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  • Hymenoptera
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; cabbage ; tritrophic interactions ; semiochemicals ; host-habitat location ; foraging behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test. The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata. A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 283-285 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): secondary plant compounds ; allelochemicals ; feeding deterrence ; hemolymph ; Rhadinoceraea ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; Phymatocera ; Veratrum album ; Liliaceae ; Melanthiaceae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Uscana lariophaga ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; cowpea ; storage pest ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In West Africa, Uscana lariophaga (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizes the eggs of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), an important pest of stored cowpea. The impact of the egg parasitoid on pest populations was evaluated in clay pots used in traditional storage in Niger. At the beginning of the storage period cowpeas were infested with different densities of larval instars and adults of C. maculatus and inoculated with one density of U. lariophaga. The higher the initial densities of C. maculatus, the better the egg parasitoid was able to establish itself and to control the population of C. maculatus, limiting the damage to cowpea. After three months of storage, the egg parasitoid significantly reduced the number of C. maculatus adults by 68 at the lowest and 86 percent at the highest initial density of the beetle; the percentage of damaged beans was reduced by 13 and 19% respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): reproductive compatibility ; hybrid inviability ; temperature ; Trichogramma ; biological control ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility (NRCI), the crossing of a female of a strain A with a male of a strain B results in hybrid offspring, whereas the reciprocal cross produces few or no hybrids. Only females are of hybrid origin in Hymenoptera because they arise from fertilized eggs; males arise from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. Crosses between many strains of Trichogramma deion showed some degree of NRCI. Crosses between a T. deion culture collected in Seven Pines, California (SVP) with one from Marysville, California (MRY) showed an extreme form of NRCI in which practically no female offspring was produced when MRY females were crossed with SVP males. The reciprocal cross produced a close to normal proportion of female and male offspring. Detailed studied of this cross indicated that 1) the female offspring produced in the compatible interstrain cross were not the result of parthenogenesis but were true hybrids, 2) the incompatible interstrain cross did not produce female offspring because fertilized eggs died during development, 3) the death of these eggs could not be prevented by either antibiotic or temperature treatment, 4) cytoplasmically inherited factors causing NRCI could be discounted because backcrossed females with the genome of MRY and the cytoplasm of SVP, exhibit the NRCI relationship characteristic of their genome. Therefore the NRCI between these strains appears to be caused by a modification coded for by the nuclear genes of MRY that results in incompatibility when SVP sperm fertilizes MRY eggs. In addition the level of incompatibility in crosses between the SVP females and MRY males is temperature sensitive, the higher the rearing temperature the lower the level of compatibility.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; chromosomes ; sex allocation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; C. rubecula ; foraging behaviour ; specialist ; synomones ; infochemical use ; tritrophic interactions ; olfaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of volatile stimuli in the long-range host-searching behaviour of the specialist parasitoidCotesia rubecula Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied. Components from the plant-host-complex Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var.gemmifera (DC.) Schulz. cv. ‘Titurel’)-Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were compared for their attractiveness in dual choice tests in a windtunnel. Stimuli from cabbage plants that were mechanically damaged or damaged byP. rapae caterpillars were more attractive to this parasitoid species than stimuli emitted by the host larvae or their faeces. Parasitoids preferred leaves from the plant-host-complex over artificially damaged leaves. Undamaged cabbage plants were the least attractive to the foraging females. These results indicate that in-flight searching behaviour ofC. rubecula is guided by plant-derived information and that for this specialist species more reliable and specific host-derived cues play a minor role at longer distances.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): physical and chemical effects ; parasitization ; Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Edovum puttleri ; Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; UV irradiation ; host age ; freezing ; kairomone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of various physical and chemical treatments of Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] eggs on parasitization and development of the egg parasitoid Edovum puttleri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were investigated. UV irradiation did not affect host acceptance but reduced host suitability for UV exposure times ≥90 min. Susceptibility of host eggs to UV irradiation varied with host age; eggs were most vulnerable to damage from irradiation at 12, 18, and 24 h post-oviposition. The rate of parasitization also was influenced by host age. Percent parasitization was greatest in freshly laid eggs and 24–30 h old eggs. Seventy-seven percent of host eggs frozen at −20 °C (5 min) were parasitized by E. puttleri, but extended exposure of eggs to −20 °C reduced both acceptance and suitability. Host eggs that had been washed with hexane (removal of kairomone and sticky layer) also were parasitized. After 5 min of washing, application of kairomone significantly increased the rate of parasitism (from 74.7% to 88.2%), but with longer periods of washing, kairomone application had no significant effect on percent parasitism. Thus, the sticky material(s) coating the egg did not appear to be essential for parasitization to occur. Our results provide effective methods and times for treating Colorado potato beetle eggs to maximize parasitization and development of E. puttleri.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 213-220 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Venturia canescens ; Plodia interpunctella ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; host quality ; host nutrition ; koinobiont ; development ; parasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We investigated the effect of host (Plodia interpunctella; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) nutritional status on development of the solitary endoparasitoid,Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Parasitoids from 3rd (L3) instars reared on a deficient diet during early parasitism took longer to develop and suffered higher mortality than those reared from hosts fedad libitum although there was not a significant difference in the size of eclosing wasps from the two groups. L5 hosts reared at high density produced smaller parasitoids, which developed more rapidly than those reared from hosts from low density containers, although mortality was higher in the latter. In a separate experiment we starved groups of 10–20 hosts (parasitized as L3) daily beginning on the 4th day after parasitism, to determine the host developmental stage required for successful parasitoid development to eclosion. Parasitoid survivorship increased with length of host access to food, while the egg-to-adult parasitoid development time increased throughout the experiment. Parasitoid size decreased with increasing periods of host starvation. The successful emergence ofVenturia depends uponPlodia reaching the size normally attained in the mid-5th instar, or 50–70% of the mass of healthy late 5th instars. Our results show that when earlier instars are parasitized, host growth is essential for successful parasitoid development to eclosion. Furthermore, they suggest that, for many koinobionts, host suitability may be greatly influenced by feeding rate and food quality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cotesia glomerata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; behaviour ; parasitoid ; tritrophic interactions ; kairomone ; synomones ; host instar selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Some parasitoids are restricted with respect to the host stage that they attack and even to a certain age within a stage. In this paper we investigate whether the parasitoidCotesia glomerata can discriminate between old and young caterpillar instars of its host,Pieris brassicae, before contacting these hosts, since contacts with older instars are very risky with a chance of being killed, due to the aggressive defensive behaviour of the caterpillars. Flight chamber dual choice tests showed that volatile chemicals emitted by Brussels sprouts plants (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) after feeding damage by 1st and 5th larval instars are equally attractive to the wasps. Simulated herbivore damage by 2nd and 5th larval instars, obtained by treating mechanically damaged leaves with carterpillar regurgitant, was also equally attractive, even when the wasps were exposed to repeated experience on different larval instars to increase their discriminatory ability. In contrast, single choice contact bioassays showed that the time spent searching on a leaf with feeding damage of 1st instar larvae was significantly longer than the time spent on 5th instar feeding damage or on mechanically damaged leaves. Both flight and contact bioassays did not show any effect of egg-related infochemicals. The results demonstrate thatC. glomerata can discriminate between young and old larval instars ofP. brassicae, without contacting the caterpillars. This is not done through volatile herbivore-induced synomones but through cues that are contacted after arrival at a caterpillar-infested leaf.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Dryinidae ; sex ratio ; sex allocation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): whiteflies ; Bemisia ; Eretmocerus ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; crowding ; sterility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract While studying the reproductive capacity of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) we found that varying numbers of females were sterile. Investigations showed that sterility occurred also in field populations, but at a very low rate. Laboratory sterility was significantly correlated with crowding of the parental females during oviposition. Whitefly hosts from which fertile of sterile females emerged did not differ in size, neither did the hind tibiae of fertile females differ in dimensions from those of sterile ones. Behavior of sterile females differed from that of the fertile ones in several parameters. They exhibited less leg drumming, used the ovipositor more frequently and for shorter durations, and changed more readily from probing to host stinging, and from a number of activities to walking. Altogether, their behavior appeared more restless and caused them to contact more hosts than fertile females. The possibility that the sterility is caused by crowding alone, or by the activity of microorganisms acting under crowded conditions, and the merits of the phenomenon for biological pest control are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): sawflies ; colour preference ; water trap ; Dolerus ; Pachynematus ; Ametastegia ; Cephus ; Aglaostigma ; Athalia ; Hymenoptera ; Symphyta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 79-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Trichogramma nubilale ; European corn borer ; host discrimination ; offspring survival ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Oviposition preference and offspring survival relative to the location of the host embryo was tested in the egg parasitoid Trichogramma nubilale on European corn borer host eggs. Females preferentially oviposited near to the embryo on hosts about 24 h old. Survival of Trichogramma was lower when females oviposited far from the embryo, and a higher proportion of host embryos hatched. Females did not show preferences for drilling or oviposition within very young hosts relative to where the embryo would develop, and these eggs did not produce wasps or host larvae. Female behavior was apparently adaptive in day-old hosts, not to very young hosts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Aphelinus abdominalis ; Macrosiphum euphorbiae ; Metopolophium dirhodum ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Sitobion avenae ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; parasitism ; dispersal ; diurnal periodicity ; sex ratio
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of simulated plant stress and parasitism by Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman) on the mobility of four species of aphids was investigated. The aphids were placed on water stressed potted plants or on excised leaf segments on dry or moist filter-paper in Petri dishes. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) was infested with Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (segments only), aubergine (Solanum melongena) leaf segments with Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). The aphids that moved off the plants were removed and their development stage determined at 24-h (drought-stressed plants) or 3-h (leaf segments) intervals. On intact plants, aphid larvae were reluctant to move, and only moved after moulting into adults. On cut leaves, young 1st and 2nd instar larvae were more reluctant to move than 3rd and 4th instar larvae and adults. The numbers moving were initially positively correlated with aphid population density, and in M. euphorbiae occurred mainly during the night. Depending on aphid species and parasitoid age, parasitism by A. abdominalis retarded or accelerated movement, but the differences between young and old larvae and adults persisted after parasitism. A. abdominalis lays male eggs in small hosts and female eggs in large hosts. Consequently, its sex ratio was affected by differential movement of the host aphids of the male and female parasitoids. Old larvae and adult aphids readily moved and carried off female parasitoids, while the small aphids were more likely to remain and give rise to male-biased sex ratios.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Biosteres arisanus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; fruit flies ; parasitoid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The host suitability of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), for development of Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), a braconid parasitoid, was compared with three other fruit fly species, namely, Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Weidemann, melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquilett, and Malaysian fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). In addition, effects of five different fruit species, namely, Carica papaya L. (solo papaya), Musa sapientum (L.) O. Ktze. (apple banana), Mangifera indica (L.) (Haden mango), Terminalia catappa (L.) (false kamani), and Citrus aurantiifolia (Christman) Swingle (common lime), on the parasitization rate of B. dorsalis and sex ratio of parasitoid progenies were evaluated. Effects of host egg to female B. arisanus ratios on parasitoid progeny yields were likewise determined. The host suitability of fruit flies for development of B. arisanus was ranked as: B. dorsalis〉C. capitata=B. latifrons=B. cucurbitae. Based on percent parasitization of B. dorsalis, preference of B. arisanus females for host eggs varied with fruit species, however, preferential oviposition displayed by female parasitoids did not influence sex ratios of subsequent parasitoid progenies. Increases in host egg to female parasitoid ratios of 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 25:1, and 30:1 corresponded with increases in parasitoid progeny yield reaching a plateau at 20:1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Plutella xylostella ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia plutellae ; foraging behaviour ; wind tunnel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The braconid Cotesia plutellae is an important larval parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of crucifers in the tropics and sub-tropics. The in-flight searching behaviour of C. plutellae was investigated in a wind tunnel and the close-range attack behaviour observed in cages. The relative importance of volatile stimuli emanating from the plant-host-complex, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) – P. xylostella, in the long-range attraction of C. plutellae was investigated. Plants that were mechanically damaged, or damaged by P. xylostella larvae, were attractive to the parasitoid. Host-damaged leaves remained attractive to the parasitoid after removal of the host larvae. These results indicate that C. plutellae predominantly uses plant derived stimuli in its in-flight searching behaviour. An oviposition experience or contact with a host-damaged leaf prior to the bioassay significantly increased the response to these volatile cues. The foraging behaviour of C. plutellae is compared with other braconid larval parasitoids attacking lepidopteran hosts on crucifers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Aphidiinae ; aphid ; sex pheromone ; parasitoid ; Praon volucre ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory and field experiments provided evidence for the release of sex pheromones by virgin femalePraon volucre Haliday andAphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani-Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). In Petri dish biosassays, rubber or vermiculite models treated with crude virgin female extracts were frequently approached by males and elicited rapid wing-fanning behaviour and copulation attempts. Delta-shaped water traps containing live virgin females caught large numbers of conspecific males when placed in winter wheat crops. Trapping slightly below crop height resulted in higher catches than trapping above the crop canopy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 301-307 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Apple sawfly ; Hoplocampa testudinea ; phenology ; post-diapause development ; sex ratio ; mortality temperature ; thermal threshold ; modelling ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of temperature on post-diapause development of the apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea Klug was studied under controlled conditions. Survival was found to decrease at temperatures higher than 15°C, the lethal temperature being close to 25°C. The lower thermal threshold was 4.5°C; the values for males and females did not differ significantly. However, different values were established for unprotected individuals, in vermiculite and in potting compost respectively. Based on the overall mean and variance of the developmental time and the overall thermal threshold a simple soil temperature driven phenology model was constructed using a time- varying distributed delay. The validation with independent field and semi-field data revealed the model to be a reliable tool to predict apple sawfly phenology and hence to determine the optimal time for the installation of white sticky traps or for control measures such as insecticide treatments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 315-323 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; egg parasitoid ; developmental times ; ovarian development ; fecundity ; host range ; cold tolerance ; flight
