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  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (400)
  • Frontiers Media S.A.  (65)
  • Springer Nature
  • 2020-2023  (501)
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  • 1
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 - male - 2.93 m - Pelvic location - Cape Cod Stranding Network
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 - female - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 - male 2.75 m - Pelvic location - UMASS Amherst
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 - male - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
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  • 5
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    Between Necessity and Legal Responsibility: The Development of EEWS in Italy and its International Framework (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of the population exposed to the earthquake shaking of surviving or being less affected. The ability of an EEWS to affect the risk and, in particular, vulnerability and exposure, may determine serious legal responsibilities for people involved in the system, as scientists and experts. The main question concerns, in fact, the relationship between EEWSs and the predictability and avoidability of earthquake effects-i.e., the ground shaking affecting citizens and infrastructures - and the possibility for people to adopt self-protective behavior and/or for industrial infrastructures to be secured. In Italy, natural disasters, such as the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, teach us that the relationship between science and law is really difficult. So, before EEW’s become operational in Italy, it is necessary to: 1) examine the legislative and technical solutions adopted by some of the international legal systems in countries where this service is offered to citizens; 2) reconstruct the international and European regulatory framework that promotes the introduction of EW systems as life-saving tools for the protection of the right to life and understand whether and how these regulatory texts can impose an obligation on the Italian legal system to develop EEWS; 3) understand what responsibilities could be ascribed to the scientists and technicians responsible for managing EEWS in Italy, analyzing the different impact of vulnerability and exposure on the predictability and avoidability of the harmful event; 4) reflect on the lessons that our legal system will have to learn from other Countries when implementing EEW systems. In order to find appropriate solutions, it is essential to reflect on the opportunity to provide shared and well-structured protocols and creating detailed disclaimers clearly defining the limits of the service. A central role must be recognized to education, because people should not only expect to receive a correct alarm but must be able to understand the uncertainties involved in rapid estimates, be prepared to face the risk, and react in the right way.
    Description: This work has been carried out within the Project ART-IT (Allerta Rapida Terremoti in Italia), funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (Progetto Premiale 2015, DM. 850/2017).
    Description: Published
    Description: 685153
    Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake, early warning, criminal liability, negligence, risk ; Early warning, criminal law, human rights
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Rare Earth Elements Variations in a Hyperacid Crater Lake and Their Relations With Changes in Phreatic Activity, Physico-Chemical Parameters, and Chemical Composition: The Case of Poás Volcano (Costa Rica) (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Decades of geochemical monitoring at active crater lakes worldwide have confirmed that variations in major elements and physico-chemical parameters are useful to detect changes in volcanic activity. However, it is still arduous to identify precursors of single phreatic eruptions. During the unrest phase of 2009–2016, at least 679 phreatic eruptions occurred at the hyperacid and hypersaline crater lake Laguna Caliente of Poás volcano (Costa Rica). In this study, we investigate the temporal variations of Rare Earth Elements (REE) dissolved in Laguna Caliente in order to 1) scrutinize if they can be used as a new geochemical tool to monitor changes of phreatic activity at hyperacid crater lakes and 2) identify the geochemical processes responsible for the variations of REE concentrations in the lake. The total concentration of REE varies from 950 to 2,773 μg kg−1. (La/Pr)N-local rock ratios range from 0.93 to 1.35, and Light REE over Heavy REE (LREE/HREE)N-local rock ratios vary from 0.71 to 0.95. These same parameters vary in relation to significant changes in phreatic activity; in particular, the (La/Pr)N-local rock ratio increases as phreatic activity increases, while that of (LREE/HREE)N-local rock decreases when phreatic activity increases. REE concentrations and their ratios were compared with the variations of major elements and physico-chemical parameters of the lake. Calcium versus (La/Pr)N-local rock and versus (LREE/HREE)N-local rock ratios show different trends compared to the other major elements (Na, K, Mg, Al, Fe, SO4, and Cl). Moreover, a higher loss of Ca (up to 2,835 ppm) in lake water was found with respect to the loss of Al, K, and Na. This loss of Ca is argued to be due to gypsum precipitation, a process corroborated by the mass balance calculation simulating the precipitation of gypsum and the contemporaneous removal of REE from the lake water. The observed relations between REE, changes in phreatic activity, and the parameters commonly used for the monitoring of hyperacid volcanic lakes encourage investigating more on the temporal and cause-effect relationship between REE dynamics and changes in phreatic activity at crater lake-bearing volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 716970
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Rare Earth Elements ; Poas Volcano ; phreatic eruptions ; geochemical monitoring ; hyperacid volcanic lakes ; Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    The Submarine Boundaries of Mount Etna’s Unstable Southeastern Flank (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Coastal and ocean island volcanoes are renowned for having unstable flanks. This can lead to flank deformation on a variety of temporal and spatial scales ranging from slow creep to catastrophic sector collapse. A large section of these unstable flanks is often below sea level, where information on the volcano-tectonic structure and ground deformation is limited. Consequently, kinematic models that attempt to explain measured ground deformation onshore associated with flank instability are poorly constrained in the offshore area. Here, we attempt to determine the locations and the morpho-tectonic structures of the boundaries of the submerged unstable southeastern flank of Mount Etna (Italy). The integration of new marine data (bathymetry, microbathymetry, offshore seismicity, reflection seismic lines) and published marine data (bathymetry, seafloor geodesy, reflection seismic lines) allows identifying the lineament north of Catania Canyon as the southern lateral boundary with a high level of confidence. The northern and the distal (seaward) boundaries are less clear because no microbathymetric or seafloor geodetic data are available. Hypotheses for their locations are presented. Geophysical imaging suggests that the offshore Timpe Fault System is a shallow second-order structure that likely results from extensional deformation within the moving flank. Evidence for active uplift and compression upslope of the amphitheater-shaped depression from seismic data along with subsidence of the onshore Giarre Wedge block observed in ground deformation data leads us to propose that this block is a rotational slump, which moves on top of the large-scale instability. The new shoreline-crossing structural assessment may now inform and improve kinematic models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 810790
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seafloor ; fault ; flank dynamics ; hydroacoustic ; geodesy ; seismic profiles ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 05.02. Data dissemination
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Looking Into the Entanglement Between Karst Landforms and Fault Activity in Carbonate Ridges: The Fibreno Fault System (Central Italy) (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-02
    Description: The entanglement between active tectonics and karst systems is well-known in the literature. Karst systems are sound recorders of continental deformation in terms of brittle structures and seismic features and have been successfully used as markers for reconstructing tectonic stresses and assessing preferential directions of increased permeability in oil and gas fields. Karst systems could also be exploited to evaluate the past activity of faults bounding karst hydrostructures, thus providing useful data for the assessment of the seismic hazard of a specific area. In this work, we look into the complex relationship among karst development, recent tectonics and groundwater flow, which appear to be strongly interconnected with each other, to assess the activity of faults bounding karst hydrostructures. We focused our attention on an active karst area located in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic carbonate reliefs of the Italian central Apennines. In this context, the morphological and morphometric features of the karst landforms (dolines, dry valleys, and cave entrances), identified with geomorphological surveys, and their mutual relationship with fractures and fault segments, identified employing geostructural analysis, document stasis and deepening events in karst evolution. Such events are related to changes in the groundwater table and the consequent variation of the paleokarst base level associated with the Quaternary fault activity. A comprehensive evaluation of the evolution of karst systems at local and regional scales, considering the hydrogeological influence on base levels, allows us to use karst landforms as a proxy to unravel fault activity and evolution in Italy and in other similar karst environments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 891319
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Constraining the Moho Depth Below Bhutan With Global-Phase Seismic Interferometry (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-21
    Description: We use a novel technique named global-phase seismic interferometry (GloPSI) to image the lithospheric structure, and in particular the Moho, below two parallel north-south transects belonging to the GANSSER network (2013–2014). The profiles cross the Himalayan orogenic wedge in Bhutan, a tectonically important area within the largest continent-continent collision zone on Earth that is still undergoing crustal thickening and represents a challenging imaging target for the GloPSI approach. GloPSI makes use of direct waves from distant earthquakes and receiver-side reverberations with near vertical incidence. Reflections are isolated from earthquake recordings by solving a correlation integral and are turned into a reflectivity image of the lithosphere below the arrays. Our results compare favorably with first-order features observed from a previous receiver function (RF) study. We show that a combined interpretation of GloPSI and RF results allows for a more in-depth understanding of the lithospheric structure across the orogenic wedge in Bhutan.
    Description: Published
    Description: 658146
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    SANTORY: SANTORini’s Seafloor Volcanic ObservatorY (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-28
    Description: Submarine hydrothermal systems along active volcanic ridges and arcs are highly dynamic, responding to both oceanographic (e.g., currents, tides) and deep-seated geological forcing (e.g., magma eruption, seismicity, hydrothermalism, and crustal deformation, etc.). In particular, volcanic and hydrothermal activity may also pose profoundly negative societal impacts (tsunamis, the release of climate-relevant gases and toxic metal(loid)s). These risks are particularly significant in shallow (〈1000m) coastal environments, as demonstrated by the January 2022 submarine paroxysmal eruption by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano that destroyed part of the island, and the October 2011 submarine eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands) that caused vigorous upwelling, floating lava bombs, and natural seawater acidification. Volcanic hazards may be posed by the Kolumbo submarine volcano, which is part of the subduction-related Hellenic Volcanic Arc at the intersection between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates. There, the Kolumbo submarine volcano, 7 km NE of Santorini and part of Santorini’s volcanic complex, hosts an active hydrothermal vent field (HVF) on its crater floor (~500m b.s.l.), which degasses boiling CO2–dominated fluids at high temperatures (~265°C) with a clear mantle signature. Kolumbo’s HVF hosts actively forming seafloor massive sulfide deposits with high contents of potentially toxic, volatile metal(loid)s (As, Sb, Pb, Ag, Hg, and Tl). The proximity to highly populated/tourist areas at Santorini poses significant risks. However, we have limited knowledge of the potential impacts of this type of magmatic and hydrothermal activity, including those from magmatic gases and seismicity. To better evaluate such risks the activity of the submarine system must be continuously monitored with multidisciplinary and high resolution instrumentation as part of an in-situ observatory supported by discrete sampling and measurements. This paper is a design study that describes a new long-term seafloor observatory that will be installed within the Kolumbo volcano, including cutting-edge and innovative marine-technology that integrates hyperspectral imaging, temperature sensors, a radiation spectrometer, fluid/gas samplers, and pressure gauges. These instruments will be integrated into a hazard monitoring platform aimed at identifying the precursors of potentially disastrous explosive volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides of the hydrothermally weakened volcanic edifice and the release of potentially toxic elements into the water column.
    Description: Published
    Description: 796376
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 November 1960 - 30 April 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Digital computing techniques have been used in special computing applications in underwater acoustics at WHOI for many years, but recently we have commenced intensive application of digital data handling and computing facilities to a variety of computing, data storage, and data handling problems. Progress in these applications is described under Acoustic Instrumentation below. Some bathymetric studies carried out recently under another contract have shown that even very narrow-beam, single-beam echo sounders simply cannot provide reliable depth sounding information where the topography is complex. In this work we have been experimenting with the inverted echo sounder, discussed below, originally developed to measure depth of the sound velocimeter. The inverted echo sounder is lowered to a position within a few feet of the bottom. The total acoustic travel time from surface to bottom may be read as the sum of the travel times from the instrument to the bottom and surface . True depth is then computed in the usual way with appropriate s cnmd velocity data. In its present form the inverted echo sounder is suitable for mapping ~mall areas~ a few square miles, provided there is a suitable means of positioning the instrument. We have experimented with radio-acoustic navigation, and intend to experiment with vertical triangulation from the suspending ship as well. Steady demands for new, modified, and improved instrumentation have been responded to in echo sounding, seismic profiling, and spectrum analysis, as detailed below.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 12
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    Some current measurements in the Sargasso Sea (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: Deep-Sea Research 12 (1965): 805-814
    Description: Long-term current measurements at depths of 50 and 100m obtained with Richardson current meters at two deep-water moorings south of Bermuda are reported. The records are dominated by anticyclonic rotations which appear and degenerate, possibly in response to the passage of storms. Spectral analysis of the records indicates that this motion has a period of 24 hours at a depth of 50 m, and 25·3 hours at a depth of 100m. No explanation is given to account for this difference in period over a 50-m separation. Both records indicate the existence of semidiurnal tidal motion. The long-term motions at both depths indicate a systematic change in the net direction of flow over a three-month period.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-2196(00) NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Ocean currents--Measurement ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Sargasso Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 13
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-14 2017 mooring turnaround cruise report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS), located approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring instrumented for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the thirteenth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-13) and deployment of the fourteenth mooring (WHOTS-14). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos and Iridium satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with Dr. Roger Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system and ancillary sensors were installed on the buoys in cooperation with Adrienne J. Sutton at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was conducted on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai (R/V HA). Operations were a joint effort undertaken by the Upper Ocean Processes group (UOP) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the University of Hawaii’s (UH) Hawaii Ocean Time-series group (HOT), and the able-bodied crew of R/V HA. The cruise took place between 25 July and August 3 2017. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-14 mooring on 27 July. This was followed by a period of intercomparison, where meteorological measurements and CTDs were collected at both the W13 and W14 stations. Recovery of the WHOTS-13 mooring took place on 31 July. This report details the in-port operations, pre-cruise buoy preparations, cruise operations and data collected.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hydrography--North Pacific Ocean--Observations ; Oceanographic instruments--North Pacific Ocean--Observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 14
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    Alvin instrumentation (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: 1967 NEREM record : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 9 (1967): 196-197
    Description: THIS PAPER DESCRIBES the equipments used to establish the relative position of ALVIN from her mother ship, the R/V LULU. Operating procedures used at sea are also discussed. A recent review within the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle Program at WHOI established a set of conclusions and guidelines, for internal use, governing the ALVIN locating equipments and procedures.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr- 3484(00).
    Keywords: Underwater navigation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 15
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    POWER-US Workshop Final Report on Offshore Wind Energy and Passive Acoustic Monitoring: Establishing Standards for Operational Real-time Systems (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Workshop held November 21, 2019, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
    Description: Real-time autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring systems (real-time PAMS) have the ability to detect marine mammal species, including the North Atlantic Right Whale, and provide notification of their presence. This workshop, held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) on November 21st, 2019, sought to develop an initial framework for creating equipment and performance standards that could be used to benchmark all real-time PAMS as well as data standards that ensure system interoperability. Forty attendees were present, spanning industry, regulatory, scientific, and conservation stakeholder groups. Through presentations and breakout sessions, the group identified and discussed the potential abilities of real-time PAMS to improve situational awareness during wind energy development activities, the types of implementations that are possible in the coming years, and the roadblocks preventing near-term, widespread use of this technology as a risk mitigation solution. Participants agreed that real-time autonomous PAMS hold tremendous promise for reducing the potential risk associated with development activities while at the same time allowing more flexibility to developers. Successful implementation of real-time PAMS for offshore wind energy use was seen as possible now based on existing technology. Workshop attendees identified a number next steps that would further the effectiveness of real-time PAMS within the offshore wind energy industry. However, the lack of a regulatory process for defining the sensing requirements for a particular implementation, as well as the dynamic operational framework within which real-time PAMS would be used were seen as the biggest challenges to effective near-term use.
    Description: Workshop Sponsors: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and POWER-US
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 16
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    Preliminary report CHAIN #11 : 22 February - 22 March 1960 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The second half of CHAIN Cruise #11, 22 February until 22 March, 1960, is detailed as to type of measurements made with their specific locations. The cruise areas were in the St. Croix region, the Puerto' Rico Trench and the tracks from the Bahamas to Bermuda to Woods Hole. Camera lowerings, lowerings of the thermal probe and accompanying cores, dredging, sound velocimeter lowerings, and acoustic studies of the scattering layer were the special events undertaken while precision bathymetry and towing of the Continuous Temperature Recording Chain were on a watch standing basis.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr- 1367(00) (NR- 261-10 2)
    Keywords: Underwater photography ; Submarine topography ; Marine sediments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 17
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    On the estimation of the directional spectrum of ocean waves from time series observations of surface elevations (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A mathematical model, consistent with certain physical features of ocean waves may be constructed by superposition of long crested sinusoidal gravity waves. Such a model, as proposed by Pierson (1955) and Longuet-Higgins (1957), depends upon the random superposition of the component waves, so that the interpretation of ocean wave measurements must be regarded as a statistical problem. Barber (1958) has suggested that measurement of sea surface elevation as a function of time at several points along a line array may be used to deduce the distribution of energy with regard to frequency and direction of the component gravity waves. In fact, by preserving the time relationship among the signals from several detectors in a line array , the array need not be physically rotated to examine component gravity waves coming from various directions. After developing the physical basis and mathematical notation for a stochastic model of ocean waves the limitations and potential errors in the measurement and calculation of directional spectra from finite and discrete data are discussed. Finally, some directional spectra calculated from measurements of wind generated waves in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts are presented without attempting interpretation.
