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  • Articles  (29,539)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (10,826)
  • Cambridge University Press  (10,556)
  • American Meteorological Society  (8,157)
  • 2020-2024  (111)
  • 1980-1984  (25,116)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 101
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    ASS volume 18 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00016231
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  • 102
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    Rangaku and Westernization (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 541-553 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The continuities between the study of the West through Dutch in Tokugawa Japan and the program of modernization in the Meiji period seem self evident. The influence of Holland through Deshima became the focus of the life work of Itazawa Takeo and others well before the war, and it received detailed discussion from Charles Boxer in 1936. Nevertheless issues of the importance and influence of Tokugawa rangaku continue to be debated, and that debate greatly enriches our feel for Japanese society then and now.
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  • 103
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    Ogyū Sorai's Place in Edo Intellectual Thought (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 567-580 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Little did it occur to me when I began to translate Ogyū Sorai's Kyōchūkikō (‘Report from Journey to Kai’) some years ago that this endeavour would lead me to the first work that was written by this philosopher. Even after I had shown that the Kyōchūkikō was only a new and shorter edition (1710) of the earlier travelogue Fūryūshishaki (‘Report of the Elegant Emissaries’), written in 1706, it still took time before I realized that this must be the very first work to come from Sorai's brush. The Fūryūshishaki must be his first work and this means that he was 40 before he wrote anything that was literary, and of any length. What we have from before that time are short pieces, letters, poems, and memoranda; also the lexical work Yakubun sentei, which was probably written, at least partially, before 1706.
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  • 104
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    On the Historical Importance of Fujiwara Seika (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 609-618 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Long ago in my early reading on Japanese literature and thought—I think I was studying G. W. Knox and A. Lloyd in their essays in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan—the name of Fujiwara Seika was mentioned as that of the founder of a movement of great historical importance. But until very recently the history of Japanese culture has not aroused much interest, and the local neo-Confucianism tended to be seen as a pretty poor reproduction of the Chinese models. This assessment of Japanese culture in such modest terms was accompanied by the standardized conception that saw in Shushigaku nothing more meaningful than an instrument of power in the hands of the Tokugawa family, a kind of intellectual build-up stimulated and protected merely because it served to prop up the régime that Ieyasu had founded, and to organize support for it.
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  • 105
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    The Era of the Kanō School (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 647-656 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In 1568, Oda Nobunaga (1534–82) entered Kyoto. The warring daimyō of a small domain of Owari was about to begin the occupation of the capital with a great army rumored to be fifty or sixty thousand strong.
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  • 106
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    Japanese Export Art of the Edo Period and its Influence on European Art (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 685-697 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The opening up of Japan to the west and the consequent influences of the west and of Japan upon each other are remarkable for many reasons, not least of which is the interchange of styles and techniques of the arts and crafts one to the other. The export of Japanese works of art, and the influence upon European artistic production during the Meiji period (though often of works produced during the Edo period) have all but obscured the remarkable effects Japanese export art had upon the west during the period of self-imposed semi-isolation. Of course Japan was also greatly influenced by western art; that is not the subject of this paper, but it is a subject of great interest, worthy of considerable attention.
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  • 107
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    Edo Period in Contemporary Popular Culture (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 747-755 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Edo culture, in spite of its continuing presence, was not highly valued in the Meiji period. In the Taishō period, when Westernization was again at a high tide, the cult of Edo developed among minorities. In the war years of Shōwa, 1931–1945, when the cult of Japan was widely subscribed to, the cult of Edo was at its lowest ebb. The same unpopularity continued during the Occupating period, 1945–1952. After 1952, in parallel to economic recovery and accelerated industrialization, the cult of Edo emerged in the field of young people's fashion as an expression of their yearning for simple living.
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  • 108
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    ASS volume 18 issue 3 Back matter (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
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    Indirect Rule in the British Empire: The Foundations of the Residency System in India (1764–1858) (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 393-428 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The British Empire established itself and expanded largely through its incorporation of existing indigenous political structures. A single British Resident or Political Agent, controlling a regional state through ‘advice’ given to the local prince or chief, became the norm for much of the Empire. India's princely states, where from the mid-eighteenth century the British first employed and developed this system of indirect rule, stood as the conscious model for later imperial administrators and politicians who wished to extend the Empire without the economic and political costs of direct annexation. In dealing with Malaya, East and West Africa from the mid-nineteenth century onward, officials in the field and notables in London sought to justify imperial expansion and to establish indirect rule efficiently by drawing upon the Indian example.Thus, during a century of empirical learning from relations with India'sprincely states, the British established a body of theory and policies about indirect rule which then spread throughout the rest of the Empire.
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  • 110
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    Urban Class and Communal Consciousness in Colonial Punjab: The Genesis of India's Intermediate Regime (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 459-489 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: A cornerstone of Wallerstein's (1974) theory of the capitalist world system is that economic development occurs in certain (core) regions of the world system at the expense of development in other (peripheral) regions. This thesis, accepted in one form or another by scholars following a dependency, neo-Marxist, or unequal exchange conception of economic development (as, for example, Amin 1976 or Laclau 1971; see discussion in Foster-Carter 1973 and Kahn 1980: 203ff) provides the foundation for their avowal of the ‘development of underdevelopment.’ The development of the core industrial capitalist nations required, so they argue, the distorted and repressed economic development of the third world.
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  • 111
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    The Poor Quality of Official Socio-Economic Statistics Relating to the Rural Tropical World: With Special Reference to South India (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 491-514 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: My main concern in this article is with statistics relating to such basic matters as the sizes of farm-holdings, the output and yield of crops, household income and expenditure, occupational statistics, cattle ownership, the sizes of villages, etc.—though I shall also range more widely. While the distinct and professional field of demographic statistics is necessarily outside my scope, I shall criticize some features of the Karnataka population census.Although since 1953 most of my fieldwork has been undertaken in the West African countryside, I am obliged to take most of my examples of bad statistics from south India, since West African statistics, which were never abundant, are now scantier than ever. Throughout my discussion I take it for granted that the lack of reliable statistics gravely impairs our understanding of the working of tropical rural economies.
