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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (38,318)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (12,858)
  • Engineering  (4,761)
  • 2020-2024  (63)
  • 1990-1994  (28,128)
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  • 1
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    Emerald Publishing | ICE Publishing
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The ebook edition of this title is Open Access and freely available to read online. Specification for Tunnelling, Fourth edition is a standard industry document for tunnelling contracts and forms the basis of tunnelling specifications for projects throughout the world. It reflects current industry best practice and considers technological advancements over the last ten years. It also investigates a range of new topics. Since the publication of the third edition in 2010, the British tunnelling industry has completed several major projects both domestic and abroad. This updated fourth edition captures the many advances made in the field of tunnelling and the lessons learned on these projects through a comprehensive review of all content by subject matter experts. The importance of sustainability and the increased market share of low CO2e materials have been reflected by removal of prescriptive requirements and a strong emphasis on performance-based specification. All references to codes, standards and other design documents have been comprehensively updated. Drafted by an expert editorial committee and supported by multiple rounds of industry-wide peer reviews, the Specification for Tunnelling in its fourth edition will continue to be the de facto standard reference work for tunnelling in the UK and worldwide.
    Keywords: Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNC Company, commercial and competition law: general::LNCQ Construction and engineering law ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNK Building construction and materials ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNC Company, commercial and competition law: general::LNCQ Construction and engineering law ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNK Building construction and materials
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The 3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2023 (ICAME-23) was organized on 24th August 2023 by the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST). All the articles are single-blindfold reviewed. The acceptance rate of the conference was 65%. ICAME is held annually and welcame high-quality theoretical and empirical original research papers, case studies, and review papers from researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students worldwide. ICAME-23 accepted research papers in the discipline of: Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics; Thermodynamics and heat transfer analysis; Machine and Mechanisms; Design and Solid Mechanics; Manufacturing, Production and Industrial Engineering; Engineering and Technology Management; Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering; Bioengineering; Materials and Failure Analysis; Other Related Fields. The ICAME-23 conference provided a platform for the national and international speakers/participants to present their state-of-the-art research work to diverse audiences from academia and industry. The conference proceedings are published in the Engineering Proceeding of MDPI, Switzerland. All the articles are individually indexed and are citable via Digital Object Identification (DOI).
    Keywords: Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This book provides useful insight into how academics from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, such as science, engineering, technology, social science, policy, design, architecture, built environment, business, and management, have been conducting research into how to realise net zero emissions to address climate change. This book explores the ways in which countries around the world have pledged to achieve net zero emissions through decarbonisation processes. It presents the highest calibre research and impact activities carried out in the UK, Europe, North America, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Such activities include conceptualisation, opportunity identification, specific case studies, demonstration of proof of concepts, provision of evidence, education of the general public, and knowledge transfer to companies. Further to this, the chapters also bring to light personal career journeys to net zero by current and future international research leaders. From this book, readers will gain a full understanding of net zero research via multiple disciplinary pathways, be inspired by personal accounts, and will learn key methodologies, including quantitative and qualitative approaches. The diversity of authors and topics make the book widely applicable to a range of fields, and it will be of great interest to researchers, students, practitioners, and decision makers working towards the goals of net zero and decarbonisation.
    Keywords: Net Zero ; Net Zero emissions ; Decarbonisation ; Climate change ; Interdisciplinary education ; Carbon neutral ; 2050 ; Sustainability ; Sustainable consumption ; Sustainability transitions ; Sustainable fashion ; Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AB The arts: general topics ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AK Design, Industrial and commercial arts, illustration::AKP Product design ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THV Alternative and renewable energy sources and technology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution and threats to the environment::RNPG Climate change ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RP Regional and area planning::RPC Urban and municipal planning and policy ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTP Development studies ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBC Engineering: general ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBD Technical design::TBDG Ergonomics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDY Energy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities::JBSD Urban communities ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDP Other manufacturing technologies
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    TU Delft OPEN Publishing
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: The Cross Domain City of the Future Graduation Lab, situated in the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment at TU Delft, has been a pioneer in experimenting with a multidisciplinary approach to education on the built environment. Drawing upon this expertise over the past years, this book reflects on multidisciplinarity in the built environment and its implementation in education on the built environment. How should one approach multidisciplinarity in education and practice? What encompasses its core elements, benefits, and challenges? By addressing these questions, the book aims to inform students and practitioners within the realm of the built environment by sharing insights from experiences in multidisciplinary education. It presents eight conclusions regarding the future of multidisciplinary education and, thereby, seeks to contribute to a more humane and sustainable future for cities: 1.Process is central to multidisciplinary collaboration. Negotiating positions, ensuring an environment of respect, balance and open-mindedness, and setting a common vocabulary. 2.Multidisciplinarity can be a way to foster innovation. It triggers complementarity and confrontation. As with any innovation, there is potential for greater outcomes, but, at the same time, extra risks emerge. These need to be managed. 3.Multidisciplinarity could be better integrated into organisational structures. 4.Disciplinarity and multidisciplinarity are in mutual coexistence. They are inseparable. They can complement and contradict each other. 5.Problem precedes solution, not the opposite. Framing the problem, or ‘problematizing’, is a considerable share of the actual solution. This is particularly applicable to multidisciplinarity. 6.Multidisciplinarity is by nature composed of fluid boundaries. Navigating through an enormous diversity of perspectives requires agility, flexibility, independence, spirit of adventure and embracing uncertainty. 7.Professionals should be trained as ‘T-shape’: grounded in their field while able to dialogue with other fields. 8.Both generalists and specialists are needed. Education should provide opportunities for both.
    Keywords: City ; Future ; Multidisciplinarity ; Design ; Education ; Engineering ; Graduation Lab ; Built Environment ; Architecture ; Urban Design ; Management ; Geomatics ; Transport ; Infrastructure ; Logistics ; Collaboration ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AM Architecture
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Amsterdam University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: Techne;/Technology offers a penetrating, close look at the origins of the term techne;, which unleashed a revolution in cinema and media studies when it was first introduced and which continues to influence the study of film as the digital revolution rolls along. The contributors investigate the effects of technologies on major film debates and, moreover, how technologies have affected film theory and its key concepts.
    Keywords: Film Studies ; Communication Studies ; Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATJ Television ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Boydell & Brewer | James Currey an imprint of Boydell & Brewer
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: No country has managed to develop beyond a subsistence economy without ensuring at least minimum access to electricity for the majority of its population. Yet many sub-Saharan African countries struggle to meet demand. Why is this, and what can be done to reduce energy poverty and further Africa's development? Examining the politics and processes surrounding electricity infrastructure, provision and reform, the author provides an overview of historical andcontemporary debates about access in the sub-continent, and explores the shifting role and influence of national governments and of multilateral agencies in energy reform decisions. He describes a challenging political environment for electricity supply, with African governments becoming increasingly frustrated with the rules and the processes of multilateral donors. Civil society also began to question reform choices, and governments in turn looked to new development partners, such as China, to chart a fresh path of energy transformation. Drawing on over fifteen years of research on Uganda, which has one of the lowest levels of access to electricity in Africa and has struggled to construct several, large hydroelectric dams on the Nile, Gore argues that there is a critical need to recognize how the changing political and social context in African countries, and globally, has affected the capacity to fulfil national energy goals, minimize energy poverty and transform economies.
    Keywords: Political Science ; African Studies ; Engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TH Energy technology & engineering::THR Electrical engineering::THRB Power generation & distribution ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THY Energy, power generation, distribution and storage
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    CLACSO
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Description not available.
    Keywords: Technology ; Engineering ; Political Science ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBW Internet: general works ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPH Political structure and processes::JPHV Political structures: democracy
    Language: Spanish
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Este libro indaga desde múltiples preguntas y perspectivas las transformaciones provocadas por el incremento descomunal del flujo de información generada por el uso masivo e intensivo de las tecnologías digitales. El estudio de las apropiaciones por parte de la sociedad configura un mosaico desigual y combinado de usos y empleos de las tecnologías digitales. ¿Cómo han impactado en los grupos sociales, económicos y generacionales los usos de las tecnologías? ¿Que desafíos entrañan y que problemas nuevos generan las herramientas cotidianas a través de las cuales conocemos y nos comunicamos con nuestro entorno y el mundo?
    Keywords: Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering
    Language: Spanish
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  • 9
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    University of Minnesota Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: An investigation of how-to guides for sensor technologies Sensors are increasingly common within citizen-sensing and DIY projects, but these devices often require the use of a how-to guide. From online instructional videos for troubleshooting sensor installations to handbooks for using and abusing the Internet of Things, the how-to genres and formats of digital instruction continue to expand and develop. As the how-to proliferates, and instructions unfold through multiple aspects of technoscientific practices, Jennifer Gabrys asks why the how-to has become one of the prevailing genres of the digital. How to Do Things with Sensors explores the ways in which things are made do-able with and through sensors and further considers how worlds are made sense-able and actionable through the instructional mode of citizen-sensing projects. Forerunners: Ideas First Short books of thought-in-process scholarship, where intense analysis, questioning, and speculation take the lead
    Keywords: Science & Technology Studies ; General Science ; Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Artificial intelligence is a term that refers to the ability to provide machines with human intelligence. In medicine it is becoming widely used. It finds application especially in the diagnostic and tumor fields. It is not yet able to replace the human brain, but several studies show how its support can be useful in making diagnoses and providing prognoses. This reprint addresses various satellite topics of this discipline, giving practical examples in various clinical fields. In addition, it highlights the strengths of this tool and proposes methods to improve its weaknesses by addressing issues such as increasing data sets and selecting the right features. It also addresses other innovative aspects that together with artificial intelligence can lead to improvements in surgery.
    Keywords: Artificial Intelligence ; Automatic ; Diagnostics ; Engineering ; Imaging ; Machine Learning ; Deep Learning ; Features ; Biomedics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Pennsylvania State University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Oil, like other fossil fuels, permeates every aspect of human existence. Yet it has been largely ignored by cultural critics, especially in the context of the Global South. Seeking to make visible not only the pervasiveness of oil in society and culture but also its power, Oil Fictions stages a critical intervention that aligns with the broader goals of the energy humanities.Exploring literature and film about petroleum as a genre of world literature, Oil Fictions focuses on the ubiquity of oil as well as the cultural response to petroleum in postcolonial states. The chapters engage with African, South American, South Asian, Iranian, and transnational petrofictions and cover topics such as the relationship of colonialism to the fossil fuel economy, issues of gender in the Thermocene epoch, and discussions of migration, precarious labor, and the petro-diaspora. This unique exploration includes testimonies of the oil encounter—through memoirs, journals, and interviews—from a diverse geopolitical grid, ranging from the Permian Basin to the Persian Gulf.By engaging with non-Western literary responses to petroleum in a concentrated, sustained way, this pathbreaking book illuminates the transnational dimensions of the discourse on oil. It will appeal to scholars and students working in literature and science studies, energy humanities, ecocriticism, petrocriticism, environmental humanities, and Anthropocene studies.In addition to the editors, the contributors to this volume include Henry Obi Ajumeze, Rebecca Babcock, Ashley Dawson, Sharae Deckard, Scott DeVries, Kristen Figgins, Amitav Ghosh, Corbin Hiday, Helen Kapstein, Micheal Angelo Rumore, Simon Ryle, Sheena Stief, Imre Szeman, Maya Vinai, and Wendy W. Walters.
    Keywords: Language & Literature ; Sustainability ; Engineering ; Environmental Science ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general::DSBH Literary studies: c 1900 to c 2000 ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THF Fossil fuel technologies::THFP Petroleum technology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The role of fossil planktonic foraminifera as markers for biostratigraphical zonation and correlation underpins most drilling of marine sedimentary sequences and is key to hydrocarbon exploration. The first - and only - book to synthesize the whole biostratigraphic and geological usefulness of planktonic foraminifera, Biostratigraphic and Geological Significance of Planktonic Foraminifera unifies existing biostratigraphic schemes and provides an improved correlation reflecting regional biogeographies. Renowned micropaleontologist Marcelle K. Boudagher-Fadel presents a comprehensive analysis of existing data on fossil planktonic foraminifera genera and their phylogenetic evolution in time and space. This important text, now in its Second Edition, is in considerable demand and is now being republished by UCL Press.
    Keywords: Geology ; Paleontology ; Geography ; Agriculture ; Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere ; thema EDItEUR::W Lifestyle, Hobbies and Leisure::WN Nature and the natural world: general interest::WNR Rocks, minerals and fossils: general interest ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBX Palaeontology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere::RBGH Stratigraphy ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THF Fossil fuel technologies::THFP Petroleum technology
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    University of Minnesota Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Sensors are everywhere. Small, flexible, economical, and computationally powerful, they operate ubiquitously in environments. They compile massive amounts of data, including information about air, water, and climate. Never before has such a volume of environmental data been so broadly collected or so widely available. Grappling with the consequences of wiring our world, Program Earth examines how sensor technologies are programming our environments. As Jennifer Gabrys points out, sensors do not merely record information about an environment. Rather, they generate new environments and environmental relations. At the same time, they give a voice to the entities they monitor: to animals, plants, people, and inanimate objects. This book looks at the ways in which sensors converge with environments to map ecological processes, to track the migration of animals, to check pollutants, to facilitate citizen participation, and to program infrastructure. Through discussing particular instances where sensors are deployed for environmental study and citizen engagement across three areas of environmental sensing, from wild sensing to pollution sensing and urban sensing, Program Earth asks how sensor technologies specifically contribute to new environmental conditions. What are the implications for wiring up environments? How do sensor applications not only program environments, but also program the sorts of citizens and collectives we might become? Program Earth suggests that the sensor-based monitoring of Earth offers the prospect of making new environments not simply as an extension of the human but rather as new "technogeographies" that connect technology, nature, and people.
    Keywords: General Science ; Science & Technology Studies ; Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    CLACSO
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Gustavo Lins Riberio conjuga y tensiona la teoría con el trabajo de campo para desentrañar los significados que atribuyen los trabajadores a la construcción de Brasilia. Ello le permitirá reconstruir una memoria donde caben las penurias, los enojos, las broncas, las injusticias laborales, las solidaridades, las amistades, la familia, las lealtades, los sabores de las comidas, la música, la organización, el sindicato y los conflictos, en un todo desordenado pero legible a luz de la teoría. En definitiva, la experiencia de clase se puede leer en El capital de la esperanza de modo transversal, así como también las contradicciones del capitalismo, las políticas urbanistas, las condiciones de trabajo y demás campos problemáticos que han abordado las ciencias sociales. Las y los invitamos a leer —por primera vez o una vez más— esta obra magistral que nos permite comprender y complejizar la dinámica de la expansión capitalista.
