ALBERT

Beschreibung: Non-technical summary Scenarios compatible with the Paris agreement's temperature goal of 1.5 °C involve carbon dioxide removal measures - measures that actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere - on a massive scale. Such large-scale implementations raise significant ethical problems. Van Vuuren et al. (2018), as well as the current IPCC scenarios, show that reduction in energy and or food demand could reduce the need for such activities. There is some reluctance to discuss such societal changes. However, we argue that policy measures enabling societal changes are not necessarily ethically problematic. Therefore, they should be discussed alongside techno-optimistic approaches in any kind of discussions about how to respond to climate change. Technical summary The 1.5 °C goal has given impetus to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures, such as bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage, or afforestation. However, land-based CDR options compete with food production and biodiversity protection. Van Vuuren et al. (2018) looked at alternative pathways including lifestyle changes, low-population projections, or non-CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation, to reach the 1.5 °C temperature objective. Underlined by the recently published IPCC AR6 WGIII report, they show that demand-side management measures are likely to reduce the need for CDR. Yet, policy measures entailed in these scenarios could be associated with ethical problems themselves. In this paper, we therefore investigate ethical implications of four alternative pathways as proposed by Van Vuuren et al. (2018). We find that emission reduction options such as lifestyle changes and reducing population, which are typically perceived as ethically problematic, might be less so on further inspection. In contrast, options associated with less societal transformation and more techno-optimistic approaches turn out to be in need of further scrutiny. The vast majority of emission reduction options considered are not intrinsically ethically problematic; rather everything rests on the precise implementation. Explicitly addressing ethical considerations when developing, advancing, and using integrated assessment scenarios could reignite debates about previously overlooked topics and thereby support necessary societal discourse. Social media summary Policy measures enabling societal changes are not necessarily as ethically problematic as commonly presumed and reduce the need for large-scale CDR

Beschreibung: Raw data acquired by position sensors on board RV METEOR during expedition M196 were processed to receive a validated master track which can be used as reference of further expedition data. During M196 the motion reference unit Kongsberg SeaTex AS MRU-5 combined with Kongsberg SeaTex AS Seapath 320 and two C and C Technologies GPS receivers C-NAV3050 were used as navigation sensors. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.bsh.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. Processing and evaluation of the data is outlined in the data processing report. Processed data are provided as a master track with 1 sec resolution derived from the position sensors' data selected by priority and a generalized track with a reduced set of the most significant positions of the master track.

Beschreibung: Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data were collected by recorder SV1019 of type Sono.Vault (manufactured by develogic GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) at 20.9757 ° S, 5.9845 ° E, mooring AWI247-3, in the eastern Atlantic Ocean off Namibia. During a deployment period from November 2012 to November 2014, passive acoustic data were collected from November 2012 to May 2013 (recording period) by SV1019 off Namibia. The recorder was moored at 736 m depth and scheduled to record continuously at a sample rate of 5,333 Hz. Further details about the data acquisition and processing of this data set can be found in the accompanying metadata file (see Additional metadata) as well as the data processing report (see Data Processing Report). Passive acoustic data archived here represent data processing Level 1+, according to the standards defined in the associated Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) Glossary (Thomisch et al. 2023a). Further information on data processing with regard to data preparation and standardization can be found in the associated SOP Part 1: Data preparation and standardization (Thomisch et al. 2023b).

Beschreibung: Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data were collected by recorder SV1008 of type Sono.Vault (manufactured by develogic GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) at 20.9633 ° S, 5.9767 ° E, mooring AWI247-2, in the eastern Atlantic Ocean off Namibia. During a deployment period from November 2011 to November 2012, passive acoustic data were collected from November 2011 to August 2012 (recording period) by SV1008 off Namibia. The recorder was moored at 741 m depth and scheduled to record continuously at a sample rate of 5,333 Hz. Further details about the data acquisition and processing of this data set can be found in the accompanying metadata file (see Additional metadata) as well as the data processing report (see Data Processing Report). Passive acoustic data archived here represent data processing Level 2+ (see the associated data processing report), deviating from Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) Glossary (Thomisch et al. 2023a). Further information on data processing with regard to data preparation and standardization can be found in the associated SOP Part 1: Data preparation and standardization (Thomisch et al. 2023b).

