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  • Articles  (18)
  • rock mechanics  (18)
  • 2020-2024
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  • Geosciences  (18)
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  • Articles  (18)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 131 (1989), S. 111-138 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fractals ; fractures ; fluid flow ; percolation ; rock mechanics ; geohydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The distributions of contact areas in single, natural fractures in quartz monzonite (Stripa granite) are found to have fractal dimensions which decrease fromD=2.00 to values nearD=1.96 as stress normal to the fractures is increased from 3 MPa up to 85 MPa. The effect of stress on fluid flow is studied in the same samples. Fluid transport through a fracture depends on two properties of the fracture void space geometry. the void aperture; and the tortuosity of the flow paths, determined through the distribution of contact area. Each of these quantities change under stress and contribute to changes observed in the flow rate. A general flow law is presented which separates these different effects. The effects of tortuosity on flow are largely governed by the proximity of the flow path distribution to a percolation threshold. A fractal model of correlated continuum percolation is presented which quantitatively reproduces the flow path geometries. The fractal dimension in this model is fit to the measured fractal dimensions of the flow systems to determine how far the flow systems are above the percolation threshold.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 7 (1989), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock mass modulus ; rock mechanics ; rock foundations ; discontinuities ; plate loading test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 313-326 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Longwall coal faces ; numerical modelling ; powered roof support ; rock mechanics ; roof cavities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The forming of roof cavities in longwall faces is a complicated process. A likely explanation for this process is the presence of relaxed zones in the first beds of the roof above and ahead of the support. If existing or potential fissures are allowed to open through insufficient constraint, the block of roof delimited by these fissures will collapse. An increasing unsupported distance, an increasing distance between the face and the first row of legs, a lower vertical bearing force and a lower support pressure on the roof will increase the extent of the relaxed zones. These effects are investigated through underground observations and numerical modelling. Supplementary to this local influence, there is also a spatial relation between the support characteristics of one element in one coal step and the occurrence of fall outs in the roof uncovered by the next coal steps (3 on average) and above the neighbourhood elements (2 to 4 on average). It is probable that, once a cavity is formed, it is extended easily (in the two directions), until appropriate measures are taken.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 215-248 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Room and pillar mining ; pillar design ; rock mechanics ; evaporites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Soft rock pillars can be designed by several methods available in the mining literature. All of these methods include the effect of shape, or geometry, on the average strength of specimens and pillars. All of the pillar design methods include some measurement of the strength of specimens of the pillar rock. The most common rock specimen strength property measured is the unconfined compressive strength. However, the average strength of triaxially confined rock specimens is much greater than the unconfined specimen strength, which can be more important to pillar strength. The estimation of the strength of a pillar is complicated by the decrease in rock specimen strength with increase in specimen size.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 195-214 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Room and pillar mining ; yield pillars ; rock mechanics ; stability ; evaporites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Significant increases in extraction ratio on the order of 6 to 8%, equivalent to as much as 142 t/m of panel advance, have occurred at the Big Island Mine during the last five years with the help of a practical rock mechanics program. This increase in resource recovery has also contributed to improvements in productivity. Both conventional and continuous machine mining have been used to mine two flat-laying trona beds at depths of 250 and 260 m in the Green River Formation in southwestern Wyoming. Conventional room and pillar mining originally was conducted in panels with extraction ratios of 58 to 60%. The use of yield pillars has allowed the panel extraction to increase to 66%. Continuous machine mining was introduced recently, with a 64% extraction ratio using long, narrow pillars and wide rooms. Further improvements in resource recovery seem feasible in the light of present mining experience. The rock mechanics program consisted of field instrumentation to determine the pillar and roof response to mining, and computer modelling to evaluate and help determine the stability of various layouts, which were then adopted for mining.