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  • Articles  (20)
  • seismic hazard  (20)
  • Springer  (20)
  • Schweizerbart
  • 2020-2024
  • 1995-1999  (20)
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  • Springer  (20)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tsunami Waves with an Initial Negative Wave on the Chilean Coast (1999)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 20 (1999), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: tsunami ; hazard assessment ; seismic hazard ; Chile ; Kurile-Kamachatka
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This work describes the characteristics of a tsunami with an initial negative wave in the Pacific Ocean. These tsunamis fall into two classes; one class is produced by strong earthquakes and the other by earthquakes of moderate size. The relationship between the run-up probability occurrence is determined for both classes of tsunami and the mechanisms by which the tsunamis are generated is considered with reference to the keyboard model of tsunamigenic earthquakes. Tsunamis in the Arica region of northern Chile were analysed in more detail and these analyses suggest that a catastrophic tsunami is likely to occur in the Arica region in the next 10–20 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008160113672
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computation of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard for the GHSAP Test Area ‘Caucasus’ (1999)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 20 (1999), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; computation ; GSHAP ; Caucasus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As a result of work carried out during the first two stages of the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) for the Test Area ‘Caucasus’, a uniform earthquake catalogue was compiled and a Seismic Source Zones Model was designed. At the final stage of the program, the computation of seismic hazard was done by different methods. The results of a computation done using the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment methodology, as well as primary intermediate steps and preparatory work are given in the present paper. Peak horizontal ground acceleration is chosen as the parameter representing seismic hazard. Final computer calculations were done with the SEISRISK III program. The two final Seismic Hazard maps for different return periods are presented. The work was carried out at the National Survey for Seismic Protection of the Republic of Armenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008135111565
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic isoseismals of two Californian earthquakes (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 23-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: synthetic isoseismals ; asymptotic approach ; isoseismal ; seismic hazard ; earthquake ; California
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Comparison between the observed and the synthesized isoseismals of the relatively small earthquake of Sierra Madre (1991) and of the big one in San Francisco (1906), California, suggests that sometimes the areal shapes of the territories damaged by earthquakes might be synthetically traced out with a simple kinematic function which, following the asymptotic approach, takes into account some gross features of the sources. The rather good fits presented herein may indicate the possibility of substituting in some regions the so-called empirical ‘attenuation relations’, which are currently used in regional seismic hazard studies, by new more source-dependent algorithms. Conversely, the technique could help in retrieving information about sources of earthquakes from the pre-instrumental era, (i) in areas where it could be proved that the effects due to the travel paths and to local site conditions are negligible, (ii) when the detailed modelling techniques nowadays available are inapplicable due to lack of data, or (iii) for saving time and money. It seems that the algorithm gives rather stable results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229910
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bayesian techniques for seismic hazard assessment using imprecise data (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 91-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; Bayesian ; inaccurate data ; marked Poisson process ; prior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Some Bayesian methods of dealing with inaccurate or vague data are introduced in the framework of seismic hazard assessment. Inaccurate data affected by heterogeneous errors are modeled by a probability distribution instead of the usual value plus a random error representation; these data are generically called imprecise. The earthquake size and the number of events in a certain time are modeled as imprecise data. Imprecise data allow us to introduce into the estimation procedures the uncertainty inherent in the inaccuracy and heterogeneity of the measuring systems from which the data were obtained. The problem of estimating the parameter of a Poisson process is shown to be feasible by the use of Bayesian techniques and imprecise data. This background technique can be applied to a general problem of seismic hazard estimation. Initially, data in a regional earthquake catalog are assumed imprecise both in size and location (i.e errors in the epicenter or spreading over a given source). By means of scattered attenuation laws, the regional catalog can be translated into a so-called site catalog of imprecise events. The site catalog is then used to estimate return periods or occurrence probabilities, taking into account all sources of uncertainty. Special attention is paid to ‘priors’ in the Bayesian estimation. They can be used to introduce additional information as well as scattered frequency-size laws for local events. A simple example is presented to illustrate the capabilities of this methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00128259