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  • 112
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    Cheng, François; Riggs, Donald A.; Seaton, Jerome P.: Chinese Poetic Writing, with an Anthology of T'ang Poetry : Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1982 (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 527-527 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 113
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    The Changing Profile of the Summer Capital of British India: Simla 1864–1947 (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 215-236 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: INDIAN hill stations have often been portrayed as islands of European settlement, providing colonists with a retreat, both from the heat and the native culture of the plains.British planners meant them to be English enclaves, but the image owes not a little to the innumerable references available in accounts written by the British in India. Hill stations, with their thickly wooded hills and swirling mist, afforded colonists an opportunity to build around themselves a replica of English life. The presence of European women in large numbers at hill stations enhanced the image. They, more than their men, tended to withdraw within the closed circle of European society. It was an endless succession of balls, archery, fetes, picnics and amateur theatre. Their diaries, letters and novels covering almost a century, hardly ever went beyond an account of the rounds of social engagements. The view has been perpetuated by fiction. Simla had its Rudyard Kipling, and that hill station was peopled by larger-than-life images created by the writer in the 1880s. But so vivid was the evocation that British visitors seemed to search for them in Simla even a quarter of a century later.
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  • 114
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    Fellow-regional Associations in the Ch'ing Dynasty: Organizations in Flux for Mobile People. A Preliminary Survey (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 307-330 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: As had been the case throughout much of Chinese history, government during the Ch'ing dynasty (1644–1911) was largely in the hands of a civil bureaucracy staffed by the Confucian literati. Prevailing political thought held that moral suasion and commonly held ideals were in a large way responsible for keeping both the society and the body politic running smoothly. For this and other reasons, the court assigned a rather small number of bureaucrats to manage a truly vast population. In addition, it was commonly assumed by rulers and the ruled that China's was and should be primarily an agrarian society of self-sufficient peasants. The only orthodox avenue of social, even spatial, mobility was the Confucian examination system which led successful candidates into the bureaucracy. This view denigrated the importance of commerce, of technological advancement, of learning outside the Confucian classics; and it acted as a brake on social, political, and economic development.
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  • 115
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    Voices From The Kelantan Desa 1900–1940 (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 177-195 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: ‘I am of course opposed to the driving out of the Malay, but would rather have the land occupied and planted with rubber than lying absolutely uncultivated as it had been’. J. S. Mason, British Adviser Kelantan, 21.7.1911.
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  • 116
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    Imperial Authority in Crisis: An Interpretation of the Coup D'état of 1861 (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 221-238 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The significance of the coup d'état of 1861 in late-Ch'ing history has been appraised by many scholars. A fairly typical viewpoint has been expressed by the eminent Chinese historian Wu Hsiang-hsiang: ‘Had there not been the coup of 1861, there would not have been the coup of 1898.’ One need not entertain the same degree of determinism to acknowledge, with Wu, that the coup of 1861 was important in its effects on the exercise of imperial power in later decades. The coup did, in fact, not only provide the immediate circumstances which favored an unprecedented experiment with the Ch'ing imperial form, namely, a regency formed by the empresses-dowager, but it did also enable the famous (or infamous) empress-dowager, Tz'u-hsi, to secure her rise to a supremacy in court affairs which ended only with her death in 1908. In view of this second development, scholars have long argued that Tz'u-hsi was both the mastermind and chief beneficiary of the coup, which was the product of her intrigues and manipulations. In fact, it has been called her (Yehonala's) coup d'état. While this view will presently be examined, my main purpose here is to define the nature of the political crisis from which the coup of 1861, as well as the idea of the female regency, originated. This, I believe, is one aspect of the subject that has not been sufficiently investigated.
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  • 117
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    Sultānā the dacoit and Harishchandra: Two Popular Dramas of the Nauṭankī Tradition of North India (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 313-331 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: If it is true that under the mantle of respectability accorded to the Indian epics and Purāāas one finds all manner of ribaldry and indecorous behavior, then perhaps when one delves into the ill-famed world of nauṭankī one will find a much more straightlaced and conservative view of reality than one might expect. Nauṭankī is the popular theatre tradition of the Hindi and Urdu speaking regions of North India, and in particular of Uttar Pradesh. For anyone beginning research on nauṭankī, the issue of its reputation is unavoidable. Hiraman, the innocent cartdriver in Phanishwarnath Renu's Hindi short story The Third Vow, knew from hearsay that nauṭankī shows were not a proper pastime, though he didn't quite know why, and the knowledge didn't prevent him from falling in love with a nauṭankī actress. Similarly, the Hindi drama critics, if they mention nauṭankī at all, repeat vague warnings; the form is crude and debased, not much can be expected from it. Rām Nārāyaā Agravāl, author of Sāngīt, the leading Hindi monograph on the subject, describes its current state as one of commercial ruin, artistic bankruptcy, and sexual display. Female Indian friends simply comment, ‘We were never allowed to see those plays,’ or ‘Why don't you study something nice?’
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  • 118
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    Strickmann, MichelCook, Francis H.Yü, Chün-fangChing, JuliaFeuerwerker, AlbertNaquin, SusanPerry, Elizabeth J.Davis, Fei-ling: Le Taoïsme du Mao Chan. Chronique d'une révélationHua-yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of IndraThe Renewal of Buddhism in China: Chu-hung and the Late Ming SynthesisTo Acquire Wisdom: The Way of Wang Yang-mingMichigan Papers in Chinese StudiesShantung Rebellion: The Wang Lun uprising of 1774Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China 1845–1945Primitive Revolutionaries of China : Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1981University Park and London, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977New York and Guildford, Surrey, Columbia University Press, 1981New York and London, Columbia University Press, 1976Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan, 1975New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1981Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 1980Honolulu, The University Press of Hawaii, 1977 (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 333-351 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 119
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    Urban Chinese at the Sinitic Frontier: Social Organizations in United States’ Chinatowns, 1849–1898 (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 107-135 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: To call Chinese nationals who have emigrated abroad ‘overseas Chinese’ seems very natural, especially since most joined together to form communities of fellow nationals outside of China. (It is not always appropriate to include the children and grandchildren of these emigrants, however.) The term implies a uniformity to the communities that Crissman made explicit in a model which proposed to tie them together and link them to cities in China.
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  • 120
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    The Sino-British Rapprochement, 1927–1931 (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 79-105 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The year 1927 marked the beginning of a new Anglo-Chinese relationship. The Northern Expedition had split the Nationalist camp into the Nanjing and the Wuhan régimes, both of which conducted a savage purge, one after the other, against the Communists. Especially the Nanjing régime, which ultimately triumphed over Wuhan, wrought a significant change in Guomindang foreign policy. In line with the purge against the Communists, and with the rise to power of the right wing and the military faction, the Guomindang abandoned mass movements and eschewed mob violence as far as possible as a means of achieving foreign policy objectives. Indeed, as it reviewed its position on anti-imperialism which had been an important element in the revolutionary movement during the period 1924–26, the Party reverted to a policy of international co-operation as an essential part of China's self-strengthening and reconstruction, and sought a peaceful solution to the decades-old question of treaty revision. This change is well illustrated by China's new relationship with Great Britain, which, in December 1926, had announced a new, conciliatory policy towards China after having for years been one of the chief targets of Chinese nationalism.
