available estimates for a sample totalling 187 objects. From these diameters it is possible to determine the size-distributions of minor planets down to diameters of 50 km in the inner belt and 100 km in the outer belt. The associated albedos further indicate the distribution of objects of the C, S, and M classes throughout the belt.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: International Colloquium; Aug 17, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Lyons; France
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  • 56
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-203 , P77-10201
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data obtained from the Viking missions to Mars have lead to comparisons between characteristics of that planet and certain aspects of earth. Topics discussed include: thermal and compositional evolution of the planets' interiors, the origin of their atmospheres, the history of their fluid environments, the evolution of organic material, and climatic changes. Examples of convective and magmatic activity on the crusts of the two planets are contrasted; outgassing evidenced in the crustal zones is related to the evolution of atmosphere. Analysis of experimental degassing of meteorites provides further insight into the origin and composition of planetary atmospheres. Attributes of the Martian surface, which is apparently an oxidizing rather than reducing medium, are reviewed, and explanations proposed to account for its lack of an organic richness comparable to that found on earth. Data on long-range climatic changes on earth, related to precession, obliquity, and eccentricity of the planet, may contribute to understanding of the Martian polar caps, and vice versa.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Physics Today; 30; July 197
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  • 58
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    Description: The paper discusses the tremendous improvements in measurements of the asteroids since 1970, when polarimetric and radiometric methods began to replace the visual methods. A table is given which gives the sizes and albedos of 187 of the larger asteroids. When the asteroids are sorted according to albedo, they are seen to fall into two distinct groups: C-type, or carbonaceous, asteroids, with albedos of 2-5%, and a group of primarily stony or silicate bodies, the S asteroids, clustered around an albedo of 15%. The majority of the asteroids are seen to be very dark, and the maximum density in the asteroid belt must lie somewhere beyond 3.0 astronomical units.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 53; Mar. 197
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The density of the Martian soil is evaluated at a depth up to one meter using the results of radar measurement at lambda sub 0 = 3.8 cm and polarized radio astronomical measurement at lambda sub 0 = 3.4 cm conducted onboard the automatic interplanetary stations Mars 3 and Mars 5. The average value of the soil density according to all measurements is rho bar = 1.37 plus or minus 0.33 g/ cu cm. A map of the distribution of the permittivity and soil density is derived, which was drawn up according to radiophysical data in the 3 centimeter range.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75047
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The encounter time line and mission profile are presented for the Pioneer Venus 1 Spacecraft and for the four probes and transponder bus that comprise Pioneer Venus 2. Known facts about Venus are reviewed and the history of discoveries about the planet is related. Operations of the orbiter and multiprobe are described as well as the 30 instruments being carried and provisions for data transmission.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-78-181 , P78-10189
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Basic physical characteristics of Jupiter, its gravitational field, atmosphere, electromagnetic radiation, magnetosphere, meteorite situation and satellites are presented in tables, graphs and figures. Means of observation of the atmosphere and three models of the atmosphere are presented and analyzed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75564 , PR-282
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The thermal infrared emission of Venus measured by Venera-9 and Venera-10 is analyzed. The emission of the night side corresponds to a brightness temperature of 244 K. The brightest temperature of the day side is 233-234 K. The extent of the upper layer of clouds, in which the thermal emission is formed, is 4-6 km. The altitude of the emitting layer above the surface of the planet (64-67 km) is determined from the brightness temperature and the existing models of the atmosphere of Venus. In some cases, correlation is noted between the inhomogeneity and the details of the ultraviolet image. The day side temperatures strangely coincide with the freezing point of sulfuric acid at a concentration of 66-77%.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75539 , PR-289