    Description: This research was supported in part by the Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program, S-R009 01 01, administered by the David Taylor Model Basin and the Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083- 501 and Nonr 2734(00) NR 083-143.
    Keywords: Ocean waves--Mathematical models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 18
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May 1966 - 31 October 1966 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This i s a status report for the period 1 May 1966 to 31 October 1966 for Contract Nonr - 4029 with the Office of Naval Research. Subjects of this contract are in Oceanic Acoustics, Physical Oceanography, Sea Floor Properties and Advisory Activities. Preliminary results of a cruise by CHAIN to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea during the summer of 1966 are given. Sound-velocity and temperature structure south of Bermuda as observed from ATLANTIS II (June, July 1966) are described. Continuing analysis of acoustical and geophysical data is discussed. Papers, reports, and technical memoranda written during this period are listed.
    Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch., Office of Naval Research., under Contract.Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101.
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 19
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of the research program under contracts Nonr-4029 (1 May - 31 October 1963), and Nonr-3243 (1 May - 31 October 1963} . Both contracts are with the Office of Naval Research, Code 466. Contract Nonr-4029 is a continuation of Contract Nonr-1367. Under Contract Nonr-4029, ATLANTIS· II and CHAIN, in May and August, were employed in searching for the sunken submarine THRESHER by various means. Under the same contract, activities were devoted also to the development of systems or components of systems for search and for navigational control required in such operations. One system of submerged navigation was employed for locating suspended instruments by acoustic ranging from the ship. A second navigation system was also tested which depends on acoustic ranging either from the ship or from the suspended instrument to a hydrophone buoyed near the bottom. This hydrophone is connected to a radio link in a surface buoy. This system will be useful not only for navigation but also for bottom reflection studies. A program has been started to print and mount all photos taken by WHOI on the THRESHER search; it will be coordinated with other similar efforts in the continuing investigation of the disaster. Under Contracts Nonr-4029 and Nonr-3243 considerable progress has been made in other research, which is described in this report .
    Description: Submitted to Under sea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under· Contracts Nonr- 4029(00)NR261-10 2 and Nonr- 3243(00) NR261-136
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Final Report on Gravity Program (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The report presented is the final one under Air Force Cambridge Research Center Contract 19(604)·2157 with the Woods Role Oceanographic Institution. The report covers a program of pendulum and gravimeter measurements conducted over the period 1950·1959. The original objective of the program was to establish a series of reliable gravity control measurements through the use of pendulums over a sufficient range of gravity to permit the calibration of geodetic gravimeters with an accuracy of one part in 5000 over a range of 5000 mgals and thus assure a potential accuracy of 1 mgal or better with such gravimeters on any global series of measurements. With time this objective was modified to include the establishment of pendulum gravity measurements outside of North America as there appeared to be no unanimity of international opinion regarding a gravity standard. A second objective of the program was to expand the gravity coverage and standardize existing gravity surveys within the United States so that reliable gravity anomaly maps could be prepared. A third objective was to strengthen and expand the world network of airport gravity bases established earlier under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research so that data in all parts of the world could be integrated onto the same datum and gravity standard. The report is subdivided on the basis of these objectives into three principal parts plus an introductory chapter giving the history o~ the program, and a final chapter presenting recommendations as to further work deemed desirable. Dr. J. C. Rose, who has been in charge of the pendulum program since its inception, prepared the second portion of the report, which deals with the pendulum measurements, and the writer prepared the remainder.
    Description: Work carried out under Contract AF19 (604)2157 with the Geophysics Research Directorate Air Force Cambridge Research Center Air Research and Development Command.
    Keywords: Gravity--Measurement
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 January - 31 March 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of activities supported under Contract NObsr-72521 for the period 1 January through 31 March 1961. It also contains mention of other reports, papers, and undertakings of the submarine geophysics group (listed under "Personnel") which are believed to be of interest to the Bureau of Ships. During this period no cruises have been supported directly under this contract. Eight members of the group under the leadership of Dr. Voorhis have participated in a cruise of CHAIN to the Romanche Trench. Their principal objective was to determine the sill depth which controls the exchange of deep, cold water ,between the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic Ocean. This sill was previously identified from hydrographic evidence to lie somewhat east of the Romanche Trench. A second objective was to continue the observations of temperature structure near the sea's surface with the thermistor chain. Another group, under Mr. Baxter's leadership, continued a sound transmission study in the Bermuda area in support of Project ARTEMIS. A third group, under Dr. Hays's direction, commenced a finely detailed bathymetric survey of an area of special interest to Project ARTEMIS. In all three of these studies we are making use of one or more experimental techniques in the use of sonobuoys, underwater acoustic navigation for submerged instruments, and sound coherence studies which are planned for use eventually in sound transmission and bottom reflection research under this contract.
    Description: Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 22
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    Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ferrer-González, F. X., Widner, B., Holderman, N. R., Glushka, J., Edison, A. S., Kujawinski, E. B., & Moran, M. A. Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00811-y.
    Description: The communities of bacteria that assemble around marine microphytoplankton are predictably dominated by Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, and families within the Gammaproteobacteria. Yet whether this consistent ecological pattern reflects the result of resource-based niche partitioning or resource competition requires better knowledge of the metabolites linking microbial autotrophs and heterotrophs in the surface ocean. We characterized molecules targeted for uptake by three heterotrophic bacteria individually co-cultured with a marine diatom using two strategies that vetted the exometabolite pool for biological relevance by means of bacterial activity assays: expression of diagnostic genes and net drawdown of exometabolites, the latter detected with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using novel sample preparation approaches. Of the more than 36 organic molecules with evidence of bacterial uptake, 53% contained nitrogen (including nucleosides and amino acids), 11% were organic sulfur compounds (including dihydroxypropanesulfonate and dimethysulfoniopropionate), and 28% were components of polysaccharides (including chrysolaminarin, chitin, and alginate). Overlap in phytoplankton-derived metabolite use by bacteria in the absence of competition was low, and only guanosine, proline, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were predicted to be used by all three. Exometabolite uptake pattern points to a key role for ecological resource partitioning in the assembly marine bacterial communities transforming recent photosynthate.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (5503) and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1656311) to MAM, ASE, and EBK, and by the Simons Foundation grant 542391 to MAM within the Principles of Microbial Ecosystems (PriME) Collaborative.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Initial cruise report : Chain 115, leg 6 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 began in Rio de Janeiro on 22 April 1974, and terminated in Recife on 18 May 1974. A multi-disciplinary scientific program was carried out within the Vema Channel and on the northern flanks of the Rio Grande Rise (see Figure 1). Personnel and scientific programs representing several institutions (W.H.O.I., Scripps, Lamont-Doherty) were included in the project; Brazilian observers representing PETROBRAS and the National Research Council also participated in the program.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant GA-41186. Financial support for shipboard operations and most of the scientific programs during Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 was provided under National Science Foundation grant GA-41185. Seismic profiling and bathymetry were supported under O.N.R. Contract N00014-66-C-0241. Bottom current measurements received support under N.S.F. Grant No. GA-41285 to W. Patzert and to J.L. Reid (Scripps). Support for the Lamont-Doherty nephelometer program was provided under O.N.R. Contract N00014-67-A-0108-0004 and N.S.F. Grant GA-27281. Supplementary equipment items required for the transponder navigation system were provided by the Woods Hole Ocean Industry Program.
    Keywords: Ocean bottom ; Ocean currents ; Rio Grande
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 24
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    Exploring Employee Perceptions towards Smart Working during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Comparative Analysis of Two Italian Public Research Organizations (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Of all the socio-economic changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the disruption to workforce organizations will probably leave the largest indelible mark. The way work will be organized in the future will be closely linked to the experience of work-ing under the same institution’s response to the pandemic. This paper aims to fill the gap in knowledge about smart working (SW) in public organizations, with a focus on the experience of the employees of two Italian research organizations, CNR and INGV. Analysing primary data, it explored and assessed how SW had been experi-enced following the implementation of governmental measures aimed at limiting the spread of COVID-19
    Description: Published
    Description: 815–833
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Combining audio and visual displays to highlight temporal and spatial seismic patterns (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Data visualization, and to a lesser extent data sonification, are classic tools to the scientific community. However, these two approaches are very rarely combined, although they are highly complementary: our visual system is good at recognizing spatial patterns, whereas our auditory system is better tuned for temporal patterns. In this article, data representation methods are proposed that combine visualization, sonification, and spatial audio techniques, in order to optimize the user’s perception of spatial and temporal patterns in a single display, to increase the feeling of immersion, and to take advantage of multimodal integration mechanisms. Three seismic data sets are used to illustrate the methods, covering different physical phenomena, time scales, spatial distributions, and spatio-temporal dynamics. The methods are adapted to the specificities of each data set, and to the amount of information that the designer wants to display. This leads to further developments, namely the use of audification with two time scales, the switch from pure audification to time-modulated noise, and the switch from pure audification to sonic icons. First user feedback from live demonstrations indicates that the methods presented in this article seem to enhance the perception of spatio-temporal patterns, which is a key parameter to the understanding of seismically active systems, and a step towards apprehending the processes that drive this activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 125–142
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Pre-Earthquake Ionospheric Perturbation Identification Using CSES Data via Transfer Learning (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: During the lithospheric buildup to an earthquake, complex physical changes occur within the earthquake hypocenter. Data pertaining to the changes in the ionosphere may be obtained by satellites, and the analysis of data anomalies can help identify earthquake precursors. In this paper, we present a deep-learning model, SeqNetQuake, that uses data from the first China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) to identify ionospheric perturbations prior to earthquakes. SeqNetQuake achieves the best performance [F-measure (F1) = 0.6792 and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) = 0.427] when directly trained on the CSES dataset with a spatial window centered on the earthquake epicenter with the Dobrovolsky radius and an input sequence length of 20 consecutive observations during night time. We further explore a transferring learning approach, which initially trains the model with the larger Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from the Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) dataset, and then tunes the model with the CSES dataset. The transfer-learning performance is substantially higher than that of direct learning, yielding a 12% improvement in the F1 score and a 29% improvement in the MCC value. Moreover, we compare the proposed model SeqNetQuake with other five benchmarking classifiers on an independent test set, which shows that SeqNetQuake demonstrates a 64.2% improvement in MCC and approximately a 24.5% improvement in the F1 score over the second-best convolutional neural network model. SeqNetSquake achieves significant improvement in identifying pre-earthquake ionospheric perturbation and improves the performance of earthquake prediction using the CSES data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 779255
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The EMSO Generic Instrument Module (EGIM): Standardized and Interoperable Instrumentation for Ocean Observation (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The oceans are a fundamental source for climate balance, sustainability of resources and life on Earth, therefore society has a strong and pressing interest in maintaining and, where possible, restoring the health of the marine ecosystems. Effective, integrated ocean observation is key to suggesting actions to reduce anthropogenic impact from coastal to deep-sea environments and address the main challenges of the 21st century, which are summarized in the UN Sustainable Development Goals and Blue Growth strategies. The European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory (EMSO), is a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), with the aim of providing long-term observations via fixed-point ocean observatories in key environmental locations across European seas from the Arctic to the Black Sea. These may be supported by ship-based observations and autonomous systems such as gliders. In this paper, we present the EMSO Generic Instrument Module (EGIM), a deployment ready multi-sensor instrumentation module, designed to measure physical, biogeochemical, biological and ecosystem variables consistently, in a range of marine environments, over long periods of time. Here, we describe the system, features, configuration, operation and data management. We demonstrate, through a series of coastal and oceanic pilot experiments that the EGIM is a valuable standard ocean observation module, which can significantly improve the capacity of existing ocean observatories and provides the basis for new observatories. The diverse examples of use included the monitoring of fish activity response upon oceanographic variability, hydrothermal vent fluids and particle dispersion, passive acoustic monitoring of marine mammals and time series of environmental variation in the water column. With the EGIM available to all the EMSO Regional Facilities, EMSO will be reaching a milestone in standardization and interoperability, marking a key capability advancement in addressing issues of sustainability in resource and habitat management of the oceans.
    Description: project EMSODEV (Grant agreement No 676555)
    Description: Published
    Description: 801033
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: fixed-point observatories, multi-parametric monitoring, seafloor, water column, EMSO, EGIM, EOV ; seafloor observatories
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Swarm-TEC Satellite Measurements as a Potential Earthquake Precursor Together With Other Swarm and CSES Data: The Case of Mw7.6 2019 Papua New Guinea Seismic Event (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: On May 14, 2019, a strong Mw = 7.6 shallow earthquake occurred in Papua New Guinea. This paper explores for the first time the analysis of total electron content (TEC) products measured for 6 months by GPS antenna onboard Swarm satellites, to detect possible seismo-ionospheric anomalies around the time and location of the above-mentioned earthquake. The night-time vertical total electron content (VTEC) time series measured using Swarm satellites Alpha and Charlie, inside the earthquake Dobrovolsky’s area show striking anomalies 31 and 35 days before the event. We successfully verified the possible presence of concomitant anomalous values of in situ electron density detected by the new Chinese satellite dedicated to search for electromagnetic earthquake precursors [China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES)-01]. On the other hand, the analysis of VTEC night time measured by Swarm Bravo shows gradual and abnormal increase of the VTEC parameter from about 23 days before the earthquake, which descends 3 days before the earthquake and reaches its lowest level around the earthquake day. We also analyzed the time series and tracks of other six in situ parameters measured by Swarm satellites, electron density from CSES, and also GPS-TEC measurements. As it is expected from the theory, the electron density anomalous variations acknowledge the Swarm VTEC anomalies, confirming that those anomalies are real and not an artifact of the analysis. The comparative analysis with measurements of other Swarm and CSES sensors emphasizes striking anomalies about 2.5 weeks before the event, with a clear pattern of the whole anomalies typical of a critical system as the earthquake process is for Earth. A confutation analysis outside the Dobrovolsky area and without significant seismicity shows no anomalies. Therefore based on our study, the VTEC products of Swarm satellites could be an appropriate precursor aside from the other measured plasma and magnetic parameters using Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie Swarm and CSES satellites that can be simultaneously analyzed to reduce the overall uncertainty.