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  • 121
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    Subcommunal Participation and Leadership Cohesiveness of the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Singapore (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 437-453 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: AbstractUsing reproduced inscription data the present study examines two social facets of the Chinese in nineteenth-century Singapore. The first facet pertains to group participation (economic and social) and it was found that the average amount of donations made by the Hokkiens to their subcommunal organizations was much higher than that given by the Cantonese and Hakkas.On the other hand, more Cantonese and Hakka people contributed to their subcommunal organizations. The interplay of differential economic status and organizational objectives is heuristic in explaining this discrepancy.The second facet is about leadership cohesiveness of the respective subcommunal leaders, and it is derived from percentage of deviant donors which comprises mean percentage of non donors and of cross line donors. The findings show that the Hakka subcommunal leaders were least cohesive, while those of the Chang-Ch'uan Hokkiens most among the four dialect groups being studied. Differential exposure to secret society influence is given as an important explanatory factor. Nepotism prevailing at the leadership hierarchy is also suggested as a crucial factor.
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  • 122
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    Roberts, Michael: Caste Conflict and Elite Formation: The Rise of a Karāva Elite in Sri Lanka, 1500–1931 : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982 (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 519-527 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 123
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    Disney, Anthony R.: Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century : Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1978 (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 527-528 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 124
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    Bureaucracy and Control in India's Great Landed Estates: The Raj Darbhanga of Bihar, 1879 to 1950 (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 35-57 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In north India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries several great landed estates played a crucial part in the consolidation of imperial rule and in the support of the social and economic order. These estates have attracted considerable scholarly attention, but previous research has concentrated primarily on their relations with the colonial administraton and on their general intermediary role in north Indian society. The only study directly concerned with their internal affairs is Dr. P. J. Musgrave's ‘Landlords and Lords of the Land: Estate Management and Social Control in Uttar Pradesh 1860–1920’ (Modern Asian Studies, 6, 3 (1972), pp. 257–75), in which official sources are used as the basis for an account of the internal operations of the great estates in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Hitherto the major obstacle to the examination of the administration of the great estates has been the absence of comprehensive estate records. Fortunately the extensive and well-organized archives of the Raj Darbhanga of Bihar recently have been opened to scholars. In this paper the Raj archives have been drawn upon to provide evidence for an account of the structure and operation of the administration of the Raj Darbhanga during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The paper argues that despite substantial difficulties the Raj Darbhanga effectively pursued its interests by means of a bureaucratic system of management and that therefore Dr Musgrave's conclusions concerning the limited power of the great landed estates need substantial qualification and correction.
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  • 125
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    The Role of Hong Kong Educated Chinese in the Shaping of Modern China (1983)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 17 (1983), S. 137-163 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Although it is under the rule and administration of the British, Hong Kong is geographically, socially, economically and politically linked with China. The part played by Hong Kong in the 1911 Revolution has been noted in a number of works, published or unpublished. This paper, however, proposes to examine the role of the Hong Kong educated Chinese in the modernization of China, limiting the study to those who had attended schools in Hong Kong before 1911 and their activities in China during the late Ch'ing and early republican years. During these decades, the English education afforded in the Anglo-Chinese schools in Hong Kong succeeded not only in turning out people who later became leading citizens of the local community but also in producing Western-educated young men who went to China to be engaged in the imperial service, participating directly or indirectly in the various reform programmes in China; while still a greater number, having received some English education in Hong Kong, were recruited into the various modern schools in China to receive training for new careers—modern diplomacy, warfare, engineering, medicine, as well as modern communication and transportation. A number, however, played leading roles in the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty and in the establishment of the Republic of China—among them Dr Sun Yat-sen [...], father of the Republic and its first President, and Wang Ch'ung-hui [...], its first Foreign Minister.
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    ASS volume 16 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    The Sage in the Inkpot: Bertrand Russell and China's Social Reconstruction in the 1920s (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 529-600 
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    Notes: However surprising Russell's combination of mathematical logic and pacifist anti-capitalist ethics may appear, it becomes understandable if one looks for its psychological roots. He who is ready to overthrow the oldest traditions in logic and to uncover the illusory nature of ancient ideals will also look with more freedom at the ideals of bourgeois ethics and not be afraid to give up values which those who are tradition-bound are unable to renounce.
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    Archer, MildredAijazuddin, F. S.Archer, MildredBastin, John; Rohatgi, Pauline: India and British Portraiture, 1770–1825Sikh Portraits by European ArtistsEarly Views of India. The Picturesque Journeys of Thomas and William Daniell, 1786–1794Prints of Southeast Asia in the India Office Library. The East India Company in Malaysia and Indonesia, 1789–1824 : London and New York, Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1979London and New York, Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1979London, Thames and Hudson, 1980London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1979 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 683-697 
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    Potter, Karl H.: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Advaita Vedānta up to Śaṃkara and His Pupils : Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 702-702 
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    Azarpay, Guitty; Belenitskii, A. M.; Marshak, B. I.; Dresden, Mark J.: Sogdian Painting: The Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art : Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1981 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 700-702 
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    Overseas Chinese Nationalism in Singapore and Malaya 1877–1912 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 397-425 
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    Notes: Overseas Chinese political links with China have been a subject of interest for many years. Travellers, journalists, officials and scholars have constantly made speculation, assessments and predictions about the political loyalties of overseas Chinese, and their future in their host countries. Although the overseas Chinese share a common historical and cultural background, they live in different economic environments and political climates, and in different stages of transition. Their political loyalty is especially difficult to assess. It is not just moulded by cultural, economic and political environments; it is also affected by other, less predictable factors. The rise of nationalism in the overseas Chinese communities at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries was a major factor in shaping the political life of the overseas Chinese. Using Singapore and Malaya as case studies, this paper seeks to explain how and why overseas Chinese nationalism arose during this period.
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    ‘The Omnipresent Bania:’ (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 445-462 
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    Notes: After revisiting Sind in 1876, Sir Richard Burton wrote, ‘The Hindu's reed-pen is a rod of iron and abjectly the unhappy Sindi trembles before it.’ By ‘Hindu,’ Burton meant the Hindu bania, the trader and moneylender, and by ‘Sindi’ he meant the Sindhi Muslim zamindar (landholder), the perennial debtor. The creditor tyrannized over the debtor, imposing ever harsher and more inequitable terms on him. What is interesting is that Burton scarcely appeared to recognize the Hindu banias as Sindhis at all; he wrote as if they were interlopers on the Sindhi scene. It was a colourful summary of the average British official's attitude towards debt. Twenty years later, Evan James, the Commissioner in Sind, quoted Burton's remark to lend support to his own argument that debt was an intolerable burden on Sindhi Muslims in general and the great zamindars in particular.
