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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (153.604)
  • American Institute of Physics  (137.040)
  • Oxford University Press  (68.141)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2020-2023  (42)
  • 1995-1999  (137.218)
  • 1980-1984  (93.989)
  • 1975-1979  (79.538)
  • 1965-1969  (62.950)
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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    STRUCTURE AND CONFORMATION OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES OF GLYCOPROTEINS, GLYCOLIPIDS, AND BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 269-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract For nuclear magnetic resonance determinations of the conformation of oligosaccharides in solution, simple molecular mechanics calculations and nuclear Overhauser enhancement measurements are adequate for small oligosaccharides that adopt single, relatively rigid conformations. Polysaccharides and larger or more flexible oligosaccharides generally require additional types of data, such as scalar and dipolar coupling constants, which are most conveniently measured in 13C-enriched samples. Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation data provide information on the dynamics of oligosaccharides, which involves several different types of internal motion. Oligosaccharides complexed with lectins and antibodies have been successfully studied both by X-ray crystallography and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The complexes have been shown to be stabilized by a combination of polar hydrogen bonding interactions and van der Waals attractions. Although theoretical calculations of the conformation and stability of free oligosaccharides and of complexes with proteins can be carried out by molecular mechanics methods, the role of solvent water for these highly polar molecules continues to present computational problems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.269
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE PROTEASOME (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 28 (1999), S. 295-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Proteasomes are large multisubunit proteases that are found in the cytosol, both free and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, and in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Their ubiquitous presence and high abundance in these compartments reflects their central role in cellular protein turnover. Proteasomes recognize, unfold, and digest protein substrates that have been marked for degradation by the attachment of a ubiquitin moiety. Individual subcomplexes of the complete 26S proteasome are involved in these different tasks: The ATP-dependent 19S caps are believed to unfold substrates and feed them to the actual protease, the 20S proteasome. This core particle appears to be more ancient than the ubiquitin system. Both prokaryotic and archaebacterial ancestors have been identified. Crystal structures are now available for the E. coli proteasome homologue and the T. acidophilum and S. cerevisiae 20S proteasomes. All three enzymes are cylindrical particles that have their active sites on the inner walls of a large central cavity. They share the fold and a novel catalytic mechanism with an N-terminal nucleophilic threonine, which places them in the family of Ntn (N terminal nucleophile) hydrolases. Evolution has added complexity to the comparatively simple prokaryotic prototype. This minimal proteasome is a homododecamer made from two hexameric rings stacked head to head. Its heptameric version is the catalytic core of archaebacterial proteasomes, where it is sandwiched between two inactive antichambers that are made up from a different subunit. In eukaryotes, both subunits have diverged into seven different subunits each, which are present in the particle in unique locations such that a complex dimer is formed that has six active sites with three major specificities that can be attributed to individual subunits. Genetic, biochemical, and high-resolution electron microscopy data, but no crystal structures, are available for the 19S caps. A first step toward a mechanistic understanding of proteasome activation and regulation has been made with the elucidation of the X-ray structure of the alternative, mammalian proteasome activator PA28.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.295
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Biology of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 35-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.000343
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological Atomic Force Microscopy: From Microns to Nanometers and Beyond (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 241-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.001325
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Control of Actin Assembly at Filament Ends (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 497-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.002433
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Unconventional Myosins (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 633-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.003221
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IMPORT AND ROUTING OF NUCLEUS-ENCODED CHLOROPLAST PROTEINS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Most chloroplast proteins are nuclear encoded, synthesized as larger precursor proteins in the cytosol, posttranslationally imported into the organelle, and routed to one of six different compartments. Import across the outer and inner envelope membranes into the stroma is the major means for entry of proteins destined for the stroma, the thylakoid membrane, and the thylakoid lumen. Recent investigations have identified several unique protein components of the envelope translocation machinery. These include two GTP-binding proteins that appear to participate in the early events of import and probably regulate precursor recognition and advancement into the translocon. Localization of imported precursor proteins to the thylakoid membrane and thylakoid lumen is accomplished by four distinct mechanisms; two are homologous to bacterial and endoplasmic reticulum protein transport systems, one appears unique, and the last may be a spontaneous mechanism. Thus chloroplast protein targeting is a unique and surprisingly complex process. The presence of GTP-binding proteins in the envelope translocation machinery indicates a different precursor recognition process than is present in mitochondria. Mechanisms for thylakoid protein localization are in part derived from the prokaryotic endosymbiont, but are more unusual and diverse than expected.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.1
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fc RECEPTORS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH IMMUNOGLOBULINS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 181-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Receptors for the Fc domain of immunoglobulins play an important role in immune defense. There are two well-defined functional classes of mammalian receptors. One class of receptors transports immunoglobulins across epithelial tissues to their main sites of action. This class includes the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which transports immunoglobulin G (IgG), and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which transports immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Another class of receptors present on the surfaces of effector cells triggers various biological responses upon binding antibody-antigen complexes. Of these, the IgG receptors (FcgammaR) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptors (FcepsilonR) are the best characterized. The biological responses elicited include antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators, and regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. We summarize the current knowledge of the structures and functions of FcRn, pIgR, and the FcgammaR and FcepsilonRI proteins, concentrating on the interactions of the extracellular portions of these receptors with immunoglobulins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.181