    Description: Published
    Description: 820189
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Seismogenic Structure Orientation and Stress Field of the Gargano Promontory (Southern Italy) From Microseismicity Analysis (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: Historical seismic catalogs report that the Gargano Promontory (southern Italy) was affected in the past by earthquakes with medium to high estimated magnitude. From the instrumental seismicity, it can be identified that the most energetic Apulian sequence occurred in 1995 with a main shock of MW = 5.2 followed by about 200 aftershocks with a maximum magnitude of 3.7. The most energetic earthquakes of the past are attributed to right-lateral strike-slip faults, while there is evidence that the present-day seismicity occur on thrust or thrust-strike faults. In this article, we show a detailed study on focal mechanisms and stress field obtained by micro-seismicity recorded from April 2013 until the present time in the Gargano Promontory and surrounding regions. Seismic waveforms are collected from the OTRIONS Seismic Network (OSN), from the Italian National Seismic Network (RSN), and integrated with data from the Italian National Accelerometric Network (RAN) in order to provide a robust dataset of earthquake localizations and focal mechanisms. The effect of uncertainties of the velocity model on fault plane solutions (FPS) has been also evaluated indicating the robustness of the results. The computed stress field indicates a deep compressive faulting with maximum horizontal compressive stress, SHmax, trending NW-SE. The seismicity pattern analysis indicates that the whole crust is seismically involved up to a depth of 40 km and indicates the presence of a low-angle seismogenic surface trending SW-NE and dipping SE-NW, similar to the Gargano–Dubrovnik lineament. Shallower events, along the eastern sector of the Mattinata Fault (MF), are W-E dextral strike-slip fault. Therefore, we hypothesized that the seismicity is locally facilitated by preexisting multidirectional fractures, confirmed by the heterogeneity of focal mechanisms, and explained by the different reactivation processes in opposite directions over the time, involving the Mattinata shear zone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 589332
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gargano promontory ; OTRIONS local seismic network ; focal mechanisms ; stress field ; microseismicity ; mattinata fault ; gargano-dubrovnik lineament ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Editorial: Achievements and New Frontiers in Research Oriented to Earthquake Forecasting (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-17
    Description: Forecasting earthquakes is a challenging scientific task, due to the intrinsic complexity of the problem, as well as to the limited size and different accuracy of available observations. During the last decades increasing efforts have been devoted by geophysical research in an attempt to answer the following fundamental questions: 1) Which are the physical processes that take place in the Earth crust that are relevant for an earthquake to nucleate? 2) How can we observe, describe and model them statistically and physically? Although a clear univocal picture is still missing, a large amount of data and long-term observations accumulated over the time, as well as new methodological approaches, which eventually allow for development and verification of theoretical models. Observations and physical models suggest that several processes in the Earth’s lithosphere are predictable, but after substantial averaging and up to a limit. Accordingly, earthquake forecasting requires a holistic approach, and should be posed as an integrated, multi-scale process, narrowing down the magnitude range, territory, and time of expectation, all within the limits imposed by physics and data uncertainties. The understanding of governing laws, from long-term tectonic loading and slow nucleation to rapid rupture propagation, may contribute to estimate the stress state and temporal evolution of geophysical observables around seismically active areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 793911
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake preparation processes, stress field variations, earthquake source physics, earthquake forecasting, test site areas ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Deep water inflow slowed offshore expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene transition (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 3(1)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: The stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is threatened by the incursion of warm Circumpolar Deepwater which flows southwards via cross-shelf troughs towards the coast there melting ice shelves. However, the onset of this oceanic forcing on the development and evolution of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet remains poorly understood. Here, we use single- and multichannel seismic reflection profiles to investigate the architecture of a sediment body on the shelf of the Amundsen Sea Embayment. We estimate the formation age of this sediment body to be around the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and find that it possesses the geometry and depositional pattern of a plastered sediment drift. We suggest this indicates a southward inflow of deep water which probably supplied heat and, thus, prevented West Antarctic Ice Sheet advance beyond the coast at this time. We conclude that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has likely experienced a strong oceanic influence on its dynamics since its initial formation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Geochronology and Petrogenesis of Early Pleistocene Dikes in the Changbai Mountain Volcanic Field (NE China) Based on Geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf Isotopic Compositions (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: Changbai Mountains intraplate volcanism (NE China) developed above the 500 km deep stagnant portion of the Pacific slab in the last 20 Ma. The more recent activity includes a shieldforming stage (2.8–0.3Ma), the Tianchi cone construction stage (1.5–0.01Ma), and a calderaforming stage (0.2Ma-present). Detailed studies on the petrogenesis of the volcanic products between the first two stages and the possible role of geodynamics and local tectonics in controlling the volcanism, however, are lacking. Here, we present structural and whole-rock geochemical and zircon Hf isotopic data on Pleistocene dikes of the Changbai Mountains at the transition from the shield-forming to the Tianchi stage with the aim to constrain their age and the source(s) of their parental magma. The dikes represent the shallower feeding system of monogenetic cones and have a NW-SE strike, which is also the preferred strike of the major fault affecting the area and along which the Changbai Mountains monogenetic scoria cones align. The dikes have a potassic affinity and a trachybasaltic composition. Their zircon U–Pb age is 1.19–1.20Ma (Calabrian). The trachybasalts are enriched in Rb, Ba, Th, U, Nb, Ta, K, Pb, and LREE and slightly depleted in Sr, Zr, Hf, Ti, and HREE with a weak negative Eu/Eu* (δEu 0.96–0.97). Trace elements and isotopic compositions are compatiblewith anOIB-type source with an EMI signature. The calculated (87Sr/86Sr)i ( 0.705165–0.705324), (143Nd/ 144Nd)i ( 0.512552–0.512607, εNd(t) −0.58 to −1.65), and Hf model ages (TDM2) of 1768–1562 Ma suggest that the trachybasaltic dikes were contaminated by a Mesoproterozoic, relatively basic lower crust. The source of the Calabrian trachybasalts consists of asthenospheric melts modified by a subcontinental lithospheric mantle. These melts upwell from depth and stop at the crust-mantle interface where underplating processes favor the assimilation of ancient lower crust material. During the ascent to the surface along deep-seated crustal discontinuities, these magmas weakly differentiate.
    Description: Published
    Description: 729905
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Changbaishan ; mantle source ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    Lactobacillus Biofilms Influence Anti-Candida Activity (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: Lactobacilli are the dominant members of the healthy human vaginal microbiota and represent the first defense line from pathogen infection, including vulvovaginal candidiasis. Biofilm is the predominant microbial growth form in nature, and the formation of biofilms inside the human body has important implications in health and disease. In particular, the formation of biofilm by members of the human resident microbiota is desirable, as it can improve microbial persistence and influence functionality. In the present study, we investigated the capability of 16 vaginal Lactobacillus strains (belonging to Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus vaginalis, and Lactobacillus plantarum species) to form biofilms, and we correlated their mode of growth to anti-Candida activity. L. plantarum strains were the best biofilm producers, and high variability was registered in the level of biofilm formation among L. crispatus and L. gasseri strains. Culture supernatants derived from Lactobacillus biofilm and planktonic growth were tested toward a panel of Candida clinical isolates (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida lusitaniae, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis) and their metabolome assessed by 1H-NMR. L. crispatus and L. plantarum strains exhibited the best fungistatic profile, and biofilms enhanced their anti-Candida activity; on the contrary, L. gasseri strains were more effective when grown in a planktonic mode. Biofilm/planktonic mode of growth also affects Lactobacillus metabolism, mainly influencing nitrogen and amino acid pathways, and anti-Candida activity is instead strictly related to carbohydrate metabolism. The present study underlined the strict interdependence between microbial mode of growth, metabolism, and functional properties. Biofilm formation by members of the healthy human microbiota represents a crucial issue in the field of microbial physiology and host-microbiota interactions, beyond supporting the development of new antimycotic strategies based on probiotics grown in adherence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 750368
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Candida; Lactobacillus; biofilm; health benefits; metabolome; vaginal microbiota ; PCA ; cluster analysis ; 05.06. Methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    In situ Skeletal Growth Rates of the Solitary Cold-Water Coral Tethocyathus endesa From the Chilean Fjord Region (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media S.A., 8(757702), ISSN: 22967745
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-10
    Description: Cold-water corals (CWC) can be found throughout a wide range of latitudes (79°N–78°S). Since they lack the photosymbiosis known for most of their tropical counterparts, they may thrive below the euphotic zone. Consequently, their growth predominantly depends on the prevalent environmental conditions, such as general food availability, seawater chemistry, currents, and temperature. Most CWC communities live in regions that will face CaCO3 undersaturation by the end of the century and are thus predicted to be threatened by ocean acidification (OA). This scenario is especially true for species inhabiting the Chilean fjord system, where present-day carbonate water chemistry already reaches values predicted for the end of the century. To understand the effect of the prevailing environmental conditions on the biomineralization of the CWC Tethocyathus endesa, a solitary scleractinian widely distributed in the Chilean Comau Fjord, a 12-month in situ experiment was conducted. The in situ skeletal growth of the test corals was assessed at two sites using the buoyant weight method. Sites were chosen to cover the naturally present carbonate chemistry gradient, with pH levels ranging between 7.90 ± 0.01 (mean ± SD) and 7.70 ± 0.02, and an aragonite saturation (Ωarag) between 1.47 ± 0.03 and 0.98 ± 0.05. The findings of this study provide one of the first in situ growth assessments of a solitary CWC species, with a skeletal mass increase of 46 ± 28 mg per year and individual, at a rate of 0.03 ± 0.02% day. They also indicate that, although the local seawater chemistry can be assumed to be unfavorable for calcification, growth rates of T. endesa are comparable to other cold-water scleractinians in less corrosive waters (e.g., Lophelia pertusa in the Mediterranean Sea).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 35
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    Short-term clustering modeling of seismicity in Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece): a retrospective forecast test of the 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos earthquake sequences (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-03
    Description: Short-term earthquake clustering properties in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece) area investigated through the application of an epidemic type stochastic model (Epidemic Type Earthquake Sequence; ETES). The computations are performed in an earthquake catalog covering the period 2008 to 2020 and including 2332 events with a completeness threshold of Mc = 3.1 and separated into two subcatalogs. The first subcatalog is employed for the learning period, which is between 2008/01/01 and 2016/12/31 (N = 1197 earthquakes), and used for the model’s parameters estimation. The second subcatalog from 2017/01/01 to 2020/11/10 (1135 earthquakes), in which the sequences of 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos main shocks are included, and used for a retrospective forecast testing based on the constructed model. The estimated model parameters imply a swarm like behavior, indicating the ability of earthquakes of small to moderate magnitude above Mc to produce their own offsprings, along with the stronger earthquakes. The retrospective evaluation of the model is examined in the three aftershock sequences, where lack of foreshocks resulted in low predictability of the mainshocks, with estimated daily probabilities around 10– 5. Immediately after the mainshocks occurrence the model adjusts with notable resemblance between the expected and observed aftershock rates, particularly for earthquakes with M ≥ 3.5.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1085–1099
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    Analysis of Swarm Satellite Magnetic Field Data Before the 2016 Ecuador (Mw = 7.8) Earthquake Based on Non-negative Matrix Factorization (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-28
    Description: In this paper, based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), we analyzed the ionosphere magnetic field data of the Swarm Alpha satellite before the 2016 (Mw = 7. 8) Ecuador earthquake (April 16, 0.35°N, 79.93°W), including the whole data collected under quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. The data from each track were decomposed into basis features and their corresponding weights. We found that the energy and entropy of one of the weight components were more concentrated inside the earthquake-sensitive area, which meant that this weight component was more likely to reflect the activity inside the earthquake-sensitive area. We focused on this weight component and used five times the root mean square (RMS) to extract the anomalies. We found that for this weight component, the cumulative number of tracks, which had anomalies inside the earthquake-sensitive area, showed accelerated growth before the Ecuador earthquake and recovered to linear growth after the earthquake. To verify that the accelerated cumulative anomaly was possibly associated with the earthquake, we excluded the influence of the geomagnetic activity and plasma bubble. Through the random earthquake study and low-seismicity period study, we found that the accelerated cumulative anomaly was not obtained by chance. Moreover, we observed that the cumulative Benioff strain S, which reflected the lithosphere activity, had acceleration behavior similar to the accelerated cumulative anomaly of the ionosphere magnetic field, which suggested that the anomaly that we obtained was possibly associated with the Ecuador earthquake and could be described by one of the Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) models.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 41974084 and the International Cooperation Project of Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province No. 20200801036GH.
    Description: Published
    Description: 621976
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ecuador earthquake ; cumulative number of anomalous tracks ; Swarm satellites magnetic field ; non-negative matrix factorization decomposition ; 04.05. Geomagnetism ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 37
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    Simulation of non-stationary stochastic ground motions based on recent Italian earthquakes (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: This work presents an up-to-date model for the simulation of non-stationary ground motions, including several novelties compared to the original study of Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996). The selection of the input motion in the framework of earthquake engineering has become progressively more important with the growing use of nonlinear dynamic analyses. Regardless of the increasing availability of large strong motion databases, ground motion records are not always available for a given earthquake scenario and site condition, requiring the adoption of simulated time series. Among the different techniques for the generation of ground motion records, we focused on the methods based on stochastic simulations, considering the time- frequency decomposition of the seismic ground motion. We updated the non-stationary stochastic model initially developed in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) and later modified by Pousse et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2103–2117, 2006) and Laurendeau et al. (Nonstationary stochastic simulation of strong ground-motion time histories: application to the Japanese database. 15 WCEE Lisbon, 2012). The model is based on the S-transform that implicitly considers both the amplitude and frequency modulation. The four model parameters required for the simulation are: Arias intensity, significant duration, central frequency, and frequency bandwidth. They were obtained from an empirical ground motion model calibrated using the accelerometric records included in the updated Italian strong-motion database ITACA. The simulated accelerograms show a good match with the ground motion model prediction of several amplitude and frequency measures, such as Arias intensity, peak acceleration, peak velocity, Fourier spectra, and response spectra.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3287–3315
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 38
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    Insights on the Italian Seismic Network from location uncertainties (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Probabilistic earthquake locations provide confidence intervals for the hypocentre solutions such as errors encountered in the position, the origin time, and in magnitude. If the relationship of the parameters relative to the local arrangement of the seismic network is considered, such as the node distance, the number of stations, the seismic gap, and the quality of phase readings), the uncertainties can then provide insights on the location capability of the network. In this paper, we collect the earthquake data recorded from the Italian Seismic Network for a time span of 5 years. The data pertain to three different catalogues according to the progressive refinement phases of the location procedure: automatic location, revised location, and published location. By means of spatial analysis,we assess the distribution of the location-related and network-related estimators across the study area. These estimators are subsequently combined to assess the existence of spatial correlations at a local scale. The results indicate that the Italian network is generally able to provide robust locations at the national scale and for smaller earthquakes, and the elongated shape of Italy (and of its network) does not cause systematic bias in the locations. However, we highlight the existence of subregions in which the performance of the network is weaker. At present, a unique 2D, 3-layer velocity model is used for the earthquake location procedure, and this could represent the main limitation for the improvement of the locations. Therefore, the assessment of locally optimized velocity models is the priority for the homogenization and the improvement of the Italian Seismic Network performance.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1061–1076
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 39
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    Editorial: Bridging Environmental Magnetism With Biogeophysics to Study Biogeochemical Processes of Today (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: Since the first studies on biogeophysics in the early 2000s our understanding of how biogeochemical processes affect geophysical signatures has significantly improved. This interdisciplinary field now incorporates and integrates environmental and rock magnetism with traditional biological and geochemical methods to interpret geophysical signatures in highly dynamic environments (e.g., biogeochemical hotspots, contamination plumes). Environmental magnetism, in particular, can trace environmental changes by identifying magnetic mineral transformations induced from several biogeochemical processes. This Special Issue includes papers that present applications of environmental and rock magnetism in biogeophysics and discuss their impact on Earth Sciences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 757171
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: environmental magnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    New trenching results along the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey): an integration with preexisting data (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: This paper provides a new contribution to the construction of the complex and fragmentary mosaic of the Late Holocene earthquakes history of the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (CNAF) in Turkey. The CNAF clearly displays lower dextral slip rates with respect to the northern strand however, surface rupturing and large damaging earthquakes (M 〉 7) occurred in the past, leaving clear signatures in the built and natural environments. The association of these historical events to specific earthquake sources (e.g., Gemlik, İznik, or Geyve fault segments) is still a matter of debate. We excavated two trenches across the İznik fault trace near Mustafali, a village about 10 km WSW of İznik where the morphological fault scarp was visible although modified by agricultural activities. Radiocarbon and TL dating on samples collected from the trenches show that the displaced deposits are very recent and span the past 2 millennia at most. Evidence for four surface faulting events was found in the Mustafali trenches. The integration of these results with historical data and previous paleoseismological data yields an updated Late Holocene history of surface-rupturing earthquakes along the İznik Fault in 1855, 740 (715), 362, and 121 CE. Evidence for the large M7 + historical earthquake dated 1419 CE generally attributed to this fault, was not found at any trench site along the İznik fault nor in the subaqueous record. This unfit between paleoseismological, stratigraphic, and historical data highlights one more time the urge for extensive paleoseismological trenching and offshore campaigns because of the high potential to solve the uncertainties on the seismogenic history (age, earthquake location, extent of the rupture and size) of this portion of NAFZ and especially on the attribution of historical earthquakes to the causative fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: 115–128
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
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    Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard and Risk Analysis: A Review of Research Gaps (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-14
    Description: Tsunamis are unpredictable and infrequent but potentially large impact natural disasters. To prepare, mitigate and prevent losses from tsunamis, probabilistic hazard and risk analysis methods have been developed and have proved useful. However, large gaps and uncertainties still exist and many steps in the assessment methods lack information, theoretical foundation, or commonly accepted methods. Moreover, applied methods have very different levels of maturity, from already advanced probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis for earthquake sources, to less mature probabilistic risk analysis. In this review we give an overview of the current state of probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk analysis. Identifying research gaps, we offer suggestions for future research directions. An extensive literature list allows for branching into diverse aspects of this scientific approach.
