ALBERT

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August 1984

Description: This thesis addresses several aspects of the problem of determining the effect of the low-frequency eddy variability on the mean circulation of the Western North Atlantic. A framework for this study is first established by scale analysis of the eddy and mean terms in the mean momentum, vorticity, and heat balances in three regions of the Western North Atlantic -- the northern recirculation, the southern recirculation, and the mid-ocean. The data from the last decade of field experiments suggest somewhat different conclusions from the earlier analysis of Harrison (1980). In the momentum balance we confirm that the eddy terms are negligible compared to the lowest order mean geostrophic balance. The eddy term may be an 0(1) term in the vorticity balance only in the northern recirculation region where the mean flow is anisotropic. In the mean heat balance, if the mean temperature advection is scaled using the thermal wind relation, then the eddy heat flux is negligible in the mid-ocean, but it may be important in the recirculation areas. For all the balances the eddy terms are comparable to or an order of magnitude larger than the mean advective terms. We conclude from the scale analysis that the eddy field is most likely to be important in the Gulf Stream recirculation region. These balances are subsequently examined in more detail using data from the Local Dynamics Experiment (LDE). Several inconsistencies are first shown in McWilliams' (1983) model for the mean dynamical balances in the LDE. The sampling uncertainties do not allow us to draw conclusions about the long-term dynamical balances. However, it is shown that if we assume that the linear vorticity balance holds between the surface and the thermocline for a finite record, then the vertical velocity induced by the eddy heat flux divergence is non-zero. The local effect of the mesoscale eddy field on the mean potential vorticity distribution of the Gulf Stream recirculation region is determined from the quasigeostrophic eddy potential vorticity flux. This flux is calculated by finite difference of current and temperature time series from the Local Dynamics Experiment. This long-term array of moorings is the only experimental data from which the complete eddy flux can be calculated. The total eddy flux is dominated by the term due to the time variation in the thickness of isopycnal layers. This thickness flux is an order of magnitude larger than the relative vorticity flux. The total flux is statistically significant and directed 217° T to the southwest with a magnitude of 1.57 x 10 -5 cm/2s. The direction of the eddy flux with respect to the mean large scale potential vorticity gradient from hydrographic data indicates that eddies in this region tend to reduce the mean potential vorticity gradient. The results are qualitatively consistent with numerical model results and with other data from the Gulf Stream recirculation region. We find that the strength of the eddy transfer in the enstrophy cascade is comparable to the source terms in the mean enstrophy balance. The Austauch coefficient for potential vorticity mixing is estimated to be 0(107cm2/sec). An order of magnitude estimate of the enstrophy dissipation due only to the internal wave field shows that other processes must be important in enstrophy dissipation. The measured eddy potential vorticity fluxes are compared to the linear stability model of Gill, Green, and Simmons (1974). An earlier study (Hogg, 1984) has shown agreement between the empirical orthogonal modes of the data and the predicted wavenumbers, growth rates, and phase speeds of the most unstable waves. However, we show substantial disagreement in a comparison of the higher moments the eddy heat and potential vorticity fluxes. Because the critical layer of the model is located near the surface, the model predicts that most of the eddy potential vorticity and eddy heat flux should occur within about 300 meters of the surface. The data show much greater deep eddy heat flux than predicted by the model. It is suggested that the unstable modes in the ocean have a longer vertical scale because of the reduction in the buoyancy frequency near the surface. The evidence for in situ instability is also examined in the decay region of the Gulf Stream from an array of current and temperature recorders. Although there is vertical phase propagation in the empirical orthogonal modes for some of the variables at some of the moorings, there is not much evidence for a strong ongoing process of wave generation.

