ALBERT

Description: Digital computing techniques have been used in special computing applications in underwater acoustics at WHOI for many years, but recently we have commenced intensive application of digital data handling and computing facilities to a variety of computing, data storage, and data handling problems. Progress in these applications is described under Acoustic Instrumentation below. Some bathymetric studies carried out recently under another contract have shown that even very narrow-beam, single-beam echo sounders simply cannot provide reliable depth sounding information where the topography is complex. In this work we have been experimenting with the inverted echo sounder, discussed below, originally developed to measure depth of the sound velocimeter. The inverted echo sounder is lowered to a position within a few feet of the bottom. The total acoustic travel time from surface to bottom may be read as the sum of the travel times from the instrument to the bottom and surface . True depth is then computed in the usual way with appropriate s cnmd velocity data. In its present form the inverted echo sounder is suitable for mapping ~mall areas~ a few square miles, provided there is a suitable means of positioning the instrument. We have experimented with radio-acoustic navigation, and intend to experiment with vertical triangulation from the suspending ship as well. Steady demands for new, modified, and improved instrumentation have been responded to in echo sounding, seismic profiling, and spectrum analysis, as detailed below.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104

Description: This i s a status report for the period 1 May 1966 to 31 October 1966 for Contract Nonr - 4029 with the Office of Naval Research. Subjects of this contract are in Oceanic Acoustics, Physical Oceanography, Sea Floor Properties and Advisory Activities. Preliminary results of a cruise by CHAIN to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea during the summer of 1966 are given. Sound-velocity and temperature structure south of Bermuda as observed from ATLANTIS II (June, July 1966) are described. Continuing analysis of acoustical and geophysical data is discussed. Papers, reports, and technical memoranda written during this period are listed.

Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch., Office of Naval Research., under Contract.Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101.

Description: This is a report of the research program under contracts Nonr-4029 (1 May - 31 October 1963), and Nonr-3243 (1 May - 31 October 1963} . Both contracts are with the Office of Naval Research, Code 466. Contract Nonr-4029 is a continuation of Contract Nonr-1367. Under Contract Nonr-4029, ATLANTIS· II and CHAIN, in May and August, were employed in searching for the sunken submarine THRESHER by various means. Under the same contract, activities were devoted also to the development of systems or components of systems for search and for navigational control required in such operations. One system of submerged navigation was employed for locating suspended instruments by acoustic ranging from the ship. A second navigation system was also tested which depends on acoustic ranging either from the ship or from the suspended instrument to a hydrophone buoyed near the bottom. This hydrophone is connected to a radio link in a surface buoy. This system will be useful not only for navigation but also for bottom reflection studies. A program has been started to print and mount all photos taken by WHOI on the THRESHER search; it will be coordinated with other similar efforts in the continuing investigation of the disaster. Under Contracts Nonr-4029 and Nonr-3243 considerable progress has been made in other research, which is described in this report .

Description: Submitted to Under sea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under· Contracts Nonr- 4029(00)NR261-10 2 and Nonr- 3243(00) NR261-136

Description: This is a report of activities supported under Contract NObsr-72521 for the period 1 January through 31 March 1961. It also contains mention of other reports, papers, and undertakings of the submarine geophysics group (listed under "Personnel") which are believed to be of interest to the Bureau of Ships. During this period no cruises have been supported directly under this contract. Eight members of the group under the leadership of Dr. Voorhis have participated in a cruise of CHAIN to the Romanche Trench. Their principal objective was to determine the sill depth which controls the exchange of deep, cold water ,between the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic Ocean. This sill was previously identified from hydrographic evidence to lie somewhat east of the Romanche Trench. A second objective was to continue the observations of temperature structure near the sea's surface with the thermistor chain. Another group, under Mr. Baxter's leadership, continued a sound transmission study in the Bermuda area in support of Project ARTEMIS. A third group, under Dr. Hays's direction, commenced a finely detailed bathymetric survey of an area of special interest to Project ARTEMIS. In all three of these studies we are making use of one or more experimental techniques in the use of sonobuoys, underwater acoustic navigation for submerged instruments, and sound coherence studies which are planned for use eventually in sound transmission and bottom reflection research under this contract.