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing a new hybrid approach to seismic hazard assessment: an application to the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy) (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 113-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; characteristic earthquake ; time dependent process ; Calabria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We tested a new hybrid method for the evaluation of seismic hazard. A recently proposed fault segmentation and earthquake recurrence model of peninsular Italy suggests that the interval for which the local historical catalogue is complete is shorter than the mean recurrence time of individual large faults (∼1000 years), or at the most comparable. These new findings violate the fundamental assumption of historical probabilistic seismic hazard methods that the historical record is representative of the activity of all the seismogenic sources. The hybrid method we propose uses time-dependent modelling of the major earthquakes and catalogue-based historical probabilistic estimates for all minor events. We assume that the largest earthquakes are characteristic for individual discrete fault segments, model their probability of occurrence by a renewal process and compute the shaking associated with each of them with a simplified procedure. Then we calculate the probability of exceeding a given threshold of peak ground acceleration for specific sites as the aggregate probability of occurrence of large characteristic earthquakes and minor shocks. We apply the method to the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy) performing the calculations for five major towns. The exposure to seismic hazard of Reggio Calabria, Catanzaro and Vibo Valentia, which locate close to recently activated large faults, decreases with respect to traditional time-independent estimates. On the contrary, an increase of seismic hazard is obtained for Castrovillari, which locates in an area where large faults displaying Holocene activity have been recently recognized but no significant earthquake is reported in the historical catalogue. Cosenza has the highest probability to experience a significant peak ground acceleration with both the new hybrid and the traditional approaches. We wish to stress that the present results should be interpreted only in terms of the differences between the new hybrid and the traditional approaches, not for their absolute values, and that they are not intended to be used for updating or modifying the current national seismic zonation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00128260
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary seismic hazard maps of Slovenia (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; source models ; Slovenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of the preliminary seismic hazard maps of the territory of Slovenia has been based on an expansion of the basic approach laid out by Cornell in 1968. Three seismic source models were prepared. Two of them are based mainly on the earthquake catalogue using the Poissonian probability model. A map of seismic energy release and a map of earthquake epicenter density are used to delineate seismic sources in these models. The geometry of the third model which is based on a rough estimate of seismotectonic setting is taken from the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of a nuclear power plant in Slovenia. Published ground motion attenuation models based on strong motion records of recent strong earthquakes in Italy are used. Test maps for variable and uniform b-values are presented. The computer program, Seisrisk III, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey is used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00128263
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic hazard assessment in the Ionian Islands based on observed macroseismic intensities (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; site intensity ; Ionian Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Catalogues of actual observed intensities are constructed for three towns in the Ionian Islands. They are used for seismic hazard assessment and the results are compared with those obtained by standard approaches; that is, by statistics applied to the data computed from epicentral parameters. The results show that seismic hazard is better assessed using observed rather than computed data, but preparation of the local catalogue presents non-trivial difficulties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00128265
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bayesian estimation of seismic hazard for two sites in Switzerland (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 165-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; seismic hazard ; Bayesian estimation ; data uncertainty ; probability distribution ; macroseismic intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seismic hazard analysis is based on data and models, which both are imprecise and uncertain. Especially the interpretation of historical information into earthquake parameters, e.g. earthquake size and location, yields ambiguous and imprecise data. Models based on probability distributions have been developed in order to quantify and represent these uncertainties. Nevertheless, the majority of the procedures applied in seismic hazard assessment do not take into account these uncertainties, nor do they show the variance of the results. Therefore, a procedure based on Bayesian statistics was developed to estimate return periods for different ground motion intensities (MSK scale). Bayesian techniques provide a mathematical model to estimate the distribution of random variables in presence of uncertainties. The developed method estimates the probability distribution of the number of occurrences in a Poisson process described by the parameter λ. The input data are the historical occurrences of intensities for a particular site, represented by a discrete probability distribution for each earthquake. The calculation of these historical occurrences requires a careful preparation of all input parameters, i.e. a modelling of their uncertainties. The obtained results show that the variance of the recurrence rate λ is smaller in regions with higher seismic activity than in less active regions. It can also be demonstrated that long return periods cannot be estimated with confidence, because the time period of observation is too short. This indicates that the long return periods obtained by seismic source methods only reflects the delineated seismic sources and the chosen earthquake size distribution law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00128264