    Description: Published
    Description: 628772
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    Editorial: Submarine Active Faults: From Regional Observations to Seismic Hazard Characterization (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Since the beginning of the XXI Century, our society has witnessed a number of catastrophic earthquakes with devastating consequences (e.g., Sumatra 2004, Haiti 2010, Japan 2010, Nepal 2015, Italy 2009 and 2016). Localizing the active faults and understanding their earthquake history is key to improve modern probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) and, thus, to mitigate the consequences of future events. Seismicity models to characterize the earthquake frequency in a region in PSHA studies have been traditionally based on archaeological, historical and instrumental earthquake records. However, the rapid advance of active tectonics and paleoseismological studies has resulted in the development of seismicity models for faults, since they allow characterizing the active faults, reconstructing their 3D geometry at depth, and determining their past earthquake history and seismic potential based on the interpretation of the geological record. Traditionally, active tectonics and paleoseismological research had been mainly conducted to study onshore active faults. However, the occurrence of the offshore Sumatra (2004) and Japan (2010) earthquakes and consequent tsunamis, which caused tens of thousands of casualties and extensive and severe damage and economic losses, have brought into sharp focus the need to better understand the geohazards related to submarine active faults. In the last few years, the availability of offshore geological and geophysical data at various scales (e.g., deep and shallow borehole, wide angle seismic profiles, tomography, 3D and 2D seismic reflection surveys, high resolution bathymetry or seafloor imaging) has allowed for a better definition of offshore fault systems. These studies focused on accurately constraining the kinematic, architecture and linkage of active faults, and, in some cases, identify recent earthquake ruptures or recognize and date individual events. In addition, underwater active tectonics and paleoseismological studies benefit from: (1) low erosional rates that preserve fault morphology and segmentation; (2) continuous sedimentation in time and space that allows for local and/or regional stratigraphic and chronostratigraphic correlations; (3)multiscale seafloor mapping and sub-seafloor seismic imaging; and 4) absence–or lowest amount–of human modification. This Research Topic includes fourteen published articles focused in the study of underwater active tectonic regions or active fault systems around the world
    Description: Published
    Description: 809205
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    Paroxysms at Stromboli Volcano (Italy): Source, Genesis and Dynamics (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Deciphering the triggering mechanisms of violent explosive activity is of broad interest for understanding the dynamics of basaltic open-vent volcanic systems. For nearly 1300 years Stromboli has been renowned not only for its continuous degassing activity and mild explosions at the summit craters, but also for short-lived, violent explosive events of variable scale, known as major explosions and paroxysms. Here, we focus on the 1456 and 1930 paroxysms and on the most recent events, in July and August 2019 at Stromboli. We show that shallow phenomena such as flank collapse, lava outpouring through fractures opening, or partial emptying of the shallow conduit, only speed up volatile-rich magma ascent by increasing the decompression rate, whereas pressurization of the crustal system and the deep refilling by magma and its CO2-rich gas phase play a major role in triggering paroxysms. Moreover, we present new data on the geochemistry of the 2019 bulk pumice, along with a compilation of data from the literature, chemical profiles in olivine crystals, and the physical parameters of explosive eruptions of wide ranging magnitude and intensity. For small and large paroxysms, timescales were derived from Fe–Mg diffusion profiles in olivine. In both types of explosion, the last phases of crystallization-diffusion indicate rapid magma ascent rates of two to ten days prior to eruption. Trace element concentrations (Nb, La and Ba) and ratios (Rb/Th) indicate that the 2019 pumice samples plot in the domain of magma batches erupted within the last 20 years at Stromboli. As a whole, there is no correlation between magma geochemistry and magnitude or intensity of explosive eruptions, which span a range of ∼3 orders of magnitude (from major explosions to large paroxysms) based on estimates of erupted tephra volumes. In contrast, olivine compositions are a good proxy for erupted tephra volumes and magma flux. The correlation among physical and chemical parameters, which is valid for the overall spectrum of eruptions, implies that the magmatic source ultimately controls eruptive dynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 593339
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stromboli, paroxysms, diffusion profiles, olivine
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
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    Volcanic Lakes in Africa: The VOLADA_Africa 2.0 Database, and Implications for Volcanic Hazard (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Here we introduce the updated, interactive and open-access database for African volcanic lakes, country by country. The previous database VOLADA (VOlcanic LAke DAta Base, Rouwet et al., 2014) reported 96 volcanic lakes for Africa. This number is now revised and established at 220, converting VOLADA_Africa 2.0 in the most comprehensive resource for African volcanic lakes: 81 in Uganda, 37 in Kenya, 33 in Cameroon, 28 in Madagascar, 19 in Ethiopia, 6 in Tanzania, 2 in Rwanda, 2 in Sudan, 2 in D.R. Congo, 1 in Libya, and 9 on the minor islands around Africa. We present the current state-of-the-art of arguably all the African volcanic lakes that the global experts and regional research teams are aware of, and provide hints for future research directions, with a special focus on the volcanic hazard assessment. All lakes in the updated database are classified for their genetic origin and their physical and chemical characteristics, and level of study. The predominant rift-related volcanism in Africa favors basaltic eruptive products, leading to volcanoes with highly permeable edifices (e.g. scoria), and hence less-developed hydrothermal systems. Basal aquifers accumulate under large volcanoes and in rift depressions providing a potential scenario for phreatomagmatic volcanism. This hypothesis, based on a morphometric analysis and volcanological research from literature, conveys the predominance of maar lakes in large monogenetic fields in Africa (e.g. Uganda, Cameroon, Ethiopia), and the absence of high-activity crater lakes, generally found at arc-volcanoes. Considering the large number of maar lakes in Africa (172), within similar geotectonic settings and meteoric conditions as in Cameroon, it is somewhat surprising that “only” from Lake Monoun and Lake Nyos fatal CO2 bursts have been recorded. Explaining why other maars did not erupt in such fashion is a question that can only be answered by enhancing insights into physical limnology and fluid geochemistry of the so far poorly studied lakes. From a hazard perspective, there is an urgent need to tackle this task as a community.
    Description: Published
    Description: 717798
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 45
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    Modeling Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Landslides at Stromboli Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): A Numerical Benchmark Study (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: We present a benchmark study aimed at identifying the most effective modeling approach for tsunami generation, propagation, and hazard in an active volcanic context, such as the island of Stromboli (Italy). We take as a reference scenario the 2002 landslide-generated tsunami event at Stromboli simulated to assess the relative sensitivity of numerical predictions to the landslide and the wave models, with our analysis limited to the submarine landslide case. Two numerical codes, at different levels of approximation, have been compared in this study: the NHWAVE three-dimensional non-hydrostaticmodel in sigma-coordinates and theMultilayer-HySEA model. In particular, different instances of Multilayer-HySEA with one or more vertical discretization layers, in hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic formulation and with different landslide models have been tested. Model results have been compared for the maximum runup along the shores of Stromboli village, and the waveform sampled at four proximal sites (two of them corresponding to the locations of the monitoring gauges, offshore the Sciara del Fuoco). Both rigid and deformable (granular) submarine landslide models, with volumes ranging from 7 to 25 million of cubic meters, have been used to trigger the water waves, with different physical descriptions of the mass movement. Close to the source, the maximum surface elevation and the resulting runup at the Stromboli village shores obtainedwith hydrostatic and non-hydrostaticmodels are similar. However, hydrostatic models overestimate (with respect to non-hydrostatic ones) the amplitude of the initial positive wave crest, whose height increases with the distance. Moreover, as expected, results indicate significant differences between the waveforms produced by the different models at proximal locations. The accuratemodeling of near-field waveforms is particularly critical at Stromboli in the perspective of using the installed proximal sea-level gauges, together with numerical simulations, to characterize tsunami source in an early-warning system. We show that the use of non-hydrostatic models, coupled with a multilayer approach, allows a better description of the waveforms. However, the source description remains the most sensitive (and uncertain) aspect of the modeling. We finally show that non-hydrostatic models, such as Multilayer-HySEA, solved on accelerated GPU architectures, exhibit the optimal trade-off between accuracy and computational requirements, at least for the envisaged problem size and for what concerns the proximal wave field of tsunamis generated by volcano landslides. Their application and future developments are opening new avenues to tsunami early warning at Stromboli.
    Description: Published
    Description: 628652
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: landslide ; tsunami ; volcano ; Stromboli ; numerical simulation ; benchmark ; hazard assessment ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
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    A High Resolution Reanalysis for the Mediterranean Sea (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: In order to be able to forecast the weather and estimate future climate changes in the ocean, it is crucial to understand the past and the mechanisms responsible for the ocean variability. This is particularly true in a complex area such as the Mediterranean Sea with diverse dynamics like deep convection and overturning circulation. To this end, effective tools are ocean reanalyses or reconstructions of the past ocean state. Here we present a new physical reanalysis of the Mediterranean Sea at high resolution, developed in the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) framework. The hydrodynamic model is based on the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) combined with a variational data assimilation scheme (OceanVar). The model has a horizontal resolution of 1/24° and 141 unevenly distributed vertical z* levels. It provides daily and monthly temperature, salinity, current, sea level and mixed layer depth as well as hourly fields for surface velocities and sea level. ECMWF ERA-5 atmospheric fields force the model and daily boundary conditions in the Atlantic are taken from a global reanalysis. The reanalysis covers the 33 years from 1987 to 2019. Initialized from SeaDataNet climatology in January 1985, it reaches a nominal state after a 2-years spin-up. In-situ data from CTD, ARGO floats and XBT are assimilated into the model in combination with satellite altimetry observations. This reanalysis has been validated and assessed through comparison to in-situ and satellite observations as well as literature climatologies. The results show an overall improvement of the comparison with observations and a better representation of the main dynamics of the region compared to a previous, lower resolution (1/16°), reanalysis. Temperature and salinity RMSD are decreased by respectively 14 and 18%. The salinity biases at depth of the previous version are corrected. Climate signals show continuous increase of the temperature and salinity, confirming estimates from observations and other reanalysis. The new reanalysis will allow the study of physical processes at multi-scales, from the large scale to the transient small mesoscale structures and the selection of climate indicators for the basin.
    Description: Published
    Description: 702285
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: ocean ; mediterranean sea ; reanalysis ; numerical modelling ; observations ; data assimilation ; multi-scale
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  • 47
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    The Seismicity of Lipari, Aeolian Islands (Italy) From One-Month Recording of the LIPARI Array (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Seismic activity in volcanic settings could be the signature of processes that include magma dynamics, hydrothermal activity and geodynamics. The main goal of this study is to analyze the seismicity of Lipari Island (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) to characterize the dynamic processes such as the interaction between pre-existing structures and hydrothermal processes affecting the Aeolian Islands. We deployed a dense seismic array of 48 autonomous 3-component nodes. For the first time, Lipari and its hydrothermal field are investigated by a seismic array recording continuously for about a month in late 2018 with a 0.1–1.5 km station spacing. We investigate the distribution and evolution of the seismicity over the full time of the experiment using self-organized maps and automatic algorithms. We show that the sea wave motion strongly influences the background seismic noise. Using an automatic template matching approach, we detect and locate a seismic swarm offshore the western coast of Lipari. This swarm, made of transient-like signals also recognized by array and polarization analyses in the time and frequency domains, is possibly associated with the activation of a NE-SW fault. We also found the occurrence of hybrid events close to the onshore Lipari hydrothermal system. These events suggest the involvement of hot hydrothermal fluids moving along pre-existing fractures. Seismological analyses of one month of data detect signals related to the regional tectonics, hydrothermal system and sea dynamics in Lipari Island.
    Description: Published
    Description: 678581
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 48
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    Application of Subspace-Based Detection Algorithm to Infrasound Signals in Volcanic Areas (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: Infrasonic signals investigation plays a fundamental role for both volcano monitoring purpose and the study of the explosion dynamics. Proper and reliable detection of weak signals is a critical issue in active volcano monitoring. In particular, in volcanic acoustics, it has direct consequences in pinpointing the real number of generated events (amplitude transients), especially when they exhibit low amplitude, are close in time to each other, and/or multiple sources exist. To accomplish this task, several algorithms have been proposed in literature; in particular, to overcome limitations of classical approaches such as short-time average/long-time average and cross-correlation detector, in this paper a subspace-based detection technique has been implemented. Results obtained by applying subspace detector on real infrasound data highlight that this method allows sensitive detection of lower energy events. This method is based on a projection of a sliding window of signal buffer onto a signal subspace that spans a collection of reference signals, representing similar waveforms from a particular infrasound source. A critical point is related to subspace design. Here, an empirical procedure has been applied to build the signal subspace from a set of reference waveforms (templates). In addition, in order to determine detectors parameters, such as subspace dimension and detection threshold, even in presence of overlapped noise such as infrasonic tremor, a statistical analysis of noise has been carried out. Finally, the subspace detector reliability and performance, have been assessed by performing a comparison among subspace approach, cross correlation detector and short-time average/long-time average detector. The obtained confusion matrix and extrapolated performance indices have demonstrated the potentiality, the advantages and drawbacks of the subspace method in tracking volcanic activity producing infrasound events. This method revealed to be a good compromise in detecting low-energy and very close in time events recorded during Strombolian activity
    Description: Published
    Description: 579923
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: infrasound signal ; trigger algorithm ; infrasound volcano monitoring ; strombolian activity ; etna volcano ; infrasonic tremor ; subspace detector ; infrasound events ; solid earth ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Editorial: Source and Effects of Light to Moderate Magnitude Earthquakes (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: No abstract
    Description: Published
    Description: 822481
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 50
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    Deformation Pattern of the Northern Sector of the Malta Escarpment (Offshore SE Sicily, Italy): Fault Dimension, Slip Prediction, and Seismotectonic Implications (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: Marine seismic reflection data coupled with on-land structural measurements improve our knowledge about the active deformation pattern of the northern sector of the Malta Escarpment, a bathymetric and structural discontinuity in the near-offshore of Eastern Sicily. As favourably oriented to be reactivated within the Neogene Africa–Europe convergence, it is believed that the Malta Escarpment has a significant role in the recent seismotectonic framework of the Western Ionian Basin and the Hyblean foreland domain of SE Sicily, where some of the largest and most destructive Mediterranean earthquakes are located according to available historical catalogs. Offshore seismic data along with bathymetric grids illuminate the shallow subseafloor setting and allow more accurate mapping of the seafloor expression of previously identified faults in the area. The seismic interpretation and the nearfault sediment pattern analysis provide constraints on fault 3D geometries as well as on their through-time tectonic activity, suggesting also that part of the observed deformation may have been caused by nontectonic processes. Identified faults form currently an E-dipping, roughly N–S trending, and 60 km-long extensional belt deforming the seafloor with a significant displacement amount in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa. 3-dimensional parameters of faults were then used to derive expected magnitudes and their reactivation propensity. Empirical scaling relationships and forward methods point to a high seismic potential for the detected fault as well as predict the fault slip behavior according to the fieldderived differential stress. This combined analysis along with faults displacement measurements pointed out how the longest and most continuous fault could be capable of generating M 〉 7 seismic events, putting forward strong seismotectonic implications for the adjacent and densely populated Hyblean Plateau. The expected magnitude and the estimated recurrence time interval are compatible with those inferred for large historical earthquakes in the area even if other offshore seismic sources cannot be ruled out.