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 85-88 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Longwall mining ; strata control ; coal face supports ; support pressure ; rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 127-146 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Tunnel construction ; highway tunnels ; rock mechanics ; rock excavation ; subsidence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary A project to construct a tunnel with a 36 m span at a soffitt depth of about 8 m in strongly jointed layers of sandstones and claystones is described in detail. Each stage of the project is covered from exploration and testing; design; stability analysis and construction through to post-construction monitoring.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 5 (1987), S. 29-57 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Coal mining ; hydraulic powered supports ; longwall mining ; strata control ; rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Field investigations on seven U.S. longwall coal faces were carried out to examine the behaviour and interaction of roof, floor and support on longwall faces equipped with hydraulic powered supports. The most important factor in determining face stability was found to be periodic weighting and an empirical design equation was developed for support capacity. The interaction of various elements in the face system is examined and discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 5 (1987), S. 59-73 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Longwall mining ; strata control ; rock mechanics ; powered supports
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Recent developments in powered supports on British longwall faces include the advent of lemniscate designs, increased setting and yield loads, larger maximum extraction heights and a consequent rise in weight and cost. There was a requirement to examine the relevance of existing strata control theory to modern conditions. Measurements on five longwall coalfaces at four British collieries are described. Accurate measurements of support pressures, closures and inclinations, roof/floor convergence and lateral movement and hydraulic supply parameters were made with a digital data logging system. At one site magnetic extensometers were utilized to measure face and roof strains. Consideration of measured roof dilation and reclosure in conjunction with convergence provides a new perspective on the deformation mechanisms involved. The most important parameters governing strata conditions were identified as proximate lithology, foundation characteristics and adequate setting load densities. Recommendations are made regarding choice, design and operation of powered supports.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 79-106 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Deformation ; faults ; cataclasis ; gouge ; rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Field observations of the Punchbowl fault zone, an inactive trace of the San Andreas, are integrated with results from experimental deformation of naturally deformed Punchbowl fault rocks for a qualitative description of the mechanical properties of the fault and additional information for conceptual models of crustal faulting. The Punchbowl fault zone consists of a single, continuous gouge layer bounded by zones of extensively damaged host rock. Fault displacements were not only localized to the gouge layer, but also to discrete shear surfaces within the gouge. Deformation in the exposure studied probably occurred at depths of 2 to 4 km and was dominated by cataclastic mechanisms. Textural data also suggest that significant amounts of pore fluids were present during faulting, and that fluid-assisted mechanisms, such as dissolution, diffusion, and precipitation, were operative. The experimental data on specimens collected from the fault zone suggest that there is a gradual decrease in strength and elastic modulus and an increase in relative ductility and permeability toward the main gouge zone. The gouge layer has fairly uniform mechanical properites, and it has significantly lower strength, elastic modulus, and permeability than both the damaged and the undeformed host rock. For the Punchbowl fault and possibly other brittle faults, the variations in loading of the gouge zone with time are primarily governed by the morphology of the fault and the mechanical properties of the damaged host rock. In addition, the damaged zone acts as the permeable unit of the fault zone and surrounding rock. It appears that the gouge primarily governs whether displacements are localized, and it therefore may have a significant influence on the mode of slip.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 4 (1986), S. 15-38 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: In situ stress measurement ; borehole deformation ; borehole dilatometer ; rock mechanics ; rock property measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Failure deformation of a borehole boundary in response to hydraulic loading via a plastic cylinder is directly related to both the initial stress state and the material properties of the ground. These relationships are utilized for determination ofin situ stress states and material properties of complex geological formations, including fractured hard rock and soft ductile media, by directly measuring diametral deformation of the borehole in relation to the applied pressure. This new method was first developed by means of finite element simulation models, and later confirmed by laboratory model studies. This method was then field tested in an outcropping of homogeneous sandstone and later applied to three underground geological formations: highly stratified shale, rock salt, and fractured green schist. Some of the results of these field applications are presented here to illustrate the validity and usefulness of this method, especially for complex ground where the conventional methods of overcoring and hydrofracturing may be ineffective. The instrumentation of this method involves a borehole probe which utilizes electrically powered hydraulic pumping and computerized data acquisition for rapid measurement and on-site analysis. The significance of the new method is its ability to obtain input data ofin situ stress states and material properties for finite element analysis of earth structures in complex ground.