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    Hunt, Roland; Harrison, John: The District Officer in India 1930–1947 : London, Scholar Press, 1980 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 522-523 
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    Freeman, James M.: Untouchable, an Indian Life History : London, George Allen and Unwin, 1979 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 524-528 
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    England, Portugal and the Estado da India c. 1500–1635 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 177-192 
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    Notes: In January 1635 there arrived in Goa a delegation from the English East India Company. The affluent air and dignified behaviour of its members, not to mention the obviously well-gunned and well-equipped ships that had brought them, greatly impressed the Portuguese, according to the then viceroy, the redoubtable Conde de Linhares. After the solution of the usual niceties of protocol, and after the viceroy had expatiated on the iniquities of England's erstwhile allies, the Dutch, a truce was agreed. So ended something like half a century of war at sea as the English had pushed—and surprisingly slowly, considering their reputation in Europe—into Portugal's Asian preserves. The peace did not, as Linhares had hoped, lead to the downfall of the Dutch, who went on to inflict grievous blows on Portugal in east and west alike. Nor did it establish England and Portugal as ‘senores de tudo’.Nevertheless it opened an era of generally amicable relations between the two countries in Asia, and so forms a convenient point from which to survey their previous history, and to indicate what may be learned from English sources as to the condition and affairs of the Estado da India.
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    Porter, Gareth: Vietnam, the Definitive Documentation of Human Decisions : London, Philadelphia and Rhine, Heyden, 1979 (1982)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 16 (1982), S. 311-333 
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    The Pathology of the Indian Legal System (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 823-863 
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    Notes: The Indian court system is by all accounts unusual. The proceedings are extraordinarily dilatory and comparatively expensive; a single issue is often fragmented into a multitude of court actions; execution of judgements is haphazard; the lawyers frequently seem both incompetent and unethical; false witness is commonplace; and the probity of judges is habitually suspect. Above all, the courts are often unable to bring about a settlement of the disputes that give rise to litigation. So great are these failings that the Indian judicial process can reasonably be seen as a ‘pathology’of a legal system.
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    Berger, Gordon Mark: Parties out of Power in Japan, 1931–1941 : Princeton University Press, 1977 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 884-886 
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    The Press and Social Cohesion during a Period of Change: The Case of Early Meiji Japan (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 865-876 
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    Notes: Viewed from an historical, comparative perspective, the newspaper has proven itself an unusually adaptable tool of communication. It has served many masters: national states with different political ideologies; political parties of right, left and centre; economic interests of capital and labour; national movements and individuals. The contents of newspapers have been equally as varied, ranging from newspapers of record, newspapers offering their readers news of national and local politics, finance, and international affairs to those specializing in news of sex, crime, sport and scandal. Newspapers have differed, too, in their physical dimensions: some print enough in a single issue to fill a weighty book, others are no more than a single page of type.
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    Kessler, Clive S.: Islam and Politics in a Malay State: Kelantan 1838–1969 : Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 1978 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 891-895 
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    Lancaster, Lewis R.; Park, Sung-Bae: The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue : Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1979 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 896-896 
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    ASS volume 15 issue 3 Back matter (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-7 
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    'An English Barrack in the Oriental Seas'? India in the Aftermath of the First World War (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 369-386 
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    Notes: During the last ninety years of British rule in India, the ‘Jewel of the Empire’ was, as Lord Salisbury remarked in 1882, easily regarded by many British imperialists as ‘an English barrack in the Oriental Seas from which we may draw any number of troops without paying for them’. In more prosaic terms India was seen as a permanent strategic reserve and the principal means by which British interests were secured throughout Asia, from Suez to Wei-hei-wei. As such, India was a central component in the British imperial system. The empire's matchless prestige, its wealth and apparent power all stemmed in large measure from India. In the second half of the nineteenth century the Raj, the East India trade and the Indian Army demonstrated a combination of power which Britain's imperial rivals might envy but never surpass. The central importance of India is illustrated by the Victorian conception of imperial defence, which was seen to depend on the twin pillars of naval supremacy and the defence of India. The only serious military commitment which British planners admitted before the turn of the century was the possibility of meeting a Russian invasion of India across the North West Frontier. This threat existed mostly in the minds of British generals. Britain and Russia came closest to war on the Frontier at the time of the Penjdeh incident in 1885, but even then the likelihood of a Russian expedition against India was hardly more than remote. Nevertheless, the threat of invasion was the principal rationale for the nature and size of the Army in India and this consideration guided Lord Kitchener's reforms of the Indian Army during his time as Commander-in-Chief from 1902 to 1909.
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    Alternative to Partition: Muslim Politics Between the Wars (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 415-454 
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    Notes: When the British came to power in India, it was certainly not in the face of the organized resistance of Islam. Yet the British Raj came to its end among political and social convulsions in which Hindus and Muslims cut each other's throats and large populations were shunted across the new frontiers of a sub-continent, now divided into two nations on the basis of religion. Events of such magnitude have encouraged historians to seek explanations of matching significance which may account for the growth of Muslim separatism. This article is concerned with the period of the nineteen-twenties and -thirties, before the onset of the end game when the communal quarrel burst out in deadly earnest. Explicit rival-ries between the communities tended to exist at two main levels, the level of organized politics at the top where Hindu and Muslim elites were rivals for influence with government and eventually for the control of government itself, and the level of mob violence in the streets. This article is concerned with organized politics at the top, although it does not deny the existence and importance of tensions at the base. Its main emphasis will be upon the provincial stage, in particular the Muslim majority province of the Punjab. In the period before 1919 the development of Muslim politics suggested that a specifically Muslim separatism orchestrated by the United Provinces had emerged upon the all-India stage. But the coming of the reforms reversed the situation of the preceding decades, and there was less incentive for Muslim politicians in the United Provinces to claim to be the spokesmen of Muslims in the nation.
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    Indian Business and the Congress Provincial Governments 1937–39 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 487-526 
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    Notes: The late 1930s saw a definite turn in political developments in India. Following the abandonment of Civil Disobedience in 1934, a prolonged period of internal peace helped the Congress, until then a broadly-based movement with a general commitment to fight foreign rule, evolve into a more organized party capable of aspiring to political dominance. In the process, its relations with different social forces took a more definite shape. While in the past the Congress had clung to the myth of an Indian society free of internal conflicts and united in opposition to the British, the growth of social conflicts in town and countryside forced it to take into account the competing aspirations of various groups.