    Description: Published
    Description: 594176
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 51
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    Crustal Structure of the Seismogenic Volume of the 2010–2014 Pollino (Italy) Seismic Sequence From 3D P- and S-Wave Tomographic Images (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: A tomographic analysis of Mt. Pollino area (Italy) has been performed using earthquakes recorded in the area during an intense seismic sequence that occurred between 2010 and 2014. 870 local earthquakes with magnitude ranging from 1.8 to 5.0 were selected considering the number of recording stations, the signal quality, and the hypocenter distribution. P- and S-wave arrival times were manually picked and used to compute 3D velocity models through tomographic seismic inversion. The resulting 3D distributions of VP and VS are characterized by high resolution in the central part of the investigated area and from surface to about 10 km below sea level. The aim of the work is to obtain high- quality tomographic images to correlate with the main lithological units that characterize the study area. The results will be important to enhance the seismic hazard assessment of this complex tectonic region. These images show the ductile Apennine platform (VP = 5.3 km/s) overlaying the brittle Apulian platform (VP=6.0 km/s) at depth of around 5 km. The central sector of the area shows a clear fold and thrust interface. Along this structure,most of the seismicity occurred, including the strongest event of the sequence (M W 5.0). High V P (〉6.8 km/s) and high V P /VS (〉1.9) patterns, intersecting the southern edge of this western seismogenic volume, have been interpreted as water saturated rocks, in agreement with similar geological context in the Apennines. These fluids could have played a role in nucleation and development of the seismic sequence. A recent study revealed the occurrence of clusters of earthquakes with similar waveforms along the same seismogenic volume. The hypocenters of these cluster events have been compared with the events re-located in this work. Jointly, they depict a 10 km × 4 km fault plane, NW-SE oriented, deepening towards SW with a dip angle of 40–45° . Instead, the volume of seismicity responsible for the M L 4.3 earthquake developed as a mainshock-aftershock sequence, occurring entirely within the average-to-low VP /VS Apennine platform. Our results agree with other independent geophysical analyses carried out in this area, and they could significantly improve the actual knowledge of the main lithologic units of this complex tectonic area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 735340
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: elocity tomography, crustal structure, seismic sequence, geodynamics and seismicity, Italian Apennine, Pollino, seismic gap
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  • 52
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    Deep Magma Transport Control on the Size and Evolution of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: Explosive eruptions are the surface manifestation of dynamics that involve transfer of magma from the underground regions of magma accumulation. Evidence of the involvement of compositionally different magmas from different reservoirs is continuously increasing to countless cases. Yet, models of eruption dynamics consider only the uppermost portion of the plumbing system, neglecting connections to deeper regions of magma storage. Here we show that the extent and efficiency of the interconnections between different magma storage regions largely control the size of the eruptions, their evolution, the causes of their termination, and ultimately their impact on the surrounding environment. Our numerical simulations first reproduce the magnitude-intensity relationship observed for explosive eruptions on Earth and explain the observed variable evolutions of eruption mass flow rates. Because deep magmatic interconnections are largely inaccessible to present-day imaging capabilities, our results motivate the need to better image and characterize extant magma bodies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 681083
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 53
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    Checking the site categorization criteria and amplification factors of the 2021 draft of Eurocode 8 Part 1–1 (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: In this paper the site categorization criteria and the corresponding site amplification factors proposed in the 2021 draft of Part 1 of Eurocode 8 (2021-draft, CEN/TC250/SC8 Working Draft N1017) are first introduced and compared with the current version of Eurocode 8, as well as with site amplification factors from recent empirical ground motion prediction equations. Afterwards, these values are checked by two approaches. First, a wide dataset of strong motion records is built, where recording stations are classified according to 2021-draft, and the spectral amplifications are empirically estimated computing the site-to-site residuals from regional and global ground motion models for reference rock conditions. Second, a comprehensive parametric numerical study of one-dimensional (1D) site amplification is carried out, based on randomly generated shear-wave velocity profiles, classified according to the new criteria. A reasonably good agreement is found by both approaches. The most relevant discrepancies occur for the shallow soft soil conditions (soil category E) that, owing to the complex interaction of shear wave velocity, soil deposit thickness and frequency range of the excitation, show the largest scatter both in terms of records and of 1D numerical simulations. Furthermore, 1D numerical simulations for soft soil conditions tend to provide lower site amplification factors than 2021-draft, as well as lower than the corresponding site-to-site residuals from records, because of higher impact of non-linear (NL) site effects in the simulations. A site-specific study on NL effects at three KiK-net stations with a significantly large amount of high-intensity recorded ground motions gives support to the 2021-draft NL reduction factors, although the very limited number of recording stations allowing such analysis prevents deriving more general implications. In the presence of such controversial arguments, it is reasonable that a standard should adopt a prudent solution, with a limited reduction of the site amplification factors to account for NL soil response, while leaving the possibility to carry out site-specific estimations of such factors when sufficient information is available to model the ground strain dependency of local soil properties.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4199–4234
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 54
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    The Seismicity of Ischia Island, Italy: An Integrated Earthquake Catalogue From 8th Century BC to 2019 and Its Statistical Properties (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Ischia is a densely inhabited and touristic volcanic island located in the northern sector of the Gulf of Naples (Italy). In 2017, the Mw 3.9 Casamicciola earthquake occurred after more than one century of seismic quiescence characterized only by minor seismicity, which followed a century with three destructive earthquakes (in 1828, 1881, and 1883). These events, despite their moderate magnitude (Mw 〈 5.5), lead to dreadful effects on buildings and population. However, an integrated catalogue systematically covering historical and instrumental seismicity of Ischia has been still lacking since many years. Here, we review and systematically re-analyse all the available data on the historical and instrumental seismicity, to build an integrated earthquake catalogue for Ischia with a robust characterization of existing uncertainties. Supported by new or updated macroseismic datasets, we significantly enriched existing catalogues, as the Italian Parametric Earthquake Catalogue (CPTI15) that, with this analysis, passed from 12 to 57 earthquakes with macroseismic parametrization. We also extended back by 6 years the coverage of the instrumental catalogue, homogenizing the estimated seismic parameters. The obtained catalogue will not only represent a solid base for future local hazard quantifications, but also it provides the unique opportunity of characterizing the evolution of the Ischia seismicity over centuries. To this end, we analyse the spatial, temporal, and magnitude distributions of Ischia seismicity, revealing for example that, also in the present long-lasting period of volcanic quiescence, is significantly non-stationary and characterized by a b-value larger than 1.
    Description: This work benefited of the agreement between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC).
    Description: Published
    Description: 629736
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ischia island ; Volcano seismicity ; Seismic catalogue ; Completeness analysis ; Ensemble modelling ; Frequency size distribution ; Poisson process ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.02. Data dissemination ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
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  • 55
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    Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-29
    Description: ShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5391–5414
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 56
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    Gas Emissions From the Western Aleutians Volcanic Arc (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: The Aleutian Arc is remote and highly active volcanically. Its 4,000 km extent from mainland Alaska to Russia’s Kamchatka peninsula hosts over 140 volcanic centers of which about 50 have erupted in historic times. We present data of volcanic gas samples and gas emission measurements obtained during an expedition to the western-most segment of the arc in September 2015 in order to extend the sparse knowledge on volatile emissions from this remote but volcanically active region. Some of the volcanoes investigated here have not been sampled for gases before this writing. Our data show that all volcanoes host high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal systems and have gas discharges typical of volcanoes in oceanic arcs. Based on helium isotopes, the western Aleutian Arc segment has minimal volatile contributions from the overriding crust. Volcanic CO2 fluxes from this arc segment are small, compared to the emissions from volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula and mainland Alaska. The comparatively low CO2 emissions may be related to the lower sediment flux delivered to the trench in this part of the arc.
    Description: Published
    Description: 786021
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aleutians ; volcano ; gas ; volatiles ; geochemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
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  • 57
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    Joint Seismic and Gravity Data Inversion to Image Intra-Crustal Structures: The Ivrea Geophysical Body Along the Val Sesia Profile (Piedmont, Italy) (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-14
    Description: We present results from a joint inversion of new seismic and recently compiled gravity data to constrain the structure of a prominent geophysical anomaly in the European Alps: the Ivrea Geophysical Body (IGB). We investigate the IGB structure along the West-East oriented Val Sesia profile at higher resolution than previous studies. We deployed 10 broadband seismic stations at 5 km spacing for 27 months, producing a new database of ∼1000 high-quality seismic receiver functions (RFs). The compiled gravity data yields 1 gravity point every 1–2 km along the profile. We set up an inversion scheme, in which RFs and gravity anomalies jointly constrain the shape and the physical properties of the IGB. We model the IGB’s top surface as a single density and shear-wave velocity discontinuity, whose geometry is defined by four, spatially variable nodes between far-field constraints. An iterative algorithm was implemented to efficiently explore the model space, directing the search toward better fitting areas. For each new candidate model, we use the velocity-model structures for both ray-tracing and observed-RFs migration, and for computation and migration of synthetic RFs: the two migrated images are then compared via cross-correlation. Similarly, forward gravity modeling for a 2D density distribution is implemented. The joint inversion performance is the product of the seismic and gravity misfits. The inversion results show the IGB protruding at shallow depths with a horizontal width of ∼30 km in the western part of the profile. Its shallowest segment reaches either 3–7 or 1–3 km depth below sea-level. The latter location fits better the outcropping lower crustal rocks at the western edge of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone. A prominent, steep eastward-deepening feature near the middle of the profile, coincident with the Pogallo Fault Zone, is interpreted as inherited crustal thickness variation. The found density and velocity contrasts of the IGB agree with physical properties of the main rock units observed in the field. Finally, by frequency-dependent analysis of RFs, we constrain the sharpness of the shallowest portion of the IGB velocity discontinuity as a vertical gradient of thickness between 0.8 km and 0.4 km.
    Description: The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) supported this research (grant numbers PP00P2_157627 and PP00P2_187199 of project OROG3NY), as well as the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (No. 21-25710). The project CzechGeo/EPOS No. LM2015079 of the MEYS funded the MOBNET station pool.
    Description: Published
    Description: 671412
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: joint inversion ; seismic receiver functions ; gravity anomalies ; Ivrea Geophysical Body ; Ivrea-Verbano Zone ; continental crust ; intra-crustal structure ; 04.01. Earth Interior ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 58
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    Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius and Ischia Seismicity in the Context of the Neapolitan Volcanic Area (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Studying seismicity in a volcanic environment provides important information on the state of activity of volcanoes. The seismicity of the Neapolitan volcanoes, Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius, and Ischia, shows distinctive characteristics for each volcano, coveringwide range of patterns and types. In this study we relocated some significant volcano- tectonic earthquake swarms that occurred in Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius. Moreover, we compared the earthquake occurrence evolution, the magnitude and the seismic energy release of the three volcanoes. Also, we considered the results of seismic analysis in the light of geochemical and ground deformation data that contribute to defining the state of activity of volcanoes. In Campi Flegrei, which is experiencing a long term unrest, we identified a seismogenic structure at shallow depth in Pisciarelli zone that has been activated repeatedly. The increasing seismicity accompanies an escalation of the hydrothermal activity and a ground uplift phase. At Vesuvius a very shallow seismicity is recorded, which in recent years has shown an increase in terms of the number of events per year. Earthquakes are usually located right beneath the crater axis. They are concentrated in a volume affected by the hydrothermal system. Finally, Ischia generally shows a low level of seismicity, however, in Casamicciola area events with a moderate magnitude can occur and these are potentially capable of causing severe damage to the town and population, due to their small hypocentral depth (typically 〈 2.5 km). After the seismic crisis of August 21, 2017 (mainshock magnitude M 4), the seismicity returned to a low level in terms of occurrence rate and magnitude of earthquakes. The seismicity of these three different volcanic areas shows some common aspects that highlight a relevant role of hydrothermal processes in the seismogenesis of volcanic areas. However, while the main swarms in Campi Flegrei and most of the Vesuvian earthquakes are distributed along conduit-like structures, the seismicity of Ischia is mainly located along faults. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of seismicity in Neapolitan volcanic area suggests a concomitant increase in the occurrence of earthquakes both in Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius in recent years.
    Description: Published
    Description: 662113
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 59
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    Carbon Dioxide in Lake Nyos, Cameroon, Estimated Quantitatively From Sound Speed Measurements (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Dissolved gases in the deep water of lakes can pose a safety hazard when extreme concentrations are reached. A sudden release of large amounts of gas can cost the lives of humans living in the neighbourhood, as has happened at Lake Nyos in 1986. Since 2001, Lake Nyos gas risk has been mitigated by induced degassing, but the connection to the gas source is still in place and a regular survey needs to be implemented to guarantee safe conditions. Frequent sampling at the remote location of Lake Nyos requires an enormous effort and many analytical techniques are nearly impossible to run at the lake site. In this contribution, we combined a commercially available sound speed sensor with a CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) probe to gain an indirect but quantitative estimate of carbon dioxide concentrations at fine depth resolution (decimeter scale). Dissolved carbon dioxide increases sound speed but does not contribute to electrical conductivity. Hence the difference between measured and calculated (on the base of electrical conductivity, temperature and pressure) and measured sound speed gives a quantitative indication of dissolved carbon dioxide. We highly recommend the implementation of the sound speed-CTD probe combination, at Lake Nyos, or at other gas-laden volcanic lakes, as it could safeguard the people living in the area with acceptable cost and effort for the operators, when alarming CO2 concentrations in deep lake strata will be timely detected.
    Description: Published
    Description: 645011
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 60
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    The Importance of Marine Research Infrastructures in Capturing Processes and Impacts of Extreme Events (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-14
    Description: Extreme events have long been underestimated in the extent to which they shape the surface of our planet, our environment, its ecological integrity, and the sustainability of human society. Extreme events are by definition rarely observed, of significant impact and, as a result of their spatiotemporal range, not always easily predicted. Extremes may be short-term catastrophic events such as tsunamis, or long-term evolving events such as those linked to climate change; both modify the environment, producing irreversible changes or regime shifts. Whatever the driver that triggers the extreme event, the damages are often due to a combination of several processes and their impacts can affect large areas with secondary events (domino effect), whose effects in turn may persist well beyond the duration of the trigger event itself. Early studies of extreme events were limited to opportunistic approaches: observations were made within the context of naturally occurring events with high societal impact. Given that climate change is now moving us out of a relatively static climate regime during the development of human civilization, extreme events are now a function of underlying climate shifts overlain by catastrophic processes. Their impacts are often due to synergistic factors, all relevant in understanding process dynamics; therefore, an integrated methodology has become essential to enhance the reliability of new assessments and to develop strategies to mitigate societal impacts. Here we summarize the current state of extreme event monitoring in the marine system, highlighting the advantages of a multidisciplinary approach using Research Infrastructures for providing the temporal and spatial resolution required to monitor Earth processes and enhance assessment of associated impacts.
    Description: Published
    Description: 626668
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 61
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    Editorial: From Tsunami Science to Hazard and Risk Assessment: Methods and Models (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: In this Research Topic, we aimed to contribute to the ongoing scientific progress and the process of assessing and providing community-based standards, good practices, benchmarking tools and guidelines, based on the most recent observations and scientific findings. This purpose is in line with several community-based efforts like those of the “GTM—Global Tsunami Model” and “AGITHAR—Accelerating Global science In Tsunami Hazard and Risk analysis” scientific networks. We aimed to help better address the link between tsunami science and the Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard and Risk Analysis. This Topic includes numerous Original Research papers, one Brief Research Report and one Review. Overall, we gathered 20 articles contributed by more than 200 authors. We consider this a strong indication from the research community.
    Description: Published
    Description: 764922
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 62
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    Relating Dike Geometry and Injection Rate in Analogue Flux-Driven Experiments (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: Dikes feed most eruptions, so understanding their mechanism of propagation is fundamental for volcanic hazard assessment. The variation in geometry of a propagating dike as a function of the injection rate remains poorly studied. Here we use experiments injecting water into gelatin to investigate the variation of the thickness, width and length of a flux-driven dike connected to its source as a function of the injection time and intruded volume. Results show that the thickness of vertically propagating dikes is proportional to the injection rate and remains constant as long as the latter is constant. Neither buoyancy nor injected volume influence the thickness. The along-strike width of the dike is, however, proportional to the injected volume. These results, consistent with the inferred behavior of several dikes observed during emplacement, open new opportunities to better understand how dikes propagate and also to forecast how emplacing dikes may propagate once their geometric features are detected in real-time through monitoring data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 665865
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Relating Dike Geometry and Injection Rate in Analogue Flux-Driven Experiments
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  • 63
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    Italian Tsunami Effects Database (ITED): The First Database of Tsunami Effects Observed Along the Italian Coasts (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: Traditional tsunami catalogues are conceived as a collection of tsunamis classified by the generating cause, providing a general description of the effects observed for each tsunami. Those catalogues, even if they provide fundamental information, are not suitable for producing an exhaustive picture of the geographical distribution of the tsunami effects. In this paper we introduce the new Italian Tsunami Effects Database (ITED), a collection of evidence documenting the effects along the Italian coasts from historical times to present. The database comes forth the Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue (EMTC) and focusses on the effects of tsunamis observed along the Italian coasts providing descriptive and quantitative information for each OP. The information reported in ITED does not only concern the effects produced by Italian tsunamis, but also those effects produced by tsunamis originated outside the Italian territory. ITED contains 318 OPs, related to 73 Italian tsunamis and to four tsunamis which occurred outside Italy. The database can be accessed through aWebApp that displays for each OP the description of effects, quantitative data (run-up, inundation, withdrawal, etc.) and tsunami intensity with the corresponding bibliographic references. The database also provides the tsunami intensity distribution along time (tsunami-history) for each site, allowing the end user to know how a place has been affected by tsunamis over the time. The information contained in ITED makes this database a useful tool to understand how tsunamis have affected the Italian territory and emphasizes the importance of studying the tsunami hazard along the Italian coasts.