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Both thelytokous and arrhenotokous Trichogramma minutum were collected from eggs of the spruce budmoth, Zeiraphera canadensis in New Brunswick, Canada and their phenotypic traits compared for use in biological control. The lower threshold temperature for development of thelytokous and arrhenotokous parasitoids was 9.7 and 10.1 °C, respectively; the former required significantly higher degree-days for development from egg to adult (−x±SE=165.1±5.8 °D) than the latter (128.1±4.9 °D). Thelytokous and arrhenotokous parasitoids had similar forewing length (0.49±0.01 vs. 0.49±0.01 mm) and adult lifespan (13.3±0.7 vs. 14.0±1.1 days), but significantly different fecundity and sex ratios. Thelytokous females produced fewer offspring (89.5±6.6 vs. 173.9±6.4) and fewer female progeny (77.2±5.4 vs. 109.8±3.3) despite an overall higher proportion of females (91.6±1.1% vs. 65.4±2.8%) than their arrhenotokous counterparts. Ovarian dissections showed that the number of eggs increased with parasitoid age in arrhenotokous parasitoids but remained steady in thelytokous parasitoids. The variation in ovarian development of the two forms was the major factor contributing to the differences in fecundity. Thelytokous parasitoids were more host-specific than arrhenotokous ones; when offered eight host species, the former rejected three whereas the latter rejected only one. Thelytokous parasitoids survived better than arrhenotokous ones when stored from 30 to 150 days at 4 °C. Thelytokous females were slower at initiating flight after emergence than arrhenotokous females but maintained flight activity longer (6 h). These results indicate that thelytokous T. minutum are different from their arrhenotokous counterparts physiologically, biologically and ecologically and that they may play different roles in the field. The potential for using thelytokous parasitoids in biological control programs is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; egg-parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; trap crop ; pentatomids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Field studies of inoculative releases of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in early-maturing soybean, used as a trap crop, were conducted during four consecutive seasons to evaluate the parasitoid's potential as an IPM tactic for use against stink bug (Pentatomidae) species. Fifteen thousand adults of the parasitoid were released per hectare in the trap crop when the first stink bugs were detected in the experimental area. The stink bug population density was reduced by an average of 54% in the trap crop and by 58% in the main crop. The inoculative releases produced a reduction and delay in the stink bug population peak, mainly represented by Nezara viridula (L.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) and Euschistus heros (Fabr.), which were held below economic threshold levels during the most critical stages of stink bug attack on soybean (pod and seed fill, R3–R6). As a result, seed quality was better in areas where T. basalis was released, demonstrating the efficacy of inoculative releases of this egg-parasitoid which could be an important component of the soybean IPM program in Brazil.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 263-273 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): in vitro rearing ; Campoletis sonorensis ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; artificial medium ; sugars ; amino acids ; proteins ; luminosity ; medium volume
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Campoletis sonorensis is a solitary larval endoparasitoid of several Heliothis spp. pests. This study was carried out to develop media devoid of insect sources for in vitro rearing the parasitoid. Trehalose, lysine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, hydroxyproline, serine, bovine serum albumin, and lactalbumin were beneficial to C. sonorensis. Addition of fresh chicken egg yolk at a low level improved the artificial media. Addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone increased the molting rate, reduced the critical size at molt and decreased development time. Parasitoid development in vitro was dependent on eggs that had been in the host for at least 22 h. Luminosity was also critical for the development of C. sonorensis in vitro. Optimal development occurred in a L14:D10 photoperiod at 43 Lux light intensity. Utilizing the best media and conditions, 100% of the parasitoid larvae reached the second instar and over 37% molted to the third instar. However, no further development occurred.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; tritrophic interactions ; Pieridae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; Cotesia ; kairomones ; headspace ; GC-MS ; chemical composition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Headspace composition, collected from intact cabbage plants and cabbage plants infested with eitherPieris brassicae L. orP. rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) first instar larvae, was determined by GC-MS. Twenty-one volatiles were identified in the headspace of intact plants. Twenty-two volatiles were identified in the headspace of plants infested byP. brassicae larvae, 2 of which, Z-3-hexenyl butyrate and Z-3-hexenyl isovalerate, were not detected in the headspace of either intact orP. rapae damaged plants. In the headspace of the latter, 21 compounds were identified, all of which which were also produced by intact plants. No significant quantitative differences were found between headspace composition of the plants damaged by one or the other caterpillar species. Major differences between intact and caterpillar-damaged plants in contribution to the headspace profile were revealed for hexyl acetate, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, myrcene, sabinene and 1,8-cineole. The larval endoparasitoidCotesia glomerata L. was attracted by the volatiles emanating fromB. oleracea damaged byP. brassicae first instar larvae.C. rubecula L., a specialized larval endoparasitoids ofP. rapae, was attracted by the volatiles released from theB. oleracea-P. rapae plant-host complex. This shows that cabbage plants kept under the conditions of headspace collection produce attractive volatiles for both parasitoids.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host selection ; chemical stimuli ; olfactory response ; aggregation ; oviposition ; almond
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Females of the almond seed wasp,Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), responded in an olfactometer positively to odours from almond flowers and unripe fruits, but not to almond leaf odours and odours from flowers and unripe fruits of certain other nonhostPrunus species. Males responded to none of these odours. Extracts of undamaged unripe almond fruits (using ethanol, methanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, or petroleum ether) stimulated female aggregation on glass surfaces treated with these extracts; in addition, certain fruit extracts (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) stimulated oviposition. Extracts of undamaged almond leaves (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) and flowers (ethanol or methanol) also stimulated female aggregation and oviposition. Aggregation and oviposition in response to an ethanol extract of almond fruits was intense in females aged 5 to 14 days and from 12∶00 to 18∶00h (photophase between 06∶00 and 20∶00). Certain almond fruit (ethanol, methanol, acetone or hexane) and flower extracts (ethanol or methanol) also provoked female response in the olfactometer. The results strongly suggest that certain chemical stimuli emanating from parts of the almond tree play a major role in host selection and oviposition. Some of the extracts tested may be a good source for the isolation, identification and synthesis of compounds stimulating attraction, aggregation and oviposition in nature. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A3414024 00003
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Trichogramma brassicae ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; mass rearing ; quality control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The quality of 52 populations of the egg-parasitoidTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) (synonymous toT. maidis Pint. et Voegele) has been compared by investigating seven parameters in each population. The parameters assessed were: emergence rate, sex ratio, ratio of deformed females, life-span, walking activity, fecundity on the factitious host eggs and fecundity on the natural host eggs. The last parameter is used as an indirect measure of the acceptance and suitability of the natural host eggs. Origin, history and treatment of each population were known and used as information for interpreting the quality. For computing and presenting the data classical descriptive statistics as well as graphical methods (profile symbol) were applied. Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis were used for dividing the populations into groups with similar properties. From the results we conclude: a) Strains of the same species, reared under similar conditions, differ in quality. b) Storage and shipment often have a negative impact on quality. c) Crossbred isolated populations showed a lower quality than the parental populations. A synoptical presentation of many parameters assessed on a high number of populations (strains, biotypes, species) is best accomplished by combining profile symbol plots, Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Leptothorax tuberum ; relatedness ; sex-ratios ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The ant speciesLeptothorax tuberum was shown to be predominantly monogynous. Queens usually mate once only but some nests may have a multiply-mated queen or are partially or serially polygynous. As expected from these results, within nest relatedness between workers and between workers and alate queens was found to be high. Almost fifty percent of nests had no nest queen which may indicate high queen mortality, queens leaving to found new nests or nest fragmentation. Observed female investment frequencies (IF o ) were not significantly different from those expected on the basis of worker control of sexual production and the relatedness estimates of workers to alate queens and workers to males calculated from isozyme data (IF E ). These values were not consistent with queen control. There was no evidence for lower IF o s in queenless nests nor for higher IF o s in larger nests classified by worker number. When nests were classified by sexual productivity, however, there was a strong rank correlation between productivity and female bias. This is the first study of an ant species to test observed IF against expected IF calculated without inferring between caste relatedness from worker data or pooling of data from different castes.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): insect ; parasitoid ; protein ; free amino acid ; cadmiun ; lead ; copper ; zinc ; Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Heavy metal contamination of the forest pest insect Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera; Lymantriidae), the gypsy moth, can alter its haemolymph composition, as has already been shown for carbohydrates and lipids in recent studies. L. dispar larvae are frequently parasitized by Glyptapanteles liparidis (Bouché) (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) larvae, which can—to some extent—regulate the population size of the pest insect. The parasitoids feed on the haemolymph of L. dispar larvae; hence, a different haemolymph composition of the host alters the trophic situation of the parasitoids. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether metal contamination also affects the concentrations of free amino acids in L. dispar haemolymph, and protein concentrations in their haemolymph and tissue. L. dispar larvae were parasitized on the first day of the second instar and then reared on diets contaminated with Cd, Pb, Cu or Zn at two concentrations each. Haemolymph and total body tissue of the larvae (fourth instar/third day) were analyzed. The concentrations of the free amino acids were elevated in five out of the eight contamination groups (Cd6, Pb4, Cu6, Cu10, Zn60), whereas haemolymph protein concentrations were significantly reduced in all contaminated individuals. The haemolymph protein concentration was 18 mg/ml in the control group and decreased to less than 10 mg/ml due to cadmium and zinc contamination at both concentrations and in the low copper contamination group. In contrast, total body proteins (136 μg/mg dry weight in the control group) were elevated due to heavy metal stress. Analyses of haemolymph protein concentrations during the fourth instar demonstrated an increase of the proteins from day one to day four (followed by a decrease on the fifth day) in the control group and the cadmium contamination group. A steady increase of proteins from the first to the fifth day in the copper and zinc contaminated larvae indicated a retarded development in these groups. Thus, the present study along with other recent studies demonstrated, that heavy metal stress changes the concentrations of all main haemolymph compounds of L. dispar larvae.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): cynipid wasps ; gall ; carbon partitioning ; dandelion ; Hymenoptera ; Cynipidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We examined how leaf galls, induced by the cynipid wasp Phanacis taraxaci, influence the partitioning of photoassimilates within the host, the common dandelion, Taraxacum officinale. Galled and ungalled plants were exposed to 14CO2 and the labelled photoassimilates accumulating within galls and other parts of the host were measured. During the growth phase of the gall they were physiological sinks for photoassimilates, accumulating 9% to 70% of total carbon produced by the host, depending upon the number of galls per plant. High levels of 14C assimilation in the leaves of galled plants compared to controls, suggest that galls actively redirect carbon resources from unattacked leaves of their host plant. This represents a significant drain on the carbon resources of the host, which increases with the number and size of galls per plant. Active assimilation of 14C by the gall is greatest in the growth phase and is several orders of magnitude lower in the maturation phase. This finding is consistent with physiological and anatomical changes that occur during the two phases of gall development and represents a key developmental strategy by cynipids to ensure adequate food resources before larval growth begins.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hybridoma ; detectability period ; venom ; predation ; serology ; protease ; Vespidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In order to derive quantitative estimates of predation rate from serological gut analysis data, one must have an estimate of the interval during which a meal can be detected after feeding. In practice this has turned out to be ‘Dmax,’ defined as ‘...the time from finishing a meal until that meal could just no longer be detected in any individuals.’ However Dmax substitutes an absolute limit for what is really a continuous variable with significant variation. We examined this problem in a study of the detectability ofHelicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instar remains in the guts ofPolistes metricus Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Wasps were maintained onTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instars before being fed a singleH. zea fifth instar. They were killed and frozen at 0, 24, 48 and 96 h intervals, with those held for more than 24 h fed a singleT. ni fifth instar at 24 h intervals in order to simulate continued feeding. Wasp abdomens were assayed by immunodot, using a monoclonal antibody toH. zea arylphorin. There was a logarithmic decay in the proportion ofP. metricus positive over time, a singleH. zea fifth instar meal having a detectability half-life of 19.4 h at field temperatures. If prey antigen detectability decays exponentially, then a detectability half-life is a more appropriate unit of detectability than an absolute detectability period.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): symbionts ; thelytoky ; arrhenotoky ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Microbe-associated parthenogenesis (thelytoky) has been discovered in nineTrichogramma species, parasitoids of mainly lepidopteran eggs. Parthenogenetic and bisexual conspecifics co-occur in many field populations. As an initial step to understand the dynamics of these two reproductive strategies we studied the effect of microbe-associated parthenogenesis on fecundity. The fecundity of two parthenogenetic isofemale lines ofT. pretiosum and one ofT. deion was compared with bisexual lines derived from them by antibiotic treatment. In all three cases parthenogenetic females were less fecund over their lifetime than bisexual females. Also, parthenogenetic females produced fewer daughters in two cases and in one case a similar number of daughters as their respective bisexual counterparts. The lack of mating and insemination was excluded as an explanation for the reduced fecundity of parthenogenetic females, because mated and virgin parthenogenetic females produce the same number of offspring. Antibiotic treatment can also be excluded because females of field-collected bisexual line treated with antibiotics produced the same number of offspring as untreated females. The reduced fecundity of parthenogenetic females was caused by a lower number of eggs being laid rather than by a greater developmental mortality. Parthenogenetic females produced less daughters than bisexual females when host availability was not limiting, but when host availability was severely limited, parthenogenetic females produced more daughters than the bisexual females.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): inbreeding ; colonization ; isofemale line ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé D. melanogaster (Meigen) a été utilisé pour tester la capacité des lignées isofemelles à conserver la variabilité génétique d'une population naturelle. Deux types d'expériences ont été réalisées. L'une a consisté à déterminer la variabilité génétique de 3 locus enzymatiques pour 32 lignées isofemelles à la première et à la 23ème génération d'élevage au laboratoire. L'autre a consisté à tester la capacité des larves à éliminer un parasitoïde par le processus d'encapsulation après 8 années d'élevage au laboratoire. D'une façon générale, certaines lignées isofemelles perdent de la variabilité durant les 23 générations de l'étude. Mais la fréquence globale des allèles reste inchangée si l'on considère l'ensemble des 32 lignées. Le seul allèle rare observé a également été conservé. Les modifications des fréquences allèliques à chacun des locus ont lieu de façon indépendante les unes des autres. La variabilité génétique d'un caractère biologique, la capacité des larves à encapsuler le parasitoïde, a également varié, mais elle a pu être restaurée à un niveau proche de la population initiale en rassemblant plusieurs individus de chacune des lignées.