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hazard mapping based on macroseismic data considering the influence of geological conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 207-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; geological conditions ; attenuation laws ; statistical analyses ; Portugal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The object of this study is to consider directly the influence of regional geological conditions on the assessment of seismic hazard. It is assumed that macroseismic data at individual locations contain, in an average way, the influence of geological conditions. A Data Base referring to 199 historical (5) and instrumental (194, in the 1947–1993 period) events with macroseismic information in 1195 locations of Portugal was built. For any given seismic event, whenever macroseismic information was available at a location (town, village, etc.), an EMS-92 intensity value was estimated. To each one of those locations a geological unit, representing the most common type of soil, was assigned, based on the Geological Portuguese Map at a scale 1:500 000; the geological units were grouped into three categories: soft, intermediate and hard soils. The Data Base was used to determine the attenuation laws in terms of macroseismic intensity for the three different geological site conditions, using multiple linear regression analysis. The reasonability of the laws was tested by (i) checking residual distributions and (ii) comparing the map of isoseismals of important earthquakes with the isoseismals generated by the attenuation curves derived for each one of the three different soil classes, taking into consideration the soil class of each site. The main results of attenuation modeling are: high dispersion on macroseismic intensity data; all the models predict intensity values, for short hypocentral distances, lower than the ones observed; and for some important analyzed earthquakes and for the observed range of distances, the models confirm the expectancy that macroseismic intensity increases from hard to soft soil. The approach to obtain the hazard assessment at each location consisted in the use of the attenuation law specifically derived for the class of soil of that particular location. This method, which considers the influence of the regional geology, was illustrated with the mapping of hazard for the country for several return periods. Comparison with previous maps not taking into consideration the regional geological conditions emphasizes the importance of this new parameter. It can be concluded that (i) soil segmentation is clearly the cause for hazard increase in the region to the north of Lisbon, especially at sites with soft and intermediate soils as the ones in lower Tagus valley; the maximum increase on hazard is, in any case, less than one degree; (ii) when geological conditions are disregarded in the attenuation regression analysis, hazard pattern is similar to the one obtained for the case of hard soil everywhere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00128267
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site Response as a Function of Near-Surface Geology in the South Iceland Seismic Zone (1997)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 15 (1997), S. 139-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: site response ; spectral ratio ; seismic hazard ; south Iceland lowland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Site response measurements provide information on the amplification of ground motions generated by local conditions. Recent studies of large destructive earthquakes have shown that damage during the earthquakes are often caused by the amplification of seismic waves in near-surface sedimentary layers. The estimation of site response is therefore critical, in order to evaluate the true seismic hazard potential of a given area. We investigated local site amplifications in the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). Nine digital seismographs were deployed, temporarily, in an area of approximately 400 km2, in the westernmost part of the SISZ. Among the 90 events recorded, 15 were used in this study, including a magnitude 3.1 (ML) event and selected aftershocks, which occurred in the northern outskirts of the village Hveragerdi. Single Station Spectral Ratios (SSSR) of the recorded earthquakes revealed some of the effects of local site conditions. Spectral amplification factors of 2–5 on average, can be expected in the SIL area, depending on the sediment type and thickness. Higher site amplifications occur in the southern part of the study region, where the thickest sedimentary cover is found. Spectral amplification, related to topographical effects, is observed at the bedrock reference station, Bjarnastadir. Standard Spectral Ratios (SSR), with respect to the bedrock reference station, Bjarnastadir, were also calculated for some stations, in order to compare the two spectral ratio results. The two methods show a good correlation at some stations, whereas at others they vary considerably. The comparison between the earthquake and ambient noise data, on the other hand, gave better correlation when the SSSR method is used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007902419241
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic Hazard Studies in the U.K.: Source Specification Problems of Intraplate Seismicity (1997)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 15 (1997), S. 105-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; intraplate ; source models ; faults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Although the U.K. is in an area of only low to moderate seismicity, the seismic hazard is sufficient to pose a threat to sensitive structures such as chemical plants and nuclear facilities. In quantifying the level of hazard by conventional probabilistic methodology, however, some problems arise in attempting to interpret earthquake data in terms of geological structure and faults. In the U.K., not only is it impossible to identify any demonstrably active faults, but also it is extremely difficult to discern any relationship between the pattern of seismicity and local or regional geological structure. This study discusses the use of two zonation approaches which complement each other in such a way that the general character and trend of seismicity is preserved. In one approach, the zonation is informed by the structural geology, where possible; geological zonation is avoided if it produces sources with heterogeneous seismicity. In the other approach, the record of past earthquakes is divided up into very small zones around individual epicentres or groups of epicentres, the size of each zone usually being proportional to the uncertainty in the epicentral determination of the appropriate event. This zonation preserves an observed tendency of some British earthquakes to repeat themselves. It is suggested that, in intraplate areas such as the U.K., it is often inappropriate to attempt to model individual fault sources. No faults in the U.K. are provably active. Because an earthquake of moderate size can occur on a very short fault segment, it is impractical to restrict fault modelling to major features. Even the two largest U.K. faults, suspected to be active, pose problems in attributing historical seismicity to them as distinct features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007970907854