    Keywords: Labor & Employment Relations ; Engineering ; History ; Latin American Studies ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCF Labour / income economics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNK Building construction and materials ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHK History of the Americas
    Language: Spanish
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  • 15
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    TU Delft OPEN Publishing
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Current systems design and decision management methodologies can be single-sided, ignoring or failing to capture the dynamic interplay between multi-stakeholder preferences (‘what they want’) and system performances (‘what they can’). In addition, these methodologies often contain fundamental modelling errors and do not provide single best-fit solutions. This leaves designers or decision-makers without unique answers to their problems. Above all, mainstream higher education primarily applies instructivist and research-based learning methods, and therefore does not adequately prepare students for designing solutions to future complex problems. This book introduces both a state-of-the-art participatory design methodology (Odesys), and a design-based learning concept (ODL), which together overcome the aforementioned issues. Odesys is a pure act of open design integration to confront conflicting socio-technical interests and is the key to unlocking these complexities to deliver socially responsible systems. Odesys’ design engine, the Preferendus, enables stakeholders to cooperatively identify their best-fit design synthesis. It employs a novel optimisation method that maximises the aggregated preferences, integrating sound mathematical and extended U-modelling via open technical-, social-, and purpose cycles. The art of ODL is a constructivist design-based and well-proven learning concept fostering students’ design capabilities to become open and persistent problem solvers. It is a reflective, creative, and engaged learning approach that opens human development and unlocks new knowledge and solutions. The author also introduces new management features such as the corporate social identifier (CSI), the ‘socio-eco’ threefold organization model and U-model based open loop management. Finally, the author places Odesys & ODL within the integrative context of empiricism, rationalism, spiritualism, and constructivism to unite the open design impulse. This book will be of interest to both academics and practitioners working in the field of complex systems design and managerial decision-making, and functions as a textbook on systems design and management for master students from diverse backgrounds.
    Keywords: Management ; Technology ; Engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    CLACSO
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: En junio del 2014 la comunidad Kukama de Cuninico, fue afectada por el derrame de 2500 barriles de petróleo. Como muchas otras comunidades nativas en la Amazonia, Cuninico está enfrascada en un contexto postdesastre agudizado por la ineficiencia estatal. Las dinámicas intrafamiliares y comunitarias, así como las expectativas a futuro de los que allí viven, han cambiado profundamente. En este contexto son las mujeres las que deben asumir más responsabilidades para enfrentar la crisis.
    Keywords: Environmental Science ; Sustainability ; Engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNK Conservation of the environment ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TH Energy technology & engineering::THF Fossil fuel technologies::THFP Petroleum technology
    Language: Spanish
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  • 17
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    UJ Press | UJ Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The book provides a rich, informative picture of the current state of student engagement evaluation, while also highlighting challenges and opportunities for future advances. A particular strength of this publication is its emphasis on the importance of taking evidence-based decisions, and showing how the South African Survey of Student Engagement (SASSE) can provide the evidence for well-informed changes in policy and practice in order to enhance student success." - Prof Magda Fourie-Malherbe, Stellenbosch University
    Keywords: Academics ; Academic achievement ; Academic advising ; Academic advisors ; Academic challenge ; Academic development ; Academic literacy ; Academic performance ; Academic support ; Access ; Academic staff (also see academics/Lecturers) ; Actionable ; Active learning ; Agency ; Aggregated ; Analyse ; Apply ; Ask questions ; Assessment ; Attitude ; Australasian Survey of Student Engagement (AUSSE) ; Beginning University Survey of Student Engagement (BUSSE) ; Benchmarking ; Bloom’s taxonomy ; Business ; economics and management ; Campus environment ; Capacity ; Career advisors ; Challenges ; Classroom activities ; Classroom Survey of Student Engagement (CLASSE) ; Co-curricular (also see extra-curricular) ; Cognitive ; Cognitive development ; Cognitive educational activities ; Cognitive functions ; Cognitive skills ; Collaborative learning ; Colleges ; Community college ; Comprehensive universities ; Conditional formatting ; Contextual ; Contextual challenges ; Contextualised ; Council on Higher Education (CHE) ; Course (module/subject) ; Critical thinking ; Culture ; Curriculum ; Data ; Data-informed ; Decision-making ; Decolonisation ; Deep learning ; Department chairs (heads of departments) ; Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) ; Development ; Developmental outcomes ; Diagnostic ; Disaggregating ; Discussions ; Discussion with diverse others ; Dropout ; Education outcomes ; Effective educational behaviours ; Effective educational practices ; Effective leadership ; Effective teaching practices ; Empirical ; Engagement – also see Student Engagement ; Engineering ; Equity ; Equitable outcomes ; Evaluate ; Evidence ; Evidence-based ; Expectations ; Expected academic difficulty ; Expected academic perseverance ; Experiential learning ; Experience with staff ; Extended degree ; Extended curricula ; Extra-curricular (also see co-curricular) ; Financial Stress Scale ; First-generation ; First-year ; Food ; Food insecurity ; Frequency ; Freshman myth ; Gender ; Graduate attributes (Learning outcomes) ; Group work ; Heads of departments ; High-Impact practices ; Higher education outcomes ; Higher-Order Learning ; Holistic ; Humanities ; Incentive ; Indicators ; Innovation ; Innovative ; Instructional paradigm ; Interactions ; Interventions ; Institutional culture ; Institutional performance ; Institutional research ; Institutional researchers ; Institution-wide approaches ; Interpersonal relationships ; Interpersonal skills ; Intersectional ; Intersectionality ; Irish Survey of Student Engagement (ISSE) ; Knowledge ; Knowledge society ; Language ; Law ; Leaders ; Leadership (management/university leadership) ; Learning ; Learning environments ; Learning facilitator ; Learning outcomes ; Learning paradigm ; Learning strategies ; Learning with peers ; Lecturer Survey of Student Engagement (LSSE) ; Lecturers (also see academics/academic staff) ; Librarians ; Management (University leaders and Leadership) ; Mathematics ; Memorisation ; Mentor ; Mentoring ; Mentorship ; Mission ; Module (course/subject) ; Motivation ; National Benchmark Tests (NBT) ; National Benchmark Test Project (NBTP) ; National Development Plan ; National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) ; Natural and Agricultural Sciences ; Next Generation of Academics Programme (nGAP) ; Numeracy development ; Off-campus ; On-campus ; Online resources ; Pathways ; Peer learning (also see Tutor) ; Pedagogical approaches ; Pedagogical contexts ; Pedagogical environments ; Pedagogical experiences ; Pedagogical innovation ; Pedagogical practices ; Pedagogical relationship ; Pedagogical responsiveness ; Pedagogies ; Perceived academic preparation ; Perceived preparedness ; Persistence ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy makers ; Practical significance ; Practical work ; Preparing for class ; Professional development ; Professionals ; Professional staff ; Quadrant ; Quality ; Quality assurance ; Quality of interactions ; Quantitative reasoning ; Reflection ; Reflective and integrative learning ; Relationships ; Research ; Responsiveness ; Resources ; Retention ; Science ; engineering and technology ; Self-reflection ; Senior students ; Service learning ; Social sciences ; Socio-economic ; South African Survey(s) of Student Engagement (SASSE) ; Staff development (also academic development and lecturer development) ; Stakeholder ; Strategies ; Statistical ; Student affairs ; Student behaviour ; Student bodies ; Student data ; Student development ; Student engagement ; Student evaluation ; Student financial aid ; Student involvement ; Student learning ; Student life ; Student needs ; Student outcomes ; Student organisations ; Student perspective ; Student participation ; Student performance ; Student persistence ; Student retention ; Student responses ; Student societies ; Student-staff interaction ; Student success ; Student views ; Student voice ; Success rates ; Subject (course/module) ; Support services ; Support staff ; Supportive campus ; Supportive environment ; Synthesise ; Systemic perspective ; Systemic understanding ; Teaching ; Teaching and learning ; Techniques ; Time ; Time management ; Traditional universities ; Transformation ; Transformative ; Transition ; Tutor ; Tutorials ; Undergraduate research ; Underprepared ; United States ; University Capacity Development Grant (University Capacity Development Programme) ; Universities ; Universities of Technology ; University leaders ; Unrealistic ; Well-being ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: English
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    University of North Carolina Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: White working-class conservatives have played a decisive role in American history, particularly in their opposition to social justice movements, radical critiques of capitalism, and government help for the poor and sick. While this pattern is largely seen as a post-1960s development, Poor Man's Fortune tells a different story, excavating the long history of white working-class conservatism in the century from the Civil War to World War II. With a close study of metal miners in the Tri-State district of Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, Jarod Roll reveals why successive generations of white, native-born men willingly and repeatedly opposed labor unions and government-led health and safety reforms, even during the New Deal. With painstaking research, Roll shows how the miners' choices reflected a deep-seated, durable belief that hard-working American white men could prosper under capitalism, and exposes the grim costs of this view for these men and their communities, for organized labor, and for political movements seeking a more just and secure society. Roll's story shows how American inequalities are in part the result of a white working-class conservative tradition driven by grassroots assertions of racial, gendered, and national privilege.
    Keywords: History ; American Studies ; Labor & Employment Relations ; Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHK History of the Americas ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNX Industrial relations, occupational health and safety::KNXN Industrial arbitration and negotiation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: Resilience has become an important topic on the safety research agenda and in organizational practice. Most empirical work on resilience has been descriptive, identifying characteristics of work and organizing activity which allow organizations to cope with unexpected situations. Fewer studies have developed testable models and theories that can be used to support interventions aiming to increase resilience and improve safety. In addition, the absent integration of different system levels from individuals, teams, organizations, regulatory bodies, and policy level in theory and practice imply that mechanisms through which resilience is linked across complex systems are not yet well understood. Scientific efforts have been made to develop constructs and models that present relationships; however, these cannot be characterized as sufficient for theory building. There is a need for taking a broader look at resilience practices as a foundation for developing a theoretical framework that can help improve safety in complex systems. This book does not advocate for one definition or one field of research when talking about resilience; it does not assume that the use of resilience concepts is necessarily positive for safety. We encourage a broad approach, seeking inspiration across different scientific and practical domains for the purpose of further developing resilience at a theoretical and an operational level of relevance for different high-risk industries. The aim of the book is twofold: 1. To explore different approaches for operationalization of resilience across scientific disciplines and system levels. 2. To create a theoretical foundation for a resilience framework across scientific disciplines and system levels. By presenting chapters from leading international authors representing different research disciplines and practical fields we develop suggestions and inspiration for the research community and practitioners in high-risk industries. This book is Open Access under a CC-BY licence. ; Explores different approaches for operationalization of resilience across scientific disciplines and system levels Creates a theoretical foundation for a resilience framework across scientific disciplines and system levels Develops suggestions and inspiration for the research community and practitioners in high-risk industries Presents chapters from leading international authors representing different research disciplines and practical fields
    Keywords: Engineering ; Quality control ; Reliability ; Industrial safety ; Health economics ; Environmental management ; Health informatics ; Organization ; Planning ; Health care management ; Health services administration ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCQ Health economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJU Organizational theory & behaviour ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBG Medical equipment & techniques ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TG Mechanical engineering & materials::TGP Production engineering::TGPR Reliability engineering
    Language: English
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: This open access book presents a selection of the best contributions to the Digital Cities 9 Workshop held in Limerick in 2015, combining a number of the latest academic insights into new collaborative modes of city making that are firmly rooted in empirical findings about the actual practices of citizens, designers and policy makers. It explores the affordances of new media technologies for empowering citizens in the process of city making, relating examples of bottom-up or participatory practices to reflections about the changing roles of professional practitioners in the processes, as well as issues of governance and institutional policymaking. ;
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical engineering ; Regional planning ; Urban planning ; User interfaces (Computer systems) ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RP Regional and area planning ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZG User interface design and usability
    Language: English
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This open access book contains a structured collection of the complete solutions of all essential axisymmetric contact problems. Based on a systematic distinction regarding the type of contact, the regime of friction and the contact geometry, a multitude of technically relevant contact problems from mechanical engineering, the automotive industry and medical engineering are discussed. In addition to contact problems between isotropic elastic and viscoelastic media, contact problems between transversal-isotropic elastic materials and functionally graded materials are addressed, too. The optimization of the latter is a focus of current research especially in the fields of actuator technology and biomechanics. The book takes into account adhesive effects which allow access to contact-mechanical questions about micro- and nano-electromechanical systems. Solutions of the contact problems include both the relationships between the macroscopic force, displacement and contact length, as well as the stress and displacement fields at the surface and, if appropriate, within the half-space medium. Solutions are always obtained with the simplest available method - usually with the method of dimensionality reduction (MDR) or approaches which use the solution of the non-adhesive normal contact problem to solve the respective contact problem.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Mechanics ; Mechanics, Applied ; Mechanics ; Applied mathematics ; Engineering mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBJ Maths for engineers ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMD Engineering: Mechanics of solids
    Language: English
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This edited book presents new results in the area of algorithm development for different types of scheduling problems. In eleven chapters, algorithms for single machine problems, flow-shop and job-shop scheduling problems (including their hybrid (flexible) variants), the resource-constrained project scheduling problem, scheduling problems in complex manufacturing systems and supply chains, and workflow scheduling problems are given. The chapters address such subjects as insertion heuristics for energy-efficient scheduling, the re-scheduling of train traffic in real time, control algorithms for short-term scheduling in manufacturing systems, bi-objective optimization of tortilla production, scheduling problems with uncertain (interval) processing times, workflow scheduling for digital signal processor (DSP) clusters, and many more.