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS: A Nuclear Receptor Signaling Pathway in Lipid Physiology (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 335-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are lipid-activated transcription factors that belong to the steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid receptor superfamily. All their characterized target genes encode proteins that participate in lipid homeostasis. The recent finding that antidiabetic thiazolidinediones and adipogenic prostanoids are ligands of one of the PPARs reveals a novel signaling pathway that directly links these compounds to processes involved in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism including adipocyte differentiation. A detailed understanding of this pathway could designate PPARs as targets for the development of novel efficient treatments for several metabolic disorders.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.335
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    TRANSPORT VESICLE DOCKING: SNAREs and Associates (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 441-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Proteins that function in transport vesicle docking are being identified at a rapid rate. So-called v- and t-SNAREs form the core of a vesicle docking complex. Additional accessory proteins are required to protect SNAREs from promiscuous binding and to deprotect SNAREs under conditions in which transport vesicle docking should occur. Because access to SNAREs must be regulated, other proteins must also contain specificity determinants to accomplish delivery of transport vesicles to their distinct and specific membrane targets.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.441
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE MAMMALIAN MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN GENE FAMILY (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 417-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Myosin is a highly conserved, ubiquitous protein found in all eukaryotic cells, where it provides the motor function for diverse movements such as cytokinesis, phagocytosis, and muscle contraction. All myosins contain an amino-terminal motor/head domain and a carboxy-terminal tail domain. Due to the extensive number of different molecules identified to date, myosins have been divided into seven distinct classes based on the properties of the head domain. One such class, class II myosins, consists of the conventional two-headed myosins that form filaments and are composed of two myosin heavy chain (MYH) subunits and four myosin light chain subunits. The MYH subunit contains the ATPase activity providing energy that is the driving force for contractile processes mentioned above, and numerous MYH isoforms exist in vertebrates to carry out this function. The MYHs involved in striated muscle contraction in mammals are the focus of the current review. The genetics, molecular biology, and biochemical properties of mammalian MYHs are discussed below. MYH gene expression patterns in developing and adult striated muscles are described in detail, as are studies of regulation of MYH genes in the heart. The discovery that mutant MYH isoforms have a causal role in the human disease familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) has implemented structure/function investigations of MYHs. The regulation of MYH genes expressed in skeletal muscle and the potential functional implications that distinct MYH isoforms may have on muscle physiology are addressed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.417
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RGD AND OTHER RECOGNITION SEQUENCES FOR INTEGRINS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12 (1996), S. 697-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Proteins that contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) attachment site, together with the integrins that serve as receptors for them, constitute a major recognition system for cell adhesion. The RGD sequence is the cell attachment site of a large number of adhesive extracellular matrix, blood, and cell surface proteins, and nearly half of the over 20 known integrins recognize this sequence in their adhesion protein ligands. Some other integrins bind to related sequences in their ligands. The integrin-binding activity of adhesion proteins can be reproduced by short synthetic peptides containing the RGD sequence. Such peptides promote cell adhesion when insolubilized onto a surface, and inhibit it when presented to cells in solution. Reagents that bind selectively to only one or a few of the RGD-directed integrins can be designed by cyclizing peptides with selected sequences around the RGD and by synthesizing RGD mimics. As the integrin-mediated cell attachment influences and regulates cell migration, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, the RGD peptides and mimics can be used to probe integrin functions in various biological systems. Drug design based on the RGD structure may provide new treatments for diseases such as thrombosis, osteoporosis, and cancer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.697
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    GENETICS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN YEAST: Connections to the RNA Polymerase II CTD (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 1-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Transcriptional regulation is important in all eukaryotic organisms for cell growth, development, and responses to environmental change. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or bakers' yeast, has provided a powerful system for genetic analysis of transcriptional regulation, and findings from the study of this model system have proven broadly applicable to higher organisms. Transcriptional regulation requires the interactions of regulatory proteins with various components of the transcription machinery. Recently, genetic analysis of a diverse set of transcriptional regulatory responses has converged with studies of the function of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) to reveal regulatory roles for proteins associated with the CTD. These proteins, designated Srb/mediator proteins, are broadly involved in both positive and negative regulatory responses in vivo. This review focuses on the connections between genetic analysis of transcriptional regulation and the functions of the Srb/mediator proteins associated with the RNA polymerase II CTD.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.1
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    LEFT-RIGHT ASYMMETRY IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 53-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Most animal species exhibit left-right asymmetry in their body plans and show a strong bias for one handedness over the other. The mechanism of handedness choice, recognized as an intriguing problem over a century ago, is still a mystery. However, from recent advances in understanding when and how asymmetry arises in both invertebrates and vertebrates, developmental pathways for establishment and maintenance of left-right differences are beginning to take shape, and speculations can be made on the initial choice mechanism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.53
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MICROTUBULE POLYMERIZATION DYNAMICS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 83-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The polymerization dynamics of microtubules are central to their biological functions. Polymerization dynamics allow microtubules to adopt spatial arrangements that can change rapidly in response to cellular needs and, in some cases, to perform mechanical work. Microtubules utilize the energy of GTP hydrolysis to fuel a unique polymerization mechanism termed dynamic instability. In this review, we first describe progress toward understanding the mechanism of dynamic instability of pure tubulin and then discuss the function and regulation of microtubule dynamic instability in living cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.83