    Notizen: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) was used to test the power of isofemale lines in preserving genetic variability. We performed experiments in two ways. One series consisted of measuring the genetic variability for three enzymatic loci in 32 isofemale lines, in the first and 23rd generations of culture. In the second series, we tested the capacity of the larvae to eliminate a parasitoid by encapsulation after eight years of laboratory breeding. In general, individual isofemale lines appeared to change during the 23 generations of the study, but the global frequency of these alleles among the 32 isofemale lines stayed relatively unchanged. The only rare allele observed was also conserved. Changes in allozyme frequencies at any one locus were independent of those at other loci. Genetic variation of a biological trait, the capacity of the larvae to encapsulate a parasitoid, also changed, but it could be restored to a level close to that of the starting population by mass hybridizing together individuals of each line.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Bombus ; odoriferous marking ; recognition ; nest ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Bombus ; signal odorant ; reconnaissance ; nid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary This study shows the efficiency of depositing an odoriferous marking to recognize the nest entrance by foragers of bumblebees. The study of the olfactory behaviour of these workers consisted in observing their responses to an odoriferous marker deposited by other workers, using the binary choice method. The observations were conducted with colonies of several species: Pyrobombus (P.) hypnorum L., Pyrobombus (M.) lapidarius L., Bombus lucorum L., Megabombus (Th.) pascuorum Scop., Pyrobombus (P.) pratorum L. and Bombus terrestris L. The stimulation was varied qualitatively, which made it possible to study the ability of workers to distinguish the odour of the substance deposited by individuals of their own colony from that deposited by individuals of another colony, isospecific or heterospecific. For each species studied, the returning nest workers made a choice depending on the nature of the marking. The difference between the percentages of responses was greater in the case of the choice between ‘impregnated-paper’ and ‘non-impregnated paper’ (experiment 1) than in the choice between ‘paper impregnated by their own colony’ and ‘paper impregnated by a foreign heterospecific colony’ (experiment 3). The responses were less dispersed in the choice between ‘paper impregnated by their own colony’ and ‘paper impregnated by a foreign isospecific colony’ (experiment 2). The discussion also concerns the marking of the nest entrance in solitary terricolous Hymenoptera, a function allocated to the secretion of the Dufour gland. The mechanism of this marking in social bees remains to be studied.
    Notizen: Résumé Cette étude met en évidence l'efficacité du dépôt d'un marquage odorant dans la reconnaissance de l'entrée du nid par les butineuses de bourdons. L'étude du comportement olfactif de ces ouvrières a consisté à observer leur réponse en présence d'un marqueur odorant déposé par d'autres ouvrières en utilisant la méthode du choix binaire. Les observations ont été faites avec des colonies de plusieurs espèces: Pyrobombus (P.) hypnorum L., Pyrobombus (M.) lapidarius L., Bombus lucorum L., Megabombus (T.) pascuorum Scop., Pyrobombus (P.) pratorum L. et Bombus terrestris L. L'expérimentation a consisté également à faire varier qualitativement la stimulation, ce qui a permis d'étudier la capacité des ouvrières à distinguer l'odeur de la substance déposée par les individus de leur propre colonie de celle déposée par les individus d'une autre colonie, isospécifique ou hétérospécifique. Pour chaque espèce étudiée, les ouvrières retournant au nid font un choix en fonction de la nature du marquage. L'écart entre les pourcentages de réponses est plus important dans le cas du choix entre ‘papier marqué’ et ‘papier vierge’ (expérience 1) que dans celui entre ‘papier marqué par la colonie’ et ‘papier marqué par une colonie étrangère hétérospécifique’ (expérience 3). Une moindre dispersion des réponses apparaît dans le choix entre ‘papier marqué par la colonie’ et ‘papier marqué par une colonie étrangère isospécifique’ (expérience 2). La discussion porte également sur le marquage de l'entrée du nid chez des espèces d'Hyménoptères solitaires terricoles, fonction attribuée à la sécrétion de la glande de Dufour. Le mécanisme de ce marquage chez les Apoïdes sociaux reste à étudier.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 81 (1996), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): heteronomous hyperparasitoid ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; greenhouse whitefly ; biological control ; hyperparasitism ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Autoparasitoids are species of parasitic wasps in the family Aphelinidae which produce females as solitary primary endoparasitoids of homopterans such as whitefly and scale insects (‘primary hosts’), and males as solitary hyperparasitoids. Males generally develop on immature conspecific females or on individuals of other primary parasitoid species (‘secondary hosts’). Encarsia pergandiella is an autoparasitoid that has been introduced to Italy for control of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, in greenhouses and field crops. In this study we examined the secondary host selection behaviour of this species with regard to conspecific females and females of two thelytokous species, E. formosa and E. meritoria. Encarsia formosa has been used successfully for greenhouse whitefly control in Northern Europe, but has not been effective in Southern Italy in winter crops in unheated greenhouses. E. meritoria has recently spread in Italy, and may have potential for biological control of whitefly in the greenhouse environment. In the first experiment, female E. pergandiella were exposed to one of three pair-wise combinations of the three species in petri dish arenas. Parasitism was determined by dissection of the hosts. The number of hosts parasitized by E. pergandiella females did not differ with host species. However, significantly greater numbers of eggs were laid in E. meritoria in both treatments in which it was present; these hosts were more likely to be superparasitized. In a second experiment, observations of females in arenas with equal numbers of all three host species indicated that females encountered and parasitized all host species with approximately equal frequency, although the length of time females spent in the oviposition posture differed with host species.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Cynipidae ; ovipositor probing ; cabbage root fly ; host location ; contact chemoreception ; synomones ; kairomones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of allelochemicals from its host, the larva of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), and the host's food plant on the ovipositor probing response of the parasitoid Trybliographa rapae (Westw.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) were investigated. Trybliographa rapae probed both cabbage root fly infested and uninfested swede (Brassica napus var. napobrassica), although significantly more wasps responded to infested swede. Antennal sensilla are likely to be the mediators of this response. The synomones and kairomones involved are extractable in water, diethyl ether and methanol. No response was observed to washed, starved cabbage root fly larvae. Wasps spent significantly longer searching infested swede than uninfested, although probing frequency remained constant. It is suggested that the initiation of probing in T. rapae is dependent on a threshold concentration of general synomones or host related synomones and kairomones, whereas time spent searching a particular area is dependent on the environment perceived by sensilla on the ovipositor.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; parasitoid ; host searching ; allelochemicals ; plant synomones ; leaf damage ; frass ; flight tunnel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'hyménoptèreC. marginiventris Cresson, parasite solitaire, est connu comme étant attiré par les odeurs liées à l'hôte émises par un complexe de chenilles consommant des feuilles. La source exacte de ces substances attractives restait encore à déterminer. Pour cela, des expériences en tunnel de vol ont été réalisées dans lesquelles différents composés du complexe plante et hôte ont été testés individuellement et en combinaisons diverses. Les 3 composés testés ont été: 1) des plantules de maïs endommagées par des chenilles deSpodoptera exigua (BAW); 2) des excréments produits par les chenilles de BAW consommant du maïs; 3) des chenilles de BAW en l'absence de plantes et d'excréments. Les plantes endommagées ont été significativement plus attractives que les excréments ou les chenilles. En expériences de choix, les excréments étaient plus attractifs que les chenilles. Différentes combinaisons de ces 3 composantes principales ont montré que l'attractivité augmentait quand les chenilles étaient associées à des feuilles endommagées. Ajouter des excréments n'augmentait pas significativement l'attractivité. Quand des chenilles étaient associées avec des feuilles endommagées, mais en présence d'écran les empêchant de consommer les feuilles, l'attractivité était celle des feuilles endommagées seules. Des feuilles de maïs n'ayant jamais été exposées aux dégâts des chenilles étaient à peine attractives. On peut en conclure que les feuilles endommagées par les chenilles sont la principale source de substances volatiles qui orientent le parasitoïdeC. marginiventris vers le voisinage de ses hôtes. La consommation active par les chenilles augmente probablement la quantité de substances émises par les plantes, ce qui se traduit par une attractivité accrue. Les substances volatiles des plantes jouent un rôle dans la découverte de l'habitat de l'hôte par les parasitoïdes. De plus en plus d'éléments suggèrent qu'une interaction sophistiquée entre hôte, plante et parasitoïde sera éventuellement révélée.
    Notizen: Abstract Single and dual choice tests in a flight tunnel revealed that plants damaged by host larvae are the main source of the volatiles that attract females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) to the microhabitat of its hosts. Frass and host larvae, the other two major components of a complete plant-host complex, were significantly less attractive than the damaged seedlings; frass alone was more attractive than larvae alone. However, a recombination of larvae with the damaged seedlings was significantly more attractive than the damaged leaves alone, or damaged leaves with frass. This was due to the additional feeding damage done by the larvae. The role of plants in the host-finding behaviour of parasitoids is discussed.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire et des observations concernant le comportement de ponte de Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) ont montré que, immédiatement après la ponte, les femelles déposent une phéromone de marquage de l'hôte en trainant le bout de leur abdomen sur la surface de l'amande. Cette phéromone les rends capable de distinguer les fruits infectés des non-infectés dt de sélectionner pour la ponte les derniers. Apparemment, la fonction principale de cette phéromone est la prévention de la répétition des ovipositions dans les fruits déjà infectés et la répartition uniforme des oeufs dans les amandes, contribuant ainsi à la meilleure utilisation des ressources disponsibles pour le développement des larves. Des expériences de deux choix entre des fruits de différents traitements ont montré que la phéromone pouvait être perçue par les femelles par le direct contact et, quand elle était à hautes concentrations, par olfaction d'une courte distance. La phéromone était présente dans l'abdomen et dans le thorax des femelles, et bien qu'elle soit soluble à l'eau, elle ne pouvait pas s'éloigner entièrement par lavage des amandes sérieusement infectées à l'eau. Les observations ont démontré qu'après un numéro de 3.7 visites successives sur des amandes portant de la phéromone les femelles s'éloignaient du lieu de ponte en marchant ou, le plus souvant, en s'envolant, ce qui suggère que la phéromone contribue à la dispersion des femelles.