Description: This research has been conducted under NSF contract numbers OCE 77-19403, ATM 79-21431, and OCE 82-00154.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 1996

Description: This thesis addresses the question of how a highly energetic eddy field could be generated in the interior of the ocean away from the swift boundary currents. The energy radiation due to the temporal growth of non-trapped (radiating) disturbances in such a boundary current is thought to be one of the main sources for the described variability. The problem of stability of an energetic current, such as the Gulf Stream, is formulated. The study then focuses on the ability of the current to support radiating instabilities capable of significant penetration into the far-field and their development with time. The conventional model of the Gulf Stream as a zonal current is extended to allow the jet axis to make an angle to a latitude circle. The linear stability of such a nonzonal flow, uniform in the along-jet direction on a beta-plane, is first studied. The stability computations are performed for piece-wise constant and continuous velocity profiles. New stability properties of nonzonal jets are discussed. In particular, the destabilizing effect of the meridional tilt of the jet axis is demonstrated. The radiating properties of nonzonal currents are found to be very different from those of zonal currents. In particular, purely zonal flows do not support radiating instabilities, whereas flows with a meridional component are capable of radiating long and slowly growing waves. The nonlinear terms are then included in the consideration and the effects of the nonlinear interactions on the radiating properties of the solution are studied in detail. For these purposes, the efficient numerical code for solving equation for the QG potential vorticity with open boundary conditions of Orlanski's type is constructed. The results show that even fast growing linear solutions, which are trapped during the linear stage of developement, can radiate energy in the nonlinear regime if the basic current is nonzonal. The radiation starts as soon as the initial fast exponential growth significantly slows. The initial trapping of those solutions is caused by their fast temporal growth. The new mechanism for radiation is related to the nonzonality of a current.

Description: This work was supported by NSF Grant OCE 9301845.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2013

Description: Studying oceanic eddies is important for understanding and predicting ocean circulation and climate variability. The central focus of this dissertation is the energy exchange between eddies and mean flow and banded structures in the low-frequency component of the eddy field. A combination of a realistic eddy-permitting ocean state estimate and simplified theoretical models is used to address the following specific questions. (1) What are the major spatial characteristics of eddy-mean flow interaction from an energy perspective? Is eddy-mean flow interaction a local process in most ocean regions? (2) The banded structures in the low-frequency eddy field are termed striations. How much oceanic variability is associated with striations? How does the time-mean circulation, for example a subtropical gyre or constant mean flow, influence the origin and characteristics of striations? How much do striations contribute to the energy budget and tracer mixing?

Description: This research was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration contracts NNX09AI87G and NNX08AR33G.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 1999

Description: This thesis addresses the parameterization of the heat and momentum transporting properties of eddy motions for use in three-dimensional, primitive equation, z-coordinate atmosphere and ocean models. Determining the transport characteristics of these eddies is fundamental to understanding their effect on the large-scale ocean circulation and global climate. The approach is to transform the primitive equations to yield the altered 'transformed Eulerian mean' (TEM) equations. The assumption is made that the eddy motions obey quasigeostrophic dynamics while the mean flow obeys the primitive equations. With this assumption, the TEM framework leads to the eddies appearing as one term, which acts as a body force in the momentum equations. This force manifests itself as a flux of potential vorticity (PV) - a quantity that incorporates both eddy momentum and heat transporting properties. Moreover, the dynamic velocities are those of the residual mean circulation, a much more relevant velocity for understanding heat and tracer transport. Closure for the eddy PV flux is achieved through a flux-gradient relationship, which directs the flux down the large scale PV gradient. For zonal flows, care is taken to ensure that the resulting force does not generate any net momentum, acting only to redistribute it. Neglect of relative vorticity fluxes in the PV flux yields the parameterization scheme of Gent and McWilliams. The approach is investigated by comparing a zonally-averaged parameterized model with a three dimensional eddy-resolving calculation of flow in a stress-driven channel. The stress at the upper surface is communicated down the water column to the bottom by eddy form drag. Moreover, lateral eddy momentum fluxes act to strengthen and sharpen the mean flow, transporting eastward momentum up its large scale gradient. Both the vertical momentum transfer and lateral, upgradient momentum transfer by eddies, are captured in the parameterized model. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated in two further zonal cases: 1) the spin-down of a baroclinic zone, and 2) the atmospheric jet stream. The time mean TEM approach and the eddy PV flux closure are explored in the context of an eddy-resolving closed basin flow which breaks the zonal symmetry. Decomposition of eddy PV fluxes into components associated with advective and dissipative effects suggest that the component associated with eddy flux divergence, and therefore forcing of the mean flow, is mainly directed down the large scale gradient and can be parameterized as before. Thus, the approach can be used to capture eddy transport properties for both zonal mean and time mean flows. The PV flux embodies both the eddy heat and momentum fluxes and so presents a more unified picture of their transferring properties. It therefore provides a powerful conceptual and practical framework for representing eddies in numerical models of the atmsophere and ocean.

