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  • 1
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    A case-study of complex gas–water–rock–pollutants interactions in shallow groundwater: Šalek Valley (Slovenia) (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The complex geochemical interactions in the groundwater of the industrial area of S ˇ alek Valley (Slovenia) between natural and anthropogenic fluids were studied by means of major (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3 -, Cl- and SO4 2-) and trace elements’ (As , Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Se and V) abundances, geochemical classification and statistical analysis of data. Cation abundances indicate mixing between a dolomitic end-member and an evaporitic or geothermal end-member. Anion abundances indicate mixing between bicarbonate waters and either sulphateenriched waters (suggesting hydrothermalism) or chlorinerich waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the extraction of seven factors, which describe, respectively: water–rock interaction mainly on dolomitic rocks; redox conditions of water; Cd–Zn enrichment in chlorinerich waters (probably from industrial wastes); hydrothermal conditions in waters close to major faults; Pb and Cu pollution; V and K enrichments, indicating their common organic source; the role of partial pressure of CO2 dissolved in water, which is highest in three wells with bubbling gases. Average underground discharge rates of solutes from the Valley range between 0.09 t/a (V) and 1.8 9 104 t/a (HCO3 -) and indicate how natural fluids can significantly contribute to the levels of elements in the environment, in addition to the amount of elements released by human activities.
    Description: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy and Ministry of Superior Instruction, Science and Technology of Slovenia. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo
    Description: Published
    Description: 75-89
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: groundwater ; Slovenia ; geothermal systems ; Principal Component Analysis ; pollution ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of mathematical models in economic environmental problems (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 97 (2000), S. 165-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: dynamic models ; capital ; labour ; resources ; pollution ; utility function ; optimal solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a review of mathematical models used in economic analysis of environmental problems. This area of research combines macroeconomic models of growth, as dependent on capital, labour, resources, etc., with environmental models describing such phenomena like natural resources exhaustion or pollution accumulation and degradation. In simpler cases the models can be treated analytically and the utility function can be optimized using, e.g., such tools as the maximum principle. In more complicated cases calculation of the optimal environmental policies requires a computer solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018913316076
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Gradient Study of 34 Elements in the Vicinity of a Copper-Nickel Smelter in the Kola Peninsula (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 71-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: copper-nickel smelter ; ICP mass spectrometry ; Kola peninsula ; pollution ; soil ; trace elements ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of 34 elements determined by ICP mass spectrometry were studied in surface soil and vegetation along a north–south gradient through the ‘Pechenganickel’ smelter complex in Kola peninsula, northern Russia. Strong influence from the smelter was evident for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, mainly associated with dry deposition of large particles. Also for As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, Bi, and Pb the smelter or associated sources appeared to be distinct contributors of contamination consisting presumably of smaller particles. Significant but less distinct effects leading to enhanced concentration levels were observed for P, S, V, Cr, Zn, and Tl. In the case of Mn, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba the concentrations in vegetation were generally lower near the source, which may be due to cation exchange with protons or heavy metal cations in the soil and subsequent leaching from the root zone. For Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Y, Cd, La, Th, and U no particular influence from the smelter complex was observed. Some characteristic differences observed in element concentrations in different plant species and between different years of Pinus sylvestris needles are discussed. The high concentrations observed for many trace elements in the humus horizon indicates that it acts as an active biogeochemical barrier against downward transport of these elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006165031985
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The survival analysis for gallopin' s system in a polluted environment (2000)