    Keywords: QA75.5-76.95 ; QA1-939 ; Scheduling under Resource Constraints ; Enumerative Algorithms ; Scheduling under Uncertainty ; Assembly Scheduling ; Timetabling ; Approximation Algorithms ; Scheduling Problems in Logistics ; Complex Scheduling Problems ; Engineering ; Complexity Issues ; Scheduling Heuristics and Metaheuristics ; Agent Based Scheduling ; Just-in-Time Scheduling ; Real-Time Scheduling ; Scheduling Problems in Segments of a Supply Chain ; Healthcare ; Evolutionary Algorithms ; Energy Management etc. ; Transport ; Vehicle Routing ; Sports
    Language: English
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Automatisiertes Fahren wird aktuell auf allen Ebenen diskutiert. Dieses Open Access Buch greift das Thema aus Sicht des ÖPNV auf und stellt Chancen und Risiken des Einsatzes automatisierter Shuttlebusse im Nahverkehr dar. Am Beispiel Bad Birnbach/Niederbayern wird gezeigt, welche Herausforderungen bei der Einführung eines solchen Services zu erwarten sind und wie diese gelöst werden können. Dabei fokussiert sich das Buch auf die Vermittlung von im Feld erhobenen Daten, z.B. zu technischen Schwierigkeiten, Erfahrungsberichten von Anwohnern und Gästen, Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung, infrastrukturellen Anforderungen, etc. Konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für Städteplaner, ÖPNV-Betreiber/-Strategen oder Kommunen, die eine Einführung automatisierter Busse in Erwägung ziehen, runden das Werk ab.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Automotive engineering ; Transportation engineering ; Traffic engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNH Highway and traffic engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades::TRC Automotive technology and trades
    Language: German
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    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
    Publication Date: 2022-04-28
    Description: As technological advancements widen the scope of applications for biomicroelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS or biomicrosystems), the field continues to have an impact on many aspects of life science operations and functionalities. Because BioMEMS research and development require the input of experts who use different technical languages and come from varying disciplines and backgrounds, scientists and students can avoid potential difficulties in communication and understanding only if they possess a skill set and understanding that enables them to work at the interface of engineering and biosciences. Keeping this duality in mind throughout, BioMEMS: Science and Engineering Perspectives supports and expedites the multidisciplinary learning involved in the development of biomicrosystems. Divided into nine chapters, it starts with a balanced introduction of biological, engineering, application, and commercialization aspects of the field. With a focus on molecules of biological interest, the book explores the building blocks of cells and viruses, as well as molecules that form the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), linkers, and hydrogels used for making different surfaces biocompatible through functionalization. The book also discusses: Different materials and platforms used to develop biomicrosystems Various biological entities and pathogens (in ascending order of complexity) The multidisciplinary aspects of engineering bioactive surfaces Engineering perspectives, including methods of manufacturing bioactive surfaces and devices Microfluidics modeling and experimentation Device level implementation of BioMEMS concepts for different applications. Because BioMEMS is an application-driven field, the book also highlights the concepts of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and micro total analysis system (μTAS), along with their pertinence to the emerging point-of-care (POC) and point-of-need (PON) applications.
    Keywords: BioMEMS ; Engineering ; Perspectives ; Science ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MQ Nursing & ancillary services::MQW Biomedical engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TJ Electronics & communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TG Mechanical engineering & materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book comprises 10 high-level papers on research and innovation within the Flexitranstore Project that were presented at the FLEXITRANSTORE special session organized as part of the 21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering. FLEXITRANSTORE (An Integrated Platform for Increased FLEXIbility in smart TRANSmission grids with STORage Entities and large penetration of Renewable Energy Sources) aims to contribute to the development of a pan-European transmission network with high flexibility and high interconnection levels. This will facilitate the transformation of the current energy production mix by hosting an increasing share of renewable energy sources. Novel smart grid technologies, control and storage methods, and new market approaches will be developed, installed, demonstrated, and tested introducing flexibility to the European power system. FLEXITRANSTORE is developing a next-generation Flexible Energy Grid (FEG) that will be integrated into the European Internal Energy Market (IEM) through the valorization of flexibility services. This FEG addresses the capabilities of a power system to maintain continuous service in the face of rapid and large swings in supply or demand. As such, a wholesale market infrastructure and new business models within this integrated FEG must be upgraded for network players, and offer incentives for new ones to join, while at the same time demonstrating new business perspectives for cross-border resource management and energy trading.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Power electronics ; Electronics ; Microelectronics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THR Electrical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book covers new advances in the field of impedance spectroscopy including fundamentals, methods and applications. It releases selected extended and peer reviewed scientific contributions from the International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS 2017) focussing on detailed information about recent scientific research results in electrochemistry and battery research, bioimpedance measurement, sensors, system design, signal processing.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy ; Engineering ; Electrochemistry and Battery Research ; Bioimpedance Measurement ; Sensors ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This timely volume brings together a range of international scholars to analyse cultural, political, and individual factors which contribute to the continued global issue of female underrepresentation in STEM study and careers. Offering a comparative approach to examining gender equity in STEM fields across countries including the UK, Germany, the United States, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Africa, and China, the volume provides a thematic breakdown of institutional trends and national policies that have successfully improved gender equity in STEM at institutions of higher education. Offering case studies that demonstrate how policies interact with changing social and cultural norms, and impact women’s choices and experiences in relation to the uptake and continuation of STEM study at the undergraduate level, the volume highlights new directions for research and policy to promote gender equity in STEM at school, university, and career levels. Contributing to the United Nations’ (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, this text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with an interest in science education, higher education, and gender equity in STEM fields. The text will also support further discussion and reflection around multicultural education, educational policy and politics, and the sociology of education more broadly.
    Keywords: Access ; Chilly culture in STEM ; Diversity ; discrimination ; Engineering ; female agency ; Gender equality ; Gender equity ; gendered norms ; gender disparities ; Higher education ; Inclusion ; inequalities ; leaky pipeline in STEM ; Math ; Mathematics ; Minorities ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; ProActive Network (WEPAN) ; participation ; Science ; STEM ; STEM careers ; STEM education ; STEM labor market ; STEM tertiary education ; STEM workforce ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Technology ; UN SDG ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This open access book presents theoretical framework and sample applications of variant construction. The first part includes the components variant logic, variant measurements, and variant maps, while the second part covers sample applications such as variation with functions, variant stream ciphers, quantum interference, classical/quantum random sequences, whole DNA sequences, and multiple-valued pulse sequences. Addressing topics ranging from logic and measuring foundation to typical applications and including various illustrated maps, it is a valuable guide for theoretical researchers in discrete mathematics; computing-, quantum- and communication scientists; big data engineers; as well as graduate and upper undergraduate students.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electronic circuits ; Logic design ; Electronic circuits ; Information theory ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFC Electronics: circuits and components ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYF Computer architecture and logic design
    Language: English
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book presents theoretical and practical research relating to the vast, publicly financed program for the construction of new schools and the reorganization of existing educational buildings in Italy. This transformative process aims to give old buildings a fresh identity, to ensure that facilities are compliant with the new educational and teaching models, and to improve both energy efficiency and structural safety with respect to seismic activity. The book is divided into three sections, the first of which focuses on the social role of the school as a civic building that can serve the needs of the community. Innovations in both design and construction processes are then analyzed, paying special attention to the Building Information Modeling (BIM) strategy as a tool for the integration of different disciplines. The final section is devoted to the built heritage and tools, technologies, and approaches for the upgrading of existing buildings so that they meet the new regulations on building performance. The book will be of interest to all who wish to learn about the latest insights into the challenges posed by, and the opportunities afforded by, a comprehensive school building and renovation program.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Buildings—Design and construction ; Building ; Construction ; Engineering, Architectural ; Energy efficiency ; Building materials ; Materials science ; Schools ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TG Mechanical engineering & materials::TGM Materials science::TGMT Testing of materials ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TH Energy technology & engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TN Civil engineering, surveying & building::TNK Building construction & materials ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMT Testing of materials ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNK Building construction and materials
    Language: English
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    University of Ottawa Press / Les Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa
    Publication Date: 2022-04-28
    Description: Canada is a prosperous country, but this prosperity is being stressed by demographics, pressures on the public purse, and low productivity growth. To maintain the nation's high quality of life, prosperity must increase while remaining sustainable. Combining Tom Brzustowski's extensive knowledge of government, industry, and academia, 〈i〉The Way Ahead〈/i〉, articulates a strategy for moving the Canadian economy towards higher-value products based on research and development, describing the practical steps government, industry and academia must take to improve things in the short term and prepare strategically for the long term. He recommends increasing productivity growth by embracing an economy based on innovation, prioritizing research and development, marketing Canadian products internationally, and encouraging entrepreneurial activities in all sectors. Ultimately, increasing prosperity will require a new level of understanding, strategic coherence, and mutual support between the private and public sectors in Canada, a challenge that the author feels Canada is prepared to and absolutely must face.
    Keywords: economy ; canada ; Basic research ; Commodity ; Engineering ; Entrepreneurship ; Gross domestic product ; Research and development ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics
    Language: English
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book describes modern applications of computational human modeling with specific emphasis in the areas of neurology and neuroelectromagnetics, depression and cancer treatments, radio-frequency studies and wireless communications. Special consideration is also given to the use of human modeling to the computational assessment of relevant regulatory and safety requirements. Readers working on applications that may expose human subjects to electromagnetic radiation will benefit from this book’s coverage of the latest developments in computational modelling and human phantom development to assess a given technology’s safety and efficacy in a timely manner. Describes construction and application of computational human models including anatomically detailed and subject specific models; Explains new practices in computational human modeling for neuroelectromagnetics, electromagnetic safety, and exposure evaluations; Includes a survey of modern applications for which computational human models are critical; Describes cellular-level interactions between the human body and electromagnetic fields.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Biomedical engineering ; Electronic circuits ; Microwaves ; Optical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MQ Nursing and ancillary services::MQW Biomedical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFC Electronics: circuits and components ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFN Microwave technology
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  • 33
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: The objective of this book is to help at-risk organizations to decipher the “safety cloud”, and to position themselves in terms of operational decisions and improvement strategies in safety, considering the path already travelled, their context, objectives and constraints. What link can be established between safety culture and safety models in order to increase safety within companies carrying out dangerous activities? First, while the term “safety culture” is widely shared among the academic and industrial world, it leads to various interpretations and therefore different positioning when it comes to assess, improve or change it. Many safety theories, concepts, and models coexist today, being more or less appealing and/or directly useful to the industry. How, and based on which criteria, to choose from the available options? These are some of the questions addressed in this book, which benefits from the expertise of its worldwide famous authors in several industrial sectors.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Quality control ; Reliability ; Industrial safety ; Economic sociology ; Industrial psychology ; Industrial organization ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBL Sociology: work and labour ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology::JMJ Occupational and industrial psychology ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCD Economics of industrial organization ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering::TGPR Reliability engineering
    Language: English
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    Purdue University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-05-02
    Description: Engineering design is a fundamental problem-solving model used by the discipline. Effective problem-solving requires the ability to find and incorporate quality information sources. To teach courses in this area effectively, educators need to understand the information needs of engineers and engineering students and their information gathering habits. This book provides essential guidance for engineering faculty and librarians wishing to better integrate information competencies into their curricular offerings. The treatment of the subject matter is pragmatic, accessible, and engaging. Rather than focusing on specific resources or interfaces, the book adopts a process-driven approach that outlasts changing information technologies. After several chapters introducing the conceptual underpinnings of the book, a sequence of contributions go into detail about specific steps in the design process and the information needs for those steps.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Teaching ; design ; engineering ; education ; technology ; learning ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNT Teaching skills & techniques
    Language: English
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This open access book explores the strategic importance and advantages of adopting multidisciplinary and multiscalar approaches of inquiry and intervention with respect to the built environment, based on principles of sustainability and circular economy strategies. A series of key challenges are considered in depth from a multidisciplinary perspective, spanning engineering, architecture, and regional and urban economics. These challenges include strategies to relaunch socioeconomic development through regenerative processes, the regeneration of urban spaces from the perspective of resilience, the development and deployment of innovative products and processes in the construction sector in order to comply more fully with the principles of sustainability and circularity, and the development of multiscale approaches to enhance the performance of both the existing building stock and new buildings. The book offers a rich selection of conceptual, empirical, methodological, technical, and case study/project-based research. It will be of value for all who have an interest in regeneration of the built environment from a circular economy perspective.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Buildings—Design and construction ; Building ; Construction ; Engineering, Architectural ; Sociology, Urban ; Economic development—Environmental aspects ; Sustainable development ; Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TN Civil engineering, surveying & building::TNK Building construction & materials
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access work presents selected results from the European research and innovation project IMPROVE which yielded novel data-based solutions to enhance machine reliability and efficiency in the fields of simulation and optimization, condition monitoring, alarm management, and quality prediction.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Quality control ; Reliability ; Industrial safety ; Robotics ; Automation ; Input-output equipment (Computers) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering::TGPR Reliability engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering::TJFM1 Robotics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications
    Language: English
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This open access book offers a timely guide to challenges and current practices to permanently plug and abandon hydrocarbon wells. With a focus on offshore North Sea, it analyzes the process of plug and abandonment of hydrocarbon wells through the establishment of permanent well barriers. It provides the reader with extensive knowledge on the type of barriers, their functioning and verification. It then discusses plug and abandonment methodologies, analyzing different types of permanent plugging materials. Last, it describes some tests for verifying the integrity and functionality of installed permanent barriers. The book offers a comprehensive reference guide to well plugging and abandonment (P&A) and well integrity testing. The book also presents new technologies that have been proposed to be used in plugging and abandoning of wells, which might be game-changing technologies, but they are still in laboratory or testing level. Given its scope, it addresses students and researchers in both academia and industry. It also provides information for engineers who work in petroleum industry and should be familiarized with P&A of hydrocarbon wells to reduce the time of P&A by considering it during well planning and construction.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Ocean engineering ; Geotechnical engineering ; Energy policy ; Energy and state ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TH Energy technology & engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TT Other technologies & applied sciences::TTS Marine engineering::TTSH Offshore engineering
    Language: English
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Coding; Communications; Engineering; Networks; Information Theory; Algorithms
    Keywords: Coding ; Communications ; Engineering ; Networks ; Information Theory ; Algorithms ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 39
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    Taylor & Francis
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This modern treatise on compact models for circuit computer-aided design (CAD) presents industry standard models for bipolar-junction transistors (BJTs), metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field-effect-transistors (FETs), FinFETs, and tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs), along with statistical MOS models. Featuring exercise problems at the end of each chapter and extensive references at the end of the book, the text supplies fundamental and practical knowledge necessary for efficient integrated circuit (IC) design using nanoscale devices. It ensures even those unfamiliar with semiconductor physics gain a solid grasp of compact modeling concepts.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical Engineering ; computer-aided design ; CAD ; compact modeling ; MOSFET ; Circuit Simulation ; compact models ; SPICE model ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFC Electronics: circuits and components
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book presents nine outstanding doctoral dissertations in Information Technology from the Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. Information Technology has always been highly interdisciplinary, as many aspects have to be considered in IT systems. The doctoral studies program in IT at Politecnico di Milano emphasizes this interdisciplinary nature, which is becoming more and more important in recent technological advances, in collaborative projects, and in the education of young researchers. Accordingly, the focus of advanced research is on pursuing a rigorous approach to specific research topics starting from a broad background in various areas of Information Technology, especially Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics, Systems and Controls, and Telecommunications. Each year, more than 50 PhDs graduate from the program. This book gathers the outcomes of the nine best theses defended in 2018-19 and selected for the IT PhD Award. Each of the nine authors provides a chapter summarizing his/her findings, including an introduction, description of methods, main achievements and future work on the topic. Hence, the book provides a cutting-edge overview of the latest research trends in Information Technology at Politecnico di Milano, presented in an easy-to-read format that will also appeal to non-specialists.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical engineering ; Control engineering ; Data structures (Computer science) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMB Algorithms and data structures ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMB Algorithms and data structures
    Language: English
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  • 41
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book, authored by a world-leading researcher in this field, describes fundamentals of dynamic spectrum management, provides a systematic overview on the enabling technologies covering cognitive radio, blockchain, and artificial intelligence, and offers valuable guidance for designing advanced wireless communications systems. This book is intended for a broad range of readers, including students and professionals in this field, as well as radio spectrum policy makers.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical engineering ; Wireless communication systems ; Mobile communication systems ; Computer organization ; Computers ; Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications::TJKW WAP (wireless) technology ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications::TJKW WAP (wireless) technology ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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  • 42
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Open Access proceedings presents new approaches to Machine Learning for Cyber Physical Systems, experiences and visions. It contains some selected papers from the international Conference ML4CPS – Machine Learning for Cyber Physical Systems, which was held in Karlsruhe, October 23-24, 2018. Cyber Physical Systems are characterized by their ability to adapt and to learn: They analyze their environment and, based on observations, they learn patterns, correlations and predictive models. Typical applications are condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, image processing and diagnosis. Machine Learning is the key technology for these developments.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Computational intelligence ; Computer organization ; Electrical engineering ; Data mining ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases::UNF Data mining ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases::UNF Data mining ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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  • 43
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This open access book summarizes research being pursued within the Manutelligence project, the goal of which is to help enterprises develop smart, social and flexible products with high value added services. Manutelligence has improved Product and Service Design by developing suitable models and methods, and connecting them through a modular, collaborative and secure ICT Platform. The use of real data collected in real time by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies underpins the design of product-service systems and makes it possible to monitor them throughout their life cycle. Available data allows costs and sustainability issues to be more accurately measured and simulated in the form of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Analysing data from IoT systems and sharing LCC and LCA information via the ICT Platform can help to accelerate the design of product-service systems, reduce costs and better understand customer needs. Industrial partners involved in Manutelligence provide a clear overview of the project’s outcomes, and demonstrate how its technological solutions can be used to improve the design of product-service systems and the management of product-service life cycles.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Manufactures ; Computational intelligence ; Artificial intelligence ; Service industries ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNS Service industries ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TG Mechanical engineering & materials::TGP Production engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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  • 44
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    transcript Verlag
    Publication Date: 2022-05-02
    Description: What role does gender play in scientific research and the development of technologies? This book provides methodological expertise, research experiences and empirical findings in the dynamic field of Science and Technology Studies. The authors, coming from computer science, social sciences, or cultural studies of science, discuss how to ask questions about gender and give examples for the application in interdisciplinary research, development and teaching. Topics range from the design of information and communication technologies, epistemologies of biology and chemistry to teaching mathematics and professional processes in engineering. Contributions by Anne Balsamo, Wendy Faulkner, Rebecca Jordan-Young, Barbara Orland, Els Rommes, and others.