Description: Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521

Description: Research at sea during this three month period, supported by Contract NObsr-72521, was carried out mostly during the latter portion of the CHAIN Cruise 21 to the eastern Mediterranean. Near-surface sound transmission runs were made with the aid of two foreign ships in the eastern Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian Sea. Sound velocity measurements were made there also. Reverberation and back-scatter measurements using half pound explosives as sound sources were recorded on magnetic tape for future analysis. Further, at several places during the cruise acoustic reflectivity of the sea-floor was measured by means of a semi-automatic system employing the Precision Graphic Recorder and the Edo UQN Echo Sounder. Research other than that on CHAIN Cruise 21, included ambient noise studies of recorded signals from finback whales, and analysis of data from previous observations at sea.

Description: The Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr - 72521

Description: Geophysical investigations were carried out aboard R /V CHAIN in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations underway were continuous seismic profiling, gravity, magnetic, and echo sounding measurements. At stations rocks were dredged, cores were taken (about 10 meters long, photographic montages of the sea floor were made, and the sound velocity of the water was measured as a function of depth. Progress is being made in filtering and correlation techniques for seismic profiling, while seismic receiving arrays were improved to make them quieter. The analysis of internal wave data is continuing, but further observations at sea will be required in order to fully understand the mechanism of propagation. Seven papers were published during this period and thirteen were submitted for publication. These papers are concerned with seismic profiling, seismic refraction profiles, sediment ponding, sound transmission, thermal fronts, and biological papers dealing with sound production by marine mammals and deep-sea fish natural history gained from bottom photographs. A new thermistor string intended to replace and improve upon the original thermistor chain was the principal new instrumental development.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research under Contracts Nonr-4029(00)NR260-101 and Nonr-3243(00)NR260-108

Description: Experiments are described to demonstrate a new method of sonic signalling at extremely long ranges in the oceans, utilizing the natural sound channel. Signals were made by causing a four pound charge of TNT to explode at about 4000 feet depth. These signals have the following qualities: (a) Extremely long range transmission (probably 10,000 miles). (b) Signal is positively identifiable. (c) Abrupt termination of the signal allows the arrival time to be read with an accuracy better than l/20th second. This permits location of source to better than a mile, if the signal is received at three suitably located stations. (d) The signal duration is related in such a way to the distance that the distance may be estimated to 30 miles in 1000 from reception at a single station. The limitations are: (a) It is required that the great circle path which the sound follows between source and receiver lie entirely in deep water (probably at least 1000 fathoms). (b) Sound travels in water at a speed of roughly 1 mile per second so that the interval between the origin of the signal and its reception becomes sufficiently great to be a handicap for some uses, particularly with aircraft. The signals were received to distances up to 900 miles. Two receiving arrangements have been used, a hydrophone hung 4000 feet over the side of a ship which was hove to, and a shore connected. hydrophone which lay on bottom 4000 feet deep. Extrapolation of the results indicate a range of at least 10,000 miles from this size charge. Recommendation is made to utilize a network of monitoring stations to locate planes, ships, and life rafts in distress on the open oceans. Three or more stations receiving a signal could locate the source better than one mile.