Description: The work in this thesis was funded by grants from NSF, (OCE-9634331, OCE- 9503895), ONR (NOOOI4-95-1-0967), and by a fellowship from the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change at MIT.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August 2000

Description: The plausibility of local baroclinic instability as a generation mechanism for midocean mesoscale eddies is examined with a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic (QG) model forced by an imposed, horizontally homogeneous, vertically sheared mean flow and dissipated through bottom Ekman friction, Explanations are sought for two observed features of mid-ocean eddies: 1) substantial energy is retained in the baroclinic mode and in the associated deformation radius (Rd) scale, and 2) the ratio of eddy to mean kinetic energy is much larger than one, The tendency of QG to cascade energy into the barotropic mode and into scales larger than Rd can be counteracted when stratification is surface-trapped, for then the baroclinic mode is weakly damped, and hence enhanced, Numerical experiments are performed with both surface-trapped and uniform stratification to quantify this, Experiments with equal Ekman frictions in the two layers are also performed for purposes of contrast, Interpretation is aided with an inequality derived from the energy and enstrophy equations, The inequality forbids the simultaneous retention of substantial energy in the baroclinic mode and in scales near Rd when Ekman friction is symmetric, but points towards surface-trapped stratification and bottomtrapped friction as an environment in which both of these can be achieved, The dissertation also contains a systematic study of geostrophic turbulence forced by nonzonal flows, Narrow zonal jets emerge when shear-induced mean potential vorticity (PV) gradients are small compared to the planetary gradient (β), and energy is a strong function of the angle shear presents to the east-west direction, When shear-induced PV gradients are comparable to β, and the mean shear has a westward component, fields of monopolar vortices form and persist, Energy is asymmetric between fields of cyclones and anticyclones, Such asymmetry was commonly thought not to occur in QG, but is shown here to be introduced by the nonzonal basic state, In both jet and vortex regimes, eddy energy can be much larger than mean kinetic energy, contrary to the expectation that β stabilizes weak shear flows,

Description: My first three years here were funded by an Office of Naval Research/National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship administered by Jeff Jarocz at the American Society for Engineering Education. During the last three years, most of my support has come the National Science Foundation via grant OCE-9617848, with some additional support coming from the Office of Naval Research via grant N00014-95-1-0824.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution May 1998

Description: Planktonic protozoan grazers have the potential to significantly affect the chemistry of particle-associated trace metals. This is due both to the importance of protists as consumers of bacterial-sized particles, and to the unique low-pH, enzyme-rich microenvironment of the grazer food vacuole. This thesis examines the role of protozoan grazers in the marine geochemistry of strongly hydrolyzed, particle-reactive trace metals, in particular Th and Fe. A series of tracer experiments was carried out in model systems in order to determine the effect of grazer-mediated transformations on the chemical speciation and partitioning of radioisotopes C9Fe, 234Th, 51Cr) associated with prey cells. Results indicate that protozoan grazers are equally able to mobilize intracellular and extracellular trace metals. In some cases, protozoan regeneration of trace metals appears to lead to the formation of metal-organic complexes. Protozoan grazing may generate colloidal material that can scavenge trace metals and, via aggregation, lead to an increase in the metal/organic carbon ratio of aggregated particles. Model system experiments were also conducted in order to determine the effect of grazers on mineral phases, specifically colloidal iron oxide (ferrihydrite). Several independent techniques were employed, including size fractionation ors9Fe-labeled colloids, competitive ligand exchange, and iron-limited diatoms as "probes" for bioavailable Fe. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that protozoan grazing can affect the surface chemistry and increase the dissolution rate of iron oxide phases through phagotrophic ingestion. In further work on protozoan-mediated dissolution of colloidal Fe oxides, a novel tracer technique was developed based on the synthesis of colloidal ferrihydrite impregnated with 133Ba as an inert tracer. This technique was shown to be a sensitive, quantitative indicator for the extent of ferrihydrite dissolution/alteration by a variety of mechanisms, including photochemical reduction and ligand-mediated dissolution. In field experiments using this technique, grazing by naturally occuring protistan assemblages was shown to significantly enhance the dissolution rate of colloidal ferrihydrite over that in non-grazing controls. Laboratory and field results indicate that, when integrated temporally over the entire euphotic zone, protozoan grazing may equal or exceed photoreduction as a pathway for the dissolution of iron oxides.