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Viking 1 and 2 spacecraft were launched in August and September, 1975 on a ten month journey to begin an in depth study of the nature, origin and evolution of Mars. Upon arrival at Mars, the previously selected Viking 1 landing site was found to be unsuitable and a new site was selected by means of cameras mounted on the Viking orbiter, which also revealed features suggesting a history of liquid water on the Martian surface. Once the new site in the Cryse basin was selected, the Viking 1 lander separated from the orbiter and landed on July 20, 1976, followed by the Viking 2 lander in August, 1976 at a site considerably to the north of the first site. At the two sites, scanning facsimile cameras allowed the panoramic imaging of the terrain and measurements were made of local atmospheric and soil compositions, temperatures, pressures, winds and seasonal changes. Soil analyzers have not detected the presence of organic materials at these sites, and although the results of the life detection experiments are ambiguous, the likelihood of life on Mars seems extremely remote.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Origin of life; Second ISSOL Meeting and Fifth ICOL Meeting; Apr 05, 1977 - Apr 10, 1977; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In September 1977 a crater studies workshop was held for the purpose of developing standardized data analysis and presentation techniques. The present report contains the unanimous recommendations of the participants. Recommendations are devoted primarily to crater size-frequency data and refer to cumulative and relative size-frequency distribution plots and to morphological analysis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 37; Feb. 197
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  • 65
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Highlights of Voyager 1 activity during the observatory and far-encounter phases are summarized. Daily sequence of events for the spacecraft during the period of greatest encounter activity (Feb. 26 through Mar. 7) the near-encounter phase is given. Times shown designate the time of signal reception at Deep Space Network stations. Events listed emphasize activities pertaining to the four remote sensing instruments on the scan platforms. However, the other 7 experiments will continuously collect data throughout the encounter period.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79993 , S-802-77-01/02
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The early evolution of the atmospheres and climate of the Earth, Mars and Venus is discussed, based on a concept of common initial conditions and main processes (besides known differences in chemical composition and outgassing rate). It is concluded that: (1) liquid water appeared on the surface of the earth in the first few hundred million years; the average surface temperature was near the melting point for about the first two eons; CO2 was the main component of the atmosphere in the first 100-500 million years; (2) much more temperate outgassing and low solar heating led to the much later appearance of liquid water on the Martian surface, only one to two billion years ago; the Martian era of rivers, relatively dense atmosphere and warm climate ended as a result of irreversible chemical bonding of CO2 by Urey equilibrium processes; (3) a great lack of water in the primordial material of Venus is proposed; liquid water never was present on the surface of the planet, and there was practically no chemical bonding of CO2; the surface temperature was over 600 K four billion years ago.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75054 , PR-337
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  • 67
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Selection of landing site, observations of Martian topography from orbit, a log of entry into the Martian atmosphere and landing operations, and soil experiments executed at the landing site are recounted. Several photographs overviewing Martian terrain from orbit (1600 to 1900 km up) are shown. Soil sampling and analysis experiments and experiments designed to detect biotic activity (pyrolysis, labeled release of 14-carbon-tagged CO2, gas exchange and vapor chromatography, pyrolytic release) are described and some preliminary results reported. Results on surface geology and chemical composition of the Martian atmosphere are cited.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: American Scientist; 64; Nov
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The justification, scientific objectives, instrumentation, and strategy for a first comet mission are discussed. Topics include: mission target; rendezous, propulsion system requirements, measurement objectives, instrument capabilities for rendezvous and the tail probe payload, and backup missions if rendezvous with Halley's comet is not possible to achieve. Support research to be done by NASA is recommended.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78420-PT-2
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Recent measurements of rare gas abundances on Mars by Viking are used in testing an inhomogeneous accretion model for Mars. It is found that not only the relative abundance of H, C, N, Ne-20, A-36, Kr, and Xe, but their total amounts can be best explained if the outer layers of earth and Mars were made of a material similar to ordinary chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 266; Apr. 28
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Pioneer 10 space probe's encounter with the Jupiter is discussed in detail. Tables are presented which include data on the distances during the encounter, times of crossing satellite orbits, important events in the flight near Jupiter, and time of experiments. Educational study projects are also included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66831 , ISSUE-5
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Continuous global observations of Jupiter were made by Voyager 2 for a period of 63 days. Voyager 2 provided images that both complement and supplement the Voyager 1 images. The combined Voyager 1 and 2 observations of Jupiter provide an almost continuous record, over a 6-month period, of the behavior of the Jovian atmosphere at a resolution far better than can be obtained from earth-based studies. The present report briefly describes the changes in the cloud morphologies and local atmospheric motions. On Io, changes are observed in eruptive activity, plume structure, and surface albedo patterns. Europa's surface retains little or no record of intense meteorite bombardment, but reveals a system of overlapping bright and dark linear features. Ganymede exhibits at least one unit of heavily cratered terrain on a surface that otherwise suggests widespread tectonism. Except for two large ringed basins, Callisto's entire surface is heavily cratered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 206; Nov. 23