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory experiments and observations on the oviposition behaviour of the almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) revealed that the females of this species deposit a host-marking pheromone, immediately after an oviposition, by dragging the tip of their abdomen on the fruit surface. This pheromone enables them to discriminate between the infested and uninfested fruit and to select for oviposition the latter. Its primary function is apparently the prevention of repeated ovipositions in already infested fruit, thus contributing to the optimal utilisation of the available resources for larval development. The responses of individual females to different treatments of almonds, in a series of two-choice tests, revealed that the pheromone can be perceived by the females on direct contact and, when at high concentrations, also olfactorily from a short distance. The pheromone was present inside the abdomen and thorax of females but not of males, and, although water soluble, could not be entirely removed from heavily infested almonds when rinsed with water. Direct observations revealed that after an average of 3.7 successive visits to pheromone-bearing almonds, females were induced to walk or, most often, fly away from the experimental set-up. This suggests that the pheromone may also contribute to the dispersion of the wasps.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; host microhabitat ; synomones ; wind tunnel ; experience
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The host microhabitat location behavior of females of the generalist parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in a wind tunnel. Visual cues associated with the host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were important and significantly more parasitoids completed flights to a damaged 4-leaf cotton plant bearing a Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva and frass than to a similarly damaged single leaf with frass and a larva. This difference in completed flights was not due to differences in amounts of volatiles released by the two stimuli. Both naive and experienced parasitoids responded differently to an undamaged cotton leaf, a mechanially damaged leaf, a naturally damaged leaf with the host removed and a naturally damaged leaf with a host larva. Parasitoids completed significantly fewer flights to the undamaged sources of volatiles than to damaged sources of volatiles. Experienced females responded strongly to all types of damage. The number of flights completed by naive females to the three types of damage differed but not significantly and was less than the number completed by experienced females. Components of the preflight experience were varied to determine which factors were responsible for the higher response of experienced females to the host/plant complex. Oviposition was the most important component of this experience. Contact with host frass or plant damage followed by oviposition did not increase the response over that exhibited by females allowed oviposition only. When frass or damaged plant material were contacted without subsequent oviposition, females completed fewer flights than naive females.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; almond pest ; sex pheromone ; population monitoring ; chemical control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract During the four years 1986–1989 we monitored an adult male population of the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein, in the region of Thessaloniki, using sex pheromone traps, each containing 25 living virgin females. The emergence of adults from infested almonds of the previous year was also monitored in cages in the field, as well as the progress of fruit infestation and egg hatching in the almonds of the Retsou variety. Finally, two chemical control experiments were done against the newly hatched larvae to determine the optimal time for chemical control. During the 4-year study the start of adult captures occurred between April 13 and April 24, and the maximum between April 17 and May 11. In most cases, adult emergence from infested almonds in field cages began with a delay of 2 to 14 days in relation to the start of trap captures, and was affected by factors such as the date of cage installation. In all years most eggs hatched within 12–18 days of oviposition. A treatment with phosphamidon at a concentration of 0.06%, applied to tree branches of the Retsou variety with a hand-sprayer on May 23, 1987, when 54.1% of the eggs had hatched, was very effective (final infestation in July was 4.7% as compared to 89.1% of the untreated control). Three treatments with phosphamidon 0.06%, applied each on different tree branches, on May 14, 20, and 25, 1988, when the percentage of egg hatching was 7.8%, 65.3%, and 93.5%, respectively, were all very effective (final infestation in July was 1.6%, 3.6%, and 4.2% respectively, as compared to 93.6% of the untreated control). However, the presence of mines in the perisperm and outer endosperm, caused by the feeding larvae before they were killed, was more conspicuous in the almonds treated when the percentage of egg hatching was high. Our data suggest that the almond seed wasp can be effectively controlled with a single treatment of a systemic insecticide against the newly hatched larvae, preferably applied when the percentage of egg hatching is low to medium (between 10% and 50%). In the area of Thessaloniki, during 1986–89, 10% and 50% of egg hatching occurred about 21 and 27 days respectively after the beginning of male adult captures in pheromone traps.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; chiral compounds ; behavioural activity ; attractant ; inhibitor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract All eight optical isomers of 3,7-dimethyl-2-pentadecanyl acetate (diprionyl acetate), of high optical purity (〉 97.4%), were tested for a behavioural activity on male pine sawflies, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), in northern Europe. Males were strongly attracted to (2S,3S,7S)-diprionyl acetate. Addition of more than 0.1% of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer reduced the catch and above 2% the attraction was completely inhibited. Contrary to what has been reported for North American and Japanese populations, so significant synergistic effect of small amounts of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer could be demonstrated. The effects of addition of the other six optical isomers alone or in combinations, were also studied, but none was found to be a synergist. The (2S,3R,7S)-isomer had a weak inhibitory effect, and completely inhibited the attraction to the (2S,3S,7S)-isomer when applied in about equal amounts as the attractant. In some cases a reduction in catch was noted when other isomers were tested, but this could be attributed to the very small amounts of the inhibitory (2S,3R,7R)-isomer present in these isomers.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; egg parasites ; parasitoid quality ; mass rearing ; biological control ; factitious host
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between the index of female's size, hind tibia length (HTL), and selected fitness parameters used in quality assessment of mass-rearedTrichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was investigated. The studied fitness parameters were: the number of mature eggs present in the ovaries of females 0–2 hours, as well as 1, 2 and 3 days old, lifetime fecundity, fecundity during a 24 h period, longevity in the presence and absence of the factitious host (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and locomotor activity. The relationship between HTL and fitness parameters was analysed in 7 strains ofTrichogramma spp. (Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura,T. evanecens Westwood,T. maidis Pinturea et Voegelé andT. ostriniae Pang et Chen) using linear correlation. No significant relationship was found between HTL and egg complement, fecundity, longevity and locomotor activity. The results indicate that HTL used as an index of female's size is not suitable for quality assessment ofTrichogramma reared onE. kuehnieIla.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 27-39 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): almond seed wasp ; Eurytoma amygdali ; diapause termination ; insect dormancy ; temperature ; prolonged diapause ; photoperiod ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Diapausing larvae ofEurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) were collected in early August and late September. They were subjected to various photoperiod and temperature regimens for up to 20 weeks, then kept at L16:D8 and 19°C for another 14 to 26 weeks for diapause to be terminated and pupation to take place. Photoperiod did not affect diapause completion. It was confirmed that the two morphologically distinct diapause stages have different temperature requirements for their completion. The first diapause stage was completed synchronously at temperatures between 16 and 19°C. A higher temperature of 26°C delayed diapause development. The second stage required lower temperatures between 4 and 10°C. Spontaneous termination of dipause was observed at constant 19°C. When applied to the first diapause stage for 20 weeks, low temperatures made the larvae refractory to subsequent intermediate temperatures. The first stage was thus maintained until a higher temperature of 26°C made the larvae regain their ability to respond to the intermediate temperatures and complete this stage. Larvae grown in Retsou almonds had a higher diapause intensity than larvae grown in Truoito almonds. The results suggest that, in nature, the high temperatures of late summer and early autumn are likely to maintain the first diapause stage. Subsequently, the less warm temperatures of autumn allow the completion of the first stage by late autumn, and the low temperatures of late autumn and of winter allow the completion of the second diapause stage by mid winter.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Symphyta ; Tenthredinidae ; Dineura virididorsata ; sawfly ; sex ratio ; oviposition behaviour ; mating behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Sex ratios of the arrhenotokous sawflyDineura virididorsata Retz. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) are variable among populations in the field, but are biased in favour of females. We have concluded elsewhere that the sex ratios of this species cannot be satisfactorily explained by any general sex ratio model that is available. Here we present data on the different behavioural traits that are relevant to interpretation of the evolution of female-biased sex ratios under local mate competition. We report on oviposition behaviour, mating behaviour and the patterns of movement of ovipositing virgin and mated females. Our results show that adult emergence is synchronous and females will mate daily with different males (in the laboratory, at least). This would decrease the relatedness of offspring should it also take place in the field. In addition, ovipositing females (mated and virgin) leave their site of release in a relatively short time and deposit few eggs relative to their capabilities, so siblings are unlikely to be clumped. The time that virgins spend in deposition of an egg is not different from that spent by mated females, so there is no differential ‘investment’ in this regard. These behavioural observations agree with our previous conclusion that the preconditions of current sex ratio theories are not met byD. virididorsata.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Trichogramma fuentesi ; couleur de l'hôte ; mutation récessive ; distribution ; influence de la température
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract In Cuba, during its larval development inside its host egg,Trichogramma fuentesi turns its host egg either black or brown. Crossings carried out between the two forms ofT. fuentesi allowed to show that this character is determined by one locus with two alleles: Bh, dominant, colours the host black; and bh, recessive, colours the host brown. The bh allele is more frequent in the eastern region of Cuba which is also the warmest, than in the western region. We studied the evolution of frequencies of the two alleles in different experimental polymorphic populations at 23 °C and at 30 °C. In all tested conditions, bh was at a disadvantage by comparison with Bh, except at 30 °C when its initial frequency was high (90%). Thus, temperature alone should certainly not explain the maintenance of the observed polymorphism in Cuba.
    Notizen: Résumé A Cuba, les oeufs hôtes parasités parTrichogramma fuentesi Torre (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) deviennent soit noirs, soit marrons. Une série de croisements entre Trichogrammes a permis de montrer que le déterminisme de ce caractère est sous la dépendance d'un locus portant deux allèles: Bh, dominant, confère une couleur noire à l'hôte; bh, récessif, confère une couleur marron. L'allèle bh étant plus fréquent dans la région orientale de Cuba, la plus chaude, nous avons suivi l'évolution des fréquences des deux allèles dans des populations expérimentales polymorphes placées à 23 °C et 30 °C. Dans toutes les conditions testées, bh a été désavantagé par rapport à Bh, sauf à 30 °C lorsque sa fréquence initiale était élevée (90%). La température n'explique donc certainement pas à elle seule le maintien du polymorphisme à Cuba.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Learning ; specialist ; generalist ; parasitoid ; Leptopilina ; foraging behaviour ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of learning in two microhabitat specialists, Leptopilina boulardia Barbotin et al. and L. fimbriata Kieffer were compared to previous and new results of learning in the microhabitat generalist L. heterotoma Thomson. Females were given one or more oviposition experiences on hosts in different types of substrate. In all species oviposition experience affected the choice for a substrate, although this effect of learning was considerably less in L. fimbriata compared to the other two species. Patch times, known to be highly determined by experience in the generalist L. heterotoma, were much less flexible in the specialists. L. boulardi and L. fimbriata have fixed patch times on their natural substrate and have variable patch times on other substrates only. In all three species one oviposition affected the choice for a substrate. Additional ovipositions showed no different effect. An accumulative effect of the number of ovipositions on patch times was found in L. heterotoma only. Retention of the learning effect was only studied in L. boulardi, and was shown to be similar to that reported for L. heterotoma, i.e. two to three days. Although learning was found in both the generalist and the specialist species studied, it seems to affect their foraging behaviour differently.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): tri-trophic interactions ; demography ; diamondback moth ; Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Diadegma insulare ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ; Noctuidae ; Patrocloides montanus ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; B. nigra ; fertilization ; sex ratio
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): ectoparasitoids ; semiochemicals ; parasite host-selection ; Eupelmus vuilleti ; Hymenoptera ; Eupelmidae ; Dinarmus basalis ; Pteromalidae ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Bruchidius atrolineatus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae ; Platygasteridae ; Hemiptera ; Aleyrodidae ; whiteflies ; Bemisia ; Amitus bennetti ; parasitoid ; biological control ; life history ; instar preference ; oviposition behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Amitus bennetti Viggiani & Evans (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) is a recently described parasitoid of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Behaviour and life history of the parasitoid are described. The first nymphal instar of B. argentifolii is preferred by the parasitoid, but the 1st through 4th instar may be parasitised. Females first investigate hosts with their antennae, then walk over the host, and eventually step with their front legs on the leaf and insert their ovipositor inside the host facing away from the host, while the hind legs are still on the host. The time from encounter to oviposition (=latency to oviposition) is shortest on the 1st instar. Oviposition duration (mean=39 s) comprises 50% of the handling time. Development time from egg to adult decreases from 72 days at 15 °C to 42 days at 20 °C to 28 days at 25 °C. We estimate that 400 degree days is required for development, with a development threshold of 10 °C. Adult longevity in the absence of hosts was 29, 26 and 19 days and with hosts present 8, 8 and 5 days at 15, 20 and 25 °C, respectively. Amitus bennetti is proovigenic and oviposits most eggs shortly after adult emergence. During the first day of their adult lives females laid 1, 31 and 49 eggs at 15, 20 and 25 °C, respectively. Compared with other parasitoid species, the development time of A. bennetti is very long, and the implications of this for management of B. argentifolii are discussed.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Braconidae ; fruit fly ; tephritid ; parasitoid ; opiine ; flight behavior ; wind tunnel ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cohorts of mass-reared adult female Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), parasitoids of tephritid fruit fly larvae, were released in a laminar air flow wind tunnel to study the effects of air movement on flight and walking behaviors. Wind in the tunnel was cycled on and off at intervals to simulate gusty conditions observed in the field. Wind speed influenced parasitoid movement during both the wind-on periods and during the calm intervals between gusts. Wind speeds of 0.8 m per second suppressed flight and walking behaviors, while wind speeds of 0.4 m/s stimulated both flight and walking behaviors. There was an exponential increase in the ratio of activity in calm to activity in wind as wind speed increased.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): host age ; host acceptance ; oviposition ; behavior ; parasitoid ; Trichogramma ; Sitotroga ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Trichogramma principium Sug. & Sor. females were sequentially offered two portions of the grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.) eggs, either young (1-day old) or old (eggs that had developed 6 days at a temperature of 20 °C). The probability of host acceptance depended not only on current host age, but also on the age of the previously offered host. Particularly, Trichogramma females more often oviposited in old host eggs when previously offered young eggs (35–45% of Trichogramma females laid eggs) compared to females which were sequentially offered two portions of old eggs (15–20% of Trichogramma females laid eggs). In other words, parasitization by Trichogramma was stable even when transferred from young (preferred) to old (usually rejected) eggs. Dissections showed that refusing females had significantly more mature eggs than ovipositing females, independent of host age. Among ovipositing females, wasps provided with young hosts had fewer mature ovarial eggs than wasps provided with old hosts. Supposedly, Trichogramma females offered old hosts require a higher motivation to oviposit and have a correspondingly higher egg load than females offered young (preferred) hosts.