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic Hazard Assessment in Armenia (1998)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 18 (1998), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; Armenia ; deterministic and probabilistic approaches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An evaluation of seismic hazard assessment in the territory of Armenia is presented in this work. The catastrophic M = 7.0 Spitak earthquake in 1988 revealed the drawbacks of the acting seismic zoning map. Two seismic hazard maps have been compiled in NSSP RA during 1991–1996. The deterministic approach was applied in the first one and the probabilistic in the second one. Both maps were compiled on the basis of the same database. Comparison between the maps shows good correlation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008017315716
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic hazard evaluation at Algiers using Benouar's earthquake catalogue (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 13 (1996), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Algeria ; Algiers ; seismic hazard ; return periods ; probability of exceedance ; response spectrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the evaluation of seismic hazard at the site of Algiers (capital of Algeria). In order to implement earthquake-resistant design codes, it is usually necessary to know the maximum dynamic load which a particular structure might experience during its economic life, or alternatively, the most probable return period of a specified design load. The evaluation of the seismic hazard at the site, based on peak ground motion acceleration and using Cornell's method and Benouar's earthquake Maghreb catalogue, in terms of return period, probability of exceedance of PGA, design ground motion and a response spectrum, is carried out for the City of Algiers and its surroundings. The response spectrum for Algiers presented in this paper is the first one realized in Algeria using revised Algerian data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138479
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of the energy release, b-values and seismic hazard in Egypt (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 13 (1996), S. 133-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Egypt ; seismotectonics ; energy release ; b-value ; seismic hazard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A review of the seismicity and seismic history of Egypt indicates areas of high activity concentrated along Oligocene-Miocene faults. This supports the idea of recent activation of the Oligocene-Miocene stress cycle. There are similarities in the spatial distribution of recent and historical epicenters. Destructive earthquakes in Egypt are mostly concentrated in the highly populated areas of the Nile Valley and Nile Delta. Some big earthquakes located near the plate boundary as far away as Turkey and Crete were strongly felt in Egypt. The distribution of the energy release shows a possible tectonic connection between active zones in Egypt and the complicated tectonic zones in Turkey and Crete through geologically verified fault systems. The distribution of intensity shows a strong directivity along the Nile Valley. This is due to the presence of a thick layer of loose sediments on top of the hard rock in the Nile Valley graben. The distribution of b-values indicates two different zones, comparable with stable and unstable shelf areas. Stress loads in the northern Red Sea and northern Egypt are similar. Geologically, northern Egypt is a part of the Unstable Shelf area. The probability to have an earthquake with intensity V or larger within 94 years is more than 80% in the Nile Valley and Nile Delta areas, Egypt-Mediterranean coastal area, Aswan High Dam area, Gulf of Aqaba-Levant Fault zone and in the oil fields of the Gulf of Suez. The maximum expected intensity in these areas and within the same period is V–VI for a 80% probability and VII–VIII+ for a 10% probability. Intensity VIII–IX has been reported for several earthquakes in both historical and recent time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138480
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of seismic hazard at Roermond, The Netherlands: A comparison of results after the 13 April 1992 earthquake (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 13 (1996), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: return period ; seismic hazard ; Roermond earthquake ; The Netherlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mean return periods, 〈RP〉, for the site of Roermond, The Netherlands, as calculated by different methods, are compared, and its quality evaluated by a simple two-tail test of hypothesis. Results show that 〈RP〉 values by the EGO-method are statistically more likely. They can be considered, despite their broad 90% probability intervals, and for the site and data used, more reliable, since the Roermond earthquake was not an unusual or surprising event for the Lower Rhine Embayment area, where earthquakes of comparable size have occurred since the 18th century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215820
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Anisotropic Modelling for the Determination of Regional Attenuation Coefficients (1998)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 17 (1998), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: anisotropic attenuation law ; regional attenuation coefficients ; seismic hazard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The anisotropic attenuation of macroseismic intensity for a seismogenetic zone is dealt with using a new modelling of intensity distribution. The analysis, carried out starting from the intensity maps of the earthquakes of different seismogenetic zones of Central and Southern Italy, allows the determination of the attenuation coefficients for each seismogenetic zone by an anisotropic attenuation law. The obtained results show the reliability of the proposed modelling within seismic hazard evaluation studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007979528453