    Keywords: Sociology ; Gender ; Innovation Research ; Science ; Technology ; Engineering ; Gender Studies ; Sociology of Science ; Sociology of Technology ; Cultural Studies ; Sociology ; Gender ; Innovation Research ; Science ; Technology ; Engineering ; Gender Studies ; Sociology of Science ; Sociology of Technology ; Cultural Studies ; Epistemology ; Feminism ; London ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSJ Gender studies, gender groups
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    CRC Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book brings together new developments in the area of strain-engineered MOSFETs using high-mibility substrates such as SIGe, strained-Si, germanium-on-insulator and III-V semiconductors into a single text which will cover the materials aspects, principles, and design of advanced devices, their fabrication and applications. The book presents a full TCAD methodology for strain-engineering in Si CMOS technology involving data flow from process simulation to systematic process variability simulation and generation of SPICE process compact models for manufacturing for yield optimization.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Dieses Open Access Buch widmet sich dem Problem der Mechanik des Zusammenstoßes zweier makroskopischer Körper. Falls die Dynamik der Körper als Ganzes dies erlaubt, ohne in unüberschaubare Komplexität zu verfallen (in der Regel ist das nur für das reine Normalstoßproblem der Fall), werden allgemeine axialsymmetrische Stoßpartner betrachtet. Für das allgemeine räumliche Stoßproblem wird sich auf den Kontakt von Kugeln beschränkt. Zunächst werden im Buch sehr ausführlich die kontaktmechanischen Grundlagen (Elastizität, Plastizität, Viskoelastizität, Adhäsion, Gradientenmedien) dargestellt und anschließend auf das Stoßproblem übertragen. Mit der Methode der Dimensionsreduktion, der ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet ist, steht außerdem seit wenigen Jahren ein Werkzeug zu Verfügung, das die sehr effiziente analytische und numerische Behandlung von dynamischen Kontaktproblemen (wie z.B. Stößen) ermöglicht. Den Abschluss des Buch bilden Anwendungsfälle aus verschiedenen Gebieten.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Mechanics ; Mechanics, Applied ; Mechanics ; Applied mathematics ; Engineering mathematics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBJ Maths for engineers ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TG Mechanical engineering & materials::TGM Materials science::TGMD Mechanics of solids ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBJ Maths for engineers ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMD Engineering: Mechanics of solids
    Language: German
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  • 47
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Engineering; Industrial engineering; Production engineering
    Keywords: Engineering ; Industrial engineering ; Production engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book contains the research report of the Collaborative Research Center “Micro Cold Forming” (SFB 747) of the University of Bremen, Germany. The topical research focus lies on new methods and processes for a mastered mass production of micro parts which are smaller than 1mm (by forming in batch size higher than one million). The target audience primarily comprises research experts and practitioners in production engineering, but the book may also be of interest to graduate students alike.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Manufactures ; Quality control ; Reliability ; Industrial safety ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering::TGPR Reliability engineering
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  • 49
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This open access book presents work collected through the Liquefaction Experiments and Analysis Projects (LEAP) in 2017. It addresses the repeatability, variability, and sensitivity of lateral spreading observed in twenty-four centrifuge model tests on mildly sloping liquefiable sand. The centrifuge tests were conducted at nine different centrifuge facilities around the world. For the first time, a sufficient number of experiments were conducted to enable assessment of variability of centrifuge test results. The experimental data provided a unique basis for assessing the capabilities of twelve different simulation platforms for numerical simulation of soil liquefaction. The results of the experiments and the numerical simulations are presented and discussed in papers submitted by the project participants. The work presented in this book was followed by LEAP-Asia that included assessment of a generalized scaling law and culminated in a workshop in Osaka, Japan in March 2019. LEAP-2020, ongoing at the time of printing, is addressing the validation of soil-structure interaction analyses of retaining walls involving a liquefiable soil. A workshop is planned at RPI, USA in 2020.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering geology ; Engineering—Geology ; Foundations ; Hydraulics ; Quality control ; Reliability ; Industrial safety ; Geotechnical engineering ; Soil science ; Soil conservation ; Natural disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology & the lithosphere::RBGB Soil science, sedimentology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNR Natural disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TG Mechanical engineering & materials::TGP Production engineering::TGPR Reliability engineering
    Language: English
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Understanding the many complexities that define gender inequality has been described by researchers as a grand challenge. Novel insights, innovation, a broader community to conduct research and to ascertain effective interventions are essential in the challenge to create organizations that are gender equal. As such, this Research Topic in Frontiers in Psychology addresses the under-representation of women in engineering and computing as a complex, but solvable problem. This Research Topic seeks to inform the global community about advances in understanding the under-representation of women in engineering and computing with a focus on what enables change. Further, this Topic will promote fresh perspectives, innovative methodologies, and mixed method approaches important to accelerating the pace of change.
    Keywords: BF1-990 ; Q1-390 ; Women ; Engineering ; Tech ; Gender Equity ; Under-Represention of Women ; Computing ; STEM ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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  • 51
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    Purdue University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Higher education is coming under increasing scrutiny, both publically and within academia, with respect to its ability to appropriately prepare students for the careers that will make them competitive in the 21st-century workplace. At the same time, there is a growing awareness that many global issues will require creative and critical thinking deeply rooted in the technical STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines. Transforming Institutions brings together chapters from the scholars and leaders who were part of the 2011 and 2014 conferences. It provides an overview of the context and challenges in STEM higher education, contributed chapters describing programs and research in this area, and a reflection and summary of the lessons from the many authors’ viewpoints, leading to suggested next steps in the path toward transformation.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Undergraduate ; Education ; Science ; Technology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy
    Language: English
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: This volume features thirteen original chapters on the causes and consequences of gender segregation in scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematics (“STEM”) occupations and fields of study. Although women have made great strides in equalizing access to labor markets and higher education, many STEM fields—particularly in the physical sciences and engineering—remain strongholds of gender segregation in the United States and other reputably gender-progressive societies. Policymakers, business leaders and activists have launched countless initiatives to diversify access to lucrative, high status occupations and ameliorate labor shortages that diminish innovation and competitiveness. Contributors to this volume apply diverse theoretical lenses and methodological approaches to understand the individual, interactional, organizational, and cultural dynamics that drive this segregation in the United States. Results show that the gender composition of scientific and technical fields varies a great deal over time and across organizational contexts and socio-demographic groups defined by race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality. But despite this variability, STEM work and STEM workers are widely presumed to be naturally and inevitably masculine. Research presented here reveals how these stereotypes combine with cultural beliefs about natural and fundamental differences between men and women to produce gendered aspirations and reinforce inequalities in the US scientific and technical workforce.
    Keywords: HM401-1281 ; NX1-820 ; H1-99 ; Women ; Engineering ; Segregation ; Race/ethnicity ; Men ; Sexuality ; Science ; Mathematics ; Gender ; STEM ; Inequality ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFP Social interaction
    Language: English
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  • 53
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    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Uncanny computer-generated animations of splashing waves, billowing smoke clouds, and characters’ flowing hair have become a ubiquitous presence on screens of all types since the 1980s. This Open Access book charts the history of these digital moving images and the software tools that make them. Unpredictable Visual Effects uncovers an institutional and industrial history that saw media industries conducting more private R&D as Cold War federal funding began to wane in the late 1980s. In this context studios and media software companies took concepts used for studying and managing unpredictable systems like markets, weather, and fluids and turned them into tools for animation. Unpredictable Visual Effects theorizes how these animations are part of a paradigm of control evident across society, while at the same time exploring what they can teach us about the relationship between making and knowing.
    Keywords: Animation ; Film/TV Industry ; Film Theory ; Film and Television Industry ; Visual Effects ; Live-Action Cinema ; Economics ; Mechanical Control ; Socio-Political ; Engineering ; Open Access ; Animated films ; Performing arts ; Film history, theory & criticism ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema::ATFV Animated films and animation ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATJ Television ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema::ATFA Film history, theory or criticism
    Language: English
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  • 54
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book presents the proceedings of the 3rd Indo-German Conference on Sustainability in Engineering held at Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India, on September 16–17, 2019. Intended to foster the synergies between research and education, the conference is one of the joint activities of the BITS Pilani and TU Braunschweig conducted under the auspices of Indo-German Center for Sustainable Manufacturing, established in 2009. The book is divided into three sections: engineering, education and entrepreneurship, covering a range of topics, such as renewable energy forecasting, design & simulation, Industry 4.0, and soft & intelligent sensors for energy efficiency. It also includes case studies on lean and green manufacturing, and life cycle analysis of ceramic products, as well as papers on teaching/learning methods based on the use of learning factories to improve students’problem-solving and personal skills. Moreover, the book discusses high-tech ideas to help the large number of unemployed engineering graduates looking for jobs become tech entrepreneurs. Given its broad scope, it will appeal to academics and industry professionals alike.
