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  • 1
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    Applying Simulated Seismic Damage Scenarios in the Volcanic Region of Mount Etna (Sicily): A Case-Study From the MW 4.9, 2018 Earthquake (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: origonal paper
    Description: An application for a quick earthquake damage scenario assessment is here presented as a potential tool for planning prevention actions or managing seismic emergencies in the volcanic region of Mt. Etna (Italy). As case-study, we considered the December 26, 2018 earthquake that, with a magnitude MW 4.9, represents the largest event occurring in the area during the last 70 years. The QUEST working group (the INGV macroseismic team) carried out a detailed survey in the damage area, collecting data on the number of buildings in the different vulnerability classes and related damage, with the aim to assign intensity. The maximum intensity reached degree VIII EMS along a narrow strip extending for 5 km astride the Fiandaca fault. In this paper, we simulated the damage scenario in the most struck municipalities of the epicentral area by testing different methodological approaches proposed in the literature using the information of the ISTAT census data collected by the Italian Institute of Statistics. We evaluated the damage level of the residential buildings and we validated the results comparing with the real damage data recognized in the field. Our analysis highlighted the difficulty of applying methods calibrated for larger earthquakes in tectonic domains, to small magnitude events in volcanic zones, where some operating assumptions must be introduced. Despite this, the results confirm the potential of the simulations based on statistical damage assessment methods also in these peculiar conditions, opening the way to finalized plans of pre- and post-earthquake interventions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 629184
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcano seismicity ; macroseismic survey ; intensity data ; seismic scenario ; building vulnerability ; damage scenario ; Mt. Etna ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    To Regulate or Not to Regulate: Assimilation of Dietary Fatty Acids in the Temperate Copepod Temora longicornis (2022)
    Frontiers Media SA
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, 9, pp. 819943-, ISSN: 2296-7745
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-10
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Consumer regulation of lipid composition during assimilation of dietary items is related to their ecology, habitat, and life cycle, and may lead to extra energetic costs associated with the conversion of dietary material into the fatty acids (FAs) necessary to meet metabolic requirements. For example, lipid-rich copepods from temperate and polar latitudes must convert assimilated dietary FAs into wax esters, an efficient type of energy storage which enables them to cope with seasonal food shortages and buoyancy requirements. Lipid-poor copepods, however, tend to not be as constrained by food availability as their lipid-rich counterparts and, thus, should have no need for modifying dietary FAs. Our objective was to test the assumption that 〈jats:italic〉Temora longicornis〈/jats:italic〉, a proxy species for lipid-poor copepods, does not regulate its lipid composition. Isotopically-enriched (〈jats:sup〉13〈/jats:sup〉C) diatoms were fed to copepods during a 5-day laboratory experiment. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of algae and copepod samples was performed in order to calculate dietary FA assimilation, turnover, and assimilation efficiency into copepod FAs. Approximately 65% of the total dietary lipid carbon (C) assimilated (913 ± 68 ng C ind〈jats:sup〉-1〈/jats:sup〉 at the end of the experiment) was recorded as polyunsaturated FAs, with 20 and 15% recorded as saturated and monounsaturated FAs, respectively. As expected, 〈jats:italic〉T. longicornis〈/jats:italic〉 assimilated dietary FAs in an unregulated, non-homeostatic manner, as evidenced by the changes in its FA profile, which became more similar to that of their diet. Copepods assimilated 11% of the total dietary C (or 40% of the dietary lipid C) ingested in the first two days of the experiment. In addition, 34% of their somatic growth (in C) after two days was due to the assimilation of dietary C in FAs. Global warming may lead to increased proportions of smaller copepods in the oceans, and to a lower availability of algae-produced essential FAs. In order for changes in the energy transfer in marine food webs to be better understood, it is important that future investigations assess a broader range of diets as well as lipid-poor zooplankton from oceanographic areas throughout the world’s oceans.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    Aggregate feeding by the copepods Calanus and Pseudocalanus controls carbon flux attenuation in the Arctic shelf sea during the productive period (2020)
    Frontiers Media SA
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Sciences, Frontiers Media SA, 7, pp. 543124
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-15
    Description: Up to 95% of the oceanic primary production is recycled within the upper few hundred meters of the water column. Marine snow and zooplankton fecal pellets in the upper water column are often recycled at rates exceeding those measured for microbial degradation, suggesting that zooplankton might be important for flux attenuation of particulate organic carbon in the upper ocean. However, direct evidence for interactions between zooplankton and settling aggregates are still rare. We investigated the importance of zooplankton aggregate feeding for carbon flux attenuation in the upper ocean by determining aggregate ingestion rates and feeding behavior on settling aggregates by the dominant Arctic filter-feeding copepods Calanus spp. and Pseudocalanus spp. Both genera were observed to detect and feed on settling aggregates. Using in situ zooplankton and aggregate abundances in combination with the measured aggregate feeding rates, we calculated that 60–67% of the total carbon flux attenuation at three Arctic locations could be explained by Calanus spp. and Pseudocalanus spp. aggregate feeding alone. When including microbial degradation of the settling aggregates, we could explain up to 77% of the total carbon flux attenuation. Our results suggest that by directly ingesting and fragmenting settling marine snow, mesozooplankton are key organisms for flux attenuation in Arctic waters.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 4