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MITOCHONDRIAL PREPROTEIN TRANSLOCASE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 25-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Mitochondria import most of their proteins from the cytosol. Dynamic protein complexes in the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes are responsible for the specific recognition and membrane translocation of preproteins. The preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane contains several import receptors and a general import pore. The preprotein translocase of the inner membrane consists of a channel interacting with preproteins in transit and an import motor that includes the matrix heat shock protein Hsp70. Acidic patches of import components are thought to guide the import of positively charged signal sequences (acid chain hypothesis). Energy input is derived from the inner membrane potential and ATP. Proteins in the mitochondrial matrix are required for proteolytic processing and folding of imported proteins. The dynamic nature of the membrane translocase permits sorting of preproteins at distinct stages of the import pathway.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.25
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF CADHERIN-BASED ADHERENS JUNCTIONS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 119-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Adherens junctions are specialized forms of cadherin-based adhesive contacts important for tissue organization in developing and adult organisms. Cadherins form protein complexes with cytoplasmic proteins (catenins) that convert the specific, homophilic-binding capacity of the extracellular domain into stable cell adhesion. The extracellular domains of cadherins form parallel dimers that possess intrinsic homophilic-binding activity. Cytoplasmic interactions can influence the function of the ectodomain by a number of potential mechanisms, including redistribution of binding sites into clusters, providing cytoskeletal anchorage, and mediating physiological regulation of cadherin function. Adherens junctions are likely to serve specific, specialized functions beyond the basic adhesive process. These functions include coupling cytoskeletal force generation to strongly adherent sites on the cell surface and the regulation of intracellular signaling events.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.119
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON IN THE DROSOPHILA OVARY (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 147-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The Drosophila ovary provides a favorable model system in which to study cellular morphogenesis. The development of a mature egg involves a syncytium of 16 germline cells and over 1000 somatically derived follicle cells. Intercellular transport, stable intercellular bridges, cell migrations, cell shape changes, and specific subcellular localization of many embryonic patterning determinants contribute to egg development and require a dynamic cytoskeleton. We discuss many of the recent genetic and cell biological studies that have led to insights into how the actin cytoskeleton is assembled and regulated during the morphogenesis of the Drosophila egg.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.147
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE LIN-12/Notch SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ITS REGULATION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 333-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Notch, LIN-12, and GLP-1 are receptors that mediate a broad range of cell interactions during Drosophila and nematode development. Signaling by these receptors relies on a conserved pathway with three core components: DSL ligand, LNG receptor, and a CSL effector that links the receptor to its transcriptional response. Although key functional regions have been identified in each class of proteins, the mechanism for signal transduction is not yet understood. Diverse regulatory mechanisms influence signaling by the LIN-12/Notch pathway. Inductive signaling relies on the synthesis of ligand and receptor in distinct but neighboring cells. By contrast, lateral signaling leads to the transformation of equivalent cells that express both ligand and receptor into nonequivalent cells that express either ligand or receptor. This transformation appears to rely on regulatory feedback loops within the LIN-12/Notch pathway. In addition, the pathway can be regulated by intrinsic factors that are asymmetrically segregated during cell division or by extrinsic cues via other signaling pathways. Specificity in the pathway does not appear to reside in the particular ligand or receptor used for a given cell-cell interaction. The existence of multiple ligands and receptors may have evolved from the stringent demands placed upon the regulation of genes encoding them.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.333
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IMPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC-RESOLUTION STRUCTURES FOR CELL ADHESION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 363-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Molecules involved in cell adhesion processes are often both structurally and functionally modular, with subdomains that are members of large protein families. Recently, high-resolution structures have been determined for representative members of many of these families including fragments of integrins, cadherins, fibronectin-like domains, and immunoglobulin-like domains. These structures have enhanced our understanding of cell adhesion processes at several levels. In almost all cases, ligand-binding sites have been visualized and provide insight into how these molecules mediate biologically important interactions. Metal-binding sites have been identified and characterized, allowing assessment of the role of bound ions in cell adhesion processes. Many of these structures serve as templates for modeling homologous domains in other proteins or, when the structure of a fragment consisting of more than one domain is determined, the structure of multidomain arrays of homologous domains. Knowledge of atomic structure also allows rational design of drugs that either mimic or target specific binding sites. In many cases, high-resolution structures have revealed unexpected relationships that pose questions about the evolutionary origin of specific domains. This review briefly describes several recently determined structures of cell adhesion molecules, summarizes some of the main results of each structure, and highlights common features of different systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.363
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 395-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Bacteria usually divide by building a central septum across the middle of the cell. This review focuses on recent results indicating that the tubulin-like FtsZ protein plays a central role in cytokinesis as a major component of a contractile cytoskeleton. Assembly of this cytoskeletal element abutting the membrane is a key point for regulation. The characterization of FtsZ homologues in Mycoplasmas, Archaea, and chloroplasts implies that the constriction mechanism is conserved and that FtsZ can constrict in the absence of peptidoglycan synthesis. In most Eubacteria, the internal cytoskeleton must also regulate synthesis of septal peptidoglycan. The Escherichia coli septum-specific penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) forms a complex with other enzymes involved in murein metabolism, suggesting a centrally located transmembrane complex capable of splicing multiple new strands of peptidoglycan into the cell wall. Important questions remain about the spatial and temporal control of bacterial division.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.395
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY: Role in Axon Growth and Guidance (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 425-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract NCAM, L1, and DCC-immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules (Ig CAMs)-are widely expressed during development. Many workers have dismissed a role for such molecules in the control of axonal growth and guidance because they do not show highly restricted expression patterns. Yet evidence from a number of model systems suggests all three CAMs play a role in the development of specific projections in the nervous system. For example, there is a reduction in mossy fiber tracts in the hippocampus of mice that lack NCAM, a requirement for DCC in the response of commissural neurons to a floor plate-derived chemoattractant, and a loss of corticospinal tracts in humans who carry mutations in the L1 gene. The above paradox might be explained by the observation that differential post-translational processing can modulate CAMs function and that alternative splicing can generate functionally distinct isoforms of a CAM. Activation of the FGF tyrosine kinase receptor is required for the responses stimulated by NCAM and L1, and the importance of regulated tyrosine phosphorylation for growth and guidance is underscored by the involvement of receptor tyrosine phosphatases in this process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.425