Description: Con tract NObs - 2083, Formerly OEM: sr - 31

Description: This is a progress report of the Institution's research between April and 30 June 1961 supported under Contract NObsr-72521 with the Bureau of Ships, Navy Department. The program consists of studies of compressional wave transmission (sound and seismic waves) through sea water and the underlying earth's crust, the ambient noise of the ocean, and the scattering of sound in the sea and beneath the ocean floor. During the present reporting period sound transmission studies have included laboratory analysis of data taken previously in a continuing program directed toward describing near-surface transmission into the shadow zone, and toward accounting for the variability of near-surface . transmission under nominally "good" sonar conditions . Seismic studies consisted of analysis of seismic refraction data taken two years ago in: the Mediterranean, completion of a report of a seismic reflection study of the southern part of Narragansett Bay, extension of this latter study into Rhode Island Sound, and a series of new measurements of the apparent reflectivity of the bottom at 12 kcps. In the sound-scattering program we accepted delivery of a small towed fish containing sound gear for scattering experiments over near-horizontal paths. This instrument was taken to sea on CHAIN for initial testing and self-noise measurements. A series of tests of new sound sources, supported under Contract Nonr-1367, have demonstrated that seismic reflection observations can be made in deep ocean basins from a ship underway slowly using only such electrically-powered sources as Thumper or Sparker. Sub-bottom structures have been mapped in fine detail experimentally in water over 2600 fathoms deep. This work was done with a Thumper having a 5000-joule electrical input . Plans have been made for increasing the electrical input of Thumper to about 13, 000 joules and Sparker to 25, 000 joules. We plan to use these new sound sources in sound transmission experiments this summer and fall in the Mediterranean Sea. As an extra-curricular hobby Miss Broughton, a technical assistant at the Institution, made interesting magnetic tape recordings of the sounds of a small pilot whale stranded on a local beach. She held microphones on the whale's head near the blow hole. The recorded sounds are rather different from those heard through the water near pilot whales. These and other parts of our work are detailed below.

Description: Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521

Description: This is a status report for the six-month's period indicated. It includes the closing phase of a long cruise of CHAIN to the Mediterranean Sea during which circulation of the waters of the eastern Mediterranean were studied and sound transmission, seismic reflection, and shallow thermal structure measurements were made at various places in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic. During the remainder of the period various geophysical, geological, and hydroacoustical analyses were conducted at Woods Hole and preparations for the summer cruising season were made.

Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr - 1367 (OO)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104

Description: Research during this six month period was performed during cruises of the CHAIN to the Romanche Trench, to the Puerto Rico Trench, and to the Mediterranean Sea, and during a cruise of the BEAR to the Gulf of Maine. New instrumentation aboard the CHAIN included the 12, 000 joule Boomer and a 25, 000 joule Sparker for continuous Seismic reflection profiles and other research in hydroacoustics. A semiautomatic data recording system for shipboard use was in.stalled and operated by IBM and, to facilitate launching and retrieving deep gear, a closed circuit television system was used . Also the navigational system, GEON, was installed and tested. Prior to the cruises of the summer and fall redesign and refinement of the instrumentation and equipment entailed overhaul of the thermistor chain and contouring temperature recorder, modification of the heat probe for thermal gradient measurements to lessen lowering time, and improvement of the inverted echo-sounding equipment. Research at sea included collecting samples of rock and sediment and photographing the ocean floor in support of research into the structure and dynamics of the Romanche and Puerto Rico Trenches and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , observing internal waves in the North Atlantic studying water circulation in the Mediterranean, the dynamics of flow through the Strait of Gibraltar (concentrating this year on internal waves there), observing the behavior and measuring the sound scattering properties of deep scattering layers in the Mediterranean, measuring heat flow from the inner Earth across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and in the western Mediterranean, and studying the relationship between sound transmission and the physical properties of the water and sea floor in the eastern Mediterranean. At Woods Hole various analysis programs progressed. Several of these used programs of digital computing which have been prepared lately at Woods Hole. The precision time source for remote control reported earlier was improved and tested ashore. A tape recording system for Scuba divers was devised and tested satisfactorily in thirty feet of water.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR 261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR 261-104

Description: Measurements of the acoustic pressure of spark discharges were made at a shallow depth (10 feet) for various voltages, stored energies, inductances and capacitances of the system, and electrode areas. The voltages ranged from 1500 V to 11 KV, and the energy storing capacitances from 8 to 800 ufd. In this range the peak pressure observed was proportional to peak current and the decay constant of the pressure-time curve was essentially the same as the electrical discharge decay constant.

