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  • Springer Nature  (45,143)
  • Cell Press  (25,313)
  • International Union of Crystallography  (16,109)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (14,205)
  • 2020-2023  (57)
  • 2000-2004  (100,713)
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  • 1
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    HTD2: a single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer for combined high‐pressure/low‐temperature experiments at laboratory scale (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-15
    Description: High‐pressure (HP) X‐ray diffraction experiments at low temperature (LT) require dedicated instruments as well as non‐standard sample environments and measuring strategies. This is especially true when helium cryogenic temperatures below 80 K are targeted. Furthermore, only experiments on single‐crystalline samples provide the prerequisites to study subtle structural changes in the p–T phase diagram under extreme LT and HP conditions in greater detail. Due to special hardware requirements, such measurements are usually in the realm of synchrotron beamlines. This contribution describes the design of an LT/HP diffractometer (HTD2) to perform single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments using a laboratory source in the temperature range 400 〉 T 〉 2 K while applying pressures of up to 20 GPa.
    Description: The design and operation of a newly commissioned single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometer (HTD2) are presented. The device enables experiments under simultaneous low‐temperature and high‐pressure conditions using a laboratory X‐ray source.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; HTD2 ; low temperature ; high pressure ; single crystals ; instrumentation
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Site dependence of the magnetocaloric effect in Mn5−xFexSi3 (2022)
    Ait Haddouch, Mohammed ; Abboushi, Nour ; Sharma, Neetika ; [et al.]
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: The nuclear and magnetic structures of Mn3Fe2Si3 are investigated in the temperature range from 20 to 300 K. The magnetic properties of Mn3Fe2Si3 were measured on a single crystal. The compound undergoes a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition at TN2 ≃ 120 K and an antiferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition at TN1 ≃ 69 K. A similar sequence of magnetic phase transitions is found for the parent compound Mn5Si3 upon temperature variation, but the field‐driven transition observed in Mn5Si3 is not found in Mn3Fe2Si3, resulting in a strongly reduced magnetocaloric effect. Structurally, the hexagonal symmetry found for both compounds under ambient conditions is preserved in Mn3Fe2Si3 through both magnetic transitions, indicating that the crystal structure is only weakly affected by the magnetic phase transition, in contrast to Mn5Si3 where both transitions distort the nuclear structure. Both compounds feature a collinear high‐temperature magnetic phase AF2 and transfer into a non‐collinear phase AF1 at low temperature. While one of the distinct crystallographic sites remains disordered in the AF2 phase in the parent compound, the magnetic structure in the AF2 phase involves all magnetic atoms in Mn3Fe2Si3. These observations imply that the distinct sites occupied by the magnetic atoms play an important role in the magnetocaloric behaviour of the family.
    Description: The nuclear and magnetic structures of Mn3Fe2Si3 are determined and the magnetic properties are compared with those of the parent compound Mn5Si3. The results imply that the distinct magnetic sites play an important role in the magnetocaloric behaviour of the family. image
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; magnetocaloric effect ; magnetic structure ; neutron diffraction ; synchrotron diffraction ; site dependence
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Southern Ocean biogenic blooms freezing-in Oligocene colder climates (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13(1), pp. 1-10, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Crossing a key atmospheric CO〈jats:sub〉2〈/jats:sub〉 threshold triggered a fundamental global climate reorganisation ~34 million years ago (Ma) establishing permanent Antarctic ice sheets. Curiously, a more dramatic CO〈jats:sub〉2〈/jats:sub〉 decline (~800–400 ppm by the Early Oligocene(~27 Ma)), postdates initial ice sheet expansion but the mechanisms driving this later, rapid drop in atmospheric carbon during the early Oligocene remains elusive and controversial. Here we use marine seismic reflection and borehole data to reveal an unprecedented accumulation of early Oligocene strata (up to 2.2 km thick over 1500 × 500 km) with a major biogenic component in the Australian Southern Ocean. High-resolution ocean simulations demonstrate that a tectonically-driven, one-off reorganisation of ocean currents, caused a unique period where current instability coincided with high nutrient input from the Antarctic continent. This unrepeated and short-lived environment favoured extreme bioproductivity and enhanced sediment burial. The size and rapid accumulation of this sediment package potentially holds ~1.067 × 10〈jats:sup〉15〈/jats:sup〉 kg of the ‘missing carbon’ sequestered during the decline from an Eocene high CO〈jats:sub〉2〈/jats:sub〉-world to a mid-Oligocene medium CO〈jats:sub〉2〈/jats:sub〉-world, highlighting the exceptional role of the Southern Ocean in modulating long-term climate.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Farm-waste-derived recyclable photothermal evaporator (2022)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tian, Y., Liu, X., Li, J., Deng, Y., DeGiorgis, J. A., Zhou, S., Caratenuto, A., Minus, M. L., Wan, Y., Xiao, G., & Zheng, Y. Farm-waste-derived recyclable photothermal evaporator. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(9), (2021): 100549, https://doi.org/10.1016./j.xcrp.2021.100549
    Description: Interfacial solar steam generation is emerging as a promising technique for efficient desalination. Although increasing efforts have been made, challenges exist for achieving a balance among a plethora of performance indicators—for example, rapid evaporation, durability, low-cost deployment, and salt rejection. Here, we demonstrate that carbonized manure can convert 98% of sunlight into heat, and the strong capillarity of porous carbon fibers networks pumps sufficient water to evaporation interfaces. Salt diffusion within microchannels enables quick salt drainage to the bulk seawater to prevent salt accumulation. With these advantages, this biomass-derived evaporator is demonstrated to feature a high evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun with broad robustness to acidity and alkalinity. These advantages, together with facial deployment, offer an approach for converting farm waste to energy with high efficiency and easy implementation, which is particularly well suited for developing regions.