    Description: Published
    Description: 596044
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tsunami ; tsunami effects ; historical tsunami ; Italian coasts ; tsunami intensity ; tsunami hazard ; tsunami history ; 05.02. Data dissemination
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    Genomic Insight of Alicyclobacillus mali FL18 Isolated From an Arsenic-Rich Hot Spring (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: Extreme environments are excellent places to find microorganisms capable of tolerating extreme temperature, pH, salinity pressure, and elevated concentration of heavy metals and other toxic compounds. In the last decades, extremophilic microorganisms have been extensively studied since they can be applied in several fields of biotechnology along with their enzymes. In this context, the characterization of heavy metal resistance determinants in thermophilic microorganisms is the starting point for the development of new biosystems and bioprocesses for environmental monitoring and remediation. This work focuses on the isolation and the genomic exploration of a new arsenic-tolerant microorganism, classified as Alicyclobacillus mali FL18. The bacterium was isolated from a hot mud pool of the solfataric terrains in Pisciarelli, a well-known hydrothermally active zone of the Campi Flegrei volcano near Naples in Italy. A. mali FL18 showed a good tolerance to arsenite (MIC value of 41 mM), as well as to other metals such as nickel (MIC 30 mM), cobalt, and mercury (MIC 3 mM and 17 μM, respectively). Signatures of arsenic resistance genes (one arsenate reductase, one arsenite methyltransferase, and several arsenite exporters) were found interspersed in the genome as well as several multidrug resistance efflux transporters that could be involved in the export of drugs and heavy metal ions. Moreover, the strain showed a high resistance to bacitracin and ciprofloxacin, suggesting that the extreme environment has positively selected multiple resistances to different toxic compounds. This work provides, for the first time, insights into the heavy metal tolerance and antibiotic susceptibility of an Alicyclobacillus strain and highlights its putative molecular determinants.
    Description: Published
    Description: 639697
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: arsenic resistance system ; bioremediation; ; toxic metals ; genomic sequencing and annotation; ; thermophilic microorganism; ; geothermal environment;
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Magma Migration at Shallower Levels and Lava Fountains Sequence as Revealed by Borehole Dilatometers on Etna Volcano (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: A main challenge in open conduit volcanoes is to detect and interpret the ultra-small strain (〈10–6) associated with minor but critical eruptions such as the lava fountains. Two years after the flank eruption of December 2018, Etna generated a violent and spectacular eruptive sequence of lava fountains. There were 23 episodes from December 13, 2020 to March 31, 2021, 17 of which in the brief period 16 February to 31 March with an intensified occurrence rate. The high-precision borehole dilatometer network recorded significant strain changes in the forerunning phase of December 2020 accompanying the final magma migration at the shallower levels, and also during the single lava fountains and during the entire sequence. The source modeling provided further information on the shallow plumbing system. Moreover, the strain signals also gave useful information both on the explosive efficiency of the lava fountains sequence and the estimate of erupted volume. The high precision borehole dilatometers confirm to be strategic and very useful tool, also to detect and interpret ultra-small strain changes associated with explosive eruptions, such as lava fountains, in open conduit volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 740505
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: etna volcano ; lava fountains ; volcano monitoring ; borehole strainmeters ; eruption modeling ; Magma Migration at Shallower Levels and Lava Fountains Sequence as Revealed by Borehole Dilatometers on Etna Volcano
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    ANTASed – An Updated Sediment Model for Antarctica (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-11
    Description: We compile existing seismic, gravity, radar and magnetic data, together with the subglacial bedrock relief from the BEDMACHINE project, to build the most detailed sediment model for Antarctica. We interpolate these data according to a tectonic map of Antarctica using a statistical kriging method. Our results reveal significant sediment accumulation in Antarctica with several types of sedimentary basins: parts of the Beacon Supergroup and more recent rifting basins. The basement relief closely resembles major geological and tectonic structures. The thickness of sediments has significant variations around the continent, and depends on the degree of crustal extension. West Antarctica has wide sedimentary basins: the Ross basin (thickness 2–6 km), the Filchner-Ronne basin (2–12 km) with continuations into East Antarctica, the Bentley Subglacial Trench and the Byrd basin (2–4 km). The deepest Filchner-Ronne basin has a complex structure with multi-layered sediments. East Antarctica is characterized by vast sedimentary basins such as the Pensacola-Pole (1–2 km), Coats Land (1–3 km), Dronning Maud Land (1–2 km), Vostok (2–7 km), Aurora (1–3 km), Astrolabe (2–4 km), Adventure (2–4 km), and Wilkes (1–4 km) basins, along with narrow deep rifts filled by sediments: JutulStraumen (1–2 km), Lambert (2–5 km), Scott, Denman, Vanderford and Totten (2–4 km) rifts. The average thickness of sediments for the whole continent is about 0.77 km. The new model, ANTASed, represents a significant improvement over CRUST 1.0 for Antarctica, and reveals new sedimentary basins. Differences between ANTASed and CRUST 1.0 reach +12/−3 km.
    Description: Published
    Description: 722699
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Water Vapor Tomography of the Lower Atmosphere from Multiparametric Inversion: the Mt. Etna Volcano Test Case (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Space techniques based on GPS and SAR interferometry allow measuringmillimetric ground deformations. Achieving such accuracy means removing atmospheric anomalies that frequently affect volcanic areas by modeling the tropospheric delays. Due to the prominent orography and the high spatial and temporal variability of weather conditions, the active volcano Mt. Etna (Italy) is particularly suitableto carry out research aimed at estimating and filtering atmospheric effects on GPS and DInSAR grounddeformation measurements. The aim of this work is to improve the accuracy of the ground deformation measurements by modeling the tropospheric delays at Mt. Etna volcano. To this end, data from the monitoring network of 29 GPS permanent stations and MODIS multispectral satellite data series are used to reproduce the tropospheric delays affecting interferograms. A tomography algorithm has been developed to reproduce the wet refractivityfield over Mt. Etna in 3D, starting from the slant tropospheric delays calculated by GPS in all the stations of the network. The developed algorithm has been tested on a synthetic atmospheric anomaly. The test confirms the capability of the software to faithfully reconstruct the simulated anomaly. With the aim of applying this algorithm to real cases, we introduce the water vapor contentmeasured by the MODIS instrument on board Terra and Aqua satellites. The use of such data,although limited by cloud cover, provides a two-fold benefit: it improves the tomographic resolution and adds feedback for the GPS wet delay measurements. A cross-comparison between GPS and MODIS water vapor measurements for thefirst time shows a fair agreement between those indirect measurements on an entire year of data (2015). The tomography algorithm was applied on selected real cases to correct the Sentinel-1 DInSAR interferograms acquired over Mt. Etna during 2015. Indeed, the corrected interferograms show that the differential path delay reaches 0.1 m (i.e. 3 C-band fringes) in ground deformation, demonstrating how the atmospheric anomaly affects precision and reliability of DInSAR space-based techniques. The real cases show that the tomography is often able to capturethe atmospheric effect at the large scale and correct interferograms, although in limited areas. Furthermore, the introduction of MODIS data significantly improves by ∼80% voxel resolution at the critical layer (1,000 m). Further improvements will be suitable for monitoring active volcanoes worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 510514
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tomography, GPS, etna, earth observation data, SAR, water vapor
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 68
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    Upward Magma Migration within the Multi-level Plumbing System of the Changbaishan Volcano (China/North Korea) Revealed by the Modeling of 2018-2020 SAR Data (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: Changbaishan volcano (China/North Korea border) consists of a cone with a summit caldera and last erupted in 1903. An unrest episode occurred between 2002 and 2006, followed by subsidence. The volcano was responsible for the largest eruption of the last Millennium in 946 CE and it is characterized by a multi-level plumbing system. Here, we analyze the Changbaishan 2018-2020 deformations by using remote sensing data, detecting an up to 20 mm/yr, NW-SE elongated nearly-uplift of its southeastern flank and a -20 mm/yr nearly-subsidence of the southwestern flank. Modeling results show that three active sources are responsible for the observed ground velocities: a deep tabular deflating source, a shallower inflating NW-SE elongated spheroid source, and a NW-SE striking dip-slip fault. The depth and geometry of the inferred sources are consistent with independent petrological and geophysical data. Our results reveal an upward magma migration from 14 km to 7.7 km. The modeling of the leveling data of the 2002-2005 uplift and 2009-2011 subsidence depicts sources consistent with the 2018-2020 active system retrieved. The past unrest is related to pressurization of the upper portion of the spheroid magma chamber, whereas the subsidence is due to crystallization of its floor, this latter reactivated in 2018-2020. Therefore, Changbaishan is affected by an active magma recharge controlled by a NW-SE trending fault system. Satellite data analysis is a key tool to unravel the magma dynamics at poorly monitored and crossborder volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 741287
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active magma recharge ; Plumbing system ; Deformation modelling ; Changbaishan volcano ; InSAR ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    Mixing in the Tyrrhenian Interior Due to Thermohaline Staircases (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Thermohaline staircases are a well-known peculiar feature of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Generated by extensive double diffusion processes fueled by lateral intrusions, they are considered to be the most stable of all the staircases that have been detected in the world ocean, seeing their persistence of more than 40 years in the literature. Double diffusion leads to efficient vertical mixing, potentially playing a significant role in guiding the diapycnal mixing. The present study investigates this process of mixing in the case of the Tyrrhenian staircases by calculating the heat and salt fluxes in their gradient zones (interfaces) and the resulting net fluxes in adjacent layers using hydrological profiles collected from 2003 to 2016 at a station in the heart of the basin interior. The staircases favor downward fluxes of heat and salt, and the results of the calculations show that these are greater where temperature and salinity gradients are also high. This condition is more frequently encountered at thin and sharp interfaces, which sometimes appear as substructures of the thicker interfaces of the staircases. These substructures are hot spots where vertical fluxes are further accentuated. Due to the increasing salt and heat content of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) during the observation period, a rise in the values of the fluxes was noted in the portion of the water column below it down to about 1800 m. The data furthermore show that internal gravity waves can modulate the structure of the staircases and very likely contribute to the mixing, too, but the sampling frequency of the time series is too large to permit a proper assessment of these processes. It is shown that, at least during the period of observation, the fluxes due to salt fingers do not reach the bottom layer but remain within the staircases.
    Description: Published
    Description: 672437
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tyrrhenian Sea ; thermohaline staircases ; salt fingers ; diapycnal mixing ; heat and salt fluxes ; 03.03. Physical
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    Automatic inspection and analysis of digital waveform images by means of convolutional neural networks (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Analyzing seismic data to get information about earthquakes has always been a major task for seismologists and, more in general, for geophysicists. Recently, thanks to the technological development of observation systems, more and more data are available to perform such tasks. However, this data “grow up” makes “human possibility” of data processing more complex in terms of required efforts and time demanding. That is why new technological approaches such as artificial intelligence are becoming very popular and more and more exploited. In this paper, we explore the possibility of interpreting seismic waveform segments by means of pre-trained deep learning. More specifically, we apply convolutional networks to seismological waveforms recorded at local or regional distances without any pre-elaboration or filtering. We show that such an approach can be very successful in determining if an earthquake is “included” in the seismic wave image and in estimating the distance between the earthquake epicenter and the recording station.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1347–1359
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Midlatitude climatology of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness over two solar cycles (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-25
    Description: Themain climatological features of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness (τ ) for the Northern hemispheremidlatitudes are analyzed. F2-layer peak electron density values recorded at three midlatitude ionospheric stations (Chilton 51.5° N, 0.6° W, U.K.; Roquetes 40.8° N, 0.5° E, Spain;Wallops Island 37.9° N, 75.5°W, USA) and vertical total electron content values from colocated ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System receivers are used to calculate a dataset of τ values for the last two solar cycles, considering only magnetically quiet periods. Results are presented both as grids of binned medians and as boxplots as a function of local time and month of the year, for different solar activity levels. Corresponding trends are first compared to those output by the midlatitude empirical model developed by Fox et al. (Radio Sci 26:429–438, 1991) and then discussed in the light of what is known so far. From this investigation, the strong need to implement an improved empirical model of τ has emerged. Both Space Weather and Space Geodesy applications might benefit from such model. Therefore, both the dataset and the methodology described in the paper represent a first fundamental step aimed at implementing an empirical climatological model of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness. The study highlighted also that at midlatitudes τ shows the following main patterns: daytime values considerably smaller than nighttime ones (except in summer); well-defined maxima at solar terminator hours; a greater dispersion during nighttime and solar terminator hours; no clear and evident solar activity dependence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 124
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Fracturing and healing of basaltic magmas during explosive volcanic eruptions (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: The eruption of basaltic magmas dominates explosive volcanism on Earth and other planets within the Solar System. The mechanism through which continuous magma fragments into volcanic particles is central in governing eruption dynamics and the ensuing hazards. However, the mechanism of fragmentation of basaltic magmas is still disputed, with both viscous and brittle mechanisms having been proposed. Here we carry out textural analysis of the products of ten eruptions from seven volcanoes by scanning electron microscopy. We find broken crystals surrounded by intact glass that testify to the brittle fragmentation of basaltic magmas during explosive activity worldwide. We then replicated the natural textures of broken crystals in laboratory experiments where variably crystallized basaltic melt was fragmented by rapid deformation. The experiments reveal that crystals are broken by the propagation of a network of fractures through magma, and that afterwards the fractures heal by viscous flow of the melt. Fracturing and healing affect gas mobility, stress distribution, and bubble and crystal size distributions in magma. Our results challenge the idea that the grain size distribution of basaltic eruption products reflects the density of fractures that initially fragmented the magma and ultimately indicate that brittle fracturing and viscous healing of magma may underlie basaltic explosive eruptions globally.
    Description: Published
    Description: 248–254
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Editorial: Impact of Deep Oceanic Processes on Circulation and Climate Variability: Examples From the Mediterranean Sea and the Global Ocean (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-14
    Description: The ocean is a crucial component of the Earth’s climate system. Heat and CO2 are absorbed in the ocean’s surface and transported throughout the ocean depths through the overturning circulation. Exchange across the ocean’s turbulent surface boundary layer can happen rapidly, in hours or days, and significant exchange of water between the boundary layer and the stratified main thermocline occurs over timescales of years to decades. Deepwater takes many decades to millennia to return to the surface, acting as long-term storage for heat and CO2 and thereby lessening the near-term impacts of climate change. The understanding of mechanisms and rates that control the bottom flows is essential to quantify re-transfer towards the upper layers of the energy stored at the seafloor. These processes are significantly affecting the ocean system as a whole and could contribute to accelerating the rising climate trends (thermohaline circulation, sea-level rise, and ocean acidification). The Mediterranean Sea, like the ocean, has its overturning circulation and it represents a suitable lab for investigating physical mechanisms such as deepwater formation, mixing processes, strait dynamics, advective-convective feedbacks that drive the ocean variability, and the internal exchange mechanisms. Also, the scale of variability is shorter compared to other ocean basins in time and space. As mechanisms governing exchanges of heat and carbon in the ocean occur with long timescales, observational datasets over many decades are required to document, understand, and predict the climate system as a whole. This is also an essential requirement to detect and attribute changes driven by human activities and to predict how the climate system will likely behave in the future. The needs for and uses of deep ocean data extend well beyond closing the global heat budget. Deep ocean data are needed to initialize and constrain ocean models and improve their representation of mixing of heat downwards/upwards within the deep ocean. In order to understand past and future climate changes, the characterization of the still unexplored deep dynamics aims to provide crucial results to support new interpretations of the paleo circulation and of those processes that have influenced ventilation and water masses overturning. These new insights will also be essential for leading, in the near future, new tailored parameterizations able to adequately represent the dynamics below 2000m of depth. This article collection conceived in the framework of MedCliver (http://www.medclivar.eu/) community, aims to gather outcomes on deep ocean circulation and bottom mixing not only in the Mediterranean area but also through other important case studies relevant in the characterization of deep processes, considering three different points of view: 1- Theoretical (role of the bottom diffusion) 2- New assimilation and modeling 3- In situ observations of deep long time series These will contribute to improving knowledge of the impacts of key deep processes on the climate system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 801479
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Tales From Three 18th Century Eruptions to Understand Past and Present Behaviour of Etna (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: The structure of an active volcano is highly dependent on the interplay between the geodynamic context, the tectonic assessment as well as the magmatic processes in the plumbing system. This complex scenario, widely explored at Etna during the last 40 years, is nevertheless incomplete for the recent historical activity. In 1763 two eruptions occurred along the west flank of the volcano. There, an eruption started on 6th February and formed the scoria cone of Mt. Nuovo and a roughly 4-km-long lava flow field. Another small scoria cone, known as Mt. Mezza Luna, is not dated in historical sources. It is located just 1 km eastward of Mt. Nuovo and produced a 700mlong flow field. We focused on the activity of Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna for several reasons. First, the old geological maps and volcanological catalogues indicate that Mt. Mezza Luna and Mt. Nuovo cones were formed during the same eruption, while historical sources described Mt. Nuovo’s activity as producing a single scoria cone and do not give information about the formation of Mt. Mezza Luna. Second, petrologic studies highlight that the products of Mt. Mezza Luna are similar to the sub-aphyric Etna basalts; they preserve a composition relatively close to Etna primitive magma which were also erupted in 1763, during La Montagnola flank eruption, which took place along the South Rift of the volcano. Third, the two scoria cones built up along the so-called West Rift of Etna, which represents one of the main magma-ascent zones of the volcano. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that could prove useful for other volcanoes whose past activity is still to be reconstructed. Critical reviews of historical records, new field surveys, petrochemical analyses and petrologic modelling of the Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna eruptions have been integrated with literature data. The results allowed improving the stratigraphic record of historical eruptions reported in the Mount Etna Geological map, modelling the sub-volcanic magmatic processes responsible for magma differentiation, and evidencing recurrent mechanisms of magma transfer at Etna. Indeed, the intrusion of a deep primitive magma along the South Rift is often associated with the activation of other rift zones that erupt residual magma stored in the shallow plumbing system.