Beschreibung: Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data were collected by recorder SV1005 of type Sono.Vault (manufactured by develogic GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) at 69.005° S, 6.9815° W, mooring AWI244-2, in the Weddell Sea, Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. During a deployment period from December 2010 to December 2012, passive acoustic data were collected from December 2010 to January 2011 (recording period) by SV1005 as part of the Hybrid Antarctic Float Observing System (HAFOS) in the Weddell Sea. The recorder was moored at 1003 m depth and scheduled to record continuously at a sample rate of 5,333 Hz. Further details about the data acquisition and processing of this data set can be found in the accompanying metadata file (see Additional metadata) as well as the data processing report (see Data Processing Report). Passive acoustic data archived here represent data processing Level 2+, deviating from the standards defined in the associated Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) Glossary (Thomisch et al. 2023a). Further information on data processing with regard to data preparation and standardization can be found in the associated SOP Part 1: Data preparation and standardization (Thomisch et al. 2023b).

Beschreibung: Photomicrographs of representative mineralogy are here presented for each unit defined in our study. Unit A is dominated by quartz and feldspar whereas clay minerals, clinopyroxene and micas are in minor proportions (S4.1 and S4.2). Quartz, especially polycrystalline quartz, is dominant within the Unit B whereas micas and clinopyroxene are low in abundance (S4.3 and S4.4). Unit C is characterized by a high content in clay minerals as well as feldspar and monocrystalline quartz (S4.5). Unit D is characterized by a high content of polycrystalline quartz (chert) and feldspar (S4.6 and S4.7).

Beschreibung: U-Pb zircon age dating was applied on U-channel samples (30cc) that were collected from sandy deposits in cores from IODP Site C0024 (one sample; frontal Nankai accretionary Prism), ODP Site 1177 (two samples; Western Shikoku Basin) and IODP sites C0011 (three samples) and C0012 (one sample; Eastern Shikoku Basin). Detrital zircon U-Pb ages were measured using the London Thermochronology Research Group facilities at UCL based on a New Wave Nd: YAG 213 nm laser ablation system coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Real time U-Pb were processed using GLITTER data reduction software. Repeated measurements of external zircon standard Plesovice (TIMS reference 337.13 +/-0.37 Myr ago) and NIST 612 silicate glass were used to correct for instrumental mass bias and depth-dependent inter-element fractionation of Pb, Th, and U. 206Pb/238U ages are used for those grain younger than 1 Ga, and for zircon grains older than 1,000 Ma we used the 207Pb/206Pb ages to determine the crystallization age. To better constrain the sediment provenance along the Nankai subduction zone, we integrated published U-Pb zircon age to our study. These include (1) potential sediment sources, e.g., Nagara, Yodo, Tenryu, Kiso and Fuji rivers from Clift et al. (2013) (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1002/tect.20033), the Yangtze and Yellow rivers from Huang et al. (2020) (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.3390/min10050398), the Shimanto Complex from Shibata et al. (2008) (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2008.00626.x) and the Sanbagawa Belt from Tsutsumi et al. (2009) (https://doi.org/10.2465/jmps.080416) and (2) published zircon ages from the frontal accretionary prism ((ODP sites 1176 and 1177 and IODP sites C0006E and C0007E; Clift et al., 2013) (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1002/tect.20033).

Beschreibung: Ternary diagrams are commonly used in Earth Sciences to represent numerical data as ratios of three components. For our study, ternary provenance diagrams were created in Microsoft Excel directly from the raw point-count data of sand samples from IODP sites C0002N and C0002P (presented in doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.969334). Raw point-count data were recalculated as volumetric proportions by summing up quartzose, feldspar and lithic fragment framework constituents. Other grains identified in the point counting were excluded from these calculations but were retained for later use in stratigraphic correlation.

Beschreibung: Raw data acquired by position sensors on board RV SONNE during expedition SO301 were processed to receive a validated master track which can be used as reference of further expedition data. During SO301 the motion reference unit Kongsberg SeaTex AS MRU-5 combined with Kongsberg SeaTex AS Seapath 320 and two GPS receivers SAAB MGL-4 were used as navigation sensors. Data were downloaded from DAVIS SHIP data base (https://dship.bsh.de) with a resolution of 1 sec. Processing and evaluation of the data is outlined in the data processing report. Processed data are provided as a master track with 1 sec resolution derived from the position sensors' data selected by priority and a generalized track with a reduced set of the most significant positions of the master track.