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    Colonial Rule and the Internal Economy in Twentieth-century Madras (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 575-602 
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    Notes: Throughout the colonial period, the government played a substantial role in structuring India's foreign trade and in moulding the economy of the great port cities and their immediate hinterlands. Once Company and government had started to prise themselves apart in the early nineteenth century, however, the colonial rulers adopted a very haughty attitude towards the working of the internal economy. The development of internal production and trade would of course be deeply affected by the imperial connection, but the colonial government refused to admit responsibility and was careful not to be drawn into active intervention. The transition from colonial rule to independence did not mark a sharp break between this era of laissez faire or minimal interference in the internal economy, and an era of 'development' or constructive intervention. Indeed, it is more likely that a reluctant slide into economic management during the latter part of the colonial period helped to speed the colonial rulers along their course of retreat; any attempt to tamper with the mechanisms of the internal economy opened up the colonial government to contradictory pressures and threatened to expose many of the weaker links in the mesh of colonial command.
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    ASS volume 15 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1981)
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    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-2 
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    ASS volume 15 issue 2 Back matter (1981)
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    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-4 
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    Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 649-721 
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    Notes: Perhaps the most intransigent problem in the recent history of Indian society remains an adequate understanding of the processes of social change which took place under colonialism. As the continunig controversies within, as much as between, the traditions of modernization theory, Marxism, and the underdevelopment theory make plain, the Indian historical record is peculiarly difficult to grasp with conventional sociological concepts. In the study of Western European society, a focus on the evolution of legal ideas and institutions has proved a useful entry point to social history.The law may be seen to represent a set of general principles through which political authority and the state (however constituted) attempt to legitimize the social institutions and norms of conduct which they find valuable. As such, its history reflects the struggle in society to assume, control or resist this authority. Its study should help to reveal the nature of the forces involved in the struggle and to suggest the implications for social development of the way in which, at any one time, their struggle was resolved. The condition of the law may be seen to crystallize the condition of society. This, of course, could be said of any governing institution. But where the law becomes uniquely valuable is in that, because of its social function, the struggle around it is necessarily expressed in terms of general statements of principle rather than particular statements of private and discrete interest. At the most fundamental level, these principles demarcate the rules on which the contending parties seek to build their versions of society and provide useful clues to their wider, often undisclosed, positions.
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    A Christian Caste in Hindu Society: Religious Leadership and Social Conflict among the Paravas of Southern Tamilnadu (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 203-234 
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    Notes: Since the nineteenth century scholars have depicted Indian castes as timeless, fixed communities whose customs, rituals, and occupational specialities evolved at an unidentifiable point in the distant past. It has now been shown, however, that many jatis are of relatively recent origin, and historians have been able to trace the economic, political, and religious changes which acted to form individual caste groups during the colonial period. Several recent works on south India have argued that the agglomerations of artisans and cultivators described as castes in British ethnographies and Census reports had no real cohesion and were often no more than unstable political alliances or ‘administrative fictions’. In this view it was the misconceived European notion of castes as rigid, competing corporations which stimulated the formation of many south Indian castes after 1880.
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    Ch'ing Changing Images of the Overseas Chinese (1644–1912) (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 261-285 
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    Notes: The Manchus inherited from the Ming Dynasty the images of the overseas Chinese as well as the policy towards them. The tarnished images of the overseas Chinese as ‘deserters’, ‘criminals’, and ‘potential traitors’ of the Ming were taken over by the early Ch'ing rulers. These images were soon transformed into new images of ‘political criminals’, ‘conspirators’ and ‘rebels’, for in the first four decades after the Manchu conquest of North China in 1644, the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia were directly involved in the resistance movement on the southeast coast of China. The leader of the movement, Cheng Ch'eng-kung (known in the West as Koxinga), seems to have enlisted the support of the overseas Chinese, particularly from Vietnam, Cambodia and Siam, for his resistance. It is claimed that Koxinga's naval power was partly drawn from Nanyang (Southeast Asia) shipping, and financed from the profits of the Nanyang trade. Of course those overseas Chinese who supported Koxinga made no apology for their involvement. They saw the Manchus as alien usurpers and as the oppressors of the Han Chinese, and the support for Koxinga's resistance movement was seen as an act of patriotism to save Han Chinese from the oppressive Manchu rule. The government countered the overseas Chinese involvement by introducing stringent laws against private overseas trade. In 1656 (13th year of the Emperor Shun-chih), a decree was proclaimed that‘....any traders who go overseas privately and trade or supply the rebels with provisions will be beheaded, and their goods confiscated.
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    Lipsey, Roger: Coomaraswamy : Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1977 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 339-341 
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    Kinoshita, Junji; Gangloff, Eric J.: Between God and Man : Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1979 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 342-344 
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    Lifton, R. J.; Katō, S.; Reich, M. R.: Six Lives Six Deaths: Portraits from Modern Japan : New Haven, Yale University Press, 1979 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 347-350 
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    Darling, Malcolm; Dewey, C. J.: The Punjab Peasant in Prosperity and Debt : Delhi, Manohar, 1947 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 351-353 
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    ASS volume 15 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1981)
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    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-2 
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    ASS volume 15 issue 1 Back matter (1981)
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    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-3 
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    Legal and Informal Land Tenures in Thailand (1981)
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    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 1-23 
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    Notes: All too often the study of land tenure in agrarian states is treated either as a dimension of economic organization or, with respect to its more specifically formal characteristics, as pertaining to the sphere of law. With both approaches there is the danger of ignoring or at least underplaying the fact that the formulation and regulation of tenural arrangements is an expression of the political order of society. Paradoxically, familiarity with this idea has tended to limit its appreciation. Awareness of the ‘classic’ and explicit example of feudalism and its place in grand social theory may well direct attention away from the detailed examination of more diffuse forms of the relation between land tenure and political structures. Such a lack of interest is readily observable in the case of Thailand where the history of the relationship is both unusual and highly significant for the analysis of contemporary social change.
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    The Effect of Export Cultivations in Nineteenth-century Java (1981)
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    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 25-58 
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    Notes: When in 1913 Count van Hogendorp edited the letters and papers of his ancestor Willem, who had served in Java as one of the secretaries of the Commissioner General Du Bus from 1825 to 1829, he characterized the early nineteenth century in Java as a time of ‘systems.’ His use of this word was not meant to be complimentary. Ancestor Willem had taken great pride in being the inspirational genius behind one such ‘system’; one, incidentally, which was not adopted.The characterization of the time seems to me particularly relevant as an opening wedge into the contents and theme of this paper, for all 'systems' relative to nineteenth-century Java had at their core the stimulation of export commodities derived from the agricultural process. A system, as I use the term here and as it was used by nineteenth-century policy planners, was an orderly andlogical arrangement of thoughts and objects into a complex .whole according to some scheme which drew its inspiration from fundamental economic and social principles. Such systems for Java were devised bypersons in positions of high authority either in Europe or in Java on the basis of what they had seen or heard about Java. Invariably the purpose of the system was to make the island of Java profitable to its European‘possessor’; the prevailing colonial theory holding that through treatyand conquest the European power had gained sovereign rights over the land and its people and should make use of them in accordance with its best judgment. Such judgment was embodied in a ‘system’ which hopefully provided benefits for both the possessor and the possessed.