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    Digitale Medien
    CELLULAR FUNCTIONS REGULATED BY SRC FAMILY KINASES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 513-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Src family protein tyrosine kinases are activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors and participate in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of receptor-induced biological activities. While several of these kinases have evolved to play distinct roles in specific receptor pathways, there is considerable redundancy in the functions of these kinases, both with respect to the receptor pathways that activate these kinases and the downstream effectors that mediate their biological activities. This chapter reviews the evidence implicating Src family kinases in specific receptor pathways and describes the mechanisms leading to their activation, the targets that interact with these kinases, and the biological events that they regulate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.513
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  • 124
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    Digitale Medien
    THE TWO-COMPONENT SIGNALING PATHWAY OF BACTERIAL CHEMOTAXIS: A Molecular View of Signal Transduction by Receptors, Kinases, and Adaptation Enzymes (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 457-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The chemosensory pathway of bacterial chemotaxis has become a paradigm for the two-component superfamily of receptor-regulated phosphorylation pathways. This simple pathway illustrates many of the fundamental principles and unanswered questions in the field of signaling biology. A molecular description of pathway function has progressed rapidly because it is accessible to diverse structural, biochemical, and genetic approaches. As a result, structures are emerging for most of the pathway elements, biochemical studies are elucidating the mechanisms of key signaling events, and genetic methods are revealing the intermolecular interactions that transmit information between components. Recent advances include (a) the first molecular picture of a conformational transmembrane signal in a cell surface receptor, (b) four new structures of kinase domains and adaptation enzymes, and (c) significant new insights into the mechanisms of receptor-mediated kinase regulation, receptor adaptation, and the phospho-activation of signaling proteins. Overall, the chemosensory pathway and the propulsion system it regulates provide an ideal system in which to probe molecular principles underlying complex cellular signaling and behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.457
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  • 125
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    Digitale Medien
    FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SPEMANN'S ORGANIZER (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 611-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The organizer is formed in an equatorial sector of the blastula stage amphibian embryo by cells that have responded to two maternal agents: a general meso-endoderm inducer (involving the TFG-beta signaling pathway) and a dorsal modifier (probably involving the Wnt signaling pathway). The meso-endoderm inducer is secreted by most vegetal cells, those containing maternal materials that had been localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the oocyte during oogenesis. As a consequence of the inducer's distribution and action, the competence domains of prospective ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established in an animal-to-vegetal order in the blastula. The dorsal modifier signal is secreted by a sector of cells of the animal and vegetal hemispheres on one side of the blastula. These cells contain maternal materials transported there in the first cell cycle from the vegetal pole of the egg along microtubules aligned by cortical rotation. The Nieuwkoop center is the region of blastula cells secreting both maternal signals, and hence specifying the organizer in an equatorial sector. Final steps of organizer formation at the late blastula or early gastrula stage may involve locally secreted zygotic signals as well. At the gastrula stage, the organizer secretes a variety of zygotic proteins that act as antagonists to various members of the BMP and Wnt families of ligands, which are secreted by cells of the competence domains surrounding the organizer. BMPs and Wnts favor ventral development, and cells near the organizer are protected from these agents by the organizer's inducers. The nearby cells are derepressed in their inherent capacity for dorsal development, which is apparent in the neural induction of the ectoderm, dorsalization of the mesoderm, and anteriorization of the endoderm. The organizer also engages in extensive specialized morphogenesis, which brings it within range of responsive cell groups. It also self-differentiates to a variety of axial tissues of the body.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611
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  • 126
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    Digitale Medien
    SIGNALING TO THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 14 (1998), S. 305-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network composed of actin polymers and a large variety of associated proteins. The main functions of the actin cytoskeleton are to mediate cell motility and cell shape changes during the cell cycle and in response to extracellular stimuli, to organize the cytoplasm, and to generate mechanical forces within the cell. The reshaping and functions of the actin cytoskeleton are regulated by signaling pathways. Here we broadly review the actin cytoskeleton and the signaling pathways that regulate it. We place heavy emphasis on the yeast actin cytoskeleton.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.305
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  • 127
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    Digitale Medien
    MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS IN YEAST (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 14 (1998), S. 265-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Proteins that control mitochondrial dynamics in yeast are being identified at a rapid pace. These proteins include cytoskeletal elements that regulate organelle distribution and inheritance and several outer membrane proteins that are required to maintain the branched, mitochondrial reticulum. Interestingly, three of the high molecular weight GTPases encoded by the yeast genome are required for mitochondrial integrity and are potential regulators of mitochondrial branching, distribution, and membrane fusion. The recent finding that mtDNA mixing is restricted in the mitochondrial matrix has stimulated the hunt for the molecular machinery that anchors mitochondrial nucleoids in the organelle. Considering that many aspects of mitochondrial structure and behavior are strikingly similar in different cell types, the functional analyses of these yeast proteins should provide general insights into the mechanisms governing mitochondrial dynamics in all eukaryotes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.265
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  • 128
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    Digitale Medien
    INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM TO THE NUCLEUS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 14 (1998), S. 459-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Cells respond to an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by increasing transcription of genes encoding ER resident proteins. The information is transmitted from the ER lumen to the nucleus by an intracellular signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Recent work has shown that this signaling pathway utilizes several novel mechanisms, including translational attenuation and a regulated mRNA splicing step. In this review we aim to integrate these recent advances with current knowledge about maintenance of ER composition and abundance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.459
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  • 129