Description: This work was financially supported by a Department of Defense ONR-NDSEG Graduate Fellowship, Office ofNaval Research AASERT Award (N00014-94-1-0711), and the National Science Foundation EGB Program (OCE-9523910).

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August 2000

Description: With Lagrangian and hydrographic data taken in the deep Brazil Basin, we identify several submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs). These features contrast with SCV paradigms in that float data indicate approximately equal populations of cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices, and hydrographic data suggest that roughly half exhibit the convex lens shape generally associated with SCVs, while half are instead shaped like a concave lens, with isopycnal surfaces pinched together. There is some evidence that the vortex cores may be enriched in warm, salty North Atlantic Deep Water, suggesting formation in the north or northwest regions of the basin. Data is available from 153 floats which were ballasted for 2500 and 4000 db pressures. They tracked 34 eddies, which are believed to be roughly 30 km in diameter, and rotate with apparent periods of about 30 days. Many floats experienced formation or entrainment events, and destruction or detrainment events, near seamounts.

Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, grants OCE 99-11148 and OCE 94-15509.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 1994

Description: In this work we study motion of a baroclinic upper-ocean eddy over a large-scale topography which simulates a continental slope. We use a quasigeostrophic f-plane approximation with continuous stratification. To study this problem we develop a new numerical technique which we call "semi-lagrangian contour dynamics". This technique resembles the traditional 2-D contour dynamics method but differs significantly from it in the numerical algorithm. In addition to "Lagrangian" moving contours it includes an underlying "Eulerian" regular grid to which vorticity or density fields are interpolated. To study topographic interactions in a continuously stratified model we use density contours at the bottom in a similar manner as vorticity contours are used in the standard contour dynamics. For the case of a localized upper-ocean vortex moving over a sloping bottom the problem becomes computationally 2-dimensional (we need to follow only bottom density contours and the position of the vortex itself) although the physical domain is still 3-dimensional. Results of the numerical model lndicate importance of baroclinic effects in the vortex-topography interaction. After the initial surge of topographic Rossby waves a vortex moves almost steadily due to the interaction with a bottom density anomaly which is created and supported by a vortex itself. This anomaly is equivalent to a region of opposite-signed vorticity with a total circulation exactly compensating that of a vortex. This results in a vertically aligned dipolar structure with the total barotropic component equal to zero. Analytical considerations explaining this effect are presented and formulated in a more general statement which resembles but does not coincide with the "zero angular momentum theorem" of Flierl, Stern and Whitehead, 1983. In such steady translation the centroid of a bottom density anomaly is displaced horizon tally from the center of an upper-ocean vortex so the whole system moves due to this misalignment, which is known as a "he tonic mechanism". Cyclonic vortices go generally upslope, and anticyclones - in a downslope direction. The along-slope component of their motion depends upon the strength of a vortex, curvature of the bottom slope and background flows. When surrounded by a bowl-shaped topography anticyclonic vortices tend to stay near the deepest center of a basin, even resisting ambient flows which advect them outward. Application of this results to various oceanic examples (particularly to the "Shikmona eddy" in the Eastern Meditenanian) is discussed. Our results show that the behavior of a vortex over a sloping bottom differs significantly from its motion on the planetary beta-plane (but with a flat bottom). To explain this difference we introduce the concept of a "wave-breaking regime" relevant for the case of a planetary beta-effect, and a "wave-gliding regime" which characterizes the interaction of an eddy with a topographic slope.

Description: This work was supported by the NSF grant #OCE 90-12821.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution March 1992

Description: Rotating baroclinic and barotropic boundary currents flowing around a corner in the laboratory were studied in order to discover the circumstances under which eddies were produced at the corner. Such flows are reminiscent of oceanic coastal flows around capes. When the baroclinic currents, which consisted of surface flows bounded by a density front, encountered a sharp corner, immediately downstream of the corner an anticyclone grew in the surface layer for an angle of greater than 40 degrees. Varying the initial condition of the flow or the depth of the lower layer did not noticeably affect the gyre's properties except for its growth speed, which was greater when the lower layer was shallower. The barotropic currents were pumped along a sloping bottom, and also formed anticyclonic gyres which quickly attained an approximately steady state. For a given topography, the size of the gyre was proportional to the inertial radius u/f. Volume flux calculations based on the surface velocity revealed vertical shear which increased with gyre size. Hydraulic models were also applied to flow around gently curving topography to determine the critical separation curvature as a function of upstream parameters.

Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant OCE 89-15408.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2022.

Description: The ventilation of intermediate waters in the Labrador Sea has important implications for the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Boundary current-interior interactions regulate the exchange of properties between the slope and the basin, which in turn regulates the magnitude of interior convection and the export of ventilated waters from the subpolar gyre. This thesis characterizes theWest Greenland Boundary Current System near Cape Farewell across a range of spatio-temporal scales. The boundary current system is composed of three velocity cores: (1) the West Greenland Coastal Current (WGCC), transporting Greenland and Arctic meltwaters on the shelf; (2) the West Greenland Current (WGC), which advects warm, saline Atlantic-origin water at depth, meltwaters at the surface, and newly-ventilated Labrador Sea Water (LSW); and (3) the Deep Western Boundary Current, which carries dense overflow waters ventilated in the Nordic Seas. The seasonal presence of the LSW and Atlantic-origin water are dictated by air-sea buoyancy forcing, while the seasonality of the WGCC is governed by remote wind forcing and the propagation of coastally trapped waves from East Greenland. Using mooring data and hydrographic surveys, we demonstrate mid-depth intensified cyclones generated at Denmark Strait are found offshore of the WGC and enhance the overflow water transport at synoptic timescales. Using mooring, hydrographic, and satellite data, we demonstrate that the WGC undergoes extensive meandering due to baroclinic instability that is enhanced in winter due to LSW formation adjacent to the current. This leads to the production of small-scale, anticyclonic eddies that can account for the entirety of wintertime heat loss within the Labrador Sea. The meanders are shown to trigger the formation of Irminger Rings downstream. Using mooring, hydrographic, atmospheric, and Lagrangian data, and a mixing model, we find that strong atmospheric storms known as forward tip jets cause upwelling at the shelfbreak that triggers offshore export of freshwater. This freshwater flux can explain the observed lack of ventilation in the eastern Labrador Sea. Together, this thesis documents previously unobserved interannual, seasonal, and synoptic-scale variability and dynamics within the West Greenland boundary current system that must be accounted for in future modeling.

Description: The work in this dissertation was funded by the National Science Foundation grants OCE-1259618 and OCE-1756361.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution April 1992

Description: A pair of simple models representing the interaction of a continuously stratified f-plane quasigeostrophic lens with a uniform external shear flow is examined. The study is motivated by the desire to understand the processes that affect Mediterranean Salt Lenses and other mesoscale lenses in the ocean. The first model represents the eddy as a pair of quasigeostrophic 'point potential vortices' in uniform external shear, where the two point vortices are imagined to represent the top and bottom of a baroclinic eddy. While highly idealized, the model succeeds in qualitatively reproducing many aspects of the behavior of more complex models. In the second model the eddy is represented by an isolated three dimensional patch characterized by quasigeostrophic potential vorticity linear in z, in a background flow with constant potential vorticity. The boundary of the lens may be deformed by interactions with a uniform background shear. A family of linearized analytical solutions representing such a vortex is discussed in Chapter 3. These solutions represent lens-like eddies with trapped fluid cores, which may propagate through the surrounding water when there is external vertical shear. The analysis predicts the possible forms of the boundary deformation in a specified external flow, and the precession rate of normal mode boundary perturbations in the absence of external flow. The translation speed of the lens with respect to the surrounding fluid is found to be a simple function of the external vertical shear and the core baroclinicity. A numerical algorithm which is a generalization of the contour dynamics technique to stratified quasigeostrophic flow is used to extend the linear results into the nonlinear regime. This numerical analysis allows a determination of the range of environmental conditions (e.g., the maximum shear and/ or core baroclinicity) in which coherent vortex solutions can be found, and allows the stability of the steadily translating solutions to be examined directly. It is found that the solutions are stable if neither the external shear nor the core baroclinicity is too large, and that the breakdown of the unstable solutions is characterized by the loss of an extrusion of core fluid to the surrounding waters. The translation speeds of the large amplitude numerical solutions are found to have the same functional dependence on the external vertical shear and the core baroclinicity that was found in the linear analysis, and it is demonstrated that the solutions translate at a rate which is equal to the background flow speed at the center of potential vorticity of the lens. As a test of the model results, new data from a recent SOFAR float experiment are presented and compared with the model predictions. The data show that the cores of two different Mediterranean Salt Lenses are tilted, presumably as a result of interactions with external flows. Both the sense of the tilt and its relation to the translation of the lens are in qualitative agreement with the model solutions.