    Description: This project is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant no. CBET-1941743. This project is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement no. OIA-1655221.
    Keywords: Biomass ; Recyclable ; Manure ; Farm waste ; Photothermal evaporation ; Desalination
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Evidence for late glacial oceanic carbon redistribution and discharge from the Pacific Southern Ocean (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13, 12 p., ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-14
    Description: Southern Ocean deep-water circulation plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. On geological time-scales, upwelling along the Chilean continental margin likely contributed to the deglacial atmospheric carbon dioxide rise, but little quantitative evidence exists of carbon storage. Here, we use a new X-ray Micro-Computer-Tomography method to assess foraminiferal test dissolution as proxy for paleo-carbonate ion concentrations [CO3^2−]. Our subantarctic Southeast Pacific sediment core depth transect shows significant deep-water [CO3^2−] variations during the Last Glacial Maximum and Deglaciation (10 – 22 ka BP). We provide evidence for an increase in [CO3^2−] during the early deglacial period (15-19 ka BP), followed by a ca. 40 µmol kg^-1 reduction in Lower Circumpolar Deepwater (CDW). This decreased Pacific to Atlantic export of low-carbon CDW contributed to significantly lowered carbon storage within the Southern Ocean, highlighting the importance of a dynamic Pacific–Southern Ocean deep-water reconfiguration for shaping late-glacial oceanic carbon storage, and subsequent deglacial oceanic-atmospheric CO2 transfer.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    Energy threshold changes in volcanic activity at Mt. Etna (Italy) inferred from volcanic tremor (2022)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-28
    Description: From the 2010s on, pattern classification has proven an effective method for flagging alerts of volcano unrest before eruptive activity at Mt. Etna, Italy. The analysis has been applied online to volcanic tremor data, and has supported the surveillance activity of the volcano that provides timely information to Civil Protection and other authorities. However, after declaring an alert, no one knows how long the volcano unrest will last and if a climactic eruptive activity will actually begin. These are critical aspects when considering the effects of a prolonged state of alert. An example of longstanding unrest is related to the Christmas Eve eruption in 2018, which was heralded by several months of almost continuous Strombolian activity. Here, we discuss the usage of thresholds to detect conditions leading to paroxysmal activity, and the challenges associated with defining such thresholds, leveraging a dataset of 52 episodes of lava fountains occurring in 2021. We were able to identify conservative settings regarding the thresholds, allowing for an early warning of impending paroxysm in almost all cases (circa 85% for the first 4 months in 2021, and over 90% for the whole year). The chosen thresholds also proved useful to predict that a paroxysmal activity was about to end. Such information provides reliable numbers for volcanologists for their assessments, based on visual information, which may not be available in bad weather or cloudy conditions.
    Description: Project IMPACT (A multidisciplinary Insight on the kinematics and dynamics of Magmatic Processes at Mt. Etna Aimed at identifying preCursor phenomena and developing early warning sysTems). IMPACT belongs to the Progetti Dipartimentali INGV [DIP7], https://progetti.ingv.it/index.php/it/progetti-dipartimentali/vulcani/impact#informazioni-sul-progetto.
    Description: Published
    Description: 17895
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcanic tremor ; Volcano monitoring ; Pattern recognition ; Self Organizing maps ; Fuzzy clustering ; Mt. Etna ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.01. Computational geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    A pushing mechanism for microtubule aster positioning in a large cell type (2020)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Meaders, J. L., de Matos, S. N., & Burgess, D. R. A pushing mechanism for microtubule aster positioning in a large cell type. Cell Reports, 33(1), (2020): 108213, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108213.
    Description: After fertilization, microtubule (MT) sperm asters undergo long-range migration to accurately position pronuclei. Due to the large sizes of zygotes, the forces driving aster migration are considered to be from pulling on the astral MTs by dynein, with no significant contribution from pushing forces. Here, we re-investigate the forces responsible for sperm aster centration in sea urchin zygotes. Our quantifications of aster geometry and MT density preclude a pulling mechanism. Manipulation of aster radial lengths and growth rates, combined with quantitative tracking of aster migration dynamics, indicates that aster migration is equal to the length of rear aster radii, supporting a pushing model for centration. We find that dynein inhibition causes an increase in aster migration rates. Finally, ablation of rear astral MTs halts migration, whereas front and side ablations do not. Collectively, our data indicate that a pushing mechanism can drive the migration of asters in a large cell type.