    Keywords: Industrial and Production Engineering ; Renewable and Green Energy ; Engineering/Technology Education ; Study and Learning Skills ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Policy, Economics and Management ; Engineering and Technology Education ; Engineering ; Entrepreneurship ; Education ; Sustainability ; Learning factories ; International collaboration ; Open Access ; Production engineering ; Alternative & renewable energy sources & technology ; Higher & further education, tertiary education ; Technology: general issues ; Study & learning skills: general ; Energy technology & engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THV Alternative and renewable energy sources and technology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNZ Study and learning skills: general ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering
    Language: English
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  • 55
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book summarizes the results of the European research project “Twin-model based virtual manufacturing for machine tool-process simulation and control” (Twin-Control). The first part reviews the applications of ICTs in machine tools and manufacturing, from a scientific and industrial point of view, and introduces the Twin-Control approach, while Part 2 discusses the development of a digital twin of machine tools. The third part addresses the monitoring and data management infrastructure of machines and manufacturing processes and numerous applications of energy monitoring. Part 4 then highlights various features developed in the project by combining the developments covered in Parts 3 and 4 to control the manufacturing processes applying the so-called CPSs. Lastly, Part 5 presents a complete validation of Twin-Control features in two key industrial sectors: aerospace and automotive. The book offers a representative overview of the latest trends in the manufacturing industry, with a focus on machine tools.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Manufactures ; Vibration ; Dynamical systems ; Dynamics ; Control engineering ; Machinery ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGB Mechanical engineering::TGBN Engines and power transmission ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGB Mechanical engineering::TGBN Engines and power transmission ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering
    Language: English
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This open access book focuses on the development of methods, interoperable and integrated ICT tools, and survey techniques for optimal management of the building process. The construction sector is facing an increasing demand for major innovations in terms of digital dematerialization and technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, advanced manufacturing, robotics, 3D printing, blockchain technologies and artificial intelligence. The demand for simplification and transparency in information management and for the rationalization and optimization of very fragmented and splintered processes is a key driver for digitization. The book describes the contribution of the ABC Department of the Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano) to R&D activities regarding methods and ICT tools for the interoperable management of the different phases of the building process, including design, construction, and management. Informative case studies complement the theoretical discussion. The book will be of interest to all stakeholders in the building process – owners, designers, constructors, and faculty managers – as well as the research sector.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Buildings—Design and construction ; Building ; Construction ; Engineering, Architectural ; Computer-aided engineering ; Building—Superintendence ; Construction industry—Management ; Construction superintendence ; Remote sensing ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGW Geographical information systems (GIS) & remote sensing ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TN Civil engineering, surveying & building::TNK Building construction & materials ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TN Civil engineering, surveying & building::TNT Building skills & trades ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UG Graphical & digital media applications::UGC Computer-aided design (CAD)
    Language: English
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  • 57
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In diesem Open-Access-Tagungsband sind die besten Beiträge des 9. Jahreskolloquiums "Kommunikation in der Automation" (KommA 2018) und des 6. Jahreskolloquiums "Bildverarbeitung in der Automation" (BVAu 2018) enthalten. Die Kolloquien fanden am 20. und 21. November 2018 in der SmartFactoryOWL, einer gemeinsamen Einrichtung des Fraunhofer IOSB-INA und der Technischen Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe statt. Die vorgestellten neuesten Forschungsergebnisse auf den Gebieten der industriellen Kommunikationstechnik und Bildverarbeitung erweitern den aktuellen Stand der Forschung und Technik. Die in den Beiträgen enthaltenen anschaulichen Beispiele aus dem Bereich der Automation setzen die Ergebnisse in den direkten Anwendungsbezug.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical engineering ; Signal processing ; Image processing ; Speech processing systems ; Robotics ; Automation ; Quality control ; Reliability ; Industrial safety ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering::TGPR Reliability engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering::TJFM1 Robotics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTB Applied optics::TTBM Imaging systems and technology
    Language: English , German
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  • 58
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: This open access book addresses several questions regarding the implementation of human and organisational factors (HOF) so that recent improvements in industrial safety can be built upon. It addresses sources of frustration in senior management with high expectations of operational recommendations and disquiet on the part of HOF specialists struggling to have an impact on high-level decision making. The brief explores these issues with an emphasis on examples and lessons learned based on the experience of its authors, who come from different academic disciplines and various industrial sectors such as oil and gas, energy and transportation. It then offers some ways forward for a better consideration of HOF in hazardous companies with a view of promoting safety and facing challenges in a rapidly changing world.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering economics ; Engineering economy ; Industrial psychology ; Economic sociology ; Welfare economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBL Sociology: work & labour ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMJ Occupational & industrial psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCA Economic theory & philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBC Engineering: general
    Language: English
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  • 59
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: Dieses Buch ist eine Open-Access-Publikation unter einer CC BY 4.0 Lizenz. Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) klingt in aktuellen Debatten oft abstrakt und alltagsfremd. Doch die meisten Internetnutzerinnern und -nutzer sind bereits täglich mit ihr konfrontiert – wenn auch unbewusst: sei es bei der Sprachsteuerung des Smartphones, bei Kaufempfehlungen im Online-Shop oder bei der Abfrage von auf Webseiten häufig gestellten Fragen (Frequently Asked Questions, FAQ). KI ist ein Teilaspekt der Digitalisierung, der als Schlagwort immer häufiger in den Medien auftaucht. Das aktuell große Interesse liegt darin begründet, dass es in den vergangenen Jahren verschiedene technologische Fortschritte gab, welche die Nutzung der KI nun auf andere Ebenen heben. Mit diesem Themenband des Instituts für Innovation und Technik (iit) „Künstliche Intelligenz“ erhalten Leserinnen und Leser einen schlaglichtartigen Einblick in die KI hinsichtlich ihrer Technologien, aktuellen und potenziellen Anwendungen sowie Auswirkungen auf die Gesellschaft.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical engineering ; Humanities—Digital libraries ; Educational technology ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJK Communications engineering / telecommunications
    Language: German
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  • 60
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: It is common for us today to associate the practice of science primarily with the act of seeing—with staring at computer screens, analyzing graphs, and presenting images. We may notice that physicians use stethoscopes to listen for disease, that biologists tune into sound recordings to understand birds, or that engineers have created Geiger tellers warning us for radiation through sound. But in the sciences overall, we think, seeing is believing. This open access book explains why, indeed, listening for knowledge plays an ambiguous, if fascinating, role in the sciences. For what purposes have scientists, engineers and physicians listened to the objects of their interest? How did they listen exactly? And why has listening often been contested as a legitimate form of access to scientific knowledge? This concise monograph combines historical and ethnographic evidence about the practices of listening on shop floors, in laboratories, field stations, hospitals, and conference halls, between the 1920s and today. It shows how scientists have used sonic skills—skills required for making, recording, storing, retrieving, and listening to sound—in ensembles: sets of instruments and techniques for particular situations of knowledge making. Yet rather than pleading for the emancipation of hearing at the expense of seeing, this essay investigates when, how, and under which conditions the ear has contributed to science dynamics, either in tandem with or without the eye.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Acoustical engineering ; Technology—History ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTA Acoustic and sound engineering
    Language: English
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  • 61
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    De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This book covers new advances in the field of impedance spectroscopy including fundamentals, methods and applications. It releases selected extended and peer reviewed scientific contributions from the International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS 2017) focussing on detailed information about recent scientific research results in electrochemistry and battery research, bioimpedance measurement, sensors, system design, signal processing.
    Keywords: Engineering ; International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy ; Electrochemistry and Battery Research ; Bioimpedance Measurement ; Sensors ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBM Instruments and instrumentation::TBMM Engineering measurement and calibration
    Language: English
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  • 62
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: The conventional approach to risk communication, based on a centralized and controlled model, has led to blatant failures in the management of recent safety related events. In parallel, several cases have proved that actors not thought of as risk governance or safety management contributors may play a positive role regarding safety. Building on these two observations and bridging the gap between risk communication and safety practices leads to a new, more societal perspective on risk communication, that allows for smart risk governance and safety management. This book is Open Access under a CC-BY licence.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Quality control ; Reliability ; Industrial safety ; Operations research ; Management science ; Communication ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTC Communication studies ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJT Operational research ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering::TGPR Reliability engineering
    Language: English
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  • 63
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This open access book provides a concise explanation of the fundamentals and background of the surround sound recording and playback technology Ambisonics. It equips readers with the psychoacoustical, signal processing, acoustical, and mathematical knowledge needed to understand the inner workings of modern processing utilities, special equipment for recording, manipulation, and reproduction in the higher-order Ambisonic format. The book comes with various practical examples based on free software tools and open scientific data for reproducible research. The book’s introductory section offers a perspective on Ambisonics spanning from the origins of coincident recordings in the 1930s to the Ambisonic concepts of the 1970s, as well as classical ways of applying Ambisonics in first-order coincident sound scene recording and reproduction that have been practiced since the 1980s. As, from time to time, the underlying mathematics become quite involved, but should be comprehensive without sacrificing readability, the book includes an extensive mathematical appendix. The book offers readers a deeper understanding of Ambisonic technologies, and will especially benefit scientists, audio-system and audio-recording engineers. In the advanced sections of the book, fundamentals and modern techniques as higher-order Ambisonic decoding, 3D audio effects, and higher-order recording are explained. Those techniques are shown to be suitable to supply audience areas ranging from studio-sized to hundreds of listeners, or headphone-based playback, regardless whether it is live, interactive, or studio-produced 3D audio material.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Signal processing ; Image processing ; Speech processing systems ; Acoustical engineering ; Acoustics ; Music ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AV Music ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHD Classical mechanics::PHDS Wave mechanics (vibration and acoustics) ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTA Acoustic and sound engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTB Applied optics::TTBM Imaging systems and technology
    Language: English
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  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 214 (1994), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Positive und negative Photostrukturen wurden in einem Polyimid (PI) aus 4,4′-Biphthalsäureanhydrid (BPA) und 4,4′-Diamino-3,3′-dimethyldiphenylmethan (DADMDPM), PI(BPA/DADMDPM) erzeugt, nachdem dieses mit Michlers Keton (MK) bzw. Benzophenon (BP) dotiert und einer ultravioletten Strahlung von 400 ± 50 nm ausgesetzt und naß entwickelt wurde. Das Prinzip der positiven Abbildung basiert auf dem Photokupplungseffekt von MK mit PI, der die Löslichkeit des Polyimids erhöht und so die Entwicklung eines Positivmusters ermöglicht. Die Erzeugung negativer Muster wird durch intermakromolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen der Carbonylgruppe des Imid-Rings und der Hydroxygruppe, die bei der photoinduzierten Kupplung von Benzophenon mit dem Polyimid gebildet wird, bewirkt. Die lithographische Auswertung zeigt, daß der mit MK dotierte, positive Polyimidfilm nicht in der Lage ist, brauchbare Muster zu erzeugen, da die UV-Wellenlängen von MK absorbiert werden, wodurch die Photokupplung in den tieferen Schichten des Films verhindert wird. Andererseits können in dem 0,6 μm dicken, mit Benzophenon dotierten Polyimidfilm sogar 2 μm schmale Linien aufgelöst werden.
    Notes: Positive and negative photostructures are formed after the polyimide (PI) of 4,4′-biphthalic anhydride (BPA) and 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-dimethyldiphenylmethane (DADMDPM), PI(BPA/DADMDPM) is doped with Michler′s ketone (MK) and benzophenone (BP), respectively, and is subjected to UV light (400 ± 50 nm) irradiation and solvent development. The principle of positive feature formation is based on the photocoupling of MK with PI, which increases PI solubility and thus enables a positive pattern to be developed. The phenomenon of negative photopatterning results from intermacromolecular H-bonding between the carbonyl group of the imide ring and the hydroxy group which is formed in the photoinduced coupling reaction between BP and PI. Lithographic evaluation shows that the MK-doped positive-acting PI film cannot form useful patterns because UV wavelengths are strongly absorbed by MK, which limits the depth of photocoupling in the film. On the other hand, 2-μm-wide lines can be resolved in the BP-doped negative-acting 0.6-μm-thick PI film.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 214 (1994), S. 101-113 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyhydrazid/Polyamid-Blends (PEHZ12/PA6) wurden durch Niedrigtemperatur-Polykondensation von 4,4′-Dichlorformyl-α,ω-diphenoxydodecan und Terephthaloyldihydrazid (TDH) zu Poly(etheraroylhydrazid) in Gegenwart von Polyamid 6 synthetisiert. Die DSC-Analysen lassen vermuten, daß die zwei Polymerkomponenten nicht wechselwirken. Bei der Extraktion des PA6-Anteils der Blends mit Ameisensäure zeigt die Charakterisierung des PEHZ12-Extraktionsrückstands aber, daß zumindest bei bestimmten Zusammensetzungen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Komponenten auftreten. Modellreaktionen erlauben die Annahme, daß die PEHZ12-Polymerisation zwischen den Amino-Endgruppen des PA6 und den wachsenden PEHZ12-Polymerketten abläuft.
    Notes: Poly(etheraroylhydrazide) is synthesized in the presence of PA6 by means of low-temperature condensation polymerization of 4,4′-dichloroformyl-α,ω-diphenoxydodecane with terephthaloyl dihydrazide (TDH) in order to prepare polyhydrazide/poly-amide 6 (PEHZ12/PA6) blends. The thermal analysis of the blends by DSC seems to indicate that the two polymers are not interacting. Nevertheless, when the blends are subjected to an extraction process with formic acid in order to remove the PA6, the characterization of the residual PEHZ12 reveales that some interactions do occur between the constituent polymers, at least for selected compositions. Model experiments permit to hypothesize that the polymerization of PEHZ12 proceeds with a chemical interaction between amino end groups of PA6 and growing PEHZ12 chains.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 214 (1994), S. 179-196 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The crystallization behavior of PBT as well as PC is changed in the controlled-processed blend due to intermolecular interactions between the different macromolecules in molten state.If the kinetics of the crystallization process prevents a crystallization-induced separation, the partial miscibility of the amorphous phases, measured by the glass transition temperatures, will lead to a decrease of the crystallinity of PBT. The crystallinity, normalized to the concentration of PBT in the blend, is independent from the concentration of PC at low coolling rates.At high cooling rates, PBT is crystallizing stepwise in the blend PBT/PC 40/60 wt.-%. The crystallization temperature in the anisothermic crystallization process is increased at low contents of PC due to a changed nucleation mechanism. The half-time of crystallization is increasing in blends with an increasing PC-content in isothermic crystallization experiments.The normally amorphous PC crystallizes considerably fast in presence of PBT in PC-rich blends. The crystallization or change in the state of order of PC was measured in situ by X-ray diffraction. Calorimetric experiments confirm this result and allow a quantitative estimation of the PC-crystallinity, which amounts to some 20% in the blend PBT/PC 5/95 wt.-%.
    Notes: Das Kristallisationsverhalten sowohl von PBT als auch von PC ist im definiert verarbeiteten Blend infolge intermolekularer Wechselwirkungen zwischen den unterschiedlichen Molekülen in der Schmelze verändert.Die über die Glasübergangstemperaturen gemessene teilweise Mischbarkeit der amorphen Phasen führt bei PBT zu einer Erniedrigung des Kristallinitätsgrades, wenn die kinetischen Bedingungen des Kristallisationsprozesses keine kristallisationsbedingte Entmischung zulassen. Der auf den PBT-Anteil normierte Kristallinitätsgrad ist bei kleinen Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten vom PC-Anteil unabhängüg.In der Mischung PBT/PC 40/60 Gew.-% kommt es bei hohen Kühlraten zu einer fraktionierten Kristallisation. Die Kristallisationstemperatur bei anisothermer Kristallisation ist bei geringen PC-Gehalten durch Änderung des Keimbildungsmechanismus erhöht. Bei isothermer Kristallisation steigt mit zunehmendem PC-Anteil die Kristallisationshalbwertszeit des PBT an.Das normalerweise amorphe PC kann in Gegenwart von PBT in den PC-reichen Mischungen besonders schnell kristallisieren, wobei der Kristallisations- bzw. Ordnungsprozeß des PC in situ mittels der Röntgenbeugung gemessen wurde. Kalorimetrische Untersuchungen bestätigen dieses Ergebnis und erlauben eine quantitative Abschätzung des PC-Kristallinitätsgrades zu ca. 20% im Blend PBT/PC 5/95 Gew.-%.
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  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 214 (1994), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Elementaranalytische sowie NMR-, IR- und UV-spektroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Photolyse von Halogenphenolnovolaken zur Substitution der Halogenatome durch Wasserstoff, der Bildung chinoider Gruppen und intermolekularen Vernetzung führt. Die Geschwindigkeit der Halogeneliminierung hängt von der Art des Halogens ab. Sie steigt in der Reihenfolge F 〈 Cl 〈 Br 〈 I. Die Chloreliminierung aus der 4-Position ist gegenüber der aus der 2- und 3-Position begünstigt. Außerdem verläuft die Abspaltung para-ständiger Chloratome aus Dimeren schneller als aus Trioder Tetrameren. ESR-Messungen bei 77 K sowie die Laserblitzphotolyse bei 296 K deuten auf die intermediäre Bildung von Phenoxyl- und Arylradikalen. Lithographische Tests belegen die hohe UV-Empfindlichkeit von Resisten auf der Basis von Halogenphenolnovolaken. Im Vergleich zu nichthalogenhaltigen Novolakresisten wird eine 6 - 10fache (System: 4-Chlorphenolnovolak/4,4′-Bisazidobiphenyl (5%)) bzw. eine ca. 25fache (System: 4-Chlorphenol-/m-Cresolnovolak/Hexamethoxymethylmelamin (5%)) Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit erreicht. Zur Interpretation wird ein Mechanismus postuliert, demzufolge die durch Halogenabspaltung hervorgerufene Sekundärradikalbildung zu einer zusätzlichen Vernetzung beiträgt. In den melaminhaltigen Resisten katalysiert der gebildete Halogenwasserstoff (Hal· + RH → H-Hal + R·) außerdem die Reaktion der Melaminverbindung mit der Novolakmatrix.