Description: Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr 1 367(00) NR 261-103

Description: This progress report contains findings in 1) physical oceanography, 2) marine biology, 3) geology and geophysics, and 4) hydroacoustics. 1) Long-period internal waves are deduced from sound-velocity data between Bermuda and the Antilles . The region of the thermal front (usually found near 30°N) was thought on one occasion to be a generator of internal waves. 2) Midwater fishes were four times more abundant north of the front than south and midwater reverberation levels varied similarly. 3) Evidence obtained southeast of Charleston, S.C. shows that the continental shelf has been building out over the Blake Plateau. The gravity characteristics of many major rifts of the world reveal that as the width of the rift increases, the Bouguer anomalies become increasingly positive. 4) Observations support the hypothesis that diffraction effects are required to explain the sound propagation in convergence zones in the Mediterranean. A major engineering accomplishment was the installation and use of Sea Spider on the Blake Plateau. Sea Spider is a near motionless platform for scientific measurements in the deep ocean. The development of an automatic digital depth-reading system for use with echo sounders on ships were successfully completed, improvements in seismic profiling techniques were made, and special coherency studies of towed hydrophone array noise have progressed.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Re search under Contract Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101

Description: In the fall of 1967 an extended program of tests was begun to evaluate several types of acoustic anchor release devices available on the market. This program was.prompted by a.need to isolate and correct problems which came to light after, several years of use of the O.R.E. system. Two other systems, one made by Raytheon and the other by American Machine and Foundry Co., were tested. This report deals with previous use of O.R.E.'s system by the W.H.O.I. Buoy Project and the testing program in 1968 and with the Raytheon and A.M.F. test series. Detailed description of these systems and their operation will not be undertaken in this report. Reference is made to data published by the respective manufacturers.

Description: Submitted to the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-66-C0241, NR 083-004.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - NBWM-1933-42 - male - 10.70 m - Pelvic location - unknown

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - IFAW-10-188-Mn2 - male - 9.14 m - Pelvic location - International Fund for Animal Welfare

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - MCZ-63341 - male - 8.53 m - Pelvic location - Harvard University. 28 foot (336 inches), yearling male washed ashore at the granite breakwater, Pigeon Cove Harbor, Rockport, Essex Co., MA. Decomposed carcass not reported to NEA until 16 November. Nearly complete but damaged skeleton, missing right mandible, both radius & ulna, and outer portion of one flipper, and with rostrum broken off and greatly fragmented ,cranium mostly intact, many vertebral discs and inter-vertebral processes broken, and 1 neural arch broken, salvaged on 17 November, and given to the MCZ, Harvard Univ.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - MH-01-975 - female - 11.37 m - Pelvic location - UMaine Orino. – 37.3 foot (1137 cm), two-year-old female named “Pitfall” washed ashore bloated on Duxbury Beach, Duxbury, Plymouth Co., MA. Complete skeleton salvaged on 2 October. Skull and right mandible badly broken by ship strike. Outside of carcass looked fresh with live barnacles and whale lice, but vertebrae were floating loose on inside from intense internal heat. Missing hyoids. The baleen was left with the skeleton and decomposed into the individual plates which were given to Dana Hartley to be distributed for educational use. Given to Becky Woodward of the University of Maine, Orono, Engineering Department.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - MH-03-602 - male - 11.00 m - Pelvic location - Harvard University. 36-foot (~1097 cm, ~44000 lb) male found floating 1.5 miles off Pimaquid Point, ME. The carcass was towed to Pimaquid Beach on 4 October where the entire skeleton was salvaged that day. Ear bones went to Darlene Keaton. The skeleton was donated to the MCZ, Harvard Univ.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - MH-08-100 - male - 9.00 m - Pelvic location - SUNY, Syracuse. The carcass of a 27.5-foot (~330 inches) female was found floating off Race Point, Provincetown, Barnstable County, MA (42 01.3N 070 18.7W). It briefly beached at Herring Cove, Provincetown on 18 September and was reported by a tuna spotter floating halfway between Race Point and the Gurnet (Duxbury) on 21 September. On 23 September it washed ashore at Manomet Avenue, Plymouth. Poor beach access and a storm prevented a necropsy and salvage. The carcass quickly began to come apart in the surf. On 1 October, the remaining partial skeleton was salvaged, which included the following: Skull including both sets of ear bones (but missing right maxilla and both premaxillae), 1 mandible, both flippers with 1 scapula, entire tail including all 20 caudal vertebrae, the next to last lumbar (#9) and thoracic #10, both pelvic bones, all 8 chevrons (pairs #1, 2 & 8 unfused - # 1 right & # 8 right missing), and 20 ribs. The neck of one large rib was broken and healed. Given to the Roosevelt Wild Life Collection, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, SUNY Syracuse, NY.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - MH-98-629 - male - 10.00 m - Pelvic location - UMass Amherst. about 33.5-foot (402 in), male named “Footsteps” washed ashore 1 mile north of Balston Beach parking lot, Truro, Barnstable Co., MA. First found floating about 1 mile off Marconi on 3 May and washed ashore on 5 May. Footsteps was born in 1997. Skeleton, missing both scapulas which were accidently buried on beach, both pelvic bones, sternum, 1 first rib, and 4 cervical vertebrae including the atlas & axis, salvaged on 8 May for the Univ. of MA, Amherst.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - VMSM-20011038 - female - 8.79 m - Pelvic location - Whale Research Center

