ALBERT

Description: We show here the data that are associated to the paper: The medial offshore record of explosive volcanism along the central to eastern Aegean Volcanic Arc, part 2: Tephra ages and volumes, eruption magnitudes and marine sedimentation rate variations, submitted for publication at G-Cubed. We present in Table 1 density measurements for Aegean arc marine and terrestrial tephras. Table 2 indicate the sedimentation rate at all core positions of the research cruise POS513 with RV Poseidon in 2017, including ages given by correlations to dated eruptions and newly estimated ages based on sedimentation rates. Table 3 summarizes the marine tephra thicknesses found in the POS513 cores and includes a compilation of the respective tephra occurrence in the entire Mediterranean region.

Description: Measurements of cell size, cell density, nutrient concentration and genotype composition in a long-term experiment (182 days) with the marine phytoplankton species Chaetoceros affinis and Emiliania huxleyi, each consisting of nine genotypes. The species were cultivated together at three different nutrient regimes (10 N, 20 N, 30 N) with increasing nitrate supply in a semi-continuous batch cycle system. The genotype composition of both species was assessed after 49, 91, and 182 days using microsatellites. In a short-term experiment cell size and density of nine Chaetoceros affinis genotypes separately were measured after 7 days growth at seven nitrate levels (2.5, 5, 7.5, 12.5, 20, 30, and 45 μmol L−1 N).

Description: This study simulated a 9-months warming scenario on the common seagrass Zostera marina from winter into summer (December 2015 - August 2016) in the Western Baltic Sea (Kiel Fijord), using outdoor mesocosms. Two treatments were applied: Ambient temperature regime (Ambient) and Ambient + 3.6C (Heat) over the entire course of the experiment. Temperature regimes were compared to the 22-year temperature average in the area. A number of seagrass response parameters were measured throughout the experiment including parameters related to shoot mortality and reproduction (shoot abundance, growth of new shoots, abundance of flowering shoots), (ii) shoot growth (growth rate, leaf production, lengths of the 3rd leaf, number of green leaves per shoot), (ii) biomass (above and below ground biomass per shoot) and (iv) pigmentation (chlorophyll-a, beta-carotene).

Description: The greenhouse to icehouse climate transition from the Eocene into the Oligocene is well-documented by sea surface temperature records from the southwest Pacific and Antarctic margin that show evidence of pronounced long-term cooling. However, identification of a driving mechanism depends on a better understanding of whether this cooling was also present in terrestrial settings. Here, we present a semi-continuous terrestrial temperature record spanning from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene (~41-33 Ma), using bacterial molecular fossils (biomarkers) preserved in a sequence of SE Australian lignites from two locations. We reconstruct terrestrial temperatures and compare them to existing sea-surface temperature records from the Southern Hemisphere from the middle Eocene to Early Oligocene.

Description: Here the data are archived that belong to the paper: The medial offshore record of explosive volcanism along the central to eastern Aegean Volcanic Arc, part 1: Tephrostratigraphic correlations submitted for publication at G-Cubed. In table 2a average major and trace element compositions are given for analyses correlative land tephras. In Table 2b the entire set of individual glass shard measurements are given. In Table 3a the average major and trace element compositions of marine tephras found in the cores of Table 1 are given. Table 4 represents the microprobe reference measurements on Lipari and VGA99 with respective reference values as well as List standard N612 and BCR2 for trace element measurements, Table 5 show the results of the principal component analyses and the extracted eigenvectors of 88 parameter reduced to 10 principal components.

Description: This is a compilation of all short-wave and long-wave radiation datasets from Lindenberg that were and are published in the frame of BSRN. New data will be added regularly. The data are subject to the data release guidelines of BSRN (https://bsrn.awi.de/data/conditions-of-data-release/).