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    Development Policies and Patterns of Agrarian Dominance in the Malaysian Rubber Export Economy (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 83-105 
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    Notes: SINCE Malaysian independence over two decades ago, rubber production there has undergone a significant and far-reaching structural transformation, in social as well as economic dimensions. This transformation represented the outcome of policy responses to changing world market conditions for the export of natural rubber, which coincided with a political transition to independence and parliamentary government. In its response, government policy since the mid-1950s released many of the earlier administrative constraints on the spread of new rubber planting. The ensuing entrepreneurial re-awakening led to large-scale re-planting and new planting with high-yielding rubber. This increasingly widespread wave of technological innovation was accompanied by the dissolution of marginal estate enterprises, which was more than offset by a parallel expansion of peasant participation in rubber cultivation. Productivity and therefore producer incomes generally tended to improve, notwithstanding cyclical fluctuations in world rubber prices. Yet, by the middle 1970s this policy trend favouring technological cumentrepreneurial innovation appears to have altered direction. Indeed,recent Malaysian rubber policy indicates that structural transformation has run its course, at least for present intents and purposes. As will be seen, the current policy goal has reverted to protecting the newly established economic and social order in the Malaysian rubber planting against further pressures for developmental change.
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    Land, Labor, Capital and Sectional Interests in the National Politics of Sri Lanka (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 127-162 
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    Notes: The economy which evolved during the last phase of Sri Lanka's colonial rule under the British (1796–1948) has been the subject of increasing scholarly attention in the recent years. Much of the writing which has emerged is descriptive by nature; the concern has been to lay bare the manner in which the economy took its shape and not to provide an analytical framework to explain the developments of the colonial era. This is not to say that conceptualizing has been wholly absent. Indeed, one particular conceptual treatment of the economy of British Sri Lanka has produced an interpretation which has gained wide currency and it has now acquired considerable influence over the economic literature concerned with the country.
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    Lothar, Ledde-Rose: Mi Fu and the Classical Tradition of Chinese Calligraphy : Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1979 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 169-175 
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    James, JuppJanice, Jiggins: Sri Lanka: Third World DemocracyCaste and Family in the Politics of the Sinhalese 1947–1976 : London, Frank Cass, 1978Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979 (1981)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 15 (1981), S. 163-169 
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    The Religious Traveller in the Edo Period (1984)
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    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 593-608 
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    Notes: A curious and as yet little discussed phenomenon of the Edo period is the immense increase among ordinary lay people in journeys of pilgrimage. From the middle of the seventeenth century people of all classes, alone and in groups, began to make their way in ever larger throngs to the Ise Shrines, to Kōyasan, to Zenkōji, to Fujisan, and to the various circuits of thirty-three places dedicated to Kannon and the eighty-eight places dedicated to Kōbō Daishi.
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    Organization and Authority in the Traditional Arts (1984)
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    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 631-645 
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    Notes: The formal, authoritarian organization of people with similar occupations or interests has been a feature of Japanese society throughout its history. As such, it must be of interest for its own sake and, no less perhaps, for the indications it can provide of the nature of Japanese society as a whole.
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    Hiiki Renchū (Theatre Fan Clubs) in Osaka in the Early Nineteenth Century (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 699-709 
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    Notes: Hiiki is the word commonly used for support given to a Kabuki actor, or for the supporter or fan himself. It can be applied to other sorts of ‘fan’, such as one who follows a particular sumō wrestler. The derivation of the word is not certain, but it is generally taken as a lengthened form of hiki, with a meaning of ‘pulling’ or ‘pulling together’. The clubs themselves were known as hiiki renchū, the last element having the alternative pronunciation renjū. Throughout this paper, ‘hiiki’, ‘supporter’ and ‘fan’ have been used indiscriminately with the same meaning.
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    Episodes in the Career of the Kabuki Actor Nakamura Utaemon III, including his Rivalry with Arashi Rikan I (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 711-723 
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    Notes: The more spectacular incidents in the career of Utaemon III (1778–1838) took place in Osaka. They include a fierce rivalry with the Arashi family, especially Rikan I (1769–1821), and a later career characterized by a marked reluctance to retire. In this account of his life, much use will be made of the documentary evidence of Osaka actor prints, and also of banzuke, which are the programmes of performances at a particular theatre. Banzuke come in various forms, including the illustrated ones called e-banzuke, more or less abbreviated ones such as those used apparently rather like fly-posters for circuses in England (tsuji-banzuke, put up at street-corners), and the standard form which lists the roles and those who performed them, names of musicians, name of zamoto or manager, theatre, date, and so on. Many libraries have collections of these available for inspection, but I should like to mention here another source. In the Waseda University Theatre Museum there survives a sort of theatrical scrap-book, consisting of boxes of made-up books with materials from the 1620s to 1827, but in fuller detail for the period of the life of Utaemon III, which was of great interest to the compiler, who is thought to have been a wealthy Osaka ginseng merchant and kabuki fan called Yoshida Goun, who employed Hamamatsu Utakuni, a well-known theatrical critic, to collect the material, order illustrations from artists, write explanatory pieces, arrange and catalogue it.
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    Old and New Japonisme: The Tokugawa Legacy and Modern European Images of Japan (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 757-768 
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    Notes: Individuals and societies are as much influenced and motivated by perceptions of reality as by reality itself, indeed possibly more so. It is in that sense that the images which one society holds in relation to another are highly significant in terms of an understanding of the relationship between the two. Japanese officials tend to stress that problems which exist between Japan and Europe are due to ‘misunderstandings’—and indeed the fact that Endymion Wilkinson's book on Europe and Japan (‘Misunderstanding’) has proved such a best-seller in its Japanese version, GOKAI, indicates that it struck a sensitive chord among the Japanese public. In other words, the image, it is alleged, is out of focus with reality. Presumably an aspiration, and an entirely legitimate one, in the mounting of the Great Japan exhibition was to redress and improve Japan's image in the West, namely by stressing the cultural legacy with the intention of diverting attention from the more powerful industrial dimension.