    Description: We would like to thank Dr. Jesse Gatlin for sending us the Tau-mCherry fusion protein for imaging live MTs. We would also like to thank Dr. Timothy Mitchison, Dr. Christine Field, and Dr. James Pelletier for supplying us with CA4, p150-CC1, and EB1-GFP peptides, as well as for fruitful discussions. Finally, we would like to thank Dr. Charles Shuster and Leslie Toledo-Jacobo for constructive feedback when preparing the manuscript. We thank Bret Judson and the Boston College Imaging Core for infrastructure and support. This material is based upon work supported by NSF grant no. 124425 to D.R.B.
    Keywords: Dynein ; Aster ; Microtubule ; Centrosome ; Pronucleus ; Fertilization ; Aster position
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Yeast cell death pathway requiring AP-3 vesicle trafficking leads to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization (2022)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Stolp, Z. D., Kulkarni, M., Liu, Y., Zhu, C., Jalisi, A., Lin, S., Casadevall, A., Cunningham, K. W., Pineda, F. J., Teng, X., & Hardwick, J. M. Yeast cell death pathway requiring AP-3 vesicle trafficking leads to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization. Cell Reports, 39(2), (2022): 110647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110647.
    Description: Unicellular eukaryotes have been suggested as undergoing self-inflicted destruction. However, molecular details are sparse compared with the mechanisms of programmed/regulated cell death known for human cells and animal models. Here, we report a molecular cell death pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leading to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization. Following a transient cell death stimulus, yeast cells die slowly over several hours, consistent with an ongoing molecular dying process. A genome-wide screen for death-promoting factors identified all subunits of the AP-3 complex, a vesicle trafficking adapter known to transport and install newly synthesized proteins on the vacuole/lysosome membrane. To promote cell death, AP-3 requires its Arf1-GTPase-dependent vesicle trafficking function and the kinase Yck3, which is selectively transported to the vacuole membrane by AP-3. Video microscopy revealed a sequence of events where vacuole permeability precedes the loss of plasma membrane integrity. AP-3-dependent death appears to be conserved in the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans.
    Description: Funding sources: National Institutes of Health, United States grants AI144373 and NS127076 (J.M.H.), AI115016 and AI153414 (K.W.C.), and AI052733, AI152078, and HL059842 (A.C.); National Natural Science Foundation of China 31970550; and the Priority Academic Program Development of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutes (X.T.).
    Keywords: Yeast ; Programmed cell death ; Vesicle trafficking ; AP-3 ; Vacuole ; Cryptococcus ; Yck3 ; Regulated cell death ; Lysosome ; Vacuolar membrane permeabilization
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Robust approaches for model‐free small‐angle scattering data analysis (2022)
    Bender, Philipp ; Honecker, Dirk ; Bersweiler, Mathias ; [et al.]
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: The small‐angle neutron scattering data of nanostructured magnetic samples contain information regarding their chemical and magnetic properties. Often, the first step to access characteristic magnetic and structural length scales is a model‐free investigation. However, due to measurement uncertainties and a restricted q range, a direct Fourier transform usually fails and results in ambiguous distributions. To circumvent these problems, different methods have been introduced to derive regularized, more stable correlation functions, with the indirect Fourier transform being the most prominent approach. Here, the indirect Fourier transform is compared with the singular value decomposition and an iterative algorithm. These approaches are used to determine the correlation function from magnetic small‐angle neutron scattering data of a powder sample of iron oxide nanoparticles; it is shown that with all three methods, in principle, the same correlation function can be derived. Each method has certain advantages and disadvantages, and thus the recommendation is to combine these three approaches to obtain robust results.
    Description: Three different approaches are compared for determination of the correlation function from the small‐angle neutron scattering data of a powder sample of iron oxide nanoparticles.
    Keywords: ddc:548
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Millimetre scale aeration of the rhizosphere and drilosphere (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-04
    Description: Soil aeration is a critical factor for oxygen‐limited subsoil processes, as transport by diffusion and advection is restricted by the long distance to the free atmosphere. Oxygen transport into the soil matrix is highly dependent on its connectivity to larger pore channels like earthworm and root colonised biopores. Here we hypothesize that the soil matrix around biopores represents different connectivity depending on biopore genesis and actual coloniser. We analysed the soil pore system of undisturbed soil core samples around biopores generated or colonised by roots and earthworms and compared them with the pore system of soil, not in the immediacy of a biopore. Oxygen partial pressure profiles and gas relative diffusion was measured in the rhizosphere and drilosphere from the biopore wall into the bulk soil with microelectrodes. The measurements were linked with structural features such as porosity and connectivity obtained from X‐ray tomography and image analysis. Aeration was enhanced in the soil matrix surrounding biopores in comparison to the bulk soil, shown by higher oxygen concentrations and higher relative diffusion coefficients. Biopores colonised by roots presented more connected lateral pores than earthworm colonised ones, which resulted in enhanced aeration of the rhizosphere compared to the drilosphere. This has influenced biotic processes (microbial turnover/mineralization or root respiration) at biopore interfaces and highlights the importance of microstructural features for soil processes and their dependency on the biopore's coloniser.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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