Description: The coupled results of sedimentological, molecular, and microfossil proxies were used to determine the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic variations as well as identify the sediment transport pathways along the last c.a. 6,300 years in a sedimentary record collected on the inner shelf of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Applied methods include the analyses of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, alkenones, and benthic foraminifera enabling a more complete environmental perspective of the La Plata River plume influence on the Southwestern Atlantic Shelf, regarding the relationship between climate, productivity, as well as hydrodynamic. Variations in marine productivity, lipid biomarkers of terrestrial plants, diagnostic geochemical indices, and sea surface temperature point to three phases within the core. These phases suggest the influence of synchronized variations in sea level, precipitation over the Paraná River drainage basin, and the northward displacement of the PPW by the BCC, transporting sediments from southern areas to the core 7606 region.

Description: Sediment core U1437B was drilled during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 350 in 2014. The aim of this study was to infer information on the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic evolution of the Northwest Pacific Ocean and adjacent East Asian continent over the past 1 Ma. For this, 174 freeze-dried and homogenized sediment samples from Site U1437 Hole B were extracted using a solvent mixture of dichloromethane:methanol (93:7, v:v) at elevated temperature (75° ) and pressure (50 bar) using a Büchi Speed Extractor (Büchi, Switzerland). Total lipid extracts were desulfurized and an aliquot with an added standard mixture was measured on an Agilent 7980 gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to an Agilent 5975 mass spectrometer (MS) to quantify long- chain n-alkanes, n-alcohols, and nonacosan-10-ol. Another aliquot of the total lipid extracts was separated into apolar, ketone and polar fractions using column chromatography. The ketone-bearing fractions were subsequently measured on an Agilent 7980 GC coupled to an Agilent 5975 MS (Agilent, Germany). The polar fractions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) using an Alliance 2690 HPLC (Waters, UK) and a Quattro LC triple quadrupole MS (Micromass, UK) to measure glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). Total organic carbon contents were determined on 200 mg decarbonized sediment powder using an ELTRA CS- 580A elemental analyzer. Additionally, sections 350-U1437B-1H-1A to 17F-4A, comprising the uppermost 120 m of Hole B and corresponding to the past 1 Ma, were scanned using an ITRAX micro-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanner at Kochi Core Center, Japan. XRF spectra were generated every 2 cm with an exposure time of 60 sec. The X-ray beam was generated with a 3 kW Mo tube run at 30 kV and 55 mA. Sea surface temperature estimates calculated from the unsaturated ketone index (UK'37) and GDGT- based tetraether index (TEX86) as well as GDGT-based methane index (MI) and branched and isoprenoid tetraether index (BIT) values are reported in Dataset S1. Dataset S2 contains summed concentrations of long-chain n-alkanes, n-alcohols and nonacosan-10- ol, as well as mass accumulation rates of TOC and C37 alkenones, which were calculated using linear sedimentation rates, alkenone or TOC contents, and dry bulk densities from shipboard measurements (Tamura et al., 2015). Fractional abundances of individual GDGTs and C37 ketones are reported in Dataset S3. Dataset S4 comprises ratios of selected elements calculated from XRF scanning measurements on core sections of the uppermost 120 meters below seafloor of Site U1437 Hole B.

Description: A literature retrieval was performed for whole rock geochemical analyses of sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic rocks in the catchment of River Thuringian Saale for the past 600 Ma. Considering availability and coincidence with paleontological an facies data the following indicators seem suitable to detect environmental and climatic changes: biogenic P for Paleoproductivity, STI Index for weathering intensity, Ni/Co-ratio for redox conditions, relative enrichments of Co, Ba and Rb versus crustal values for volcanic activity at varying differentiation. The Mg/Ca-ratio as proxy for salinity is applicable in evaporites. The binary plot Nb/Y versus Zr/TiO2 indicates a presently eroded volcanic level of the Bohemian Massif as catchment area for the Middle Bunter, whereas higly differentiated volcanics provided source material for Neoproterozoic greywackes. A positive Eu-anomaly is limited to the Lower Bunter and implies mafic source rocks perhaps formerly located in the Bohemian Massif.