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): tritrophic interactions ; volatile infochemicals ; predators ; parasitoids ; Hymenoptera ; Phytoseiidae ; learning ; specific hunger ; specificity ; headspace composition ; behavioural ecology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Plants that are damaged by herbivorous arthropods provide carnivorous enemies of the herbivores with important information. They emit an induced volatile blend that is highly detectable to the carnivores from a distance. Such detectable signals that indicate herbivore presence are important for the carnivores because herbivores themselves are under strong selection not to expose themselves. In addition, carnivores would benefit from a specificity of the induced plant volatiles. Whether herbivore-induced plant volatiles are reliable indicators of herbivore identity, however, has not been resolved unambiguously. Some studies support the reliability of herbivore-induced plant volatiles, while others do not. Different approaches have been used such as chemical analysis, behavioural analysis or a combination of the two. Based on the total of chemical studies one might conclude that in most cases herbivore-induced plant volatiles are not very specific for the herbivore that damages the plant. However, arthropod chemosensors are much more sensitive than the detectors of analytical instruments. Therefore, chemical analyses are not suitable to demonstrate whether or not herbivore-induced plant volatiles are reliable indicators of herbivore identity to carnivores. Behavioural studies should provide this information. In analysing carnivore behaviour it should be realised, however, that arthropod behaviour can be highly variable. Arthropod foraging decisions are affected by external and internal factors such as (a) abiotic environmental factors, (b) presence of competitors or enemies, (c) deprivation of food or oviposition sites, (d) specific deprivation of certain nutrients or (e) learning. In this paper their effect on discrimination of carnivores between volatile blends emitted by plants infested by different herbivores is reviewed. This provides testable hypotheses of why discrimination was not found in some studies. The ability of carnivores to discriminate is likely to be more common than is clear to date, which should invoke functional studies of the conditions that influence the occurrence of this discrimination.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): parasitoid ; Cotesia sesamiae ; host selection ; mortality risk ; stemborer ; Eldana saccharina ; Sesamia calamistis ; defence behaviour ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Phytophagous insects have several defence strategies to defend themselves against attack by parasitic wasps. Larval lepidopteran hosts can defend themselves actively to prevent oviposition by the parasitoid. Among the aggressive kinds of behaviour exhibited by hosts against parasitoids are violent wriggling, biting and spitting. The behaviour of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia sesamiae attacking stemboring larvae inside their feeding tunnel in the plant stem was investigated in maize and sugarcane stem pieces and transparent artificial tunnels. Attacking a defending stemborer host inside the confined space of a tunnel was shown to be risky for the female parasitoid. A considerable proportion (25%) of female wasps were killed in their attempt to attack the spitting and biting host. No difference was found in the behaviour of C. sesamiae attacking the suitable host Sesamia calamistis or the unsuitable host Eldana saccharina. The consequences of this high mortality risk involved in each host attack is discussed in relation to the ecology of the parasitoid.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): superparasitism ; host discrimination ; patch marking ; mortality risk ; fitness ; stemborer ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The fitness consequences of superparasitism and the mechanism of host discrimination in Cotesia flavipes, a larval parasitoid of concealed stemborer larvae was investigated. Naive females readily superparasitized and treated the already parasitized host as an unparasitized host by allocating the same amount of eggs as in an unparasitized host. However, there was no significant increase in the number of emerging parasitoids from superparasitized hosts due to substantial mortality of parasitoid offspring in superparasitized hosts. Furthermore, the developmental time of the parasitoids in a superparasitized host was significantly longer than in a singly parasitized host and the emerging progeny were significantly smaller (body length and head width). Naive females entered a tunnel in which the host was parasitized 4 h previously and accepted it for oviposition. Experienced females (oviposition experience in unparasitized host) refused to enter a tunnel with a host parasitized by herself or by another female. In experiments where the tunnel and/or host was manipulated it was demonstrated that the female leaves a mark in the tunnel when she parasitizes a host. The role of patch marking in C. flavipes is discussed in relation to the ecology of the parasitoid.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): synchrony ; voltinism ; alternating hosts ; phenology ; variability ; model ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Braconidae ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nous avons mesuré la forme et la variabilité des réactions de cause à effet entre la température et le développement de la braconideMeteorus trachynotus (Vier.) se développant à l'intérieur de larves deChoristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) et deC. rosaceana (Harr.). Le parasitisme réduit la durée et la variabilité de la postdiapause deC. rosaceana, et le développement du parasitoîde ne reprend qu'une fois l'hôte émergé de diapause. Le développement et l'entrée en diapause deM. trachynotus sont sous le contrôle de l'hôte. Dans des larves-hôtes agées et non diapausantes, le parasitoîde peut engendrer une génération en moins de 348 degrés-jours au-dessus de 5,9°C. Les adultes mâles et femelles vivent en moyenne 22,0 et 23,8 jours à 20°C, et la période de prèoviposition est de 1,7 jour. La fécondité totale est de 194,2 oeufs par femelle, et une faible densité d'hôtes la réduit considérablement. Dans nos conditions expérimentales, les femelles deM. trachynotus pondent au plus 14,3 oeufs par jour, la moyenne maximale étant de 3,7 oeufs par hôte. Des simulations basées sur l'accumulation de degrés-jours pour 13 endroits dans l'est du Canada ont indiqué que le parasitoîde est bien synchronisé avec ses deux hôtes alternants, queM. trachynotus peut engendrer jusqu'à trois générations par année dans la plupart des endroits, et que son voltinisme est déterminé essentiellement par l'entrée en diapause des larves deC. rosaceana. Le chevauchement entre la période de vol des adultes du parasitoîde et celle de la disponibilité des larves de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette est incomplet, et il semble que ce synchronisme inadéquat soit un aspect important dans les interactions écologiques entre ces deux organismes.
    Notizen: Abstract The form and variability of temperature-dependent development responses were measured for the braconid parasitoidMeteorus trachynotus (Vier.), developing inChoristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) andC. rosaceana (Harr.). It was found that parasitism reduces the duration and variability of postdiapause development inC. rosaceana larvae, and that the development of the parasitoid does not resume until its host emerges from diapause.M. trachynotus development and entry into diapause are controlled by the host. In large, nondiapausing hosts, the parasitoid can complete one generation in about 348 degree-days above 5.9°C. Male and female adults live an average of 22.0 and 23.8 days at 20°C, and the preoviposition period is 1.7 days. Total fecundity averages 194.2 eggs per female and is reduced considerably by low host density. Under our experimental conditions, femaleM. trachynotus lay a maximum of 14.3 eggs per day, with a maximum of 3.7 eggs per host, on average. Simulations based on degree-day accumulation in 13 locations in eastern Canada showed that the parasitoid was well synchronized with its two alternative hosts, thatM. trachynotus could complete three generations in most locations, and that voltinism was essentially determined by entry ofC. rosaceana larvae into diapause. Overlap between adult parasitoids and larvae of the spruce budworm is incomplete, and inadequate synchrony seems to be an important aspect of the ecological interactions between these two organisms.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Chryseida bennetti ; sexual behavior ; courtship ; previous experience ; rearing conditions ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Experiments were carried out to study the possible effects of a (first) sexual experience and prior rearing conditions on the subsequent sexual behavior ofChryseida bennetti (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), an ectoparasitoid of the bean weevilAcanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). A clear reduction in latency before male courtship was observed in experienced males. Multiple matings were performed both by naive and experienced males. A tendency to reduce the post-mating courtship behavior duration was observed in experienced males, although this reduction was not significant. Rearing conditions also seem to influence the mating behavior of this species: the number of copulations (with the same female) was reduced when males were reared in groups. On the contrary, isolated males performed multiple matings with both grouped and isolated females, although they mated 3 times only with isolated ones. Again, a reduction of the duration of the post-mating courtship behavior was observed both in grouped males and grouped or isolated females. It seems likely that males that have been reared in groups benefit from a certain influence of social experience that is reflected on their later sexual behavior.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; flight behaviour ; mark-release-recapture ; trap interaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The spatial distribution of catches of male European pine sawfly,Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), was studied using different pheromone trap arrays. In hexagonal trap groups, trap interference was evident by reduced catch in the central of seven traps spaced 10 to 40 m apart. When the trap spacings were either 5 or 80 m no significant reduction could be shown. The interaction was more pronounced for strong (100 μg) pheromone ([2S, 3S, 7S]-3,7-dimethyl-2-pentadecanyl acetate) lures than for weak ones (10 μg). Similarly, the inner traps caught less than the outer traps in grids of 6×6 traps spaced 20 or 50 m apart. Mark-release-recapture experiments in the grid array confirmed that a majority of the males originated from outside the trap group and were caught in the first trap they encountered. There were no differences between catches in downwind, crosswind and upwind traps. Thus, no ‘overshooting’ was evident during average conditions, i.e. the sawflies did not divert from the trap initially attracting them by flying to the upwind trap. However, the proportion caught in the upwind traps increased with increasing wind velocity, suggesting more overlapping pheromone plumes at higher wind speeds. Also, the recapture rate of released males increased with increasing wind velocity up to a daily average of 3.1 m/s at 2m, indicating that sawflies more easily find the pheromone source, probably due to a more stable pheromone puff trajectory during higher wind velocities. The application of pheromone traps in e.g. monitoring studies is discussed and a distance of at least 50 m between the traps with strong lures used in the present study is recommended to avoid trap interaction.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 123-135 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Ooencyrtus kuvanae ; Lymantria dispar ; egg parasitoid ; host acceptance ; sex ratio ; parasitoid density ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Factors affecting the orientation, reproduction, and sex ratio of the egg parasitoid Ooencyrtus kuvanae Howard were examined. Adult females were attracted to airborne volatiles from the egg mass and accessory gland of the primary host, the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. Visual cues also affected host selection. Background colors against which egg masses were placed affected oviposition preference. In the absence of egg masses, color variation did not affect wasp behavior. Light is required for parasitism by O. kuvanae. The age and density of both the host and parasitoid affected wasp reproduction and sex ratios. Older egg masses issued relatively fewer wasps and higher proportions of males than did young egg masses. Likewise, wasp reproduction and the proportion of females declined with wasp age. Larger egg masses produced more wasps and lower proportions of males than did smaller egg masses. The number of offspring per female, and the proportion of female offspring, were inversely related to wasp density. Implications to biological control of the gypsy moth and parasitoid ecology are discussed.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 273-287 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Seed chalcid ; Bruchophagus spp. ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; Chalcidae ; olfactory behavior ; polarization vision ; insect behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract When the alfalfa [Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovsky)], clover [Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman)], and trefoil seed chaldds (TSC) [Bruchophagus platypterus (Walker)] were exposed to yellow, white, green, and purple painted polyethylene vials perforated by four small holes, only the latter species had a color preference, and that was for yellow, the color of its host flower. When TSC were exposed to green and yellow targets 5 h after sunrise, they preferred yellow targets but not 1 h after sunrise. The possibility of a circadian response was eliminated because different sequences of light-dark regimes prior to the test did not change the results. When TSC were exposed only to yellow targets, half of which had trefoil flowers hidden within, females preferred targets with flowers. When an identical test was conducted but with green instead of yellow targets, the preference for targets with flowers disappeared. In a four-choice test, TSC preferred yellow targets with or without flowers to green targets with or without flowers. Thus, TSC displayed an olfactory response only when the color yellow was present. In unfiltered skylight females preferred baited targets when the test began 3 h before or 1 h after solar noon but not 4 h before or 2 h after solar noon. Chalcids did display an olfactory preference 4 h before solar noon when a Polaroid filter was used to filter skylight and provide an east-west but not a north-south E-vector. When Helmholtz coils were used to apply a magnetic field that canceled or changed the direction of the earth's magnetic field, olfactory preference disappeared because the applied magnetic field changed TSC perception of the E-vector. In effect, TSC must perceive yellow in the presence of an east-west E-vector to display an olfactory preference to a choice of odors. We believe this is the first report that the E-vector of celestial light can influence olfactory and visual behavior of an insect.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Leptopilina ; Drosophila ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid ; generalist ; specialist ; foraging behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Foraging parasitoids are thought to need more specific information than generalists on the presence, identity, availability, and suitability of their insect host species. In the present paper, we compare responses to host kairomones by two phylogenetically related parasitoid species that attack Drosophilidae and that differ in the width of their host range. As predicted, the behavioral response of the parasitoids to host kairomones reflected their difference in host range. The response of the specialist parasitoid Leptopilina boulardiwas restricted to contact kairomones from its natural hosts and one closely related species. In contrast, the generalist parasitoid Leptopilina heterotomaresponded to contact kairomones of a variety of Drosophilidae species.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 737-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): sex pheromone ; vibrational communication ; courtship sequence ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia rubecula
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The courtship behavior of the parasitic wasp Cotesia rubeculawas studied in a flight tunnel using standard quantitative ethological techniques. Emission of a female sex pheromone induces searching and signaling behavior in males. Males combine wing-fanning, which produces low-frequency airborne sound, with “pulsing” behavior, which transmits a vibrational signal through the substrate to the female and induces her receptivity. Female receptivity is indicated by a stereotyped antennal position, which may provide a visual or tactile signal to courting males. Comparison of successful and unsuccessful courtships indicated that courtship success was dependent primarily on the effective production or reception of the male pulse signal. Overall, the sequence of courtship behavior was similar to that reported for other parasitic wasps.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 363-384 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Amegilla ; bee ; Hymenoptera ; nesting behavior, size polymorphism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Females of Dawson's burrowing bees have a well-defined brood cell cycle involving cell construction, waxing, provisioning, egg laying, and cell capping. In one study population, nesting bees built smaller brood cells for offspring of lower weight and larger ones for heavier offspring, demonstrating their ability to anticipate the desired size of an offspring at the outset of a brood cell cycle. Furthermore, individual females varied the number of provisioning trips made per brood cell cycle by a factor of two or more, apparently exercising control over the amount of brood provisions supplied to an offspring. The size distribution of emerging males at two widely separated locations in 1997 was nearly identical to that recorded in 1995. These findings suggest that the production of small males (minors) is the result of active female control rather than the product of food shortages that force females to undersupply some brood cells. Female foraging decisions resulted in a bimodal distribution of weights of mature dormant larvae at one site in 1997. However, the times required to complete brood cell cycles at this site were not distributed bimodally. This result stemmed in part from daily variation among females in the duration of their provisioning trips as well as from seasonal variation in provisioning trip times. When provisioning trips lasted longer, females tended to make fewer trips per brood cell cycle, and so were presumably more likely to produce minor sons. As a result, the weight of an offspring was not tightly linked to the time investment required to produce it, making it difficult to compare the relative costs of minors and majors in terms of maternal time investments.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 423-431 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Andrena agilissima ; ethology ; Hymenoptera ; nest sharing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Andrena agilissima is a bee that nests on sloped or vertical earth walls. Data from 3 years of fieldwork presented here show that this species is communal and uses the same nesting site for many years. On an earth wall on Isola d'Elba (Tuscany, Italy), covered with many bee nest entrances, we studied an aggregation of Andrena agilissima to determine if bees share entrances, if the sharing provides evidence for subterranean connections, and if bees involved in sharing show a division of labor. We marked several females coming out of the same entrance, as well as recapturing the same females using different entrances. No division of labor was observed in our observations.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 277-287 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): parasitoid behavior ; heritable traits ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; allelochemical ; flight response ; host location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The heritable nature of differential responses by Microplitis croceipes(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to airborne allelochemicals was investigated. Four isofemale lines were tested for three generations in a flight tunnel. Flight response was found to be strongly dependent on the familial origin, with two highly responsive lines being clearly differentiated from two less responsive ones. Each isofemale line could also be recognized by typical behaviors that suggested that M. croceipesfemales may inherit independent characters of sensory acuity to plant and to host chemicals and of learning ability.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Athalia rosae ; egg deposition behavior ; mating ; eye color mutation ; primary sex ratio