    Description: This study has been funded by the EC FP7 Mediterranean Supersite Volcanoes project (ECGA 308665) of the European Commission
    Description: Published
    Description: 774361
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna volcano, historical activity, historical geological maps, stratigraphic sequence, deep magma composition, volcano rift zones ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    Editorial: Seismicity in Volcanic Areas (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Editorial article
    Description: Seismic activity (e.g., earthquakes, tremors) beneath volcanic areas is primarily caused by the dynamic interaction of molten rock and hydrothermal fluids with the solid host rock, by fracturing and fragmentation of the magma itself, and by tectonic processes interacting with the volcano. In addition, near-surface phenomena such as explosions and rockfalls at a volcanic edifice also produce seismic events. At volcano observatories globally, the real-time monitoring of the spatial and temporal patterns of seismic events is an essential geophysical tool to quantify the state of unrest, and forecast eruptions successfully. Seismic waveforms, earthquake catalogues and earthquake ray-path properties commonly supplement this tool to model the complex processes responsible for the earthquakes quantitatively, and to image subsurface magmatic and tectonic structures. Independent constraints provided by other disciplines such as geodesy and structural geology also significantly help scientists to understand the volcanic processes. Recent advances in earthquake recording technology, computing power and algorithms in artificial intelligence, allow processing and interpretation of large and complex multi-parametric datasets and scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 829460
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake swarms ; volcanic areas ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
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    The Influence of Particle Concentration on the Formation of Settling-Driven Gravitational Instabilities at the Base of Volcanic Clouds (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Settling-driven gravitational instabilities observed at the base of volcanic ash clouds have the potential to play a substantial role in volcanic ash sedimentation. They originate from a narrow, gravitationally unstable region called a Particle Boundary Layer (PBL) that forms at the lower cloud-atmosphere interface and generates downward-moving ash fingers that enhance the ash sedimentation rate. We use scaled laboratory experiments in combination with particle imaging and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) techniques to investigate the effect of particle concentration on PBL and finger formation. Results show that, as particles settle across an initial density interface and are incorporated within the dense underlying fluid, the PBL grows below the interface as a narrow region of small excess density. This detaches upon reaching a critical thickness, that scales with (Formula presented.), where (Formula presented.) is the kinematic viscosity and (Formula presented.) is the reduced gravity of the PBL, leading to the formation of fingers. During this process, the fluid above and below the interface remains poorly mixed, with only small quantities of the upper fluid phase being injected through fingers. In addition, our measurements confirm previous findings over a wider set of initial conditions that show that both the number of fingers and their velocity increase with particle concentration. We also quantify how the vertical particle mass flux below the particle suspension evolves with time and with the particle concentration. Finally, we identify a dimensionless number that depends on the measurable cloud mass-loading and thickness, which can be used to assess the potential for settling-driven gravitational instabilities to form. Our results suggest that fingers from volcanic clouds characterised by high ash concentrations not only are more likely to develop, but they are also expected to form more quickly and propagate at higher velocities than fingers associated with ash-poor clouds.
    Description: Published
    Description: 640090
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: PLIF ; analogue experiments ; ash concentration ; settling-driven gravitational instabilities ; tephra sedimentation ; volcanic ash clouds ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    Catching the Main Ethiopian Rift evolving towards plate divergence (2022)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Magmatism accompanies rifting along divergent plate boundaries, although its role before continental breakup remains poorly understood. For example, the magma-assisted Northern Main Ethiopian Rift (NMER) lacks current volcanism and clear tectono-magmatic relationships with its contiguous rift portions. Here we define its magmatic behaviour, identifying the most recent eruptive fissures (EF) whose aphyric basalts have a higher Ti content than those of older monogenetic scoria cones (MSC), which are porphyritic and plagioclase-dominated. Despite these differences, calculations highlight a similar parental melt for EF and MSC products, suggesting only a different evolutionary history after melt generation. While MSC magmas underwent a further step of storage at intermediate crustal levels, EF magmas rose directly from the base of the crust without contamination, even below older polygenetic volcanoes, suggesting rapid propagation of transcrustal dikes across solidified magma chambers. Whether this recent condition in the NMER is stable or transient, it indicates a transition from central polygenetic to linear fissure volcanism, indicative of increased tensile conditions and volcanism directly fed from the base of the crust, suggesting transition towards mature rifting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 21821
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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    Tidal Modulation of Hydrothermal Tremor: Examples From Ischia and Campi Flegrei Volcanoes, Italy (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-08
    Description: Volcano dynamics results from an interplay between internal and external processes spanning different time scales. Unravelling how such processes interact may provide key insights into the mechanisms that may lead to the destabilization of the volcanoes and eruption, a critical information to forecast hazards. Studies dealing with tidal influence on volcanoes fall within this context, yet the cause-effect relationship between tides and eruptions is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigate the tidal influence on two nearby volcanoes, Ischia and Campi Flegrei (Italy), characterized by intense hydrothermal activity. We analyze the seismic tremor of hydrothermal origin recorded by four seismic stations between January and June 2020 by using Singular Spectrum Analysis. We detect up to five long term tidal periodicities ranging from ∼5 to ∼29 days. The results indicate that the seismic tremor is modulated by Earth tides at both volcanoes. In addition, differences in phase and amplitude modulation between the response of both hydrothermal systems to tidal forcing reveal specific features related to the tremor source and to properties of the surrounding medium. These phenomena indicate an interplay between solid Earth and the dynamics of these two volcanoes. Similar approaches on hydrothermal systems at volcanoes would contribute to better characterize the hydrothermal circulation and their evolving conditions that may represent a precursor of a new phase of activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 775269
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; Ischia ; seismic tremor ; hydrothermal activity ; tidal modulation ; SSA ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    Tsunamis From Submarine Collapses Along the Eastern Slope of the Gela Basin (Strait of Sicily) (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Geophysical surveys in the eastern slope of the Gela Basin (Strait of Sicily, central Mediterranean) contributed to the identification of several episodes of sediment mass transport, recorded by scars and deposits of various dimensions within the Pleistocene succession. In addition to a huge failure called Gela Slide with volume exceeding 600 km3, the most studied events show volumes estimated between 0.5 and 1.5 km3, which is common to many other submarine landslide deposits in this region and that can therefore be considered as a characteristic value. In this work, the tsunamigenic potential of two of such landslides, the so-called Northern Twin Slide and South Gela Basin Slide located about 50 km apart along the eastern slope of the Gela Basin, are investigated using numerical codes that describe the onset and motion of the slide, as well as the ensuing tsunami generation and propagation. The results provide the wave height of these tsunami events on the coast of southern Sicily and Malta and can be taken as representative of the tsunamigenic potential of typical landslides occurring along the slope of the Gela Basin.
    Description: Published
    Description: 602171
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tsunami ; landslide ; hydrosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Neapolitan volcanoes (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-24
    Description: This book serves as a guide to discovering the most interesting volcano sites in Italy. Accompanied by some extraordinary contemporary images of active Neapolitan volcanoes, it explains the main volcanic processes that have been shaping the landscape of the Campania region and influencing human settlements in this area since Greek and Roman times and that have prompted leading international scientists to visit and study this natural volcanology laboratory. While volcanology is the central topic, the book also addresses other aspects related to the area’s volcanism and is divided into three sections: 1) Neapolitan volcanic activity and processes (with a general introduction to volcanology and its development around Naples together with descriptions of the landscape and the main sites worth visiting); 2) Volcanoes and their interactions with local human settlements since the Bronze Age, recent population growth and the transformation of the territory; 3) The risks posed by Neapolitan Volcanoes, their recent activity and the problem of forecasting any future eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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    SMART Subsea Cables for Observing the Earth and Ocean, Mitigating Environmental Hazards, and Supporting the Blue Economy (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: The Joint Task Force, Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (JTF SMART) Subsea Cables, is working to integrate environmental sensors for ocean bottom temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration into submarine telecommunications cables. The purpose of SMART Cables is to support climate and ocean observation, sea level monitoring, observations of Earth structure, and tsunami and earthquake early warning and disaster risk reduction, including hazard quantification. Recent advances include regional SMART pilot systems that are the first steps to trans-ocean and global implementation. Examples of pilots include: InSEA wet demonstration project off Sicily at the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory Western Ionian Facility; New Caledonia and Vanuatu; French Polynesia Natitua South system connecting Tahiti to Tubaui to the south; Indonesia starting with short pilot systems working toward systems for the Sumatra-Java megathrust zone; and the CAM-2 ring system connecting Lisbon, Azores, and Madeira. This paper describes observing system simulations for these and other regions. Funding reflects a blend of government, development bank, philanthropic foundation, and commercial contributions. In addition to notable scientific and societal benefits, the telecommunications enterprise’s mission of global connectivity will benefit directly, as environmental awareness improves both the integrity of individual cable systems as well as the resilience of the overall global communications network. SMART cables support the outcomes of a predicted, safe, and transparent ocean as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and the Blue Economy. As a continuation of the OceanObs’19 conference and community white paper (Howe et al., 2019, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00424), an overview of the SMART programme and a description of the status of ongoing projects are given.
    Description: Published
    Description: 775544
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Northern Hemisphere drought risk in a warming climate (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Springer Nature, 4(1), ISSN: 2397-3722
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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    Surface Velocities and Strain-Rates in the Euro-Mediterranean Region From Massive GPS Data Processing (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-05
    Description: In this work we present and discuss new geodetic velocity and strain-rate fields for the Euro-Mediterranean region obtained from the analysis of continuous GNSS stations. We describe the procedures and methods adopted to analyze raw GPS observations from 〉4000 stations operating in the Euro-Mediterranean, Eurasian and African regions. The goal of this massive analysis is the monitoring of Earth’s crust deformation in response to tectonic processes, including plate- and micro-plate kinematics, geodynamics, active tectonics, earthquake-cycle, but also the study of a wide range of geophysical processes, natural and anthropogenic subsidence, sea-level changes, and hydrology. We describe the computational infrastructure, the methods and procedures adopted to obtain a threedimensional GPS velocity field, which is used to obtain spatial velocity gradients and horizontal strain-rates. We then focus on the Euro-Mediterranean region, where we discuss the horizontal and vertical velocities, and spatial velocity gradients, obtained from stations that have time-series lengths longer than 6 and 7 years, which are found to be the minimum spans to provide stable and reliable velocity estimates in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. We compute the horizontal strain-rate field and discuss deformation patterns and kinematics along the major seismogenic belts of the Nubia-Eurasia plate boundary zone in the Mediterranean region. The distribution and density of continuous GNSS stations in our geodetic solution allow us to estimate the strain-rate field at a spatial scale of ~27 km over a large part of southern Europe, with the exclusion of the Dinaric mountains and Balkans.
    Description: The GNSS data analysis center described in this work is realized and maintained by different founding resources and projects, including EPOS-MIUR, the Department of Italian Civil Protection and Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia agreement (Annex A), Programma Operativo Nazionale (PON) GRINT, ILG Minerbio, MISE DGISSEGINGV 2020 agreement, Med-MFC. FP is supported by the project MUSE, funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), within which the re-analysis discussed in this work has been developed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 907897
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GNSS data processing ; time series analysis ; horizontal strain rates ; vertical ground velocities ; Euro- Mediterranean region
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Environmental stability and phenotypic plasticity benefit the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus in an acidified fjord (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Biology, Springer Nature, 5(683)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-13
    Description: The stratified Chilean Comau Fjord sustains a dense population of the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus in aragonite supersaturated shallow and aragonite under- saturated deep water. This provides a rare opportunity to evaluate CWC fitness trade-offs in response to physico-chemical drivers and their variability. Here, we combined year-long reciprocal transplantation experiments along natural oceanographic gradients with an in situ assessment of CWC fitness. Following transplantation, corals acclimated fast to the novel environment with no discernible difference between native and novel (i.e. cross-transplanted) corals, demonstrating high phenotypic plasticity. Surprisingly, corals exposed to lowest ara- gonite saturation (Ωarag 〈 1) and temperature (T 〈 12.0 °C), but stable environmental condi- tions, at the deep station grew fastest and expressed the fittest phenotype. We found an inverse relationship between CWC fitness and environmental variability and propose to consider the high frequency fluctuations of abiotic and biotic factors to better predict the future of CWCs in a changing ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    The Volcano-Tectonics of the Northern Sector of Ischia Island Caldera (Southern Italy): Resurgence, Subsidence and Earthquakes (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-16
    Description: The island of Ischia, an active volcanic field emerging in the western sector of the Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), represents an archetypal case of caldera that underwent a very large resurgence related to the intrusion of a shallow magma body. The resurgence culminated with the formation of a structural high in the central sector of the island, i.e., the Mt. Epomeo block. This is bordered by a system of faults along which volcanic activity occurred up to 1302 A.D., and damaging earthquakes were generated in historical and recent time. The seismicity is located prevalently in the northern sector of the island and appears to be correlated with the most recent phase (〈5 ka) of ground movement (subsidence), although the mechanism of earthquakes’ generation is still debated. By jointly analyzing offshore and onshore data (seismic profile and stratigraphy wells, respectively) and new petrological and geochemical data related to the most recent phase of volcano-tectonic activity, we develop a geological and structural layout of the northern sector of the island. In particular, we identify the seismogenic fault associated with the historical and recent destructive earthquakes of Ischia. This fault formed in the northern sector of the island during the final stage of the resurgence.We also propose a conceptual volcano-tectonic model of the northern sector of the Ischia Island, depicting the displacement of the fault zones in the off-shore area and the possible mechanism of stress loading and release in the on-shore zone, which is mainly driven by the subsidence of the Mt. Epomeo block. Our results are crucial for evaluating the dynamics of the seismogenic structures in the framework
    Description: Published
    Description: 730023
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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    SOURCE: Sea Observations Utility for Reprocessing, Calibration and Evaluation (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-16
    Description: SOURCE utility for reprocessing, calibration, and evaluation is a software designed for web applications that permits to calibrate and validate ocean models within a selected spatial domain using in-situ observations. Nowadays, in-situ observations can be freely accessed online through several marine data portals together with the metadata information about the data provenance and its quality. Metadata information and compliance with modern data standards allow the user to select and filter the data according to the level of quality required for the intended use and application. However, the available data sets might still contain anomalous data, bad data flagged as good, due to several reasons, i.e., the general quality assurance procedures adopted by the data infrastructure, the selected data type, the timeliness of delivery, etc. In order to provide accurate model skill scores, the SOURCE utility performs a secondary quality check, or re-processing, of observations through gross check tests and a recursive statistical quality control. This first and basic SOURCE implementation uses Near Real Time moored temperature and salinity observations distributed by the Copernicus Marine Environment and Monitoring Service (CMEMS) and two model products from Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), the first an analysis and the second a reanalysis, distributed during CMEMS phase I for the Mediterranean Sea. The SOURCE tool is freely available to the scientific community through the ZENODO open access repository, consistent with the open science principles and for that it has been designed to be relocatable, to manage multiple model outputs, and different data types. Moreover, its observation reprocessing module provides the possibility to characterize temperature and salinity variability at each mooring site and continuously monitor the ocean state. Highest quality mooring time series at 90 sites and the corresponding model values have been obtained and used to compute model skill scores. The SOURCE output also includes mooring climatologies, trends, Probability Density Functions and averages at different time scales. Model skill scores and site statistics can be used to visually inspect both model and sensor performance in Near Real Time at the single site or at the basin scale. The SOURCE utility uptake allows the interested user to adapt it to its specific purpose or domain, including for example additional parameters and statistics for early warning applications.