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    Digitale Medien
    PROTEINS OF THE ADF/COFILIN FAMILY: Essential Regulators of Actin Dynamics (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 185-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Ubiquitous among eukaryotes, the ADF/cofilins are essential proteins responsible for the high turnover rates of actin filaments in vivo. In vertebrates, ADF and cofilin are products of different genes. Both bind to F-actin cooperatively and induce a twist in the actin filament that results in the loss of the phalloidin-binding site. This conformational change may be responsible for the enhancement of the off rate of subunits at the minus end of ADF/cofilin-decorated filaments and for the weak filament-severing activity. Binding of ADF/cofilin is competitive with tropomyosin. Other regulatory mechanisms in animal cells include binding of phosphoinositides, phosphorylation by LIM kinases on a single serine, and changes in pH. Although vertebrate ADF/cofilins contain a nuclear localization sequence, they are usually concentrated in regions containing dynamic actin pools, such as the leading edge of migrating cells and neuronal growth cones. ADF/cofilins are essential for cytokinesis, phagocytosis, fluid phase endocytosis, and other cellular processes dependent upon actin dynamics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.185
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  • 130
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    Digitale Medien
    VERTEBRATE ENDODERM DEVELOPMENT (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 393-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Endoderm, one of the three principal germ layers, contributes to all organs of the alimentary tract. For simplicity, this review divides formation of endodermal organs into four fundamental steps: (a) formation of endoderm during gastrulation, (b) morphogenesis of a gut tube from a sheet of cells, (c) budding of organ domains from the tube, and (d) differentiation of organ-specific cell types within the growing buds. We discuss possible mechanisms that regulate how undifferentiated endoderm becomes specified into a myriad of cell types that populate the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.393
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  • 131
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    Digitale Medien
    REGULATION OF NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION: A Key to a Door (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 291-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Information can be transferred between the nucleus and the cytoplasm by translocating macromolecules across the nuclear envelope. Communication of extracellular or intracellular changes to the nucleus frequently leads to a transcriptional response that allows cells to survive in a continuously changing environment. Eukaryotic cells have evolved ways to regulate this movement of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleus such that the transfer of information occurs only under conditions in which a transcriptional response is required. This review focuses on the ways in which cells regulate movement of proteins across the nuclear envelope and the significance of this regulation for controlling diverse biological processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.291
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  • 132
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    Digitale Medien
    INTEGRATION OF SIGNALING NETWORKS THAT REGULATE DICTYOSTELIUM DIFFERENTIATION (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 469-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In Dictyostelium amoebae, cell-type differentiation, spatial patterning, and morphogenesis are controlled by a combination of cell-autonomous mechanisms and intercellular signaling. A chemotactic aggregation of ~105 cells leads to the formation of a multicellular organism. Cell-type differentiation and cell sorting result in a small number of defined cell types organized along an anteroposterior axis. Finally, a mature fruiting body is created by the terminal differentiation of stalk and spore cells. Analysis of the regulatory program demonstrates a role for several molecules, including GSK-3, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), that control spatial patterning in metazoans. Unexpectedly, two component systems containing histidine kinases and response regulators also play essential roles in controlling Dictyostelium development. This review focuses on the role of cAMP, which functions intracellularly to mediate the activity of PKA, an essential component in aggregation, cell-type specification, and terminal differentiation. Cytoplasmic cAMP levels are controlled through both the regulated activation of adenylyl cyclases and the degradation by a phosphodiesterase containing a two-component system response regulator. Extracellular cAMP regulates G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways to control aggregation as well as the activity of GSK-3 and the transcription factors GBF and STATa during multicellular development. The integration of these pathways with others regulated by the morphogen DIF-1 to control cell fate decisions are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.469
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  • 133
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    Digitale Medien
    THE TRANSLOCON: A Dynamic Gateway at the ER Membrane (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 799-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Cotranslational protein translocation across and integration into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occur at sites termed translocons. Translocons are composed of several ER membrane proteins that associate to form an aqueous pore through which secretory proteins and lumenal domains of membrane proteins pass from the cytoplasm to the ER lumen. These sites are not passive holes in the bilayer, but instead are quite dynamic both structurally and functionally. Translocons cycle between ribosome-bound and ribosome-free states, and convert between translocation and integration modes of operation. These changes in functional state are accompanied by structural rearrangements that alter translocon conformation, composition, and interactions with ligands such as the ribosome and BiP. Recent studies have revealed that the translocon is a complex and sophisticated molecular machine that regulates the movement of polypeptides through the bilayer, apparently in both directions as well as laterally into the bilayer, all while maintaining the membrane permeability barrier.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.799
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  • 134
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    Digitale Medien
    SYNAPTIC VESICLE BIOGENESIS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 15 (1999), S. 733-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Synaptic vesicles, which have been a paradigm for the fusion of a vesicle with its target membrane, also serve as a model for understanding the formation of a vesicle from its donor membrane. Synaptic vesicles, which are formed and recycled at the periphery of the neuron, contain a highly restricted set of neuronal proteins. Insight into the trafficking of synaptic vesicle proteins has come from studying not only neurons but also neuroendocrine cells, which form synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs). Formation and recycling of synaptic vesicles/SLMVs takes place from the early endosome and the plasma membrane. The cytoplasmic machinery of synaptic vesicle/SLMV formation and recycling has been studied by a variety of experimental approaches, in particular using cell-free systems. This has revealed distinct machineries for membrane budding and fission. Budding is mediated by clathrin and clathrin adaptors, whereas fission is mediated by dynamin and its interacting protein SH3p4, a lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.733
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  • 135
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    Digitale Medien
    Computer Simulations of Stellar Systems (1975)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 13 (1975), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.13.090175.000245
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  • 136