Description: I am happy to acknowledge the support of the Office of Naval Research (grant N00014-89-J-1182) and the National Science Foundation (grants OCE 8916446 and OCE 87-00601).

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 1992

Description: This study concerns the barotropic interactions between a mesoscale eddy and a straight monotonic bottom topography. Through simple to relatively complicated modeling effort, some of the fundamental properties of the interaction are investigated. In chapter two, the fundamental aspects of the interaction are examined using a simple contour dynamics model. With the simplest model configuration of an ideal vortex and a step topography, the basic dynamical features of the observed oceanic eddy-topography interaction are qualitatively reproduced. The results consist of eddy-induced cross-topography exchange, formation of topographic eddies, eddy propagation and generation of topographic waves. In chapter three, a more complicated primitive equation model is used to investigate a mesoscale eddy interacting with an exponential continental shelf/slope topography on both f and β-planes. The f-plane model recasts the important features of chapter two. The roles of the eddy size and strength and the geometry of topography are studied. It is seen that the multiple anticyclonic eddy-slope interactions strongly affect the total cross-slope volume transport and the evolution of both the original anticyclone and the topographic eddy. Since a cyclone is trapped at the slope and eventually moves on to the slope, it is most effective in causing perturbation on the shelf and slope. The responses on the shelf and slope are mainly wavelike with dispersion relation obeying that of the free shelf-trapped wave modes. On the β-plane, the problem of an eddy colliding onto a continental shelf/slope from a distance with straight or oblique incident angles is investigated. It is found that the straight eddy incident is more effective in achieving large onslope eddy penetration distance than the oblique eddy incident. The formation of a dipole-like eddy pair consisting of the original anticyclone and the topographic cyclone acts to suppress the eddy decay due to long Rossby wave radiation. A weak along-slope current near the edge of the slope is found, which is part of a outer slope circulation cell originated from the Rossby wave wake trailing the propagating eddy. Model-observation comparisons in_chapter four show favorable qualitative agreement of the model results with some of the observed events in the eastern U.S. continental margins and in the Gulf of Mexico. The model results give dynamical interpretations to some observed features of the oceanic eddy-topography interactions and provide enlightening insight into the problem.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution November 1990