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The methods and results of measurements for wind speed and atmospheric turbulence in the clouds of Venus are described, and compared with earlier results. The distribution of wind speed obtained from the data of Venera 12 is in good conformity with the data of the preceding Venera and Pioneer probes, indicating the existence of a constant and powerful zonal movement of the troposphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75726
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  • 73
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-132 , P-79-10130
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A taxonomic system for asteroids is discussed which is based on seven directly observable parameters from polarimetry, spectrophotometry, radiometry, and UBV photometry. The classification scheme is entirely empirical and independent of specific mineralogical interpretations. Five broad classes (designated C, S, M, E, and R), as well as an 'unclassifiable' designation, are defined on the basis of observational data for 523 asteroids. Computer-generated type classifications and derived diameters are given for the 523 asteroids, and the application of the classification procedure is illustrated. Of the 523 asteroids classified, 190 are identified as C objects, 141 as S type, 13 as type M, three as type E, three as type R, 55 as unclassifiable, and 118 as ambiguous. The present taxonomic system is compared with several other asteroid classification systems.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 35; Sept
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Evolution of the plane protoplanetary cloud, consisting of a great number of gravitationally interacting and uniting under collision bodies (protoplanets) moving in the central field of a large mass (the Sun or a planet), is considered. It is shown that in the course of protoplanetary cloud evolution the ring zones of matter expansion and compression occur with the subsequent development leading to formation of planets, rotating about their axes mainly directly. The principal numerical results were obtained through digital simulation of planetary accumulation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75642 , PREPRINT-134
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  • 76
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Two areas of interest are elaborated: Saturn mission design history, and Saturn's place in NASA's program plans. The first area provides a view of how changing concepts and techniques can affect mission design and science return. The second puts Saturn in perspective with regard to its role in NASA's overall planetary program.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: JPL The Saturn System; p 3-6
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  • 77
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The present paper describes the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's plan for the exploration of the solar system during the next decade. The scientific and technological aspects of the overall strategy are discussed. The logic that defines the specific science investigations and the selection of the exploration targets is outlined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: EASCON ''78; Electronics and Aerospace Systems Convention; Sep 25, 1978 - Sep 27, 1978; Arlington, VA
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  • 78
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Based on the geological discoveries of the Apollo and Luna missions, the evolution of the moon is divided into seven major stages, beginning at some time near the end of the formation of the solar system. These stages are: (1) the beginning, 4.6 billion years ago (b.y.a.); (2) melting of the outer shell, 4.6 to 4.4 b.y.a.; (3) cratering of the highlands, 4.4 to 4.1 b.y.a.; (4) formation of the large basins, 4.1 to 3.9 b.y.a.; (5) formation of the light-colored plains, 3.9 to 3.8 b.y.a.; (6) formation of the basaltic maria, 3.8 to about 3.0 b.y.a.; and (7) the quiet-crust stage, about 3.0 b.y.a. to the present. Each Apollo and Luna mission is reviewed, emphasizing the most important discoveries and experiments performed. The limits on this interpretative understanding of the moon and the outlined sequence of events are pointed out.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 18; Dec. 197
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Included in this discussion of findings regarding the planet Jupiter are atmospheric characteristics, weather, the magnetosphere, radiation belts, radio emission, natural satellites, possible origins, the Great Red Spot, the interior and the possibility of life.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-76-91
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The characteristics of the field of radiation in the near surface layer of the atmosphere and on the surface of Venus are reported. Optical measurements made during the landing of the descent vehicles are described. The relief of the surface and the amount of dust on it are examined. The spectral relationship of the albedo of the soil and the light flux incident on the surface is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75716 , PR-338
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Televised images of Mars transmitted from interplanetary stations are used to develop a theory of the structure and development of the planet. Crater chronology, the structure of planetary bodies in the Earth group, and a comparison of the Earth planetary bodies are among the factors included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75604