    Description: This work has been co-funded by the Italian RITMARE Flagship Project and the INGV internal project Relocatable integrated Cal/Val system for sea observations reprocessing and ocean models evaluation (project code 9999.526 - RL2019)
    Description: Published
    Description: 750387
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Mid-Pliocene El Niño/Southern Oscillation suppressed by Pacific intertropical convergence zone shift (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Springer Nature, ISSN: 1752-0908
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant driver of year-to-year climate variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, impacts climate pattern across the globe. However, the response of the ENSO system to past and potential future temperature increases is not fully understood. Here we investigate ENSO variability in the warmer climate of the mid-Pliocene (~3.0–3.3 Ma), when surface temperatures were ~2–3 °C above modern values, in a large ensemble of climate models—the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project. We show that the ensemble consistently suggests a weakening of ENSO variability, with a mean reduction of 25% (±16%). We further show that shifts in the equatorial Pacific mean state cannot fully explain these changes. Instead, ENSO was suppressed by a series of off-equatorial processes triggered by a northward displacement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone: weakened convective feedback and intensified Southern Hemisphere circulation, which inhibit various processes that initiate ENSO. The connection between the climatological intertropical convergence zone position and ENSO we find in the past is expected to operate in our warming world with important ramifications for ENSO variability.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    Inferring life history characteristics of the oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus from vertebral bomb radiocarbon (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: High-precision vertebral bomb radiocarbon measurements likely track philopatric movements in oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus.
    Description: This work was made possible by a Graduate Student Fellowship from the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) lab at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Carbon-14 ; Age validation ; Migration ; Diet ; Vertebrae ; Family Carcharhinidae
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Presentation
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    Seismic reflection study of the geologic structure underlying southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A subbottom reflection survey of southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was made by means of a continuous seismic reflection technique (the Continuous Seismic Profiler)developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Knott and Hersey, 1956). The observational program was conducted in May, 1958 under contract with the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and in May, 1960 under contract with the Bureau of Ships, U . S. Navy, to obtain foundation data for locating hurricane barriers (Corps of Engineers, 1957) and to develop techniques for studying the geologic structure of shallow water areas. At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution this work is part of a continuing, broader program directed toward describing the structures and tracing the geologic history of continental margins. The Continuous Seismic Profiler employs a wide-band sound source the pulses from which are reflected from the bottom and from sediment and rock layers beneath the bottom. The sound pulse is synchronized with the sweep of a Precision Graphic Recorder (PGR), which records sound energy received at an underwater detector. (In 1958 the sound source was an early form of the Sparker, while in 1960 the Edgerton Thumper was the source. (These instruments are described below.) When the sound source and the detector are towed from a boat, the reflected sound energy is recorded to present a continuously correlated picture of subbottom structure. Measurements in Narragansett Bay were made south of the Jamestown Bridge in the West Passage and between Conanicut Island and Newport Neck in the East Passage (Fig . 1A and lB). Two additional traverses were made across the bay in areas to the north where core data are available (Fig. 2).
    Description: The Bureau of Ships under Contract NObsr 72521 and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract DA-19-016 CIVENG-58-65
    Keywords: Seismic reflection method ; Narragansett Bay (R.I.)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 October - 31 December 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Research at sea during this three month period, supported by Contract NObsr-72521, was carried out mostly during the latter portion of the CHAIN Cruise 21 to the eastern Mediterranean. Near-surface sound transmission runs were made with the aid of two foreign ships in the eastern Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian Sea. Sound velocity measurements were made there also. Reverberation and back-scatter measurements using half pound explosives as sound sources were recorded on magnetic tape for future analysis. Further, at several places during the cruise acoustic reflectivity of the sea-floor was measured by means of a semi-automatic system employing the Precision Graphic Recorder and the Edo UQN Echo Sounder. Research other than that on CHAIN Cruise 21, included ambient noise studies of recorded signals from finback whales, and analysis of data from previous observations at sea.
    Description: The Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr - 72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 91
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    Narrative of CHAIN cruise #36 : Woods Hole to the Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico and the Barracuda Fault east of the Lesser Antilles, and back, 4 June - 10 July, 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This narrative report of CHAIN Cruise 36 includes the chief scientist's journal, a summary track chart, and a log of stations occupied. The cruise was made in two parts : the first, to the Outer Ridge north of Puerto Rico for seismic reflection and refraction work with ATLANTIS II, and the second from the Outer Ridge to the area of the Barracuda Fault east of the Lesser Antilles for bathymetric and gravity surveys and a detailed geophysical study of the area between 16° and 17 °N and 57 ° and 59 °W. The scientific program included echo sounding, continuous seismic reflection profiling, seismic refraction profiles , gravity measurements, dredging, bottom photography, and heat flow measurements.
    Description: This cruise was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant GP - 1123.
    Keywords: Oceanography--Research ; Marine geophysics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    The mechanical and chemical properties of the HY 100 pressure hulls of the submarine, ALVIN (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report presents mechanical and chemical test data from the three pressure hulls fabricated for the Deep Research Submarine, ALVIN. The data is discussed briefly, the low Charpy V-Notch values after stress relief noted, and recommendations made for further testing required for design and evaluation. The three hulls are compared with reference to failure criteria.
    Description: Director of Undersea Programs Office of Naval Research prepared under Contract Nonr-3484 (00)
    Keywords: Hulls (Naval architecture)
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1964 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Geophysical investigations were carried out aboard R /V CHAIN in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations underway were continuous seismic profiling, gravity, magnetic, and echo sounding measurements. At stations rocks were dredged, cores were taken (about 10 meters long, photographic montages of the sea floor were made, and the sound velocity of the water was measured as a function of depth. Progress is being made in filtering and correlation techniques for seismic profiling, while seismic receiving arrays were improved to make them quieter. The analysis of internal wave data is continuing, but further observations at sea will be required in order to fully understand the mechanism of propagation. Seven papers were published during this period and thirteen were submitted for publication. These papers are concerned with seismic profiling, seismic refraction profiles, sediment ponding, sound transmission, thermal fronts, and biological papers dealing with sound production by marine mammals and deep-sea fish natural history gained from bottom photographs. A new thermistor string intended to replace and improve upon the original thermistor chain was the principal new instrumental development.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research under Contracts Nonr-4029(00)NR260-101 and Nonr-3243(00)NR260-108
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    A computer program for grain-size data (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The computer program presented here seeks to improve estimation of statistical parameters for grain-size data by use of interpolated values. Interpolation is made by fitting a series of overlapping parabolas to the data, and follows the method of Snyder (1961). The values are used in moment formulas to compute standard statistical measures. Skewness and kurtosis are reduced by the interpolation data, and extreme positive values of kurtosis tend to be greatly reduced. The program also picks major modes, the median, and sediment type .
    Description: The United States Geological Survey under Contract USGS-14-08-0001-8358
    Keywords: Marine sediments--Computer programs
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 95
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    The normally-incident reflectivity of the sea floor at 12 kc and its correlation with physical and geological properties of naturally-occurring sediments (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The objective of this investigation was to measure bottom loss in normal incident reflection of pulses of twelve kcps sound and to study its geological significance. To this end a semi-automatic instrument system was developed which is capable of making continuous measurements of the peak pressure and the time integral of the square of the pressure of the sea floor echo, from a vessel underway. Observations were taken in both deep and shallow water areas in the Western North Atlantic. The early cruises were conducted in deep water to investigate the range and variability of bottom loss values. Geological control consisted mainly of a precise bathymetric record. The later cruises were conducted in shall ow water, in areas where the geology has been well studied previously by investigators using techniques of classical geology. In these latter cruises the acoustic measurements were correlated with a schedule of sediment dredging and underwater photography. Thirty-one thousand acoustic measurements were made. Median bottom loss values and standard deviations were computed and the results summarized in eleven hundred sets, each set corresponding to a location at sea. Seventy-seven sediment stations were occupied. A complete particle size analysis and a water content analysis were performed on these sediments to determine their size and mass characteristics . The size characteristics included the median grain size, the sorting coefficient, and the percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. A sediment class name was determined from the gravel, sand, silt, and clay percentages according to the Shepard system of classification. The mass characteristics included porosity, bulk density, sound velocity, acoustic impedance, Rayleigh reflection coefficient, and theoretical bottom loss. The combined results show a good correlation between measurements of bottom loss and both mass and size characteristics of the sediment. The measured bottom loss increases as the porosity increases. The measured bottom loss also increases as the silt-clay percentage increases since the porosity of sediments generally increases as this fraction increases. It seems that the Rayleigh reflection coefficient can be used to predict acoustic bottom loss at normal incidence. Conversely, normally-incident bottom loss can be used under the assumption of a Rayleigh reflection process to determine the nature of the bottom sediment. The acoustical and geological results have been made available in tabulations, scatter diagrams, and as geographical plots. Except for the initial measurements, all operations, including the final displays, were accomplished through automatic digital processing machines.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-4029 ~ Nonr-13 67~ Nonr-1841 (74) ~ NR 083 -15 7~ and the Bureau of Ships under Contracts NObsr-72521 and NObsr-89464.
    Keywords: Marine sediments ; Ocean bottom ; Underwater acoustics--Instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Resonance scattering of sound by a small gaseous object of arbitrary form (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The acoustic scattering amplitude for a dilute gaseous object of arbitrary form in a liquid medium is determined self-consistently for the case of linear dimension small as compared to the wavelength. A scatterer of bulk modulus β, and density p, in a medium of bulk modulus II and density p may exhibit monopole resonance scattering at a frequency w,= (4πβoC / pV)l, in which V is the volume and C is the capacitance in electrostatic units of a conducting replica of the scatterer. The criterion for occurrence of the resonance phenomenon is 3Fβo/β 〈〈«1, in which the shape factor F = 4πC3 / 3V〉 1 is minimum for a sphere. Dipole scattering is given in terms of the polarizability dyadic of a nonconducting replica of dielectric constant p/po, and is negligibly small in a neighborhood of the resonance frequency.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-1367(00), NR 261-102.
    Keywords: Sound ; Integral equations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Summary of investigations conducted in 1962 : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Summary of investigations conduction in 1962 in the following departments: Department of Applied Oceanography Department of Biology Department of Chemistry and Geology Department of Geophysics Department of Physical Oceanography Department of Theoretical Oceanography and Meteorology
    Description: Funding sponsored by: Contract Nonr-891(OO)NR 385-207 Contract Nonr-2196(OO)NR 083-004 ContractNonr-2129(OO)NR 261-104 Contract Nonr-3351(OO)NR 083-501 Contract Nonr-2672(OO)NR 385-905 Contract Nonr-3484(00)NR 261-140 Contract Nonr-2866(OO)NR 287-004 Contract Nonr-1367(OO)NR 261-102 Contract Nonr-3243(OO)NR 261-136 Contract Nonr-4029(OO)NR 260-101 Contract Nonr-4035(OO)NR 082-124 Contract Nonr-1721(OO) NR 082-021 NIH Grant GM 05748-05 NSF Grant 16355 NSF Grant 23427 NSF Grant 10693 NSF Grant 12178 NSF Grant 22389 NSF G020702 NSF Gl9251 AEC Contract AT(30-1)-1918 AEC AT(30-l)-3010, AT (30-1)-3145, AT(30-l)-2174 USGS 8358 Contract NObsr 72521 Contract SC 90784
    Keywords: Oceanography--Research
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zakem, E. J., Mahadevan, A., Lauderdale, J. M., & Follows, M. J. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 288–301, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8.
    Description: Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
    Description: We are grateful for the thorough and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We also thank Andrew Babbin for helpful comments. EJZ was supported by the Simons Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship in Marine Microbial Ecology). AM was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR #N000-14-15-1-2555). JML was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF #OCE-1259388). MJF was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF #3778) and the Simons Foundation: the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE #329108) and the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES #549931).
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    Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions (2020)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ponnudurai, R., Heiden, S. E., Sayavedra, L., Hinzke, T., Kleiner, M., Hentschker, C., Felbeck, H., Sievert, S. M., Schlüter, R., Becher, D., Schweder, T., & Markert, S. Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 649–656, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6.
    Description: Deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels and their chemoautotrophic symbionts are well-studied representatives of mutualistic host–microbe associations. However, how host–symbiont interactions vary on the molecular level between related host and symbiont species remains unclear. Therefore, we compared the host and symbiont metaproteomes of Pacific B. thermophilus, hosting a thiotrophic symbiont, and Atlantic B. azoricus, containing two symbionts, a thiotroph and a methanotroph. We identified common strategies of metabolic support between hosts and symbionts, such as the oxidation of sulfide by the host, which provides a thiosulfate reservoir for the thiotrophic symbionts, and a cycling mechanism that could supply the host with symbiont-derived amino acids. However, expression levels of these processes differed substantially between both symbioses. Backed up by genomic comparisons, our results furthermore revealed an exceptionally large repertoire of attachment-related proteins in the B. thermophilus symbiont. These findings imply that host–microbe interactions can be quite variable, even between closely related systems.
    Description: Thanks to captain, crew, and pilots of the research vessels Atlantis (ROV Jason cruise AT26–10 in 2014) and Meteor (cruise M82–3 in 2010). We thank Jana Matulla, Sebastian Grund, and Annette Meuche for excellent technical assistance during sample preparation, MS measurements in the Orbitrap Classic, and TEM imaging preparation, respectively. We appreciate Nikolaus Leisch’s help with TEM image interpretation, Inna Sokolova’s advice on bivalve physiology, and Marie Zühlke’s support during manuscript revision. RP was supported by the EU-funded Marie Curie Initial Training Network ‘Symbiomics’ (project no. 264774) and by a fellowship of the Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. TH was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (grant MA 6346/2–1 to SM). The Atlantis cruise was funded by a grant of the US National Science Foundation’s Dimensions of Biodiversity program to SMS (OCE-1136727).
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    Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Miller, C. A., Holm, H. C., Horstmann, L., George, J. C., Fredricks, H. F., Van Mooy, B. A. S., & Apprill, A. Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 688-701, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0549-y.
    Description: Whale digestion plays an integral role in many ocean ecosystems. By digesting enormous quantities of lipid-rich prey, whales support their energy intensive lifestyle, but also excrete nutrients important to ocean biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, whale digestion is poorly understood. Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a significant role in vertebrate digestion, but few studies have examined them in whales. To investigate digestion of lipids, and the potential contribution of microbes to lipid digestion in whales, we characterized lipid composition (lipidomes) and bacterial communities (microbiotas) in 126 digesta samples collected throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of 38 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) harvested by Alaskan Eskimos. Lipidomes and microbiotas were strongly correlated throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Lipidomes and microbiotas were most variable in the small intestine and most similar in the large intestine, where microbiota richness was greatest. Our results suggest digestion of wax esters, the primary lipids in B. mysticetus prey representing more than 80% of total dietary lipids, occurred in the mid- to distal small intestine and was correlated with specific microorganisms. Because wax esters are difficult to digest by other marine vertebrates and constitute a large reservoir of carbon in the ocean, our results further elucidate the essential roles that whales and their gastrointestinal microbiotas play in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in high-latitude seas.
    Description: Devonshire Foundation (to CAM), Marine Mammal Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI; to CAM), WHOI Ocean Life Institute (to AA and CAM), Dalio Foundation’s Dalio Ocean Initiative (now ‘OceanX’) (to AA), National Science Foundation (OCE-1756254 and OPP-1543328 to BASVM). Samples were collected under Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service permit numbers 17350-00, 17350-01, and 17350-02 to North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management.
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