Description: One and two layer models are used to study flow over axisymmetric isolated topography. Inviscid or nearly inviscid flow in which non-linear effects have order one importance is considered, and both the effects of β and finite topography are included. A one-layer quasi-geostrophic model is used to find the shape of Taylor columns on both the f-plane and the β-plane in the inviscid limit of the frictional problem. In this limit, the boundary of the Taylor column is a streamline, and the velocity in both directions vanishes on the boundary. The fluid within the Taylor column is stagnant, corresponding to the solution that Ingersoll (1969) found for flow over a right circular cylinder on the f-plane. In this case, the Taylor column is circular. An iterative boundary integral technique is used to find the solutions for flow over a cone on the f-plane. In this case the Taylor column has a tear drop shape. Solutions are also found for flow on the β-plane over a cylinder, and the Taylor column is approximately elliptical for westward flow with the major axis in the x direction, while it is slightly elongated in the y direction for eastward flow. The stagnation point of the Taylor column is located on the edge of the topography for all the solutions found. It was not possible to find solutions for smooth topographic shapes. Steady solutions for flow over a right circular cylinder of finite height are studied when the quasi-geostrophic approximation no longer applies. The solution consists of two parts, one which is similar to the quasi-geostrophic solution and is driven by the potential vorticity anomaly over the topography and the other which is similar to the solution of potential flow around an cylinder and is driven by the matching conditions on the edge of the topography. When the effect of β is large, the transport over the topography is enhanced as the streamlines follow lines of constant background potential vorticity. For eastward flow, the Rossby wave drag can be much larger than predicted from quasi-geostrophic theory. A two-layer model over finite topography using the quasi-geostrophic approximation is developed. The topography is a right circular cylinder which goes all of the way through the lower layer and an order Rossby number amount into the upper layer, so that the quasi-geostrophic approximation can be applied consistently. This geometry allows description of flow in which an isopycnal intersects the topography. The model is valid for a different regime than existing models of steady flow over finite topography in a continuously stratified fluid in which the bottom boundary is an isopycnal surface. The solutions contain the two components that are found in the the barotropic model of flow over finite topography. The model breaks down when the interface goes above the topography which occurs more easily when the stratification is weak. Closed streamlines occur more readily over the topography when the stratification is weak, whereas in traditional quasi-geostrophic theory they occur more readily when the stratification is strong. Near the topography, the interface is depressed to the right and raised to the left (looking downstream). A hierarchy of time-dependent models is used to examine the initial value problem of flow initiation over topography on the f-plane. A modified contour dynamics method is developed that extends the range of problems to which contour dynamics can be applied. The method allows boundary and matching conditions to be applied on a circular boundary. A one-layer quasi-geostrophic model is used to show that more fluid that originates over the topography remains there when the flow is turned on slowly than when it is turned on quickly. Flow over finite topography in a one-layer model shows a variety of different behaviors depending on the topographic height. When the topography has moderate height, two cyclonic eddies are created; when the topography fills up most of the water column, the fluid oscillates on and off the topography as it moves around the topography in a clockwise direction, and none of the fluid is shed downstream. Two quasi-geostrophic stratified models are considered, one in which the topography is small, and the other in which it is finite. In the small topography model, an eddy is shed which is cyclonic, warm-core, and bottom-trapped. In contrast, the shed eddy is cyclonic, cold-core, and surfaceintensified in the finite depth model using the geometry described above.

Description: This study was supported by the Office of Naval Research Program N00014- 90-J-1839.

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 1999

Description: Climate simulation with numerical oceanic models requires a proper parameterization scheme in order to represent the effects of unresolved mesoscale eddies. Even though a munber of schemes have been proposed and some have led to improvements in the simulation of the bulk climatological properties, the success of the parameterizations in representing the mesoscale eddies has not been investigated in detail. This thesis examines the role of eddies in a 105-years long basin scale eddy resolving simulation with the MIT General Circulation Model (GCM) forced by idealized wind stress and relaxation to prescribed meridional temperature; this thesis also evaluates the Fickian diffusive, the diabatic Green-Stone (GS) and the quasi-adiabatic Gent-McWilliams (GM) parameterizations in a diagnostic study and a series of coarse resolution experiments with the same model in the same configuration. The mesoscale eddies in the reference experiment provide a significant contribution to the thermal balance in limited areas of the domain associated with the upper 1000M of the boundary regions. Specifically designed diagnostic tests of the schemes show that the horizontal and vertical components of the parameterized flux are not simultaneously downgradient to the eddy heat flux. The transfer vectors are more closely aligned with the isopycnal surfaces for deeper layers, thus demonstrating the adiabatic nature of the eddy heat flux for deeper layers. The magnitude of the coefficients is estimated to be consistent with traditionally used values. However, the transfer of heat associated with timedependent motions is identified as a complicated process that cannot be fully explained with any of the local parameterization schemes considered. The eddy parameterization schemes are implemented in the coarse resolution configuration with the same model. A series of experiments exploring the schemes' parameter space demonstrate that Fickian diffusion has the least skill in the climatological simulations because it overestimates the temperature of the deep ocean and underestimates the total heat transport. The GS and GM schemes perform better in the simulation of the bulk climatological properties of the reference solution, although the GM scheme in particular produces an ocean that is consistently colder than the reference state. Comparison of the eddy heat flux divergence with the parameterized divergences for typical parameter values demonstrates that the success of the schemes in the climatological simulation is not related to the representation of the eddy heat flux but to the representation of the overall internal mixing processes.

Description: The financial support for this research was provided by ONR grant number NOOOl4- 98-1-0881, Alliance for Global Sustainability and American Automobile Manufactures Association.