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 4 (1986), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock testing ; coal ; rock mechanics ; compressive strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Conclusions The post-failure slope immediately after strength failure decreases on the negative side with the increase inw/h ratio. Atw/h equal to around 10 or 11 this slope becomes almost zero and then again the slope increases but on the positive side with further increase inw/h ratio. At loww/h ratios, the post-failure characteristic touches the abscissa ultimately. Forw/h greater than 4 or 6 after an initial fall, the broken mass starts reconsolidation on further loading due to high lateral constraints provided at the centre and the curve starts rising again. Forw/h ratios greater than 10 or 11, there is no loss in the post-failure strength.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 4 (1986), S. 257-271 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock testing ; coal cube strength ; rock mechanics ; in situ strength test ; coal pillars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary A large scalein situ compression test of a laminated coal cube is described. The cube was uniformly loaded by a system of hydraulic jacks supplied simultaneously from one pump. At the same time both load and deformations were controlled. Deformations were measured by 60 longitudinal gauges located at the side surface of the cube in the regular net. Due to the heterogeneity of the rock the readings showed scatter. As a first approximation, the scattered data were fitted to the plane using the least square method. Orientations of the planes were analysed and show permanent relative movement between adjacent lamina indicating complex behaviour of the cube under loading. Detailed analysis of this behaviour indicated that the cube was subjected to both bending and twisting.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 4 (1986), S. 151-163 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Mine machinery ; underwater excavation ; rock cutting ; tool wear ; rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Conclusions It is apparent that there is no single index that can provide a comprehensive measure of abrasiveness of rock material, but the range of tests described in the paper can provide an assessment of the overall abrasiveness of rock in conjunction with other physical properties. However, it is necessary to devise specific tests to suit a particular mode of excavation taking all these factors into account. Some subjective judgement is also necessary. These investigations can prevent costly mistakes in equipment selection and possibly assist in identifying alternative excavation systems.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 4 (1986), S. 273-290 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Pillar mining ; pillar strength ; failure criterion ; rock mechanics ; coal mining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Based on triaxial compression studies on eight coals, the well known empirical relation $$\sigma _1 = \sigma _{\text{c}} + a\sigma _3^b$$ has been suggested as the best fit. The parametersa, b and internal friction μ are shown to be interrelated. Values for μ given in Bieniawski's classification tables are used to obtaina andb for a given Rock Mass Rating (RMR), according to these interrelations. This procedure thus gives a simple failure criterion for rock masses. This non-linear failure criterion has been used in developing two independent pillar strength approaches, the first based on a Wilson type method (1972) and the second by estimating the total confining stress at the pillar centre. The performance of these new equations has been compared with some of the more popular strength formulae as tested against 16 failed and 27 stable pillar case studies. A nomogram is presented for pillar design based on the second approach developed.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 3 (1985), S. 183-194 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Open stope mining ; rock mechanics ; cable dowels ; metalliferous mining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Factors affecting the stability of a trial open stope at a depth of 1000 m in fissile foot wall and hanging wall shales are discussed. A combination of systematic support using cable dowels, and reduced disturbance from blasting using low density explosives and single ring firing, allowed successful completion of the stope.