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  • 82
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Abstracts of 110 papers relating to investigations of the planet Mars and intended for consideration at the colloquium are presented. Entries are arranged alphabetically according to the author's name.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CP-2072 , Jan 15, 1979 - Jan 18, 1979; Pasadena, CA; United States
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A compilation of abstracts of reports which summarizes work conducted by Planetary Geology Principal Investigators and their associates is presented. Full reports of these abstracts were presented to the annual meeting of Planetary Geology Principal Investigators and their associates at the Universtiy of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, May 31, June 1 and 2, 1978.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79729 , SL-4
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Lunar features provide a valuable interpretation data base for comparison with features on other planets which are believed to have been formed by the cratering process. The paper adopts the comparative approach by examining the smooth plains of the moon and Mercury, with special emphasis on crater degradation on the moon, Mercury, and Mars. A possible cause for the observed deficiency of craters with diameters no more than 50 km on certain areas of lunar uplands and on the entire uplands of Mercury and Mars is discussed. It is suggested that pertinent differences can be predicted on the basis of new concepts for production population and of effects of changes in planetary conditions on the secondary cratering process. It is concluded that the deficiency of craters with diameters no more than 50 km on parts of the lunar uplands and on the Mercurian and Martian uplands may be evidence for a deficiency in production of primary craters in this size range. Origin of the late heavy bombardment in the inner solar system is examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Apr. 10
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  • 85
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The radiometric method of determining asteroid diameters is described, and a synthesis of radiometric and polarimetric measurements of the diameters and geometric albedos of a total of 187 asteroids is presented. An analysis is offered of the size distributions of different albedo classes down to 80-km diameter for the entire main asteroid belt (2.0-3.5 AU). The distribution of albedos is found to be strongly bimodal, with mean albedos for the C and S group of 0.035 and 0.15, respectively. The C asteroids outnumber the S asteroids at all sizes and all values of semimajor axis, with the proportion of C asteroids increasing from a little over half inside 2.5 AU to more than 95% beyond 3.0 AU. Other aspects of the distribution of C, S, and M asteroids are discussed, and the total mass of main-belt asteroids larger than 70 km is estimated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 31; June 197
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A possible geological model for the origin and history of the materials that make up Boulder 1 is proposed on the basis of firm and probable regional, local, and boulder geological constraints. These constraints are described in detail, unresolved questions are considered, and a model is presented which appears to satisfy all the firm constraints and most of the probable constraints. According to this model, the crystallization of plagioclase and other ANT-suite phases now present in the boulder as clasts and matrix materials took place during the melted-shell stage of lunar history; the original rocks were greatly modified during the cratered-highland stage; and the events that determined the major characteristics of the boulder occurred during the large-basin stage.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 14; Nov
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  • 87
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The first project to use the space shuttle as an interplanetary launch vehicle, the Galileo mission is designed to obtain information about the origin and evolution of the solar system by studying large-scale phenomena on Jupiter and its satellites. Aimed towards Mars to obtain gravity assist, the orbiting spacecraft will deploy a probe, which penetrating the Jovian atmosphere, will transmit data for approximately an hour. The spacecraft itself will inspect the atmospheres, ionospheres, and surfaces of Ganymede, Io, Europa, and Callisto, as well as determine their magnetic and gravitational properties. The experiments to be conducted and their scientific objectives are described. Known facts about the Jovian system are reviewed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-162142 , JPL-400-15-7/79
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The surface iron, titanium, calcium, and silicon concentration in numerous lunar soil and rock samples was determined by Auger electron spectroscopy. All soil samples show a large increase in the iron to oxygen ratio compared with samples of pulverized rock or with results of the bulk chemical analysis. A solar wind simulation experiment using 2 keV energy alpha -particles showed that an ion dose corresponding to approximately 30,000 years of solar wind increased the iron concentration on the surface of the pulverized Apollo 14 rock sample 14310 to the concentration measured in the Apollo 14 soil sample 14163, and the albedo of the pulverized rock decreased from 0.36 to 0.07. The low albedo of the lunar soil is related to the iron + titanium concentration on its surface. A solar wind sputter reduction mechanism is discussed as a possible cause for both the surface chemical and optical properties of the soil.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-148169 , CRSR-634 , Lunar Sci. Conf.