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 21 (2000), S. 921-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: Gallopin's system ; consumer population ; pollution ; persistence ; extinction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The long-time behavior of the consumer population in a Gallopin's system, located in a polluted environment, was studied. Firstly, a mathematical model, i. e., a nonlinear ordinary differential system, was made by taking a constant catch rate into account in model of MA Zhi-en. Secondly, using the extension theorem and the comparison theorem, the bound of the system was estimated. Then, the effect of the pollution on the consumer population was discussed by the use of calculus and qualitative theory of differential equation. Finally, some conditions for weak persistence in the mean and extinction are found out. The threshold between persistence and extinction can be established in some cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02428362
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexities due to sluggish expansion of backstop technologies (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of economics 72 (2000), S. 153-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Keywords: pollution ; backstop ; limit cycles ; Q2 ; D6
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers an economy using a technology that adds to a stock of pollution. Examples that come to mind are SO2-emissions from burning coal accumulating in the soil and CO2-emissions from fossil-energy use which are retained in the atmosphere. The stock of pollutants is subject to natural decay, albeit not necessarily of the simple often assumed linear type. In addition, a clean or so-called backstop technology is available that requires costly investments but is characterized by low variable costs (e.g., solar energy or wind power). The costly investments imply a slow build-up of the capacity of the backstop. On the modelling side, this is an essential extension of most of the literature that considers the unrealistic case where a backstop is instantaneously available. The second extension the present paper makes is to consider not only the planning problem but also the competitive outcomes. One of the interesting results is that stable limit cycles may characterize the socially optimal long-run outcome as well as the competitive equilibrium. In a competitive equilibrium pollution-control policy is not necessarily optimal in the sense of corresponding with the social optimum. Although cycling can occur in a competitive equilibrium, just as in the social optimum, relaxation of the control increases the set of parameter values for which complex and unstable behavior arises.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01676981
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of copper on the fitness of the Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 420 (2000), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: allozymes ; toxicity ; mollusks ; pollution ; heterozygosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to high concentrations of metals can affect populations and individuals at morphological, physiological, biochemical or genetic levels. Metal pollution is a source of environmental stress that can have deleterious effects on organisms and generate selective pressure upon populations. This work attempts to establish whether concentrations of copper, above physiological requirements, can affect the genetic structure of a cohort of Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus. Following the determination of LC50 for 96 h experiments, other acute toxicity tests were carried out, exposing the juveniles to solutions of 150 ppb copper for 120 h. Dead, surviving and control individuals from these bioassays were genetically characterized for five polymorphic loci, Isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh), Octopine dehydrogenase (Ocdh), Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Pgd), Leucine aminopeptidase (Lap) and Phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi). Results showed no significant differences in allele and genotypic frequencies between surviving and dead individuals, although for the same groups significant differences were found in estimated mean heterozygosity. Pgi and Ocdh showed significantly different heterozygosity values for dead and surviving individuals. A positive relationship between multilocus heterozygosity and survival was found for young A. purpuratus exposed to high copper concentrations; thus, we found evidence of a differential response to exposure to high copper concentrations, related to degree of heterozygosity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003947407939
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource Accounting in Measures of Unsustainability: Challenging the World Bank's Conclusions (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 15 (2000), S. 257-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: accounting ; `El Serafy'-method ; genuine savings ; natural resources ; pollution ; sustainability ; World Bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The World Bank has recently published acomprehensive study of environmental and resourceaccounting, covering 103 countries (World Bank1997a). The study concludes that many Sub-Saharan,Northern African and Middle East countries have hadnegative `genuine' saving rates over the last 20years and therefore fail to pass the test of weaksustainability. This paper argues that the Bank'sconclusions depend on a method for computing usercosts from resource exploitation that is challengedby two competing ones (the `El Serafy'-method andthe method of Repetto et al.) and is inferior to oneof its rivals. Resource rents are re-computed usingthe `El Serafy'-method for 14 countries and theSub-Saharan and Northern African and Middle Eastregions. The results are that both regions andalmost all countries either stop exhibiting signs ofunsustainability or their unsustainability can beexplained without having recourse to resourceaccounting. However, for Congo, Ecuador, Gabon,Nigeria, Mauritania and Trinidad and Tobago there isa lesson: These countries did not adequately use theopportunities they were given through their naturalresource endowments and should learn from theirmistake for the future depletion of their remainingreserves of natural resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008304812545