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The egg deposition behavior of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), is described. Both unmated and mated females lay eggs individually inside of fresh young leaves of cruciferous plants. During an oviposition event, females exhibit a distinct pause in abdominal contractions just before the actual egg deposition act. Unmated females show a longer pause (11.31 s on average) than mated females (4.38 s on overall average). By employing an eye color mutation, the sex of the eggs laid by females was ascertained. Females mated once lay mostly fertilized (diploid female) eggs initially but begin to lay a considerable number of unfertilized (haploid male) eggs later in life. The laying of an unfertilized egg is associated with a longer pause (6.98 s on average) than the laying of a fertilized egg (3.76 s on average). These results are in contrast to previous reports on apocritan Hymenoptera, where the presence of a pause or a longer pause during oviposition was associated with the deposition of fertilized eggs rather than unfertilized eggs. The possibility that mated Athalia rosae females control fertilization and its implications for sex allocation strategies are discussed.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): postemergence learning ; cross-induction ; foraging behavior ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Postemergence experience with one of six plant species, in the presence of the host larva, modified the searching response of reproductively mature females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to these plants in at least one of three ways: (1) an increased response to the plant experienced at emergence, (2) an increased response to other plants, or (3) an inhibited response to other plants. Landing and searching responses were differentially affected by postemergence experience. For example, postemergence experience with tobacco (a common plant) in the presence of the host larva induced a landing preference for this plant over parsley (a novel plant) but did not affect searching responses to either plant, whereas experience with parsley and the host larva induced an increased searching response to parsley but a landing preference for tobacco. Differential effects of postemergence experience may reflect the type of stimuli involved in searching or landing and may have adaptive significance.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; pheromone ; oviposition ; dispersal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Females of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), were released and observed inside and outside (=control) of areas treated with their sex pheromone for the purpose of mating disruption. In 1992 and 1993, respectively, 0 and 2.5% of the females were observed mating in the pheromone treated area during the first day, compared with 28 and 26% in the control area. Of the females that mated, approximately 50% stayed on their twigs and oviposited, while the remaining 50% disappeared. Significantly more females disappeared from their twigs inside the treated area compared to the control area in both years. No difference was found in the proportion of unmated females ovipositing (2–12%) between the treated and the control area. Predation was responsible for much of the disappearance, but deliberate dispersal was also noted. Mating and dispersal in female N. sertifer are discussed in relation to population density and overall fitness.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
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  • 67
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 857-870 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): nestmate recognition ; nest surface hydrocarbons ; Polistes metricus ; Vespidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nestmate recognition was observed inPolistes metricus Say workers only if the workers were exposed to their nest surface hydrocarbons after eclosion. If the newly emerged workers were never exposed to the nest hydrocarbons as adults, they showed no discrimination between nestmates and nonnestmates. Furthermore, the newly emerged workers were accepted more readily by their experienced nestmates than by experienced nonnestmates only if the newly emerged wasps had been exposed to the nest surface hydrocarbons. This reciprocal recognition implies that the nest recognition cues are nest surface hydrocarbons that are learned and that may be acquired byP. metricus workers as adults on the natal nest.
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  • 68
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 711-722 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; orientation ; visual ; olfaction ; landmark
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Visual and nonpheromone olfactory orientation processes of the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata were investigated in homing foragers which had been previously trained to visit a food source. Experienced foragers can select directions visually, with pheromone trails (Breed et al., 1987), or with environmental odors. High-contrast canopy cues, but not low-contrast lateral landmarks, serve as strong visual orientation cues.
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  • 69
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 85-104 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Belonogaster petiolata ; rubbing behavior ; sternal gland ; ant predation ; defensive allomone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Females of the social wasp, Belonogaster petiolata,rub the secretion of van der Vecht's gland, located on their terminal gastral sternite, onto the nest pedicel. In bioassays, the secretion was repellent to two species of ants, while shortchain acids were effective releasers of rubbing behavior. Rubbing was associated with pedicel enlargement and departure from the nest in preemergence colonies. Its frequency was high where wasps were often exposed to ants and low where ants were rare or absent. Rubbing also decreased significantly from the pre-to the postemergence stage of the colony cycle. In both stages, subordinate foundresses rubbed more often than queens or workers. These observations support the hypothesis that rubbing behavior and the secretion of van der Vecht's gland function in chemical defense of the nest against ant predation. The general morphology of the gland in B. petiolataresembles that of the four other independent-founding polistine wasp genera.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): antipredator behavior ; prey caching ; Ammophila ; Formica ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Many solitary ground-nesting wasps in the families Pompilidae and Sphecidae excavate nests after capturing prey for provisions. These wasps generally cache their immobilized prey temporarily during nest excavation, frequently by suspending the prey in a plant (”aerial caching”). Here I test the hypothesis that aerial caching by Ammophila spp. wasps (Sphecidae) functions to reduce prey theft by generalist predators, Formica spp. ants. Foraging ants removed baits placed on the ground more rapidly than baits suspended in plants; mean half-lives for ground and aerial baits were 14.5 and 145.7 min, respectively (mean values for experiments 1–3). Ant foraging activity decreased during the midday. Ant interference with nesting activities of Ammophila spp. also decreased during the midday, paralleling observed fluctuations in ant foraging activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): host selection ; experience ; learning ; extinction ; reinforcement ; parasitoids ; Drosophila ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The host-foraging behavior of female entomophagous parasitoids is commonly modified by positive associative learning. Typically, a rewarding experience (e.g., successful oviposition in a host) increases a female's foraging effort in a host microhabitat of the type associated with that experience. Less well understood are the effects of unrewarding experiences (i.e., unsuccessful foraging). The influence of unrewarding experience on microhabitat choice and residence time within a microhabitat was examined for the eucoilid parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma, in laboratory and greenhouse assays. As determined previously, females which oviposited successfully in either of two microhabitat types (fermenting apple or decaying mushroom) strongly preferred to forage subsequently on that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the formerly rewarding microhabitat caused females to reverse their preference in favor of a novel microhabitat type. The effect, though striking, was transient: within 1–2 h, the original learned preference was nearly fully restored. Similar effects of unrewarding experiences were observed with respect to the length of time spent foraging in a microhabitat. As determined previously, oviposition experience in a particular microhabitat type increased the time spent foraging in a patch of that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the patch caused the time a wasp spent in the next unoccupied patch of that type to decrease to almost nothing. In addition, there was a tendency for an unrewarding experience on a formerly rewarding microhabitat type to extend the time spent in a patch of a novel type. The function of the observed effects of unrewarding experiences is discussed.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 359-379 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): ant ; aggression ; kin discrimination ; Rhytidoponera confusa ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Significant variation in aggressiveness and kin discrimination ability occurs between different laboratory colonies of the ant Rhytidoponera confusa.Different colonies show consistently high (or low) levels of aggression toward nonnestmates over 4–19 weeks. Earlier studies excluded colony size and the natural presence or absence of the queen in colonies and differences in hunger as possible sources of variation. The present study excluded the number of larvae in colonies and the time of the light period of the light cycle when recognition tests were carried out. Highly significant variation occurs between the kin discrimination ability of individual workers in any particular colony. Approximately 28% of the workers in colonies of R. confusashowed very poor kin discrimination. Much of the colony's kin discrimination is carried out by a small number of highly aggressive workers.
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 743-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; olfactometer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We studied odor learning in Leptopilina boulardi,a specialist larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.The behavioral responses of differently experienced females to an artificial odor (Must de Cartier, Paris) were analyzed using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer. The responses of females with an oviposition experience in the presence of the perfume were compared with those of four control groups. As controls we used naive females, females with an oviposition experience in the absence of odor, females which had been previously exposed to perfume but without an oviposition experience, and females with an oviposition experience which also had been exposed to perfume but not at the same time. The results demonstrate that a specialist such as L. boulardican learn very well to respond to an artificial odor by associating this odor with a reward, i.e., an oviposition. The four control groups responded more or less in a similar way.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 489-500 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Dacnusa sibirica ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza bryoniae ; foraging behavior ; volatile infochemicals ; wind tunnel ; anemotaxis ; learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Previous investigations suggested that the leafminer parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga does not use a volatile hostrelated infochemical in foraging for hosts. Parasitoids landed with equal frequencies on an uninfested tomato plant and on a tomato plant infested with larvae of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt.) (Hendrikse et al., 1980). In contrast, we found that volatile infochemicals emitted by uninfested and leafminer-infested tomato plants differently affected the parasitoid 's foraging behavior in a windtunnel. This was obvious from the proportion of wasps flying upwind but not from the proportion of wasps landing on the leaves. Latency time on an uninfested tomato leaflet and proportion of latency time devoted to preflight antennal behavior were influenced by the presence of upwind infested or uninfested tomato leaves. However, these parameters were not affected by odors in the absence of visual plant stimuli. Our data provide a new view on foraging behavior of Dacnusa sibirica.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Phoridae ; Diptera ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera ; host ; parasitoid ; behavior ; Atta ; Neodohrniphora
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This study examines the oviposition behavior of the phorid parasitoid Neodohrniphora curvinervisand the antiparasitoid defense behavior of its leafcutting ant host Atta cephalotes. N. curvinervisfemales are diurnal sit- and- wait parasitoids that attack only outbound foragers of head width 1.6 mm or greater. Females deposit a single egg through the foramen magnum of each host successfully parasitized. Pursuit of hosts is usually initiated when an outbound forager of acceptable size passes by a parasitoid perch site. Individual foragers defend themselves against pursuing parasitoids by outrunning them along the foraging trail or by standing their ground and fending them off with their legs,antennae, and mandibles. At the colony level, susceptible foragers are protected against parasitism by a shift in the forager size distribution toward smaller unsusceptible sizes during the day when parasitoids are active and toward larger sizes at night when parasitoids are inactive. The frequency of parasitism of susceptible foragers was 15%, which is more than five times the frequency found in another system involving the phorid parasitoid Apocephalus attophilusand the leafcutting ant host Atta colombica.We offer several possible explanations for such differences in the frequency of parasitism and also examine reasons for the high incidence of superparasitism (19%) observed in the system studied.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Vespula spp. ; foraging behavior ; chemoorientation ; social facilitation ; local enhancement ; spatial dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A series of experiments on the discovery of meat bait by scavenging workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons showed that workers oriented to meats by visual cues and olfactory cues. Scavening workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons responded positively to the sight of conspecifics at meat baits; i.e., meat with (confined) wasps received more visits than meat without wasps. This attraction to conspecific workers on meat baits provides evidence of local enhancement, in that the presence of conspecifics at meat bait directs other wasps to a particular spatial locality. Local enhancement by yellowjackets foraging for meat may contribute to the clumped distribution of worker populations noted in studies of workers captured in meat-baited traps. We hypothesize that local enhancement of foraging is a ubiquitous behavior in species of theV. vulgaris species group and may be one attribute explaining their ecological success.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cotesia glomerata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; behavior ; parasitoid ; tritrophic interaction ; host suitability ; kairomone ; host instar selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Adult females of the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata (L.) respond to chemical cues associated with feeding damage inflicted on cabbage plants by its host,Pieris brassicae (L.). The use of these infochemicals by the parasitoid during selection of the most suitable host instar was investigated. The parasitoid can successfully parasitize first-instar host larvae, while contacts with fifth-instar larvae are very risky since these caterpillars react to parasitization attempts by biting, spitting, and hitting, resulting in a high probability of the parasitoid being seriously injured or killed. Observations of the locomotor behavior of individual wasps on leaves with feeding damage inflicted by the first and the fifth larval instars and on host silk and frass showed that several cues affect the duration of searching by the parasitoids after reaching a leaf: cues on the margin of the feeding damage and cues in the host frass and silk. Whole frass, silk, and hexane extracts of frass obtained from first-instar elicited parasitoid's searching behavior significantly longer than frass, silk, and hexane extract of frass from the fifth instar. The results demonstrate thatC. glomerata can discriminate between first instars, which are more suitable hosts, and fifth instars ofP. brassicae without contacting the caterpillars, by exploiting instar-related cues.