    Notes: The photolysis of halogenophenol novolacs is determined by the substitution of halogens by hydrogen and the formation of quinoid groups and intermolecular crosslinks. This is concluded from elemental analysis, NMR, IR and optical absorption measurements. The rate of halogen release depends on the chemical nature of the halogen. It increases in the order F 〈 Cl 〈 Br 〈 I. Chlorine elimination from 4-position is favored over that from 2- and 3-position. Moreover, dimers release chlorine from 4-position much more readily than trimers and tetramers. ESR measurements at 77 K and flash photolysis studies at 296 K yielded evidence for the intermediate existence of phenoxyl and aryl radicals. Lithographic tests demonstrated the high UV-sensitivity of resist formulations based on halogen-containing novolacs. The increase in sensitivity relative to that of formulations based on nonhalogenated novolacs is 6 to 10fold system: 4-chlorophenol novolac/4,4′-bisazidobiphenyl (5%) and ca. 25fold system: 4-chlorophenol/m-cresol novolac/hexamethoxymethylmelamine (5%). A postulated reactions mechanism concerning the sensitivity increase takes into account that halogen elimination results in the formation of additional radicals that accelerate the rate of crosslinking. Moreover, hydrogen halide generated by hydrogen abstraction of halogen radicals (Hal· + RH → H-Hal + R·) provides for the acid required to catalyze the reaction of the melamine compound with the novolac matrix.
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  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 215 (1994), S. 11-24 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Calciumcarbonate unterschiedlicher Teilchenform (sphäarisch, kubisch und nadelfäormig) wurden mit Polypropylen (PP) in einer Zwei-Walzen-Mäuhle gemischt und anschließend zu Platten gepreßt. Der Einflußder Teilchenform auf das Kristallisationsverhalten der PP/CaCO3-Composite, d.h. Kristallisationspeaktemperatur (Tmax), Kristallisationsverlauf usw., wurde mittels Differentialkalorimetrie untersucht. Der Wert von Tmax häangt von der Größe der Gesamtoberfläache der CaCO3-Teilchen ab; Tmax ist bei nadelfäormigen Teilchen gräoßer als bei kubischen oder sphäarischen und hauangt in allen Fäallen der nicht-isothermen Kristallisation von der Abkäuhlgeschwindigkeit und der vorher erreichten maximalen Temperatur ab.
    Notes: Calcium carbonate of various particle shape (spheric, cubic, needle-shaped type) and polypropylene (PP) were mixed on a two roll mill and the mixture was pressed into plates. The effect of particle shape on the crystallization behavior of PP/CaCO3 composites, such as crystallization peak temperature (TMAX), crystallized pattern, etc., was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The value of TMAX is explained by the total surface area of added CaCO3 particles; TMAX of needle-shaped series is larger than that of cubic or spheric ones. TMAX of various shaped CaCO3-filled PP totally depends on the cooling rate and maximum temperature in the non-isothermal crystallization, respectively.
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  • 69
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 215 (1994), S. 107-119 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Polyaddition von Polyethylenglykol (PEG) Oligoglycidylethern (Mn (PEG): 396,587, 1437 und 3554) mit asymmetrischen Diaminen, wie N,N-Dimethylund N,N-Diethyl-1,3-diaminopropan, wurden wasserläosliche kationische Polymere erhalten. Die Eigenschaften der kationischen Polymeren sind vom urspräunglichen PEG-Molekulargewicht und der Diaminreaktivitäat abhäangig. PEG mit Mn = 396 zeigt das beste Verhalten. In verdäunnten wäassrigen Läosungen und in wäassrigen 2M NaCl-Läosungen der Polymeren wurde das Polyelektrolytverhalten veranschaulicht. Die Gegenwart der PEG Kette bestimmt das Polyelektrolytverhalten in den 2M NaCl Läosungen.
    Notes: Water-soluble cationic polymers were obtained by polyaddition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diglycidylethers (M̄n of PEG were 396, 587, 1437 and 3554, resp.) with asymmetrical diamines such as N,N-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane and N,N-diethyl-1,3-diaminopropane. The cationic polymer properties depend on the PEG initial molecular weight and on the diamine reactivity too. PEG with M̄n = 396 had the best behaviour in these reactions. The polyelectrolyte feature of cationic polymers was emphasized both in dilute aqueous solutions and in 2M aqueous NaCl solutions. The polyelectrolyte behaviour in 2M aqueous NaCl solution is determined by the PEG chain presence.
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  • 70
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 215 (1994), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktion von o-Kresol mit Formaldehyd wurde unter Verwendung verschiedener tertiäarer Amine als Katalysatoren untersucht. Der Einfluß der Reaktionsparameter Basizitäat, Temperatur, Reaktionszeit und Formaldehydkonzentration wird diskutiert. Für die bevorzugte Bildung von 2,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylphenol wurden optimierte Synthesebedingungen erarbeitet. Die Bildung von Zwei-bzw. Mehrkernprodukten konnte nicht ausgeschlossen werden.
    Notes: The reaction between o-cresol and formaldehyde was investigated using various tertiary amines as catalysts. The influence of the reaction parameters basicity, temperature, reaction time and concentration of formaldehyde was discussed. To yield preferentially 2,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylphenol the conditions of synthesis were optimized. The formation of bi- and polynuclear products cannot be avoided.
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  • 71
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 215 (1994), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Scherviskositäat fläussigkristalliner Ethylcellulose, die mit Cellulosepulver unterschiedlicher Partikelgräoße gefäullt war, wurde bei konstantem Schergefäalle mit einem Kegel-Platte-Viskosimeter bestimmt. Der Einfluß des Cellulosepulvergehalts, des Läange/Breite-Verhäaltnisses der Pulverteilchen und der Temperatur auf das viskose Verhalten und die Phasenäubergäange wird diskutiert. Der Zusatz von Cellulosepulver erhäoht die Viskositäat und verringert die Aktivierungsenergie des Fließens(Ea), ohne jedoch die Phasenäubergäange zu beeinflussen. Die Viskositäat und die Aktivierungsenergie sind abhäangig vom Läange/Breite-Verhäaltnis der Pulverteilchen; mit zunehmender Gräoße dieses Verhäaltnisses wird die Viskositäatszunahme beschleunigt und die Aktivierungsenergie des Fließens erhäoht, wäahrend die Aktivierungsenergie mit steigendem Pulvergehalt abnimmt. Die Phasenumwandlungen sind unabhäangig von der Partikelform. Der Einfluß des Pulvergehalts auf Viskositäat und Aktivierungsenergie ist abhäangig von der Art der fläussigen Phase; in der anisotropen Phase ist der Einfluß geringer als in der isotropen Phase. Dies scheint von der Ausrichtung der Pulverteilchen und der stäabchenfäormigen Molekäule herzuräuhren.
    Notes: Steady-state shear viscosity for the liquid crystalline ethyl cellulose solution filled with cellulose powders was determined using a cone-plate-type viscometer and the effects of cellulose powder content, powder aspect ratio and temperature on the viscometric behavior and phase transformation were discussed. The addition of powder increased the viscosity and decreased the activation energy (Ea) for flow, but did not affect the phase transformation. The viscosity and Ea depended on the aspect ratio; with greater aspect ratio, the viscosity enhancement was accelerated and Ea as well as the decrease in Ea with powder content increased. The phase transformation did not depend on the aspect ratio, the dependences of viscosity and of Ea on powder content depended on the solution phase; the dependences for the anisotropic phase were smaller than those for the isotropic one. The findings appeared to originate from the alignments of powders and rod-like molecules.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The UV-degradation of an unstabilized and two HALS stabilized polyethylene (PE) films is described. The degradations are characterized by measuring the oxygen uptake, the formation of CO and CO2, the FT-IR spectra, the mechanical properties, the stabilizer concentration and the oxygen content of the film.The oxygen uptake of the unstabilized PE film led to the expected changes in the IR spectra and embrittlement of the film, while the oxygen uptake by the HALS stabilized films caused only minor changes. The differences between the results for the unstabilized and the HALS stabilized polymers are explained assuming that the initiation of the photodegradation of PE is due to charge transfer complexes.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Principal chemical pathways characteristic of active participation of radical scavenging polymer stabilizers (phenols, aromatic, hydroaromatic and hindered aliphatic amines) are outlined. Pathways resulting in a partial depletion or distortion of activity of stabilizers, in formation of polymer discolouring products, or in interactions in bifunctional stabilizers are involved.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Irradiations (λ≥300 nm) of poly(butyleneterphtalate) films were carried out in both vacum and air. Photoproducts were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, chemical derivatization reactions and physical treatments. The repartition of photoproducts in the polymer was shown to be heterogeneous. A scheme accounting for the main routes of PBT photolysis was found on the basis of photoproducts identification. Most of oxidation products were analogous to vacum photolysis species; the mechanism of photooxidation proposed implied both pure photolytical processes and a photo-induced oxidation route.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of polymer density, processing conditions (quenching of annealing), degree of crystallinity, size of crystallite and mobility of polymer chains on the photo-and radiation-induced degradation and the polymer stability have been studied by UV, FTIR spectroscopic, viscosity and mechanical property measurements. Four kinds of annealed or quenched polyethylene (PE) films varying densities were used to the studies. Polystyrene (PSt) films were used to investigate the effect of chain mobility on polymer degradation. The following results were obtained. 1.In linear low density (LLD) PE, greater amounts of crosslinking (irradiated in vacuum) and chain scission (irradiated in air) were noticed than in mediun density (MD) PE and high density (HD) PE samples.2.Polyene formation is favored in the case of the irradiation in vacuum for LLDPE.3.Polymer stability evaluated by mechanical property such as elongation at break (%) is superior in LLDPE to MDPE and HDPE for annealed and quenched samples.4.Segmental motion of polymer chain also affects the polymer stability
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  • 76
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 217 (1994), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The study is on two component blends of high density polyethylenes, having normal and ultra-high molecular weight. The polyethylenes were homogenized by two routes: in powder state or by rolling in melt, then pressed at temperatures in the range from 140°C to 220°C. Comparative studies showed that the way of homogenizing of the components does practically not affect the main mechanical properties of the blends when pressed at temperatures ≥ 160°C. Of special interest are the characteristics of those systems where ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene is the matrix component.
    Notes: Untersucht wurden binäre Mischungen von Polyethylenen hoher Dichte rnit normaler und ultrahochmolekularer Molmasse, die auf zweierlei Weise - in Pulverform oder durch Walzen im Schmelzezustand - homogenisiert und bei Temperaturen zwischen 140 und 220°C gepreßt waren.Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Art der Homogenisierung der Komponenten praktisch keinen Einfluß auf die Eigenschaften bei Preßtemperaturen ≥ 160°C hat. Von besonderem Interesse sind die Eigenschaften der Systeme, in welchen das ultrahochmolekulare Polyethylen die Rolle der Matrixkomponente spielt.
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  • 77
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 218 (1994), S. 81-109 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Verhalten eines neuartigen photoinitiierenden Systems, das die Polymerisation von pigmenthaltigen Schichten großer Dicke in einem Reaktionsschritt gestattet, wird dargestellt. Die verschiedenen Wechselwirkungen, die in einem pigmenthaltigen System auftreten, werden qualitativ beschrieben, und der Anteil der von einem Photoinitiator absorbierten Lichtintensität wird berechnet. Neben dem Absorptions- und Reflexionsverhalten von verschiedenen Pigmentklassen werden die optischen Eigenschaften verschiedener Strahlungsquellen untersucht, um die Strahlungsbereiche zu finden, die am besten mit den optischen Parametern der Pigmente korrespondieren. Weiterhin wird die Beschleunigung von Polymerisationen durch die photokatalytische Wirkung einiger Pigmente behandelt.
    Notes: Ce travail sur le rôe des pigments définit le comportement d'un nouveau systeme photosensible qui permet de polymériser des milieux épais et pigmentés selon un procédé en une seule étape. Les différentes interactions présentes en milieu pigmenté sont décrites de façon qualitative, et la part de l'intensité lumineuse absorbée par un photo-amorceur dans un systéme pigmenté est evaluée. Les propriétés optiques telles que l'absorption et la réflectance des différentes familles chimiques de pigments sont déterminées, et, en paralléle, les propriétés optiques des différentes sources d'irradiation sont étudiées de manière à répondre au mieux aux fenêtres de transmission des pigments. L'effet photocatalytique de certains pigments est mentionné, ceci afin d'amkliorer la réaction de polymérisation.
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  • 78
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 218 (1994), S. 153-162 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Herstellung von cis-1,4-Polybutadien erfolgte mittels Polymerisation von 1,3-Butadien mit einem Katalysatorsystem, das in einer zweistufigen Reaktion gebildet wird: (1) BF3 · O(C2H5)2 und Al(C2H5)3, (2) Ni(OOC8H15)2 und Al(C2H5)3, genannt in-situ-Katalysatorsystem.Die Molmassenverteilungen (MMD) der erhaltenen Polymeren sind mit der Größenausschlußchromatographie (SEC) untersucht worden. Sie lassen sich mit Summen aus Schulz-Flory-Funktionen (SFF) beschreiben. Veränderte Katalysatorformierungs- und Polymerisationsbedingungen beeinflussen die Parameter der SFF. Veränderte Peakflächen und Molmassenmittelwerte der Einzelpeaks zeigen, daß die Polymerisation über mehrere Arten aktiver Zentren verläuft.
    Notes: Cis-1,4-polybutadiene was produced by polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using a catalyst system formed by a two-step formation, Namely (1) BF3 . O(C2H5)2 and Al(C2H5)3, (2) Ni(OOC8H15)2 and Al(C2H5)3 named in-situ-catalyst.The molar mass distributions (MMD) of the polybutadienes are investigated by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The MMD's were fitted by a sum of Schulz-Flory-Functions (SFF). Changed catalyst formation and polymerization conditions influenced the parameters of the SFF. Changed areas and changed molar mass averages indicate a polymerization with more than one peak maximum and kind of active species and lead to a better understanding of the polymerization.