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    ASS volume 18 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1984)
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    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 1-2 
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    Bailey, H. W.: Dictionary of Khotan Saka : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979 (1980)
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    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 700-703 
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    ASS volume 14 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1980)
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    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 1-2 
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    Röling, B. V. A.; Rüter, C. F.: The Tokyo Judgment. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (I.M.T.F.E.), 29 April 1946-12 November 1948 : APA—University Press Amsterdam, 1977 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 703-704 
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    Potter, Karl H.Guenther, Herbert V.Wayman, Alex: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeşika up to GaṅgeśaPhilosophy and Psychology in the AbhidharmaCalming the mind and discerning the real: Buddhist Meditation and the Middle View, from the Lam rim chen mo of Tsoṅ-kha-pa : Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1977Shambhala, Berkeley, 1974New York, Columbia University Press, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 698-700 
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    ASS volume 14 issue 3 Back matter (1980)
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    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 1-5 
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    New Directions in Thai Buddhism (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 411-439 
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    Notes: S. J. Tambiah has drawn attention to two recent developments in Thai Buddhism which strike him as having a particularly seminal significance. The first is ‘the new politico-economic role of monks themselves as promoters of government-sponsored community development programmes’. The characteristics of this aspect of Thai Buddhism have been charted into the early seventies at least, by Tambiah, Suksamran and Ruth-Inge Heinze.
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    The Illusion of Security: The Background to Muslim Separatism in the United Provinces (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 237-272 
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    Notes: One of the most intriguing questions in the modern history of North India is why the Muslims of the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh, and referred to hereafter as U.P.; see Map 1) supported the demand for Pakistan when it was obvious that if they were successful they would have either to remain in a Hindu dominated India, or suffer the upheaval of migration. In recent years Paul Brass and Francis Robinson have debated the general question of Muslim separatism in U.P., taking positions which Brass has described, respectively, as ‘instrumentalist’ and ‘primordialist’. Brass argues that the Muslims were modernizing at a faster rate than Hindus, that they had a larger share of government jobs than their fourteen percent of the population would warrant, that Muslim politicians erected a myth of ‘the backward Muslim’ to protect this privilege, and then selected communally divisive symbols to mobilize support for their own drive to power. In short, the ‘instrumentalist’ position argues the autonomy of the ‘game of symbol selection’ on the part of the politicians, and therefore of the significance of symbol response on the part of those who supported the Muslim League and its demand for Pakistan. Robinson, on the other hand, first disagrees that the backwardness of the Muslims was a myth, especially relative to the role they perceived they had played in U.P. society for many centuries, and secondly, he seeks to demonstrate that the religious and cultural assumptions of the Muslim political leaders shaped and directed their actions.
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    Metcalf, Barbara Daly: Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900 : Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1982 (1984)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 18 (1984), S. 337-345 
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    Partition Literature: A Study of Inti[...]z̤ār Ḥusain (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 377-410 
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    Notes: In an interview given in July 1974, Inti[...]z̤ār Ḥusain, one of the most perceptive creative writers of Pakistan, had this to say about the experience of migration that was the direct outcome of the Partition of India in 1947:A decade ago when I was talking about the experience of migration and the articles I wrote concerning it, I was in a state of great hope and optimism. It was then my feeling that in the process of the Partition we had sudenly, almost by accident, regained a lost, great experience—namely, the experience of migration, hijrat, which has a place all its own in the history of the Muslims—and that it will give us a lot. But today, after our political ups and downs, I find myself in a different mood. Now I feel that sometimes a great experience comes to be lost to a nation; often nations forget their history. I do not mean that a nation does, or has to, keep its history alive in its memory in every period. There also comes a time when a nation completely forgets its past. So, that experience, I mean the experience of migration, is unfortunately lost to us and on us. And the great expectation that we had of making something out of it at a creative level and of exploiting it in developing a new consciousness and sensibility—that bright expectation has now faded and gone.
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    Rigidity of System Boundary among Major Chinese Dialect Groups in Nineteenth-Century Singapore: A Study of Inscription Data (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 465-488 
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    Notes: The study attempts to delineate the degree of system rigidity of three major dialect groups, namely, the Cantonese, the Hakkas and the Hokkiens. The principal source of data is derived from inscriptions collected by Chen and Tan (1972). The findings reveal that at the individual level the system boundary of the Hokkiens was more rigid than that of the Cantonese and the Hakkas. This confirms earlier observations made at the organizational level.Earlier observations dictate that after 1854 the Cantonese and the Hakkas were, at the organizational level, not on good terms. This was, however, not the case at the individual level. We also found that the system boundary of religious organizations, i.e., temples and burial ground bodies, was least rigid.
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    Aijazuddin, F. S.: Pahari Paintings and Sikh Portraits in the Lahore Museum : London and New York, Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1977 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 501-510 
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    Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko: Early Palaeolithic in South and East Asia : the Hague, Paris, Mouton Publishers, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 510-511 
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    Elite Choices and Constitutional Guarantees of Local Autonomy in the Third World: The Case of the Philippines, 1971–1973 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 489-499 
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    Notes: AbstractThe second generation of constitutional elites who adopted the fundamental law of the Philippine Republic had hoped that through legislative discretion local governments would develop into strong and effective agents of the national government. This hope was dashed by the unwillingness of the legislative branch to make the local units less dependent on the central government and the meticulous way in which the President of the nation tried to control local officials instead of merely supervising them as the constitution provided. Against this background, the third generation of constitutional elites in the seventies felt that the constitutional compromise in the thirties between the historical view of localism and the legal theory of centralism in the form os presidential supervision over local governments was counter-productive. Accordingly, they considered a number of choices by which local autonomy could be clothed with constitutional protection. And so they wrote in the new Philippine constitution a mandate to the legislative branch to institutionalize the concept of local autonomy not only in form but in substance as well. They also modified Dillon's Rule, which used to govern national—local relations, by subjecting the legislative power to create or abolish local units to popular approval by placing a shotgun behind the door—the referendum. Elite decision to opt for this type of mandatory autonomy was not in response to mass demands, since the masses were uninformed about the local autonomy issue. Rather, it was due to elite perception of what they considered to be the public good which motivated them to take this bold and forward step towards local political development during the nation's crucial period of its existence.