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  • 89
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The electrical conductivity structure was studied of a spherically layered moon consistent with the very low frequency magnetic data collected on the lunar surface and by Explorer 35. In order to obtain good agreement with the lunar surface magnetometer observations, the inclusion of a void cavity behind the moon requires a conductivity at shallow depths higher than that of models having the solar wind impinging on all sides. By varying only the source parameters, a conductivity model can be found that yields a good fit to both the tangential response upstream and the radial response downstream. This model also satisfies the dark side tangential response in the frequency range above 0.006 Hz, but the few data points presently available below this range do not seem to agree with the theory.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-142696 , N75-22237
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Results are presented from the processing and interpretation of measurement data in the descent capsules of the automatic stations Venera-9 and Venera-10 for the characteristics of light scattering in the atmosphere of Venus by means of onboard nephelometers. A model for the aerosol component in the planet's atmosphere in the altitude range 62-14 km is proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75725 , PREPRINT-144
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  • 91
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-13 , P79-10013
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  • 92
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Results concerning the magnetosphere, the magnetic field, and the radiation belts of the planet Jupiter obtained by Pioneer 10 were supplemented by the observations made during the passage of Pioneer 11. Pioneer 11 provided further evidence that the disk model is inadequate as a description of the Jovian magnetosphere. The new data have made it possible to develop a field model based on an internal dipole, quadrupole, and possibly octopole and an external dipole and quadrupole.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 188; May 2
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Experimental measurements by ultraviolet photometers aboard Venera-9 and -10 are presented, discussed, and compared with various theoretical models of the ultraviolet structure of the atmosphere of Venus. The model in best agreement with observation provides for a finely dispersed, 8 km thick Rayleigh scattering layer above the primary cloud cover. Dark contrast details are considered to be breaks or areas of lower optical thickness in the upper scattering layer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75543 , PR-288
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  • 94
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Apollo missions and returned lunar samples have provided new information about the moon, the earth, the sun, and the universe. Analyses show that all the planets were formed by the rapid accumulation of small bodies into larger ones about 4.6 billion years ago. The existence of simple molecules formed by reactions between the soil particles and atoms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen that have come from the sun, suggests that the basic ingredients for life are common in the universe. The ratio of hydrogen to helium in the solar wind reaching the moon is found to be 20 to 1, whereas the earth-based measurements show this ratio to be 10 to 1. Although the moon does not have any magnetic field at the present, the analyses revealed the existence of such a field three billion years ago. The understanding of the reasons for the disappearance of this field is vital for understanding planetary magnetic fields. The determination of the chemical composition of the whole moon, the explanation of the moon's observed asymmetry, and the understanding of the nature of moon's interior will have to be achieved by future, possibly unmanned, missions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 53; Apr. 197
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  • 95
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Present radiometric and polarimetric measurements of the sizes and albedos of asteroids 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta, although uncertain in absolute calibration, determine the ratio of diameters with sufficient precision (Ceres/Vesta = 1.87 plus or minus 0.03) to permit meaningful discussion of their relative densities. These measurements combined with the known masses yield a ratio of densities Vesta/Ceres = 1.33 plus or minus 0.17, thus demonstrating that: (1) the bulk compositions are likely different, and (2) the difference is consistent with indications from remotely-determined surface composition that Vesta is differentiated while Ceres may be of undifferentiated carbonaceous chondritic composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Dec. 197
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  • 96
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Physical asteroid observations are summarized and the classification scheme to describe asteroid surfaces in relation to mineralogical composition is detailed. The principle classes, distinguished on the basis of a number of parameters involving albedo and color, are called C, S, and M.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Asteroids; p 81-97
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The occultation of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft by Io (JI) provided an opportunity to obtain two S-band radio occultation measurements of its atmosphere. The day-side entry measurements revealed an ionosphere having a peak density of about 60,000 el/cu cm at an altitude of about 100 km. The topside scale height indicates a plasma temperature of about 406 K if it is composed of Na(+) and 495 K if N2(+) is principal ion. A thinner and less dense ionosphere was observed on the exit (night side), having a peak density of 9,000 el/cu cm at an altitude of 50 km. The topside plasma temperature is 160 K for N2(-) and 131 K for Na(+). If the ionosphere is produced by photoionization in a manner analogous to the ionospheres of the terrestrial planets, the density of neutral particles at the surface of Io is less than 10 to 1 trillion per cu cm, corresponding to a surface pressure of less than 10 to 1 nanobars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Various aspects of the large comet of 1858 including the luminosity of the core and the shape, intensity and position of the tail with respect to the sun and stars are described and then compared with the large comet of 1744 described by Heinsius and Halley's comet of 1835. The purpose of these observations is to try to gain a clearer understanding of the nature of the polar force from the sun acting on the comet. This force is said to differ from the usual force of gravity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75193
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  • 99
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-107 , P79-10107
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The spectra of the daytime sky of Venus were recorded on the Venera-11 and Venera-12 descent vehicles at various altitudes above the planet's surface, within the interval of 4500 to 12,000 Angstroms. The angular distribution of the brightness of the scattered radiation was recorded and the ratio of water and carbon dioxide were studied, with respect to the cloud cover boundaries.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75640
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