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 3 (1985), S. 91-111 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock cutting ; water jets ; mining machinery ; rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary A review of the benefits of assisting mechanical tools, notably drag bits, with moderate pressure waterjets suitably directed with respect to the bit is given. These benefits include reduced bit forces, especially the bit normal force, reduced bit wear, reduced dust make, and reduced incidence of frictional sparking. The research work that has been conducted to date to investigate this phenomenon has been empirical in nature. Experiments are described that extend the data bank of this empirical knowledge. In addition, experiments aimed at gaining a better understanding of the fundamentals of the rock fragmentation process with this hybrid cutting method are outlined. Results from the first of these experimental series are used to make recommendations as to the position of the jet with respect to the bit, the stand-off distance between the nozzle exit and the bit/rock interface, and the jet energy. In addition, preliminary findings are reported regarding the increase necessary in the jet energy when the bit velocity is increased. Results from the second test series are discussed in the context of rock fracture behaviour induced by mechanical bits acting alone. The likely influence of waterjets on these fracture processes is analysed. It is concluded that, in terms of the bit force reductions, a dominant influence of the jets when used in conjunction with sharp drag bits, is continuous removal of the rock debris that forms ahead of the advancing bit. The observed reductions in bit wear and incidence of frictional sparking are attributed to reduced heat loading of the bit during the cutting operation. Reductions in the dust make are attributed to effective wetting of the fine rock particles before they become entrained in the airstream.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 5 (1973), S. 21-41 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: soil mechanics ; rock mechanics ; hydrofracture ; permeation grouting ; seepage force ; fracture initiation ; fracture propagation ; energy balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Brucherscheinungen im Fels bei Verpreβarbeiten. In der Arbeit wird der grundlegende Mechanismus untersucht, welcher bei Verpreßarbeiten in Fels und geschichtetem Boden zur Einleitung und Ausbreitung von Brüchen führt. Frühere Untersuchungen des Bruchbeginns stützten sich im wesentlichen auf vereinfachte Modelle, in denen der Untergrund als undurchlässiges Kontinuum angesehen wird, das entweder elastisch ist oder der Mohr-Coulombschen Bruchbedingung genügt. Die neue Methode berücksichtigt dagegen eine Porosität oder Klüftung des Untergrundes durch Ansatz der vom strömenden Medium auf das Gebirge ausgeübten Belastung. Diese Belastung wird aufgeteilt in einen Druckverlust an der Bohrlochwand (gleich ParameterN mal Verpreßdruck) und die entsprechende, über den gesamten durchströmten Bereich verteilte Belastung. Die Untersuchung der Bruchausbreitung geht von der Spannungsermittlung um ein Bohrloch in einem elastischen Kontinuum aus, wobei in der sich ausbreitenden Bruchzone um das Bohrloch herum nichtelastisches Material angenommen wird, das dem Mohr-Coulombschen Bruchkriterium genügt. Zur Ergänzung dient eine Energie-Betrachtung, bei der die von der Injektionspumpe abgegebene Energie gleichgesetzt wird der im Untergrund gespeicherten Energie und der aufgewendeten Brucharbeit.
    Abstract: Résumé Les mécanismes de la fracturation hydraulique dans les roches pendant les injections sous pression. Le mémoire examine les mécanismes fondamentaux qui gouvernent l'initiation des ruptures dans les roches et les sols stratifiés, au cours des injections et leur propagation dans les massifs. Les analyses antérieures de l'initiation de la rupture, se sont concentrées sur des modèles simplifiés où l'on considérait la roche comme un milieu élastique et imperméable, ou comme un milieu de Mohr-Coulomb. La présente méthode admet que le massif est poreux ou fissuré, en considérant l'action des forces de percolation engendrées par le gradient de pression interstitielle. Cette action est quantifiée par un paramètreN, tel que le rapport de la force du liquide employée à dilater le forage d'injection, à celle employée pour forcer le coulis à travers les vides soitN/(1—N). L'analyse de la propagation des ruptures se base sur l'analyse des contraintes autour d'un forage dans un milieu élastique, alors que la zone de la rupture qui se propage autour du forage est représentée par un milieu non-élastique admettant le critère de rupture de Mohr-Coulomb. Cette analyse est complétée par une approche énergétique, où l'énergie qui est fournie au massif par la pompe d'injection est égalée à l'énergie emmagasinée dans la roche et à l'énergie de rupture.
    Notes: Summary Hydrofracture Mechanisms in Rock During Pressure Grouting. The paper examines the basic meachnisms controlling the initiation of fractures in rocks and layered soils during pressure grouting, and their subsequent propagation into the ground mass. Previous analyses of fracture initiation have tended to concentrate on simplified models in which the ground is treated as an impervious elastic or Mohr-Coulomb continuum. The present method allows for the porous or fissured nature of the ground by considering the effect of seepage forces induced by the pore pressure gradient. The effect is quantified by use of a parameterN such that the ratio of fluid force used in expanding the injection hole, to that used in forcing fluid through void spaces, isN to (1—N). Analysis of hydrofracture propagation is based on stress analysis of a borehole in an elastic continuum, the propagating fracture zone around the borehole being represented as a non-elastic material governed by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. This is supplemented by an energy approach which equates the energy supplied to the ground from the injection pump, with the energy stored in the ground and the energy necessary to fracture it.
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