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Case Study of the Spatial Distribution of Seismic Hazard (El Salvador) (1998)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 18 (1998), S. 145-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; El Salvador ; Cornell–McGuire method ; zone-free methods ; seismic zonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The republic of El Salvador in Central America is an area of high seismic hazard where at least twelve destructive earthquakes have occurred this century alone. The principal sources of seismic hazard are earthquakes associated with the subduction of the Cocos plate in the Middle America Trench and upper-crustal earthquakes in the chain of Quaternary volcanoes that runs across the country parallel to the subduction trench. Hazard assessments for Central America have suggested almost uniform distribution of hazard throughout El Salvador. Seismic zonations for three successive building codes in El Salvador simply divide the country into two regions, with the higher hazard zone containing the volcanoes and the coastal areas. Historical records suggest that the greatest hazard is posed by the upper-crustal earthquakes concentrated on the volcanic centres which, although of smaller magnitude than the subduction events, are generally of shallow focus and coincide with the main population centres. These earthquakes have repeatedly caused intense damage over small areas in the vicinity of some of the main volcanoes. This study focuses on El Salvador to explore the capability of different approaches to hazard assessment to reflect significant variations of seismic hazard within small geographical areas. In the study, three 'zone-free' methods are employed as well as the Cornell–McGuire approach. The results of the assessments are compared and their implications for seismic zoning for construction and insurance purposes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008066017353
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crustal Seismicity In and Around Turkey (1998)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 18 (1998), S. 253-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Gutenberg–Richter ; b-value ; modal ; seismicity ; seismic hazard ; Anatolian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Vertical and horizontal variations of the frequency of crustal earthquakes (h ≤ 35 km) that have occurred in and around Turkey are analyzed, using data from the Global Hypocenter Data Base and the IRIS data for the period 1964–1998. Fits of various magnitude scales to the observations have been used to construct a homogeneous catalogue. Depth distribution of the parameters derived from the Gutenberg–Richter relationship reveals that there is a depth dependence in the a- and b-values of the frequency distribution. It is observed that unknown focal depths (0, 10, 33 km) are dominant in the total seismicity reported, and give rise to substantial changes to the vertical distribution of these parameters. It is also observed that the parameters of either a or b alone may not be used as a measure of regional seismicity of the study area in which high and low seismic activity observed over short distances. In contrast, distribution of modal (a/b) values provides detailed images of the local areas presented by high and low seismic zones. This study presents evidence that low b-values are associated with major strike-slip faults, particularly exhibiting high apparent stresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026443900902
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A database for worldwide seismicity quantification (1995)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 12 (1995), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; risk assessment ; insurance ; seismicity quantification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The first step in a seismicity analysis usually consists of defining the seismogenic units, seismic zones or individual faults. The worldwide delimitation of these zones involves an enormous effort and is often rather subjective. Also, a complete recording of faults will not be available for a long time yet. The seismicity model presented in this paper therefore is not based on individually defined seismic zones but rather on the assumption that each point in a global 1/2° grid of coordinates represents a potential earthquake source. The corresponding seismogenic parameters are allocated to each of these points. The earthquake occurrence frequency, one of the most important parameters, is determined purely statistically by appropriately spreading out the positions of past occurrences. All the other significant seismicity characteristics, such as magnitude-frequency relations, maximum possible magnitude and attenuation laws including the dependence on focal depth are determined in a global 1/2° grid of co-ordinates. This method of interpreting seismicity data allows us to establish a transparent, sufficiently precise representation of seismic hazard which is ideally suited for computer-aided risk analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613074
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison Between Recorded and Derived Horizontal Peak Ground Accelerations in Jordan (1998)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 17 (1998), S. 101-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: earthquake ; earthquake intensity ; peak ground acceleration ; attenuation relations ; strong motion data ; seismic hazard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The isoseismal map for the earthquake that occurred in the Jordan Valley on 11 July 1927 was analyzed and used to develop Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) Attenuation relation for Jordan needed for use in relevant seismic hazard evaluation procedures. Strong motion data of earthquakes that occurred in Jordan and Israel during the last 15 years were summarized. A comparison is made between recorded PGA's and those calculated using the derived Attenuation relations commonly used by experts in the region. The comparison showed that the derived relation is appropriate for estimating PGA values on alluvium foundations. The derived relation gave results close to those obtained using a relation introduced by Esteva in 1974. The 1982 relation of Ben-Menahem and co-workers gave reasonable predictions of PGA values for most geological formations of foundations, in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008040722121
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