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    Digitale Medien
    Ultraviolet Studies of the Interstellar Gas (1975)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 13 (1975), S. 133-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.13.090175.001025
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  • 137
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    Digitale Medien
    Stellar Populations in Galaxies (1975)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 13 (1975), S. 217-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.13.090175.001245
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  • 138
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    Digitale Medien
    Radio Astrometry (1976)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 14 (1976), S. 197-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.14.090176.001213
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  • 139
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    Digitale Medien
    The Line Spectra of Quasi-Stellar Objects (1976)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 14 (1976), S. 307-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.14.090176.001515
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  • 140
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    Digitale Medien
    About Dogma in Science, and other Recollections of an Astronomer (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 (1977), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.15.090177.000245
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  • 141
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    Digitale Medien
    Seyfert Galaxies (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 (1977), S. 69-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.15.090177.000441
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  • 142
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    Digitale Medien
    Infrared Spectroscopy of Stras (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 (1979), S. 9-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.17.090179.000301
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  • 143
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    Digitale Medien
    Observed Properties of Interstellar Dust (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 (1979), S. 73-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.17.090179.000445
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  • 144
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    Digitale Medien
    Instrumentation for Infrared Astronomy (1978)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 16 (1978), S. 335-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.16.090178.002003
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  • 145
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    Digitale Medien
    Mass Loss in Early-Type Stars (1978)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 16 (1978), S. 371-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.16.090178.002103
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  • 146
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    Digitale Medien
    Isotopic Structures in Solar System Materials (1978)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 16 (1978), S. 293-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.16.090178.001453
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  • 147
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    Digitale Medien
    Recent Advances in Coronal Physics (1978)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 16 (1978), S. 393-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.16.090178.002141
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  • 148
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    Digitale Medien
    A View of Solar Magnetic Fields, the Solar Corona, and the Solar Wind in Three Dimensions (1978)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 16 (1978), S. 429-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.16.090178.002241
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  • 149
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    Digitale Medien
    Magnetic White Dwarfs (1978)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 16 (1978), S. 487-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Theories of Spiral Structure (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 (1977), S. 437-478 
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    Interstellar Scattering and Scintillation of Radio Waves (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 (1977), S. 479-504 
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  • 152
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    Clusters of Galaxies (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 (1977), S. 505-540 
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  • 153
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    Extragalactic X-Ray Sources (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 15 (1977), S. 541-568 
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  • 154
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    The Development of our Knowledge of Variable Stars (1978)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 16 (1978), S. 1-13 
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  • 155
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    Gravitational-Wave Astronomy (1978)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 16 (1978), S. 521-554 
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  • 156
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    A Few Notes on My Career as an Astrophysicist (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 (1979), S. 1-8 
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  • 157
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    Digital Imaging Techniques (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 (1979), S. 189-212 
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  • 158
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    Globular Clusters in Galaxies (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 (1979), S. 241-274 
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  • 159
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    Stellar Winds (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 (1979), S. 275-308 
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  • 160
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    Physics of Neutron Stars (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 (1979), S. 415-443 
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  • 161
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    Stellar Occultation Studies of the Solar System (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 17 (1979), S. 445-475 
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  • 162
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    Infrared Spectroscopic Observations of the Outer Planets, their Satellites, and the Asteroids (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 43-75 
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  • 163
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    Formation of the Terrestrial Planets (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 77-113 
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  • 164
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    Stellar Masses (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 115-164 
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  • 165
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    Stellar Chromospheres (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 439-488 
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  • 166
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    The Structure of Extended Extragalactic Radio Sources (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 165-218 
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  • 167
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    Microwave Background Radiation as a Probe of the Contemporary Structure and History of the Universe (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 537-560 
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  • 168
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    Abundances in Stellar Populations and the Interstellar Medium in Galaxies (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 19 (1981), S. 77-113 