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transboundary Externalities in the Environmental Transition Hypothesis (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 17 (2000), S. 353-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: environmental transition ; growth ; Kuznets ; pollution ; transboundary externalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a hypothesis which implies that it is possible to “grow out of environmental degradation”. Most theoretical models of the EKC relation have not accounted for transboundary and intergenerational externalities nor have empirical studies provided evidence that validates an inverted U shaped relation between environmental degradation and economic growth for pollution problems where the effects are far-displaced or are long-delayed. This paper integrates the theory of transboundary externalities into the most common theoretical framework applied to the EKC hypothesis. It shows that where a significant proportion of the environmental impacts of economic activity occurs outside the territories in which those activities take place, the de-linking of growth and environmental degradation is less likely to happen. This proposition is demonstrated by assuming that decisionmakers have a Nash-type non cooperative strategic behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026507017843
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus (P) management in the ‘De Marke’ dairy farming system (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P ; dairy farming ; systems research ; environment ; pollution ; soil fertility ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the sandy regions of the Netherlands water quality is threatened by high losses of nutrients from intensive dairy farms. About 67% (32 kg ha-1yr-1) of farm inputs of P in purchased feeds and fertilisers do not leave in milk or cattle. The Dutch government defined decreasing maximum permitted nutrient surplusses for the period 1998–2008, at 9 kg ha-1yr-1 for P. Farmers suppose that reducing the surplusses will be costly, because it limits application of slurry, which then has to be either exported or additional land has to be purchased. Moreover, farmers are worried about the impact on soil fertility and crop growth. To explore the possibilities of reducing surplusses by improved management, farming systems research is carried out at prototype farm ‘De Marke’. Results indicate that average intensive dairy farms can reduce P surplus sufficiently, without the need to buy land or to export slurry. Key factors are reductions in purchased feeds (by reduced needs per kg milk as a result of a higher milk yield per cow, less young stock and judicious feeding) and fertilisers (by improved management of ‘home-made’ manure and an increased maize area). Initially, P fertility status of the fields of ‘De Marke’ decreased, but stabilised in the seventh year at a level not restrictive to crop production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009814905339
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors Influencing the Atmospheric Depositional Fluxes of Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 7Be into Chesapeake Bay (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 36 (2000), S. 65-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: lead ; pollution ; mid-Atlantic bight ; radionuclide ; air mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric depositional fluxes of 7Be and210Pb (bulk) and stable Pb (wet) were measuredsimultaneously for one year (from September 1995–August 1996) atStillpond, Maryland on the uppereastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay. The annual total(bulk) depositional fluxes of 210Pb and 7Bewere 0.78 and 13 dpm cm-2, respectively, andagree well with other previously reported results atnearby locations such as Norfolk, VA and Lewes, DE. The wet depositional flux of stable Pb (58 ng cm-2 yr-1)was also similar to thatmeasured at other Chesapeake sites during 1990–1991(55 ng cm-2 yr-1, for both Wye and Elms,Maryland). This suggests that a constant Pb flux hasbeen reached since the mandatory use of unleadedgasoline was instituted. The concentrations of7Be, 210Pb, and to a lesser extent stable Pbwere diluted exponentially by precipitation, based onconcentrations versus precipitation plots. Due tohigher enrichment of 210Pb in the lowertroposphere, the dilution effect was largest on210Pb (i.e., controlled mainly by below-cloudscavenging processes), and thus its depositional fluxincrease is negligible as precipitation amountincreases. A good correlation between the amount ofprecipitation and total depositional flux of 7Beand stable Pb, which are more enriched in the uppertroposphere, suggests that precipitation amount isimportant in controlling their fluxes (i.e.,controlled by both below-cloud scavenging and in-cloudcondensation processes). Based on 7Be versus210Pb plots, it appears that 7Be, relativeto 210Pb, is less efficiently scavenged bysnowfall. Our results suggest that in addition toprecipitation amounts, marine air-mass transport orsnowfall may be important factors in controlling theseasonal variability of the fallout fluxes of tracemetals in coastal areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006383030362
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