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  • 79
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 219 (1994), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Umsetzung von Chromacrylat mit Bisphenol A und einem Überschuß Epichlorhydrin wurden neuartige Epoxid-Harze hergestellt. Epoxy-Äquivalentgewicht, Gehalt an Hydroxygruppen und hydrolysierbarem Chlor sowie die Viskosität wurden bestimmt, und die Harze wurden mittels IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die thermischen Eigenschaften der bei 30°C für 24 h mit Ciba Geigy HY 850 (aliphatisches Amin) gehärteten Harze wurden gemessen. Die Harze besitzen eine gute thermische und chemische Stabilität und eine gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Die Reaktion verläuft nach erster Ordnung; die Aktivierungsenergie beträgt 47 kJ mol-1 bzw. 34 kJ mol-1 mit bzw. ohne Chromacrylat. Aus spektroskopischen Untersuchungen wird geschlossen, daß das Chrom mit Bisphenol A einen Komplex bildet, der die Epoxidierung beschleunigt.
    Notes: Novel epoxy resins containing chromium acrylate have been synthesized by reacting chromium acrylate with bisphenol-A and excess epichlorohydrin. The quantities such as epoxy equivalent weight, hydroxy content, hydrolyzable chlorine content and viscosity have been determined. The resins have been characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The cured resins were evaluated for thermal properties. The curing of resins was carried out with Ciba Geigy HY 850 (aliphatic amine adduct) at 30°C for 24 h. The cured resins have excellent thermal and chemical resistance, in addition to an excellent electrical conductivity. The reaction follows first order kinetics with an activation energy of 47 kJ mol-1 and 34 kJ mol-1 in the presence and absence of chromium acrylate, respectively. The chromium forms a complex with bisphenol-A, as indicated by spectroscopic studies, which increases epoxidation.
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  • 80
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 219 (1994), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Interpenetrierende Polymernetzwerke (IPNs) aus Polystyrol und Polyurethan auf der Basis von hydroxyterminiertem Naturkautschuk mit unterschiedlichen NCO/OH-Verhältnissen wurden unter verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen hergestellt und zu widerstandsfähigen Filmen verarbeitet. Die IPNs wurden durch ihre physikalischen, mechanischen und morphologischen Eigenschaften wie Dichte, Shore-A-Härte, Vernetzungsdichte, Zugfestigkeit und Reißdehnung charakterisiert. Mit steigendem Polystyrolgehalt erhöhen sich auch Dichte, Shore-A-Härte und Zugfestigkeit, während die Reißdehnung abnimmt. Die Untersuchungen der Vernetzungsdichte lassen eine Phasenumkehr vermuten.
    Notes: Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyurethane based on hydroxyterminated natural rubber with varying NCO/OH ratios and polystyrene were synthesized under different experimental conditions. These IPNs were found to make tough films. The IPNs were characterized by their physical, mechanical and morphological properties like density, Shore-A hardness, crosslink density, tensile strength and elongation at break. The IPNs exhibited an increasing trend in density, Shore-A hardness and tensile strength with increasing polystyrene content, while elongation at break decreased with similar variation in polystyrene content. The crosslink density measurements indicated a possible phase inversion process.
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  • 81
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 219 (1994), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß einer Plasmabehandlung von Ultrafiltrationsmembranen aus Polyethylen auf die Fouling- und Reinigungseigenschaften bei der Filtration von Rinderserumalbumin werden diskutiert. Bei 2,45 GHz erzeugtes Luft-Plasma steigert die Hydrophilie der Membranoberfläche von 0 auf 60%. Der Durchfluß bleibt bei 90 bis 99%. Mit Plasma behandelte Membranen sind leichter zu reinigen als unbehandelte; dennoch sind sie anfälliger für die Ablagerung von Rinderserumalbumin.
    Notes: The effect of plasma treatment of polyethylene ultrafiltration membranes on fouling and cleaning phenomena during filtration of bovine serum albumin solutions is discussed. Air-plasma of 2.45 GHz raises the membrane surface hydrophilicity from 0 up to 60%. The flux is maintained at 90-99%. Plasma-treated membranes are easier to clean than untreated polyethylene membranes. Despite that, the plasma-modified membranes are susceptible to more intensive deposition of albumin.
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  • 82
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 219 (1994), S. 101-115 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Immobilisierung von Glucose-Oxidase in einer Poly(vinylalkohol) (PVAL)-Membran in Gegenwart von UV-Photoinitiatoren wurde untersucht. Enzym-Membranen wurden aus PVAL-Diazoharz- und PVAL-Photoinitiator-Systemen durch Vernetzung mit UV-Licht hergestellt. Mit diesen immobilisierten Glucose-Oxidase-Membranen wurde eine wirkungsvolle Enzymelektrode entwickelt, deren Eigenschaften untersucht wurden. Der Einfluß der Photoinitiatorkonzentration in Poly(vinylalkohol) und der UV-Bestrahlungsdauer auf den Grad der Unlöslichkeit sowie die Aktivitätsausbeute der Membran wurden mit Glucose als Substrat untersucht. Temperatur- und pH-Abhängigkeit der relativen Aktivität, Stabilität bei mehrmaligem Gebrauch, Lagerstabilität und Kalibrierungsdiagramme der Enzym-Membranen wurden ermittelt. Eine beim Erstgebrauch auftretende Instabilitätserscheinung der Membranen wurde ebenfalls untersucht.
    Notes: A study of the immobilization of glucose oxidase on a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) membrane in the presence of UV sensitizers was carried out. Enzyme membranes were prepared from PVAL-diazoresin and PVAL-sensitizer systems, crosslinked by means of UV irradiation. An effective enzyme electrode was developed by using the immobilized glucose oxidase membrane, and its characteristics were investigated. The effects of the concentration of sensitizers in poly(vinyl alcohol) and UV irradiation time on the degree of insolubility as well as the activity yield of the membrane were examined for the immobilized glucose oxidase using glucose as a substrate. Temperature and pH dependences of the relative activity, stability in repeated use, storage stability and calibration plots of the enzyme membranes were evaluated. The unstability phenomenon, found in the initial use of the immobilized glucose oxidase membrane, which was prepared from PVAL-sensitizer system, was also investigated.
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  • 83
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 219 (1994), S. 11-26 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Biopol, Biocellat and Mater-Bi, three biologically decomposable plastics have been tested for their use in medical industries. Biopol did not loose its stress and stiffness under sterilisation, and was also resistant against temperature and alcohol. Mater-Bi and Biocellat, the two other materials, did not satisfy the test applications. Water vapor sterilisation, temperature up to 60°C, at higher temperatures this material will embrittle.
    Notes: Für den Einsatz biologisch abbaubarer Kunststoffe in der pharmazeutischen Industrie und Medizintechnik wurden Produkte verschiedener Hersteller, wie Biopol, Biocellat und Mater-Bi untersucht. Dabei zeigte vor allem Biopol das notwendige Anforderungsprofil, d.h. die Anwendbarkeit aller Sterilisationsverfahren ohne Festigkeitsbzw. Steifigkeitsverluste sowie Temperatur- und Alkoholbeständigkeit. Dagegen wiesen die Werkstoffe Mater-Bi und Biocellat einige Schwachstellen auf. Bei Mater-Bi lagen diese bei der Wasserdampfsterilisation sowie bei der geringen thermischen und Medienbeständigkeit. Biocellat versprödet dagegen durch die erhöhte Temperatur bei der Dampfsterilisation, d.h. daß ein Einsatz über 60°C nicht möglich wäre.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Alkylierung von Poly(5-vinyltetrazol) mit Dimethylsulfat und tert-Butylalkohol sowie Alkylhalogeniden RHal (R=CH3, C2H5, CH2—CH=CH2, n-C4H9 und t-C4H9) und die Kinetik dieser Reaktion wurden untersucht, um eine neue Herstellungsmethode für tetrazolhaltige Polymere mit wertvollen Eigenschaften zu entwickeln. Die vergleichenden Untersuchungen über die isomere Zusammensetzung und die spektroskopischen Daten von Poly(N-alkyl-5-vinyltetrazol)en, die durch die Alkylierung von Poly(5-vinyltetrazol) sowie durch die Copolymerisation der entsprechenden Monomeren hergestellt wurden, wurden mit IR-, 1H-NMR- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie durchgeführt. Der Alkylierungsumsatz beträgt bis zu 99,8%; dadurch können polymere Produkte erhalten werden, deren Zusammensetzung, Struktur und Eigenschaften denen der Homo- und Copolymeren sehr ähnlich sind.
    Notes: Alkylation of poly(5-vinyl tetrazole) with dimethyl sulfate and tert-butyl alcohol as well as with alkyl halides RHal (R=CH3, C2H5, CH2—CH=CH2, n-C4H9, t-C4H9) has been studied under various conditions in order to develop a new method of synthesis of tetrazole-containing polymers having a complex of valuable properties. The kinetic study of the process and comparison of isomeric compositions and spectroscopic characteristics (IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) of poly(N-alkyl-5-vinyl tetrazole)s synthesized by alkylation of poly(5-vinyl tetrazole) and of those prepared by (co)polymerization of the corresponding vinyl tetrazoles have been carried out. The alkylation is found to proceed to high conversion extents (up to 99.8%) and enables to obtain a wide variety of polymeric products having the composition, structure and properties very similar to those of homo- and copolymers.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Farbstoffe mit nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften wurden in einer zweistufigen Synthese aus 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylat (HEMA), 4-Carboxybenzaldehyd und verschiedenen Anilinderivaten hergestellt. Die Farbstoffe (aromatische Iminester von HEMA) wurden mit Styrol copolymerisiert, die erhaltenen Copolymere wurden mit DSC sowie IR-, 1H NMR- und UV-VIS-Spektroskopie charakterisiert, und ihre nichtlinearen Eigenschaften wurden untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß die nichtlinearen Koeffizienten d31 und d33 vom Farbstoffgehalt der Copolymeren und der Art der elektronenspendenden Gruppen abhängig sind.
    Notes: Dyes for nonlinear optics have been synthesized in two steps from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 4-carboxybenzaldehyde and various substituted anilines. The obtained dyes (aromatic imine esters of HEMA) have been copolymerized with styrene, the copolymers characterized by DSC as well as IR, 1H NMR and UV-VIS spectroscopy, and studied for their nonlinear properties. The d31 and d33 nonlinear coefficients proved to be dependent on the dye content of the copolymers and on the nature of electrondonating groups.
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  • 86
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 220 (1994), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß von Ca2+-bzw. Al3+-Ionen auf das Viskositätsverhalten (Salzverträglichkeit) wäßriger Lösungen von Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose (CMC) sowohl mit unterschiedlichem Polymerisationsgrad (DP) als auch mit unterschiedlichem Substitutionsgrad (DS) und verschiedenartiger Substitutentenverteilung wurde untersucht. Aus Viskositätsmessungen mit einem Rotationsviskosimeter bei einer Scherrate von 500 s-1 geht hervor, daß die relative Abnahme der Viskosität im Ergebnis des Zusatzes der mehrwertigen Metallkationen unabhängig vom DP (im Bereich von 160 bis 900) der CMC ist. Homogen hergestellte CMC-Proben 2 mit einem größeren Gehalt an 2,3,6-Tri-O-carboxymethylglucose-Einheiten in der Polymerkette weisen im Vergleich zu heterogen hergestellten CMCs 1 bei gleichem Gesamt-DS eine höhere Salzverträglichkeit auf.
    Notes: The influence of Ca2+-and Al3+-ions, respectively, upon the viscosity behaviour (so-called salt tolerance) of aqueous solutions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different degree of polymerization (DP) and, on the other hand, with both different degree of substitution (DS) and distribution of substituents, was investigated. Viscosimetry by means of a rotational rheometer at a shear rate of 500 s-1 shows that the relative drop in viscosity as a result of addition of the multivalent metal cations is independent of DP (ranging from 160 to 900) of the CMC samples. Homogeneously synthesized CMCs (2) with a higher content of 2,3,6-tri-O-carboxymethyl glucose units in the polymer chain possess a significantly higher salt tolerance than those (1) prepared under heterogeneous reaction conditions at comparable total DS values.
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  • 87
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 222 (1994), S. 61-87 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Melamin-Formaldehyd-Harz-Formmassen (MF) wurden durch mechanisches Mischen mit Ethylen-Vinylacetat-Copolymeren (EVA) und teilverseiftem EVA modifiziert, wobei Etherbindungen zwischen dem hydrolysierten EVA und dem MF-Harz nachgewiesen werden konnten, die die mechanischen Eigenschaften von spritzgepreßten Formteilen im Vergleich zur Modifizierung mit EVA verbessern. Der Zusatz solcher Modifikatoren erhöht die Duktilität und verringert im Falle von EVA die Nachschwindung der überaus steifen MF-Matrix, solange der Modifikatoranteil gering bleibt. Dagegen werden die Steifigkeit und die Wärmeformbeständigkeit verschlechtert. Die durch solche unvernetzten Polymeren erreichbare Steigerung der Schlagzähigkeit bleibt allerdings unzureichend.
    Notes: Melamine-formaldehyde moulding compounds (MF) were modified by mechanical mixing with ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) and with partially hydrolysed EVA. Ether linkages between the hydrolysed material and the MF resin improve the mechanical properties of the transfer moulded parts containing the hydrolysed material compared to those made with EVA. The use of both modifying polymers improves the ductility and, in case of the partially hydrolysed material, the postshrinkage of the extremely rigid MF matrix, as long as the modification polymer content is kept low. On the contrary, Young's modulus and the heat deflection temperature are deteriorated. The improvement in impact strength by use of those uncrosslinked polymers is still insufficient.
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  • 88
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 222 (1994), S. 111-123 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe von Copolyesteramiden mit Molekulargewichten zwischen 1000 und 7000 (GPC, NMR) wurden aus Adipinsäure/1,6-Hexandiamin/∊-Caprolacton bzw. Nylon 6,6-Salz/∊-Caprolacton hergestellt. Die thermischen Eigenschaften der synthetisierten Polymeren (Glasübergangs-, Schmelz-, und Zersetzungstemperaturen, Schmelzenthalpien) wurden durch DSC- und TGA-Messungen bestimmt und in Bezug auf das Comonomerverhältnis in der Ausgangsmischung diskutiert. Die Übereinstimmung der Copolymerzusammensetzung mit dem Ausgangscomonomerverhältnis wurde mit FT-IR- und NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht. Die Bioabbaubarkeit der Copolyesteramide wurde durch enzymatische Hydrolyse geprüft.