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 321-328 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): bee ; mating tactics ; Xylocopa ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Males of the carpenter beeXylocopa varipuncta Patton wait for females to visit them as they hover at landmark territories along ridgelines on some spring afternoons. While hovering, males advertize their presence by releasing a pheromone that attracts passing females. If males have limited time to invest in territorial hovering and signaling, then they should engage in these activities more often at times when mate-searching females are most likely to visit landmark territories. The number of females flying near male territories varies greatly over the course of afternoons and from day to day. Measures of female activity and male territorial activity were highly correlated at one study site, both in terms of changes within afternoons and in terms of day-to-day fluctuations. This result supports the hypothesis that males ofX. varipuncta time their mateattracting behavior to maximize contacts with receptive females.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 103-113 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): nestmate recognition ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; wasp nests ; Polistes metricus ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of nest paper hydrocarbons in nest and nestmate recognition for the social waspPolistes metricus was examined. Newly emergedP. metricus workers maintained in the laboratory spent four days alone on a fragment of nest paper that was subjected to one of the following tretments: untreated, extracted with hexane to remove surface hydrocarbons, or extracted with extract reapplied. Test wasps were returned to their natal nest with nestmates and observed for 1 h. Time spent on nest by test wasp and its behaviors were recorded. Wasps exposed to untreated and reapplied nest fragments spent an average of 34.13 and 31.75 min on their nests, respectively, while wasps from extracted fragments averaged 17.19 min. Behavior of wasps exposed to extracted paper differed significantly from wasps exposed to paper with hydrocarbons. These results suggest that exposure to nest paper hydrocarbons is important for both nest and nestmate recognition.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Aeshnidae ; Hymenoptera ; mimicry ; Odonata ; predation ; Vespidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 727-742 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): postemergence learning ; early-adult experience ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Exposing newly emerged females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to wild cherry, an inherently unattractive plant, and their host larvae at 0–4 h after adult emergence induced a positive searching response to wild cherry and an inhibited response to cabbage, an attractive plant. Inherent responses were not affected when females were exposed to their hosts at 0–12 h and to cherry at 8–12 h after emergence. The induced response to cherry was constant until its disappearance at 6–7 days;inhibition of the response to cabbage was released at 4–5 days after emergence. Postemergence exposure to cherry and parasitoid cocoons induced similar but weaker searching responses. Induced searching responses exhibit features of associative learning and receptor modification. In addition to its presumed role in foraging, postemergence experience with plants may encourage assortative mating of C. congregatawithin suitable host habitats and, thus, facilitate local adaptations to specific plants.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Opius dissitus ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza sativae ; semiochemical ; volatile ; foraging behavior ; adult experience ; learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Oviposition-experienced females of Opius dissitus Muesebeck, a braconid parasitoid of Liriomyza sativaeBlanchard, preferentially landed on leafminer-infested rather than uninfested lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) plants in a flight tunnel assay. Both naive and oviposition-experiencedparasitoids responded strongly to odors of infested lima bean plants in a four-arm olfactometer in comparison with odors of uninfested plants, suggesting that volatile semiochemicals are used in host location. Parasitoids with an oviposition experience on lima bean (“lima-experienced”) spent significantly more time in the infested odor than naive individuals, however, eggplant-experienced wasps did not spend significantly more time in the infested odor field than naive wasps. When parasitoids reared on leafminers in lima bean were provided a choice between the odor of infested lima bean and the odor of infested eggplant or cotton, naive and lima-experienced wasps preferred infested lima odor. An oviposition experience on the other plant species resulted in a dramatic shift in preference. It was concluded that the experience effect was due, at least in part, to associative learning, as has been reported for other parasitoids. The parasitoids may perceive unconditioned stimuli during host contact and oviposition on an infested leaf and may associate those stimuli with volatile semiochemicals emanating from the leaf or host. Subsequently, the volatiles associated with the presence of hosts are used in directing the search for hosts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; cotton ; cowpea ; parasitoid ; host location ; kairomones ; olfaction ; induced plant responses ; learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with “old” damage than to plants with “fresh” damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps’ limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 761-770 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): brood ; pheromone ; slavemaking ants ; Polyergus breviceps ; Formica occulta ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Freeliving workers of Formica occulta, an ant species enslaved by the obligatory slavemaking ant Polyergus breviceps, retrieve and nurse Polyergus pupaejust as well as conspecific pupae in a choice test. No such attraction was found toward pupae of the facultative slavemaker; Formica wheeleri,which also enslaves F. occulta. Formica neogagates,a sympatric species which is not parasitized by either slavemaker, preferentially retrieves and tends conspecific brood over that of Polyergusand F. wheeleri.It is proposed that brood of obligatory slavemaking species must possess an attractive pheromone for slavemaker colony foundation to be successful, since slavemaker brood must be nursed by adult slave workers with no prior exposure to slavemaker brood. An attractive pheromone is not necessary in the brood of facultative slavemakers, since this brood is cared for by newly eclosed slave workers who imprint on the slavemaker brood.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notizen: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Azinphosmethyl ; time response tests ; resistance ; Trioxys pallidus ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; gene amplification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Homogeneity in azinphosmethyl resistance was assessed in males of a laboratory-selected (Select-17) and susceptible (Yolo) colony of Trioxys pallidus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) using a time response assay. No evidence of heterogeneity within the two colonies was found. Reciprocal crosses between the Yolo and the Select-19 (the Select-17 colony following two additional selections) colonies resulted in F1 females that exhibited a semidominant response to azinphosmethyl with a dominance value (D) of 0.32, as well as no evidence of maternal effects or sex linkage. Responses of F2 progeny to azinphosmethyl suggest that more than one gene may be involved because no inflection was observed in the time response lines of F2 males. Additional research is required to fully elucidate the mode of inheritance.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; cotton ; potential host community location ; host location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les comportements d'évaluation de l'effectif d'hôtes potentiels et de la position des hôtes par C. sonorensis (Hyméno.: Iccheumonidae) ont été quantifiés pour déterminer les séquences significatives des événements comportementaux. La localisation de la colonie potentielle d'hôtes est apparue comme une séquence régulière des événements comportementaux. Une fois que le parasitoïde a localisé une colonie potentielle, on a constaté que la recherche au hasard des hôtes se poursuit jusqu'à ce qu'il ait la démonstration qu'il s'agit d'une plante attaquée. La localisation par le parasitoïde d'un hôte certain a consitué une autre séquence régulière des événements comportementaux terminant la localisation de l'hôte. L'influence de pieds de coton intacts, de pieds abîmés mécaniquement et de pieds occupés par des chenilles du 3ème stade de l'hôte et de plantes dont les chenilles ont été retirées juste avant l'expérience a été déterminée en modifiant la composition du complexe hôte/plante. Des femelles naïves de C. sonorensis ont montré en présence de pieds de coton intacts apparemment toutes les séquences comportementales de vol impliquées dans la localisation d'une colonie potentielle d'hôtes. Une fois que le parasitoïde a atteint la colonie potentielle d'hôtes, la présence de dégâts de l'hôte n'a pas modifié le temps passé sur la plante, mais a modifié le temps consacré à la prospection.
    Notizen: Abstract Wind tunnel flight behavior of inexperienced female Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) in response to its larval host Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding on the host plant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is described. The flight behavioral sequence was determined by quantification of frequencies of observed behaviors and probabilities of first-order behavioral transitions. Comparison of inexperienced C. sonorensis flights to undamaged and damaged cotton indicated that stimuli from undamaged plants alone are adequate to elicit the complete flight behavioral sequence observed in response to H. virescens feeding on cotton. Parasitoid foraging behavior was also analyzed after landing on the stimulus. This behavior appeared to be random in its initial stages, but became sequential after location of evidence of a host. Analysis of foraging on undamaged and 3 treatments of damaged cotton resulted in the determination that parasitoids tend to remain on damaged plants longer than undamaged plants although no significant difference was detected. C. sonorensis spent a greater percentage of their time foraging on host damaged plants than on undamaged plants.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 714-717 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Ropalidia marginata ; primitively eusocial wasp ; queen success ; worker-brood genetic relatedness ; inclusive fitness theory ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Ropalidia marginata is a primitively eusocial polistine wasp in which, although there is only one queen at any given time, frequent queen replacements lead to a system of serial polygyny. One of the most striking features of this system, is the enormous variation in the success of different queens. Measuring queen success as queen tenure, total number of offspring produced, number of offspring produced per day of tenure, and proportion of eggs laid that develop into adults, we show here that each measure of queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness and not correlated with worker: brood ratio or the age of the queen at takeover. We interpret these results as meaning that queens are better able to obtain the cooperation of workers when worker-brood genetic relatedness is high.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 414-416 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Solitary bees ; lipid polymer ; silk ; CP/MAS13CNMR ; Hymenoptera ; Colletidae ; Hylaeus bisinuatus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The nest cell lining ofHylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) was shown by high-resolution solidstate [13C]NMR to be composed of lipid polymer and protein. The lipid polymer was shown by reduction and subsequent GC/MS analysis to be comprised of ω-hydroxy fatty acids (C20, C22, C24 and C26) and fatty alcohols (C16 to C30). The protein portion of the lining had a silk-like amino acid composition.
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 516-521 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Symphyta ; haplodiploidy ; heterozygosity ; allozymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Hymenoptera are haplodiploid and usually display very low genetic variation. Most data concern social or parasiticApocrita, while the little information available for the primitive phytophagous species of the suborder Symphyta is contradictory. The present study is related to seven species of the genusCephalcia, living in coniferous forests of Northern Eurasia and sharing spruce (Picea sp. pl.) as host plant. Individuals from 22 populations belonging toCephalcia abietis, C. alashanica, C. arvensis, C. erythrogaster, C. fallenii, C. fulva, C. klugii from Europe and China were surveyed for genetic variation at 28 loci using enzyme electrophoresis. Pairs of sibling species were recognized withinC. arvensis andC. fallenii, corresponding to different phenological and morphological forms. In the latter case, reproductive isolation in sympatry occurs despite low genetic distance (D=0.059). Large genetic distances and fixed alternate alleles were observed between Chinese and European populations ofC. abietis andC. arvensis. Expected heterozygosity ofCephalcia populations (0.197, SD 0.064) is significantly higher than that of other Symphyta (Tenthredinoidea) (averageH exp 0.059, SD 0.032) (two-tailed Mann-Whitney test, Z=4.39, p〈0.01). These data suggest that haplodiploidy per se does not reduce the genetic variation in mostCephalcia populations. Most of the factors that can lower the potential for genetic diversity in a haplodiploid genetic system are not so effective inCephalcia populations, which seem to be comparable to diplodiploid insect populations in diversity. In a few isolated populations the large number of fixed loci and the large genetic distances may support the predicted faster rate of fixation, as a consequence of haplodiploidy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 61-69 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Diapause termination ; postdiapause development ; development threshold ; thermal constant ; Aphelinus mali ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'achèvement de la diapause en conditions naturelles ou simulant l'hiver, les effets des températures inférieures à zéro sur le développement après la diapause et les relations entre la vitesse de développement après la diapause et les températures constantes ou en thermopériodes ont été examinés sur des populations néerlandaises d'A. mali (Hymenop.; Aphélinidae). Les taux d'achèvement de la diapause de larves hivernantes étaient semblables en conditions naturelles ou simulées. La plupart des larves ont terminé leur diapause la dernière semaine de février. Quelques larves femelles sont restées en diapause jusqu'à fin mars. L'exposition pendant 2 semaines des larves sorties de diapause à −10 °C ne compromet pas leur survie ou leur taux de développement après la diapause. Les larves ayant diapause peuvent terminer leur développement et les adultes émerger des pucerons momifiés aux températures constantes comprises entre 12 et 24 °C. Bien que quelques larves achèvent leur développement à 10 °C, peu émergent. La température seuil théorique de développement après la diapause (to) a été de 9,4 °C et la constante thermique (K), 136,5 degrés-jours. Pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences, les valeurs de K étaient respectivement: 121,4 et 134,8. Le nombre d'unités thermiques pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences était le même à température constante ou avec une thermopériode.
    Notizen: Abstract Diapause termination under natural and simulated overwintering conditions, the effect of subzero temperature on postdiapause development and the relationship between postdiapause development rate and constant and fluctuating temperatures was studied in a Dutch population ofAphelinus mali Hald. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The rate of diapause termination was similar in larvae overwintering under natural and simulated conditions. Most larvae had terminated diapause by the last week of February. Some female larvae may have remained in diapause until the end of March. The exposure of postdiapause larvae to −10°C for two weeks did not affect their survival or postdiapause development rate. PostdiapauseA. mali larvae could complete development and the adults emerge from their mummified aphid hosts at constant temperatures from 12 to 24°C. Although some larvae completed postdiapause development at 10°C, few emerged. The theoretical threshold temperature (to) for postdiapause development was 9.4°C and the thermal constant (K) 136.4 degree-days. K was 121.4 and 134.8 for first and 50% emergence, respectively. The number of heat units accumulating above 9.4°C to 1st and 50% emergence was similar under constant and fluctuating temperatures.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi ; Sitobion avenae ; Functional response
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nous avons examiné quelques aspects des relations entre le parasitoïde Aphidius rhopalosiphi et son hôte Sitobion avenae. La fécondité potentielle à l'émergence (144 œufs) était inférieure à la fécondité “réalisée”: nombre de pucerons momifiés (212). La plupart des œufs étaient pondus dans la première semaine de la vie imaginale (fig. 1). Le super-parasi-tisme s'est produit dans les conditions expérimentales, mais la distribution des larves (fig. 2) s'écartait souvent de la distribution au hasard, ce qui indiquait une certaine discrimination parmi les hôtes. La longévité moyenne était de 13,1 jours et le maximum de 23 jours. Le taux sexuel (fig. 3) pour l'ensemble de la descendance était 1/1, mais changeait dans le temps. Après le premier jour de ponte, plus de femelles que de mâles étaient obtenues; mais après 6 jours, il n'y avait presque plus que des mâles. Le taux de rencontre des aphides et des parasitoïdes augmentait avec la taille (fig. 4a). Le temps de prospection de l'hôte était en moyenne de 2 secondes, mais dans certains cas il atteignait 10 secondes ou plus. La proportion de rencontres efficaces était plus faible au 4ème stade (fig. 4b). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans le nombre de larves de parasitoïdes obtenues par rencontre pendant les stades 1 à 3 des pucerons, mais elle était significativement inférieure au 4ème stade par rapport au second. Les taux globaux de succès (taux de rencontre et nombre de larves formées par rencontre) étaient plus élevés aux 2ème stades des pucerons. La réponse fonctionnelle était sigmoïde (fig. 5).