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  • 169
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    The Chemical Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of Globular Clusters (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 19 (1981), S. 319-356 
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  • 170
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    The Evolution of Galaxies in Clusters (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 185-222 
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  • 171
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    Sagittarius a and its Environment (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 223-265 
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  • 172
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    Coronal Mass Ejections (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 267-289 
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  • 173
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    Astronomical Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Revisited (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 291-317 
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  • 174
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    Extragalactic Radio Jets (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 319-358 
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  • 175
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    High-Energy Neutral Radiations from the Sun (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 359-387 
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  • 176
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    Origin and History of the Outer Planets: Theoretical Models and Observational Constraints (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 389-424 
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  • 177
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    The Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 425-444 
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  • 178
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    The Influence of Environment on the HI Content of Galaxies (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 445-470 
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  • 179
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    Black Hole Models for Active Galactic Nuclei (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 471-506 
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  • 180
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    Observations of SS 433 (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 507-536 
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  • 181
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    Neutron Stars in Interacting Binary Systems (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 537-592 
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  • 182
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    Helioseismology: Oscillations as a Diagnostic of the Solar Interior (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 593-619 
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  • 183
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    An Astronomical Rescue (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 1-18 
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  • 184
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    Intraday Variability in Quasars and BL LAC Objects (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 163-197 
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  • 185
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    Angular Momentum Evolution of Young Stars and Disks (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 199-238 
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  • 186
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    Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Solar Wind (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 283-325 
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  • 187
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    The Old Open Clusters of the Milky Way (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 381-414 
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  • 188
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    The Solar Neutrino Problem (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 459-503 
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  • 189
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    Comptonization of the Cosmic Microwave Background: The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 541-579 
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  • 190
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    Inward Bound--The Search for Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 581-624 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.003053
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  • 191
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    COROTATING AND TRANSIENT SOLAR WIND FLOWS IN THREE DIMENSIONS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 35-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Two types of flows dominate the large-scale structure of the solar wind: corotating flows and transient disturbances. Corotating flows are associated with spatial variability in the coronal expansion and solar rotation, whereas transient disturbances are associated with episodic ejections of material into interplanetary space from coronal regions not previously participating in the solar wind expansion. Ulysses' recent epic journey over the poles of the Sun has provided new insights on the three-dimensional nature of both corotating flows and transient disturbances in the solar wind and their evolution with heliocentric distance and latitude. This paper provides a simple physical description of the origins and dynamics of both of these types of solar wind flows, highlighting new understanding gained from the unique Ulysses high-latitude observations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.35
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  • 192
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    Digitale Medien
    THE FU ORIONIS PHENOMENON1 (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 207-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract We summarize the properties of FU Orionis variables, and show how accretion disk models simply explain many peculiarities of these objects. FU Ori systems demonstrate that disk accretion in early stellar evolution is highly episodic, varying from ~ 10-7 yr-1 in the low (T Tauri) state to 10-4 yr-1 in the high (FU Ori) state. This variability in mass accretion is matched by a corresponding variability in mass ejection, with mass loss rates reaching ~ 10-1 of the mass accretion rates in outburst. It appears that the FU Ori phenomenon is restricted to early phases of stellar evolution, probably with infall still occuring to the disk, which may help drive repetitive outbursts. Thermal instabilities are a promising way to produce FU Ori disk outbursts, although many uncertainties remain in the theory; triggering by interactions with companion stars on eccentric orbits may also play a role.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.207
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  • 193
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    Digitale Medien
    CHARGED DUST DYNAMICS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 383-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In most space environments, dust particles are exposed to plasmas and UV radiation and, consequently, carry electrostatic charges. Their motion is influenced by electric and magnetic fields in addition to gravity, drag, and radiation pressure. On the surface of the Moon, in planetary rings, or at comets, for example, electromagnetic forces can shape the spatial and size distribution of micron-sized charged dust particles. The dynamics of small charged dust particles can be surprisingly complex, leading to levitation, rapid transport, energization and ejection, capture, and the formation of new planetary rings. This review briefly discusses the most important processes that determine the charge state of dust particles immersed in plasmas and the resulting dynamics on exposed dusty surfaces and in planetary magnetospheres.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.383