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - CCSN-07-181 - female - 9.85 m - Pelvic location - Seacoast Science Center. The fresh carcass of a 32.3-foot (985 cm), 2-year-old female named “Tofu” was found floating about 4 miles off Race Point, Provincetown, Barnstable County, MA on the mourning of 24 June. It was towed to a marina in Dennis and trucked to the Bourne landfill where it was necropsied on 26 June. The carcass weighed about 10 tons. It was found to have a large bruised area from the ventral side of the head of its right humerus and upper chest, down to its upper belly, caused by a vessel strike. No bones were broken. It took 5.5 hours to conduct the necropsy and to remove the entire skeleton. The whole right rack of baleen and the anterior 2/3 of the left rack were removed and preserved in one piece, each. The posterior 1/3 of the left rack was taken by the Cape Cod Stranding Network to be used for education. The skeleton was donated to the Seacoast Science Center, Rye, NH

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - NEAQ-16-031-Mn - female - 13.70 m - Pelvic location - unknown

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - CCSN-04-224 - female - 13.40 m - Pelvic location - University of Georgia. The fresh carcass of a 44-foot (1340 cm), 6-year-old female named “Beacon” washed ashore at Newcomb Hollow Beach, Wellfleet, MA on the Cape Cod National Seashore but the Park Service would not allow vehicle access. Dave Taylor removed both pelvic bones during the necropsy on 12 December. The cause of death was unknown. The carcass washed off the beach during a storm and was found on Nauset Beach, Orleans on ??. By this time the carcass was deflated. All of the ribs, as well as the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were missing. Two of the vertebrae were found on a beach in Wellfleet. On 5 January 2005, an effort was made to salvage the skull and jaws by hand and with a truck winch in bitter, blowing sleet, but only the jaws could be salvaged. A section at the left rear of the cranium was missing. Around 8 January the carcass washed off again and was eventually found well up into Eastham Harbor where it lodged on a gravel bar and was iced in for the winter. In the spring it washed ashore up against a private pier about 200 yards east of the Orleans rotary. On 11 May the Eastham Natural Resource Officer, Henry Lend and others pulled it into deeper water and anchored it. On 14 May it was towed to a nearby boat ramp where we salvaged the slightly damaged skull, both flippers, and the caudal vertebrae. The skull measures about 11.5 feet long and 6.5 feet wide. Skeleton was given to Northeastern University.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - metatarsal - female - length unknown - Pelvic location - Victoria Museum

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - MH-07-468 - male - 9.25 m - Pelvic location - unknown