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    Srinivas, M. N.: The Remembered Village : Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1976 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 512-512 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Islam, M. Mufakharul: Bengal agriculture 1920–1946: a quantitative study : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 513-518 
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    Kolenda, Pauline: Caste in Contemporary India: Beyond Organic Solidarity : Menlo Park, California, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 513-513 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Chung, Tan: China and the Brave New World: A Study of the Origins of the Opium War 1840–42. : New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 518-521 
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    Chi, Li: Anyang : Washington, University of Washington Press, 1977 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 521-523 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    ASS volume 14 issue 2 Back matter (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 1-3 
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  • 189
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    From Plantation to Padi-field: The Origins of the Nineteenth Century Transformation of Java's Sugar Industry (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 177-204 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Java's long-established sugar industry was transformed almost beyond recognition during the course of the nineteenth century. Under Dutch East India Company rule, which effectively lasted until the arrival on the island of Governor-General Daendels in 1808, sugar production had been organized almost exclusively by Chinese entrepreneurs, whose dozens of small sugar factories and plantations were scattered across the lowlands around Batavia (present day Jakarta). Their output played a subsidiary role in the prevailing pattern of colonial exploitation, was unable to compete in Europe with the production of West Indian sugar colonies and consequently found a sale, for the most part, only in other ‘protected’ Asian markets. During the nineteenth century, all this changed. First under government auspices—the so-called Cultivation System—and later under the direction of metropolitan-owned Sugar Corporations, the industry was transformed into a paradigm of colonial economic ‘development’. It was efficient, immensely profitable and productive (vast quantities of sugar were exported to the West), heavily capitalized and equipped with the best and most up-to-date machinery.
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    Indian Famines and Peasant Victims: the Case of Bengal in 1943–44 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 205-235 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: What, in detail, do Indian peasants do when famine looms? How do they defend themselves, who succumbs and who survives? Recently several talented economic historians have given these questions a vigorous airing. Morris D. Morris in particular set off the discussion by suggesting that South Asian peasants are well prepared for periodic drought famines. He argues (I compress him almost to parody) that long experience with the monsoon's periodic failures has taught the Indian cultivator prudence: when crops begin to fail the cultivator draws upon previously stored substances—his wife's jewelry, grain, cattle, etc.—and sells them or barters them to keep up his usual level of food consumption. Thus, while his assets are cyclically depleted and replenished, he can usually stave off the most feared effect of drought, which is starvation. N. S. Jodha, however, has partially contradicted Morris by adducing evidence from Rajasthan and elsewhere which shows the peasant cultivator to be more likely to cut back his current food intake rather than risk a loss of future production by depleting his capital assets. Like Morris, Jodha sees that farmers are rational and plan for the future, the disagreement being whether they plan for crop failures in the midst of good harvests or plan for good harvests in the midst of crop failures In fact these two views, suitably softened, are not incompatible, and one can imagine both operating at different phases of a worsening episode of drought.
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    Mrs Gandhi's Emergency, The Indian Elections of 1977, Pluralism and Marxism: Problems with Paradigms (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 237-271 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Given the system of parliamentary democracy that India developed after its independence in 1947, it is understandable that pluralism came to be the major paradigm used to explain Indian politics. But just as the persistence of economic inequality was instrumental in calling pluralism into question as an appropriate model for explaining the American political system, so the continuation and even increase of inequality in India led social scientists to question the pluralist approach for India. And, as in the American case, a number of scholars turned to a Marxist class analysis to explain the Indian situation; by the mid-1970s a political economy model had begun to take shape that did offer a reason able explanation of the pervasive inequality in India. Also, Mrs Gandhi's Emergency of 1975–1977 fits very easily into this class analysis approach. But then came the elections of 1977 and the ouster of Mrs Gandhi at the polls, an event not explicable in terms of the Marxist model, but which fits very well into the pluralist framework. Which model, then, is more appropriate to employ in accounting for the Indian system ? The best answer seems to be to try to fit the pluralist approach within the Marxist one, with the latter carrying most of the explanatory load.
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    Léon Roches—Diplomat Extraordinary in the Bakumatsu Era: An Assessment of His Personality and Policy (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 273-307 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The majority of foreigners involved in the turbulent period marking Japan's early transformation to modernity have been relegated to the obscurity of archival research, only occasionally surfacing in specialist studies. One exception is Léon Roches, head of the French legation from 1864 to 1868; he enjoys a considerable degree of notoriety and controversy, with very few of even the most general works no modern Japanese history failing to mention him. The major reason no doubt is due to the policy Roches pursued and the role he is alleged to have played; although in fact the main line of his policy did not differ radically from that of his Western colleagues and his role had tended to be exaggerated.
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    Weekes, Richard V.: Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey : Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 348-349 
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    Port Cities in Asia (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 345-348 
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  • 195
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    Bushidō and the Samurai: Images in British Public Opinion, 1894—1914 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 309-329 
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    Notes: I shall turn Japanese, for they at least can think, and be reticent! ... I fail to see any Western people in a position to set the Japs an example in their diplomacy ... their organization, their strategy, their virile qualities, their devotion and self control. Above all, their national capacity for self reliance, self-sacrifice and their silence, ...
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    The Publisher's Go-Between: Kashihonya in the Meiji Period (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 331-344 
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    Notes: The publisher is the bride's parents, the readers are the bridegroom, and the kashihonya is the go-between.
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    ASS volume 14 issue 1 Back matter (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 1-6 
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    Hill, R. D.Ishii, Yoneo; Hawkes, P.; Hawkes, S.: Rice in Malaya: a Study in Historical GeographyThailand: a Rice-Growing Society : Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1977Honolulu, Kyoto University; University Press of Hawaii, 1978 (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 350-351 
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    ASS volume 14 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 1-2 
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    The Japanese Occupation of Hainan (1980)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 14 (1980), S. 93-109 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Japanese interest in Hainan stemmed from the desire to emulate the success which they had achieved in Taiwan in an area further south which could offer a full range of tropical products for theuse of the Japanese economy. The naval importance of Hainan was also recognized, because it could dominate the South China Sea from the excellent harbour of San-ya ([...] Samah) Bay, and there were indications that the island was rich in minerals. The development of official Japanese interest in the island was largely the work of the governor-general's office in Taiwan. Thus in 1918 and 1919 an official from Taiwan called Kaku ([...]) was sent to Hainan to observe conditions under the title of special sales office head. In the 1920's the Taiwan government sponsored conferences o the South China Japanese consuls to discuss plans for the area, and in 1935 a conference was held production in the tropics, to coordinate research on the economy, production possibilities and culture of the tropical part of China.Meanwhile Chinese government interest in Hainan began to be aroused in the 1930's, culminating in the visit of T.V. Soong, one of the highest ministers of e Kuintang government, in 1936. Thereafter a rail route a west of the island was surveyed but no furthe progress was made. Private businessmen in the 1930's began to develop rubber plantations to join those set up with overseas Chinese capital in the 1910's,and there was a sharp rise in the area planted to sugar in 1936 as the price of sugar rose. Hence when war broke out between China and Japa,the possibilities for the development were just beginning to be explored.1
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