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  • 194
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    Digitale Medien
    INTERSTELLAR ABUNDANCES FROM ABSORPTION-LINE OBSERVATIONS WITH THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 279-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has yielded precision abundance results for a range of interstellar environments, including gas in the local medium, in the warm neutral medium, in cold diffuse clouds, and in distant halo clouds. Through GHRS studies, investigators have determined the abundances of elements such as C, N, O, Mg, Si, S, and Fe in individual interstellar clouds. These studies have provided new information about the composition of interstellar dust grains, the origin of the Galactic high-velocity cloud system, and the processes that transport gas between the disk and the halo. Precision measurements of the interstellar D to H ratio and of the abundances of r- and s-process elements have also provided fiducial reference values for cosmological and stellar evolutionary observations and theoretical models.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.279
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  • 195
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    Digitale Medien
    THE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 645-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The central half kiloparsec region of our Galaxy harbors a variety of phenomena unique to the central environment. This review discusses the observed structure and activity of the interstellar medium in this region in terms of its inevitable inflow toward the center of the Galactic gravitational potential well. A number of dissipative processes lead to a strong concentration of gas into a "Central Molecular Zone" of about 200-pc radius, in which the molecular medium is characterized by large densities, large velocity dispersions, high temperatures, and apparently strong magnetic fields. The physical state of the gas and the resultant star formation processes occurring in this environment are therefore quite unlike those occurring in the large-scale disk. Gas not consumed by star formation either enters a hot X ray-emitting halo and is lost as a thermally driven galactic wind or continues moving inward, probably discontinuously, through the domain of the few parsec-sized circumnuclear disks and eventually into the central parsec. There, the central radio source SgrA* currently accepts only a tiny fraction of the inflowing material, likely as a result of a limit cycle wherein the continual inflow of matter provokes star formation, which in turn can temporarily halt the inflow via mass-outflow winds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.645
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  • 196
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    Digitale Medien
    LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 34 (1996), S. 749-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract At luminosities above 1011 , infrared galaxies become the dominant population of extragalactic objects in the local Universe (z〈 0.3), being more numerous than optically selected starburst and Seyfert galaxies and quasi-stellar objects at comparable bolometric luminosity. The trigger for the intense infrared emission appears to be the strong interaction/merger of molecular gas-rich spirals, and the bulk of the infrared luminosity for all but the most luminous objects is due to dust heating from an intense starburst within giant molecular clouds. At the highest luminosities (Lir〉 1012 ), nearly all objects appear to be advanced mergers powered by a mixture of circumnuclear starburst and active galactic nucleus energy sources, both of which are fueled by an enormous concentration of molecular gas that has been funneled into the merger nucleus. These ultraluminous infrared galaxies may represent an important stage in the formation of quasi-stellar objects and powerful radio galaxies. They may also represent a primary stage in the formation of elliptical galaxy cores, the formation of globular clusters, and the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749
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  • 197
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    Digitale Medien
    A PHYSICIST COURTS ASTRONOMY (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 35 (1997), S. xiii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.0
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  • 198
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    Digitale Medien
    THE SUN'S VARIABLE RADIATION AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR EARTH1 (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 35 (1997), S. 33-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract To what extent are changes in the Earth's global environment linked with fluctuations in its primary energy source, the radiation from a variable star, the Sun? A firm scientific basis for policy making with regard to anthropogenic greenhouse warming of climate and chlorofluorocarbon depletion of ozone requires a reliable answer to this question. Reduction of the vulnerability of spacecraft operations and communications to space weather necessitates knowledge of solar induced variability in Earth's upper atmosphere. Toward these goals, solar radiation monitoring and studies of solar variability mechanisms facilitate an understanding of the sources and amplitudes of the Sun's changing radiation. Interdisciplinary studies that link these changes with a wide array of terrestrial phenomena over the longer time scales of global change and the shorter time scales of space weather address the relevance of solar radiation variability for Earth. However, although numerous associations are apparent between solar and terrestrial fluctuations, full comprehension of the physical mechanisms responsible for the many facets of radiative Sun-Earth coupling remains to be accomplished.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.33
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  • 199
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    Digitale Medien
    LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXIES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 35 (1997), S. 267-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The properties of galaxies that are lower in surface brightness than the dark night sky are reviewed. There are substantial selection effects against the discovery of galaxies that are unevolved or diffuse; these systems are missing from most wide field catalogs. Low surface brightness galaxies make up a significant amount of the luminosity density of the local universe. They contribute substantial but poorly determined amounts to the census of baryons and dark matter. Low surface brightness galaxies are also relevant to the interpretation of quasar absorption lines and to the understanding of rapidly evolving galaxy populations in the more distant universe. Theories of galaxy formation and evolution must accomodate the properties of these diffuse stellar systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.267
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  • 200
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    Digitale Medien
    COMPACT GROUPS OF GALAXIES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 35 (1997), S. 357-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Compact groups of galaxies have posed a number of challenging questions. Intensive observational and theoretical studies are now providing answers to many of these and, at the same time, are revealing unexpected new clues about the nature and role of these systems. Most compact groups contain a high fraction of galaxies having morphological or kinematical peculiarities, nuclear radio and infrared emission, and starburst or active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity. They contain large quantities of diffuse gas and are dynamically dominated by dark matter. They most likely form as subsystems within looser associations and evolve by gravitational processes. Strong galaxy interactions result and merging is expected to lead to the ultimate demise of the group. Compact groups are surprisingly numerous and may play a significant role in galaxy evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.357
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