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    Zooplankton and Nekton: Gatekeepers of the biological pump (2020)
    Frontiers Media SA
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, 7(545)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-15
    Description: Zooplankton and nekton organisms create and destroy particles in manifold ways. They feed on the diverse components of the plankton community and on detrital matter. They disaggregate these components, but also repackage them into fecal pellets. Zooplankton and nekton thereby contributes to the attenuation, but also to the export of vertically settling particles. Many zooplankton and nekton organisms also ascend to the surface layer of the ocean at dusk to feed during the dark hours, and return to midwater at the break of dawn. This diurnal vertical migration (DVM) shuttles organic matter from the surface ocean to deeper layers, where it is metabolized and excreted. This active flux (as opposed to the passive flux of sinking particles) can contribute substantially to the biological pump, the downward export of carbon and nutrients into the oceans interior. Due to their multiple roles in oceanic particle dynamics, zooplankton and nekton organisms can actually be considered the gatekeepers of the biological pump.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Activity of Ancillary Heterotrophic Community Members in Anaerobic Methane-Oxidizing Cultures (2022)
    Frontiers Media SA
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in microbiology, Frontiers Media SA, 13
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-11
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Transcriptomic Responses to Darkness and the Survival Strategy of the Kelp Saccharina latissima in the Early Polar Night (2020)
    Frontiers Media SA
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, 7, pp. 592033-, ISSN: 2296-7745
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-03
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Kelps in the Arctic region are facing challenging natural conditions. They experience over 120 days of darkness during the polar night surviving on storage compounds without conducting photosynthesis. Furthermore, the Arctic is experiencing continuous warming as a consequence of climate change. Such temperature increase may enhance the metabolic activity of kelps, using up storage compounds faster. As the survival strategy of kelps during darkness in the warming Arctic is poorly understood, we studied the physiological and transcriptomic responses of 〈jats:italic〉Saccharina latissima〈/jats:italic〉, one of the most common kelp species in the Arctic, after a 2-week dark exposure at two temperatures (0 and 4°C) versus the same temperatures under low light conditions. Growth rates were decreased in darkness but remained stable at two temperatures. Pigments had higher values in darkness and at 4°C. Darkness had a greater impact on the transcriptomic performance of 〈jats:italic〉S. latissima〈/jats:italic〉 than increased temperature according to the high numbers of differentially expressed genes between dark and light treatments. Darkness generally repressed the expression of genes coding for glycolysis and metabolite biosynthesis, as well as some energy-demanding processes, such as synthesis of photosynthetic components and transporters. Moreover, increased temperature enhanced these repressions, while the expression of some genes encoding components of the lipid and laminaran catabolism, glyoxylate cycle and signaling were enhanced in darkness. Our study helps to understand the survival strategy of kelp in the early polar night and its potential resilience to the warming Arctic.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Modern Pollen Assemblages From Lake Sediments and Soil in East Siberia and Relative Pollen Productivity Estimates for Major Taxa (2022)
    Frontiers Media SA
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media SA, 10, pp. 837857-, ISSN: 2296-701X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-02
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Modern pollen–vegetation–climate relationships underpin palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate reconstructions from fossil pollen records. East Siberia is an ideal area for investigating the relationships between modern pollen assemblages and near natural vegetation under cold continental climate conditions. Reliable pollen-based quantitative vegetation and climate reconstructions are still scarce due to the limited number of modern pollen datasets. Furthermore, differences in pollen representation of samples from lake sediments and soils are not well understood. Here, we present a new pollen dataset of 48 moss/soil and 24 lake surface-sediment samples collected in Chukotka and central Yakutia in East Siberia. The pollen–vegetation–climate relationships were investigated by ordination analyses. Generally, tundra and taiga vegetation types can be well distinguished in the surface pollen assemblages. Moss/soil and lake samples contain generally similar pollen assemblages as revealed by a Procrustes comparison with some exceptions. Overall, modern pollen assemblages reflect the temperature and precipitation gradients in the study areas as revealed by constrained ordination analysis. We estimate the relative pollen productivity (RPP) of major taxa and the relevant source area of pollen (RSAP) for moss/soil samples from Chukotka and central Yakutia using Extended 〈jats:italic〉R〈/jats:italic〉-Value (ERV) analysis. The RSAP of the tundra-forest transition area in Chukotka and taiga area in central Yakutia are ca. 1300 and 360 m, respectively. For Chukotka, RPPs relative to both Poaceae and Ericaceae were estimated while RPPs for central Yakutia were relative only to Ericaceae. Relative to Ericaceae (reference taxon, RPP = 1), 〈jats:italic〉Larix〈/jats:italic〉, 〈jats:italic〉Betula〈/jats:italic〉, 〈jats:italic〉Picea〈/jats:italic〉, and 〈jats:italic〉Pinus〈/jats:italic〉 are overrepresented while 〈jats:italic〉Alnus〈/jats:italic〉, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and 〈jats:italic〉Salix〈/jats:italic〉 are underrepresented in the pollen spectra. Our estimates are in general agreement with previously published values and provide the basis for reliable quantitative reconstructions of East Siberian vegetation.