    Notizen: Summary Aphidius rhopalosiphi produced 212 offspring on average but in one case 509 deposited eggs were found. Superparasitization occurred but the frequency distribution of parasitoid larvae in aphids differed significantly from random, indicating a certain degree of host discrimination. Average life span of adults was 13.1 days and sex ratio was 1:1. It changed in time among successively produced offspring. Handling time was about 2 sec and was somewhat longer in the fourth instar than in the second. Second and third aphid instars were preferred for oviposition. Functional response was sigmoid and at an aphid density of 100 aphids per cage percentage parasitization decreased.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 78-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis ; Parasitoid ; Host suitability ; Host selection ; 3-trophic level interactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), Parasit der Heliothis-Larven, wurde in 9 Kombinationen von Wirtsinsekt/Wirtspflanze gezüchtet. Im allgemeinen war das Ueberleben der Parasiten (1) besser in Wirtsraupen von Baumwolle als von Bohnen oder Tomaten, (2) besser in H. zea als in H. virescens und (3) besser in laborgezüchteten H. zea als in Raupen aus dem Freiland. Mehrere Versuche über die Eiablagepräferenz der Parasiten zeigten, dass mehr Eier in Raupen von Baumwolle als in Raupen von Bohnen oder gar von Tomaten abgelegt wurden. Die Wespen unterschieden aber nicht zwischen H. zea und H. virescens. Die Eiablagepräferenzen waren unabhängig von den Kombinationen Wirtsinsekt/Wirtspflanze, in denen sich die Parasiten entwickelt hatten. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Pflanze, auf der die Wirtsraupe frisst, wichtig ist für die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Parasitenangriffs und für den Erfolg der Parasitierung.
    Notizen: Summary Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), a parasitoid of Heliothis larvae, was reared on 9 host insect/plant combinations. In general, parasitoid survivorship was (1) higher in host larvae that were reared on cotton than in hosts reared on either bean or tomato, (2) higher in H. zea hosts than in H. virescens and (3) higher in a laboratory strain of H. zea than in a wild strain. A series of parasitoid oviposition preference tests showed that wasps laid more eggs in host larvae on cotton plants than on bean and more on bean than on tomato. However, the wasps did not distinquish between H. zea and H. virescens hosts. Wasp oviposition preferences were not conditioned by the host insect/plant combination in which the parasitoid developed. These results indicate that the plant on which host larvae feed is an important factor in determining both the likelihood of parasitoid attack and the probability of successful parasitism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 208-211 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Dieretiella rapae ; Encyrtidae ; Insecticide ; Integrated control ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; searching behavior ; Syrphidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; ants ; gland volumes ; lumen ; attine and myrmicine glands ; hydrocarbon reservoir
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Colpoclypeus florus ; Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; integrated pest management ; mass rearing ; biological control ; Adoxophyes orana ; Archips podana ; Archips rosana ; Clepsis spectrana ; Hedya nubiferana ; Pandemis heparana ; Ptycholoma lecheana ; Spilonota ocellana
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Colpoclypeus florus Walk., ectoparasite grégaire de Tortricidae, est capable de provoquer un taux de parasitisme élevé dans plusieurs types de cultures, y compris dans les vergers de pommiers. Dans les vergers aux Pay-Bas, ce parasite n'abonde qu'en été sur la première génération d'Adoxophyes orana. Les autres tortricides échappent à ses attaques, parce qu'elles ne peuvent être attaquées qu'au printemps. Le but de ces études était donc la mise au point d'une technique d'élevage de masse de C. florus, pour relâcher ce parasite en grand nombre dans les vergers au printemps. La technique décrite a permis de produire plusieurs milliers de parasites par semaine. Des lâchers de 16 000–28 000 parasites par ha dans un verger soumis à un programme de lutte intégrée, bien que faisant des victimes parmi toutes les espèces importantes de tortricides présentes, étaient loin d'occasionner le taux de parasitisme escompté. Le nombre de degrés-jours nécessaire au développement des différents stades de C. florus a été déterminé au laboratoire, et son cycle évolutif, inconnu aux Pays-Bas, puisque le parasite ne se trouve qu'en été, a été calculé et comparé aux observations faites en élevages en plein air. C. florus a de 4 à 5 générations par an, et la comparaison de sa phénologie avec celle des différentes tordeuses explique son absence hors de l'été. Au laboratoire, Archips podana était plus parasité, et Pandemis heparana moins parasité qu'A. orana. Le nombre moyen de descendants produits par femelle de C. florus et par chenille-hôte variait selon les hôtes, dépendant probablement de la taille des chenilles. Bien qu'A. orana n'ait pas produit le plus grand nombre de parasites par chenille, elle a été néanmoins préférée aux autres tortricides comme hôte pour les élevages.
    Notizen: Abstract Colpoclypeus florus Walk. is a gregarious ectoparasite of tortricids. Details of biology and annual cycle in orchards in the Netherland are reported. It has four to five generations per year, but only females of the second generation, and some of the third, meet with abundant hosts (Adoxophyes orana F.v.R.) of the proper size. Therefore, the parasite is scarce to virtually absent from Duth orchards except in July and August. A technique for mass-rearing of C. florus is described, producing 6 000 wasps per week. 16 000–28 000 wasps/ha were released in spring, in order to control leafrollers. Although all important leafroller species were parasitized, the rate of parasitization was too low to be effective.
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 43-47 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Opius concolor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; sex ratio ; host size ; female age
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'influence de la taille de l'hôteret de l'âge de la femelle sur le taux sexuel de la descendance a été étudiée sur le parasitoïde Opius concolor Szépl. Le taux sexuel de la descendance des femelles isolées est favorable aux femelles (t.s.=0,26) quand elles ont à leur disposition des hôtes de grande taille, tandis qu'avec des hôtes petits le taux sexuel est favorable aux mâles (t.s.=0.73). On n'a pas détecté de mortalité différentielle des sexes. Les pourcentage de mâles obtenu le premier jour de ponte des femelles sur les hôtes de grande taille est significativement différent de la moyenne, indépendamment de l'âge de la femelle à ce moment. Cependant, sur des hôtes petits, bien que restant favorable aux mâles dans l'ensemble, une plus grande proportion de femelles à partir des premiers jours de ponte a pu être observée.
    Notizen: Abstract The sex ratio of the progeny of single females parasitizing large hosts favoured the females (sex ratio=0.26); but on small hosts favoured the males (0.73). No differences in mortality of the sexes were detected. The sex ratio was independent of female age when large hosts were used. The percentage of males observed in the progeny of the first day of female oviposition was significantly greater than the mean, irrespective of the age at which female oviposition began. When females were exposed to small hosts, a greater percentage of females was observed in the progeny from the last days of oviposition.
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Parasitoid ; hemocytes ; inhibition of encapsulation ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera hosts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'ichneumonide Campoletis sonorensis Carlson, endoparasitoïde larvaire, se développe dans de nombreuses espèces de Lépidoptères. Son statut de généraliste est dû, notamment, à son aptitude à déjouer les défenses immunitaires de ses hôtes, c.a.d. la formation d'une capsule d'hémocytes autour de l'oeuf ou de la larve parasite. Cependant, chez le noctuide Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, C. sonorensis est encapsulé dans 40% des larves qu'il parasite. Nous avons étudié la population hémocytaire de deux catégories de larves de S. frugiperda, celles qualifiées de ‘résistantes’ à C. sonorensis, et qui arrêtent son développement, et celles ‘susceptibles’ où le parasitoïde échappe à l'encapsulation. Cinq types d'hémocytes ont été identifiés: les prohémocytes (PR), les sphérulocytes (SP), les granulocytes (GR), les plasmatocytes (PL) et les oenocytoïdes (OE). Chez les hôtes susceptibles et résistants, le parasite provoque une baisse identique de la concentration totale des hémocytes dans l'hémolymphe (THC). Par contre, les PLs sont davantage affectés chez les hôtes susceptibles que chez ceux résistants au parasitoïde. Les résultats montrent que, chez les hôtes susceptibles, 1) le nombre des PLs dans l'hémolymphe est davantage diminué, et 2) leur aptitude d'adhérence in vitro est davantage inhibée. Il existe donc une corrélation positive entre le degré de pathologies qui affectent les PLs de l'hôte et l'incapacité de celui-ci à encapsuler le parasitoïde. Ceci tend à démontrer le rôle-clé des PLs dans la réaction immunitaire d'encapsulation chez S. frugiperda, comme chez de nombreux insectes. De plus, ce résultat renforce l'hypothèse selon laquelle C. sonorensis éviterait l'encapsulation en agissant sur les hémocytes de l'hôte, et plus particulièrement sur les PLs. Inversement aux PLs, les GRs sont moins abondants dans l'hémolymphe des hôtes qui encapsulent C. sonorensis. Les GRs pourraient donc participer à la formation de la capsule hémocytaire. Il est possible que plusieurs facteurs contribuent à protéger C. sonorensis de l'encapsulation. Néanmoins, les pathologies affectant les hémocytes des hôtes parasités sont probablement une manifestation majeure de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Les effets de C. sonorensis sur les hémocytes des larves parasitées peuvent être reproduits chez des larves saines, en leur injectant de ‘venin’ extrait des glandes du calyx des femelles parasitoïdes. Ces sécrétions provenant de la glande du calyx, et normalement injectées dans l'hôte lors de l'oviposition, sont probablment responsable, au moins en partie, de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Ces résultats peuvent être comparés à ceux obtenus chez l'hôte Heliothis virescens Fabricius (lépidoptère, noctuide) qui n'encapsule jamais C. sonorensis. Bien que le parasitoïde provoque les mêmes effets pathologiques sur les hémocytes des hôtes de S. frugiperda et d'H. virescens, on constate que l'effet apparait quelques heures après l'oviposition chez H. virescens, contre 48 heures post-oviposition chez S. frugiperda. Ce délai pourrait contribuer à la résistance immunitaire de certaines larves de S. frugiperda, ‘résistantes’, à C. sonorensis.
    Notizen: Abstract The egg and larval stages of the generalist endoparasitoid Campoletis sonorensis Carlson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which normally avoid the hemocytic reaction of many Lepidopteran host species, are encapsulated in 40% of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. The effect of parasitism on inhibiting the spreading ability of S. frugiperda plasmatocytes in vitro is more pronounced in susceptible larvae which fail to encapsulate the parasitoid than in resistant ones permitting parasitoid development. This suggests that induction of plasmatocyte pathology is relevant to the successful evasion of encapsulation by the parasitoid. Some granular cells disappear from the hemolymph of the parasitized resistant larvae, which implicates their involvement in the encapsulation reaction. Calyx fluid of C. sonorensis injected into host larvae produced effects on host hemocytes identical to natural parasitism. Several mechanism may cooperate to protect the parasitoid from encapsulation. The pathological reactions by the host plasmatocytes is one main manifestation of the ‘immunosuppressive’ parasitoid effect. Results are discussed in regard to the known effects of C. sonorensis on Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval hemocytes which are totally unable to respond with a successful cellular defense reaction.
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; egg distribution ; superparasitism ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The egg distribution patterns ofEurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), which oviposits singly in green, developing almonds, were studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, individual females were caged with a number of almonds and the eggs deposited in each fruit were counted. In the field, eggs were censused in almonds of different varieties at regular intervals, over four seasons (1988–91). In the susceptible ‘Retsou’ variety, eggs were uniformly distributed among fruits, both in the laboratory and in the field, as long as the mean number of eggs per almond was ≤2.5. When the mean number of eggs per almond was higher the egg distributions were random. This suggests that, up to a certain level of infestation, females were able to assess egg load of fruits and oviposit in the less infested ones. The main factor enabling the females to discriminate and select the less infested almonds for oviposition is probably a host-marking pheromone. In 1990, the same patterns of egg distribution were observed in samples taken from 5 other almond varieties that are not as susceptible as Retsou and have thicker pericarp and harder endocarp. In 1991 however, when fruits developed more rapidly than in 1990, egg distributions in 3 of these 5 varieties (Truoito, Ai, and Marcona) were not uniform. Although the mean number of eggs per fruit was low (1.2–2.0), many fruits of these varieties contained no eggs. This suggests that, in some less susceptible varieties, egg distribution might also be affected by certain fruit parameters, unfavourable for oviposition, related to the pericarp thickness and endocarp hardness.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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