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - SY-Mn-0941 - male - 12.50 m - Pelvic location - New York State Museum. The carcass of a 41-foot adult male washed ashore on Briggs Beach, Little Compton, Newport Co., RI. It was buried in the intertidal zone, without being necropsied, on 20 June but was quickly uncovered by the surf. On 25 June, I assisted staff of the Mystic Aquarium in conducting an examination of the carcass and salvaging the skeleton. The salvage took about 6.5 hours. The entire skeleton was saved, including both pelvics and both sets of ear bones, but there was some damage to the skull caused by the excavator. About half of the baleen was saved. There was no bruising under the blubber, but the stomach was full of krill, so the whale probably drowned in fishing gear The atlas, axis, and cervical #3 are all fused together, and one transverse process of the axis is unconnected, having a ball-and-socket like attachment to the vertebra. The anterior end of one mandible is swollen and pitted from a bone infection. The skeleton was given to the New York State Museum, Albany, NY.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - IFAW-13-158-Mn - male - 8.5 m - Pelvic location - Bridgewater State University. a 27.9-foot (849 cm) male was found floating in the middle of Buzzard’s Bay and towed the next day by Michael Moore of WHOI to a beach on the southwest side of Nashon Island, Gosnold, Dukes Co., MA and tied to a rock. A simple necropsy was done, and tissue samples were positive for a Morbillivirus. On October 11th, Dave Taylor, C.T. from IFAW, Brent Powers from DFW, and I salvaged the complete skeleton in about 3.5 hours. All the bones were dragged off the beach and up a 10-foot slope to two DFW pickup trucks just off the beach. None of the bones were broken, suggesting that this whale was not struck, even though some bruising had been noted by Michael. The only bones not found were one of the two stylohyoids and the mesohyoid (3 unfused bones). One wrack of baleen was retrieved from the surf. The skeleton was given to Bridgewater State College for Dan Den Danto of Whales and Nails, Bar Harbor, ME to articulate. The estimated cost is $30,000 to $40,000.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - IFAW-10-188-Mn - male - 9.14 m - Pelvic location - Greenfield Community College. A floating 26.9-foot (820 cm) male Humpback was spotted by the noon trip of one of the Captain John whale watch boats out of Plymouth on the SW corner of Stellwagen Bank. In the afternoon of September 11, it washed up on a near-shore sandbar in Chatham and was towed to the adjacent Lighthouse Beach. The necropsy and salvage were conducted the following day and took about 4.5 hours. The entire skeleton was salvaged except for the right scapula which was accidently left in place. The cervical and first thoracic vertebrae were loose from the heat of decomposition, so the neural arches of 4 cervicals (# 3-6) were broken off, and several of the vertebral discs were shattered from the carcass rolling in the surf. Donated to Brian Adams, Greenfield Community College, Greenfield, MA (Sept. 2011).

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - MH-05604 - male - 11.00 m - Pelvic location - unknown

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - UF-25146 - male - 9.40 m - Pelvic location - unknown

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - SY-Mn-0951 - female - 8.20 m - Pelvic location - SUNY, Syracuse. The carcass of a 25 foot (8.2 m) juvenile female was found floating by a fish trap off Little Compton, Newport Co., RI. It was anchored in place until it was towed ashore at Seapowet Point, Tiverton on 25 August. The carcass had flattened out and one scapula fell out as it was being beached. The skeleton was salvaged by Michael Moore, Dave Taylor, et al. in about 2.5 hours. All the skin was missing so the whale could not be identified. The entire skeleton, including both pelvics and both sets of ear bones, was salvaged but one stylohyoid was lost, most of the phalanges were missing because of scavengers, and some damage was caused to the skull when it was pulled ashore. The skull is 7 feet 6 inches long and 4 feet 8 inches wide. The neural arch of one vertebra and several vertebral discs were broken and all the baleen was missing. The cause of death is unknown. Given to the Roosevelt Wild Life Collection, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, SUNY Syracuse, NY.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - CCSN-03-046 - female - 12.20 m - Pelvic location - Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, OK. 39.7-foot (1210 cm) adult female washed ashore on the south end of South Beach, Chatham, MA. The entire skeleton was salvaged in 6 hours on 5 April. All bones were saved, and the ears were left in place. This was an un-named whale first seen in 2002. None of the vertebral discs are fused. The baleen was cut into sections for educational use, but some sections were kept with the skeleton. The cleaned skeleton was given to the Museum of Osteology in Oklahoma City, OK where its articulated skeleton is the centerpiece of the osteology museum. In an episode of the TV series “Dirty Jobs”, the host Mike Rowe, power washed her already cleaned skull.

Description: Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) - MN-07-468 - male - 9.25 m - Pelvic location - unknown