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    Acoustic presence and vocal repertoire of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in eastern and central Fram Strait (2022)
    Frontiers Media SA
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Remote Sensing, Frontiers Media SA, 3, pp. 907105-, ISSN: 2673-6187
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-08
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Bowhead whales (〈jats:italic〉Balaena mysticetus〈/jats:italic〉) of the East Greenland-Svalbard-Barents Sea (Spitsbergen) population are still considered endangered, but knowledge on spatio-temporal distribution patterns and behavioral aspects remains scarce, yet crucial for this population’s conservation. Long-term passive acoustic recordings were collected at five locations in central and eastern Fram Strait (78-79°N, 0-7°E) as part of the Ocean Observing System FRAM (Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring). Data recorded in 2012 and 2016/2017 were analyzed for the acoustic occurrence of bowhead whales at hourly resolution using a combination of automated and manual analyses. Bowhead whales were acoustically present from autumn throughout the winter months (October-February) and occasionally in spring (March-June), supporting hypotheses that Fram Strait is an important overwintering area. Acoustic presence peaked between mid-November and mid-December with bowhead whale calls recorded almost daily, often hourly for several consecutive days. The observed peak in acoustic presence coincided with the presumed mating period of bowhead whales, starting in late winter, indicating that Fram Strait may also serve as a mating area. Detailed analyses of recordings of a single year and location revealed eight distinct bowhead whale song types, comprising simple songs and call sequences. No bowhead whales were recorded in summer (July-September), indicating that they had migrated to summering areas or resided outside the detection range. Compared to previous studies in western Fram Strait, bowhead whale detections in our recordings were less frequent and recorded songs were less complex. The observed regional differences in bowhead whale acoustic behavior across Fram Strait suggest that eastern Fram Strait may represent a less favorable part of the bowhead whale overwintering area.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 9
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    From Structure to Function in Neuronal Networks: Effects of Adaptation, Time-Delays, and Noise (2022)
    Frontiers Media SA
    In:  Frontiers Research Topics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-14
    Description: It is a fundamental challenge to understand how brain function is related to its functional and structural organization, i.e., what shapes the neuronal activity patterns observed across scales that define cognitive and behavioral processes, as well as their breakdown in mental health disorders. The dynamics of neuronal networks strongly depends on intrinsic properties of the neuro-anatomical connectome and the functional relationships among neurons, and this goes beyond the connectivity matrix. In particular, the adaptation of the strengths of the synaptic connections through synaptic plasticity, the evolution of the functional connectivity in time, the inevitable time-delays resulting from both neurophysiological time constants and finite propagation velocity, noise, and inherent inhomogeneities play key roles in the emergent behavior of neuronal systems across spatial and temporal scales. A detailed characterization of these effects on the collective dynamics of neuronal networks may thus provide the means for studying the link between functional and structural connectivity and brain function. This Research Topic focuses on the structure-function relationship in neuronal networks at different temporal and spatial scales. The latter can range from fast-spiking and bursting dynamics of individual neurons, mean collective activity of neuronal populations to slow and ultra-slow fluctuations of neuronal and metabolic activity at the whole-brain scale. Special attention will be paid to the modeling of the neuronal plasticity (or adaptivity), impacts of time delays in coupling and intrinsic activity, and effects of noise or stochastic perturbations on individual and collective neuronal dynamics. The goal of this Research Topic is to collect a wide spectrum of theoretical, computational, and experimental articles, which introduce recent advances in the modeling and analysis of the interplay between the parameters that define the network structure and the repertoire of dynamical regimes of neuronal networks. The close comparison of theoretical/simulation results to empirical brain recordings may contribute to elucidate the observed phenomena from the perspective of complex networks and nonlinear dynamics. Such a collection might contribute to a better understanding of how the brain connectome structure can shape the neuronal activity in space and time, ultimately leading to cognition and behavior.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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