    Notes: A series of copolyesteramides based on adipic acid/1,6-hexane diamine/∊-caprolactone and Nylon 6,6 salt/∊-caprolactone were synthesized. Their molecular weights, determined by gel permeation chromatography and NMR spectroscopy, were found to lie within the range from 1000 up to 7000. Their thermal properties (glass transitions, melting points and heats of melting, and decomposition temperatures) were recorded with diferential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry, respectively, and correlated to the comonomer feed composition. The FT-IR and NMR spectra were also recorded in order to confirm the composition of the copolyesteramides and to compare them with that of the comonomer feed. The biodegradability of the synthesized copolymers was tested by enzymatic hydrolysis.
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  • 89
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 222 (1994), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch sulfonsäurekatalysierte Umsetzung von Abietinsäure und Paraformaldehyd bei hohen Temperaturen wurden neuartige Kondensationsprodukte erhalten. Als Nebenprodukte der Polykondensation werden eine Ketoverbindung sowie Wasser und Kohlendioxid gebildet. Die Carboxygruppen der Abietinsäure sind an der Kondensationsreaktion beteiligt. In Abwesenheit von Paraformaldehyd wurde das Abietinsäure/Sulfonsäurekatalysator-System untersucht, um zusätzliche Informationen über die Reaktion zu erhalten. Der Reaktionsverlauf hängt von der Temperatur und der chemischen Struktur des Katalysators ab. Ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus der Kondensation wird diskutiert.
    Notes: New condensation products have been synthesized by heating abietic acid and formaldehyde at high temperatures in the presence of sulfonic-type acid catalysts. The main polycondensation reaction is associated with a secondary one which leads to a ketonic compound, carbon dioxide and water. The carboxylic groups of abietic acid participate in this condensation reaction. The behaviour of the abietic acid-sulfonic acid catalyst system was studied in absence of formaldehyde to acquire additional information about the reaction. The process is defined by the reaction temperature and chemical nature of the catalyst. A possible mechanism of the condensation reaction is discussed on the basis of the obtained results.
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  • 90
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 223 (1994), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: After a general classification of the cationic ring-opening polymerizations (CROP's) according to their polymerization mechanism, a number of examples of tailored polymers based on CROP are presented. The monomers used for the synthesis of these tailored structures are tetrahydrofuran (THF), N-tert-butyl aziridine (TBA), 2-methyl-1,3-oxazoline (MeOX) and 1,3-dioxolane (DXL).The polymer structures include different block and graft copolymers, macromonomers, star-shaped polymers, polymer networks and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs).
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In diesem Beitrag wird ein überblick über neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Synthese von Telechelen, Makromonomeren, Block- und Pfropfcopolymeren gegeben. Synthesestrategien aus den Bereichen der Polykondensation, der radikalischen, anionischen und kationischen Polymerisation, der Kettenspaltung sowie der Criss-Cross-Cycloaddition werden diskutiert.
    Notes: New developments in the synthesis of telechelics, macromonomers, block- and graftcopolymers are presented. Synthetic strategies for them are demonstrated with examples from different fields such as polycondensation, radical, anionic, and cationic polymerization, chain cleavage and criss-cross-cycloaddition.
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  • 92
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 223 (1994), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Alkanes with highly substituted carbon-carbon bonds can be cleaved in free radicals by homolytic dissociation under the influence of thermal energy. The energy of dissociation is mainly determined by the type and size of the respective substituents. For tetraarylbutane dinitriles the temperatures of decomposition are in the range of other technically used initiators. But nevertheless, these compounds are up to now rather seldom used to initiate free radical polymerizations. This is connected with the special mechanism of initiation: the formed highly substituted alkyl radicals are relatively stable and show only a rather low reactivity against the usually used monomers. Therefore, in the beginning of the polymerization the radical concentration is rather high which leads not only to addition to monomers but also to a pronounced primary radical termination. In some cases this termination process is reversible which results in an unusual polymerization kinetics. Depending on the type of monomer and the degree of reversibility of the primary radical termination, either a period of “dead-end” polymerization follows or the cleavage of the oligomers at the chain end results in a re-initiation process with a “normal” polymerization with increased rate. The reaction mechanism, kinetics and some possible applications of such initiating alkanes are reported.
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  • 93
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 223 (1994), S. 121-133 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen wesentlicher Aspekte der Polymerisation und der Eigenschaftsmodifikation auf Metallocen-Katalyse basierender Cycloolefin-Copolymere (COC) zeigen, daß mit dieser Monomer-Katalysator-Kombination eine neue Klasse transparenter Thermoplasten zugänglich gemacht wird. COC können mit Metallocenen in beliebiger zusammensetzung und mit kontrollierter Mikrostruktur hergestellt werden. Die somit erreichte und durch zusätzliche Modifikationen noch erweiterbare Breite des Eigenschaftsspektrums ermöglicht vielfältige Anwendungen dieser neuen Polymerklasse. Die wichtigsten Schlüsselfaktoren im rohstofflich-technologischen Bereich, die diese Struktur- und Eigenschaftsvielfalt ergeben, werden beispielhaft beschrieben.
    Notes: Investigation of the polymerization process and property modification of metallocene-based cycloolefin copolymers (COC) shows that this monomer-catalyst combination enables synthesis of a new class of transparent thermoplastic polymers. Metallocene catalysis offers much opportunity to vary the composition and microstructure of the copolymers. The breadth of the polymer spectrum which can be further widened by polymer modification enables many applications for this new class of thermoplastics. The key parameters that control structure and properties in the COC family are discussed in this paper.
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  • 94
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 223 (1994), S. 165-175 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The present paper deals with the synthesis and modification of functionalized polymers characterized by a special molecular architecture. The reactivity of a functionalized polymer with comb-like structure can be controlled in a significant manner by the crystalline order of the side chains. In contrast, photocrosslinking of comblike polymers containing cinnamic components in the side chains influences the crystallization process. The air drying process of a modified polybutadiene system with comb-like structure was shown to depend sensitively on the side chain order. Enzymatic synthesis of new monomers and polymers is briefly reviewed. The complexing capability of cyclodextrines were used to synthesize polyrotaxanes. Finally, the synthesis of a chiral polymerizable dendrimer containing eight estergroups in the monomer unit is presented.
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  • 95
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 223 (1994), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Intramolecularly crosslinked poly(organosiloxane) particles are prepared by means of emulsion polycondensation or emulsion polymerization of alkoxysilanes or cyclic organic siloxanes. Starting from these intramolecularly crosslinked poly(organosiloxane) particles, graft copolymers are obtained by free-radical emulsion polymerization of unsaturated olefinic monomers (e.g. acrylates, styrene) in the presence of (functionalized) organosiloxanes. Intramolecularly crosslinked poly(siloxane) particles and their graft copolymers are characterized by means of light scattering (in dispersion), electron microscopy and thermal analyses (DSC, DMTA).
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  • 96
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 214 (1994), S. 153-167 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Mischbarkeit und den physikalischen Eigenschaften von Polymerblends aus Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenoxid) (PPO), die in unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzungen in einem Doppelschneckenextruder mit Polystyrol, schlagzähem Polystyrol oder Styrol-Butadien-Copolymeren hergestellt wurden, wird diskutiert. Die Verträglichkeit der Komponenten wurde mittels DSC und DMA, die Morphologie der Blends mittels SEM untersucht. Mit abnehmendem Polystyrolanteil wurde eine schlechtere Mischbarkeit bei den Blends beobachtet, deren Kerbschlagempfindlichkeit sich erhöhte. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werden mit dem Micellmodell interpretiert.
    Notes: The relationship between the miscibility and the physical properties of polymer blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and polystyrene (PS), high-impact polystyrene (IPS) and poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS), which are blended in different compositions by a twin-screw extruder is discussed. The three types of SBS that were used are SBS1, SBS2 and SBS3 having different styrene/butadiene ratios. Dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to study the miscibility. The morphology was examined by SEM. The miscibility of the blends decreases with decreasing PS content. The notch sensitivity is improved by blending. Finally, the micelle model was used to explain the testing phenomena.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aliphatische Polyamide mit Poly(ethylenoxid)-Kettensegmenten unterschiedlicher Länge wurden durch Grenzflächenpolymerisation aus Succinylchlorid und Jeffamine ED-900 (O,O'-Bis(2-aminopropyl)poly(ethylenglykol) 800) bzw. Jeffamine ED-2001 (O,O'-Bis(2-aminopropyl)poly(ethylenglykol) 1900) zur Verwendung als Trägersubstanzen für Medikamente synthetisiert. Copolyamide mit kurzkettigen Diamin- und Jeffamine-Segmenten sowie Polyamide aus Cystin und Diamineinheiten wurden auf die gleiche Weise hergestellt. Die Polymerisationen wurden im zweiphasigen System Dichlormethan/Wasser bei Temperaturen um 0°C durchgeführt. Die Polymerprodukte wurden durch stufenweise Dialyse in wäßriger Phase bis zu einem Molekulargewicht von 25000 fraktioniert, nach Gefriertrocknung als wasserlösliche Harze oder Feststoffe erhalten und durch Mikroanalyse sowie 1H NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die inhärenten Viskositäten liegen im Bereich von 10-20 ml/g. Die Eignung eines repräsentativen Zielmoleküls zur Bindung von Medikamenten wurde durch eine kovalente Verankerung einer als Medikamentmodell fungierenden Ferrocen-Verbindung untersucht. Dabei wurde ein wasserlösliches Polymer-Ferrocen-Konjugat erhalten.
    Notes: Aliphatic polyamides comprising poly(ethylene oxide) chain segments of various lengths, designed for use as drug carriers, are synthesized by interfacial polymerization of succinyl chloride with the two Jeffamine types ED-900 and ED-2001, formally described by the supplier as O,O'-bis(2-aminopropyl)poly(ethylene glycol) 800 and O,O'-bis(2-aminopropyl)poly(ethylene glycol) 1900. Copolyamides comprising both short-chain diamine and Jeffamine segments are similarly prepared, as are polyamides made up of cystine and diamine segments. The polymerizations are performed in a two-phase methylene chloride-water system at temperatures near or below 0°C. The product polymers, crudely fractionated by staged aqueous-phase dialysis at an ultimate molecular-mass cut-off of 25000, are collected after freeze-drying as water-soluble resins or solids and are characterized microanalytically and by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Inherent viscosities are in the range of 10-20 ml g-1. The drug-binding potential of a representative target polymer is probed by the covalent anchoring of a ferrocene compound used as a drug model, giving a water-soluble polymer-ferrocene conjugate.
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  • 98
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 214 (1994), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Über die Anwendung von Vinylesterharzen aus dem Diglycidylether von Bisphenol A sowie dessen Urethanderivat als Beschichtungsmaterial wird berichtet. Die mit den Harzen beschichteten Flußstahlplatten wurden auf Oberflächenglanz, Kratzfestigkeit und Chemikalienbeständigkeit untersucht. Harze mit Styrolanteil zeigen deutlich verbesserte Beschichtungseigenschaften.
    Notes: The present paper is concerned with the coating applications of a vinyl ester resin derived from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and its urethane derivative. The mild steel panels coated with the synthesized resins were evaluated for their gloss on the surface, scratch hardness and chemical resistance. The incorporation of styrene in the resin systems improves the properties of coatings remarkably.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Katalysatorsystem Zirkonocendichlorid/Methylalumoxan wurde auf Siliciumdioxid aufgebracht, um Katalysatoren fur die Suspensions- order Gasphasenpolymerisation von Ethylen herzustellen. Die häochste Aktivitäat wurde für eine sandwichartige, dreilagige Verankerung von Zirkonzentren auf der Träageroberfläache gefunden. Dieneuen Katalysatorsysteme besitzen eine im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden homogenen Katalysatoren geringere Aktivitäat. Die Immobilisierung der aktiven Katalysatorzentren führt zu einer deutlichen Erhäohung der Polymermolmassen. Dabei bleibt die enge Molekulargewichtsverteilung der Polymerprodukte nahezu erhalten. Solche auf Träager aufgebrachte Metallocen-Katalysatoren käonnten für die Herstellung von Polyethylenen mit kontrollierter Rheologie Anwendung finden.
    Notes: The system zirconocene dichloride/methylalumoxane was supported on silica in order to provide ethylene polymerization catalysts for suspension or gas phase processes. Highest activity was found for a sandwich-like, three layer anchoring of the zirconium centers on the support surface. The new catalyst systems show a decrease of activity compared to polymerization experiments in homogeneous phase. However, the molecular weights are increased and the weight distributions remain narrow by immobilization of the active catalyst sites. Those supported metallocene catalysts could find application for the synthesis of polyethylene materials with controlled rheology.
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  • 100
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 215 (1994), S. 129-138 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Vernetzte Copolmere aus Butylacrylat (BA) und Ethylenglycol-dimethacrylat (EGDMA) wurden auf ihre Eignung als stationäare Phase für die Chromatographie untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß gering vernetzte Copolymere (〈 30 Gew.-% EGDMA) nicht poräos sind, wäahrend Matrices mit mehr als 40 Gew.-% EGDMA eine konstante Porositäat aufweisen. Eine Erhäohung des Vernetzergehaltes beeinflußt hauptsäachlich die Hydrophobie der Oberfläache. Zwei Meßmethoden für diese Eigenschaft werden diskutiert: Die Absorption von Alkylalkoholen und von Aminosäauren. Für letztere wurde aus der Steigung der Beziehung zwischen der Sälenkapazitäat und dem Hydrophobie-Parameter der Aminosäauren ein Matrix-Hydrophobie-Index berechnet und dieser mit den bekannten Energien der Wechselwirkung von Alkylalkohol—CH2 Gruppen mit der Polymermatrix verglichen. Die Vorteile der Verwendung des Hydrophobie-Indexes bei der Bewertung von polymeren Sorbentien werden aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Copolymers of butyl acrylate (BA) crosslinked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were evaluated as potential chromatographic packings. It was found that slightly crosslinked copolymers (up to 30 wt.-% EGDMA) did not provide porous material, while for matrices which exceeded 40 wt.-% of EGDMA the porous structure remained unchangeable. The increase of crosslinker content mostly affected the surface hydrophobicity. Two methods of measurement of this property were discussed: Sorption of alkyl alcohols and amino acids. Taking the latter for testing, a polymer matrix hydrophobicity index was calculated as the slope of dependence of column capacity vs. amino acid hydrophobicity parameter. The indices were verified against well-established interaction energies of —CH2— groups of alkyl alcohols and polymer surfaces. Some benefits of the use of the hydrophobicity index in evaluation of polymer sorbents were demonstrated.
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