ALBERT

Description: Regional and local patterns in depth to water table, hydrochemistry and peat properties of bogs and their laggs in coastal British Columbia Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 3421-3435, 2013 Author(s): S. A. Howie and H. J. van Meerveld In restoration planning for damaged raised bogs, the lagg at the bog margin is often not given considerable weight and is sometimes disregarded entirely. However, the lagg is critical for the proper functioning of the bog, as it supports the water mound in the bog. In order to include the lagg in a restoration plan for a raised bog, it is necessary to understand the hydrological characteristics and functions of this rarely studied transition zone. We studied 13 coastal British Columbia (BC) bogs and identified two different gradients in depth to water table, hydrochemistry and peat properties: (1) a local bog expanse–bog margin gradient, and (2) a regional gradient related to climate and proximity to the ocean. Depth to water table generally increased across the transition from bog expanse to bog margin. In the bog expanse, pH was above 4.2 in the Pacific Oceanic wetland region (cooler and wetter climate) and below 4.3 in the Pacific Temperate wetland region (warmer and drier climate). Both pH and pH-corrected electrical conductivity increased significantly across the transition from bog expanse to bog margin, though not in all cases. Na + and Mg 2+ concentrations were generally highest in exposed, oceanic bogs and lower in inland bogs. Ash content in peat samples increased across the bog expanse–bog margin transition, and appears to be a useful abiotic indicator of the location of the bog margin. The observed variation in the hydrological and hydrochemical gradients across the bog expanse–bog margin transition highlights both local and regional diversity of bogs and their associated laggs.

Description: Imperfect scaling in distributions of radar-derived rainfall fields Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10, 11385-11422, 2013 Author(s): M. J. van den Berg, L. Delobbe, and N. E. C. Verhoest Fine scale rainfall observations for modeling exercises are often not available, but rather coarser data derived from a variety of sources are used. Effectively using these data sources in models often requires the probability distribution of the data at the applicable scale. Although numerous models for scaling distributions exist, these are often based on theoretical developments, rather than on data. In this study, we develop a model based on the α-stable distribution of rainfall fields, and tested on 5 min radar data from a Belgian weather radar. We use these data to estimate functions that describe parameters of the distribution over various scales. Moreover, we study how the mean of the distribution and the intermittency change with scale, and validate and design functions to describe the shape parameter of the distribution. This information was combined into an effective model of the distribution. Finally, the model was fitted to data from numerous storms, and the resulting parameters were compared to investigate the change in scaling behavior through time.

Description: Spatially resolved information on karst conduit flow from in-cave dye-tracing Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10, 11311-11335, 2013 Author(s): U. Lauber, W. Ufrecht, and N. Goldscheider Artificial tracers are powerful tools to investigate karst systems. Tracers are commonly injected into sinking streams or dolines, while springs serve as monitoring sites. The obtained flow and transport parameters represent mixed information from the vadose, epiphreatic and phreatic zones, i.e., the aquifer remains a black box. Accessible active caves constitute valuable but underexploited natural laboratories to gain detailed insights into the hydrologic functioning of the aquifer. Two multi-tracer tests in the catchment of a major karst spring (Blautopf, Germany) with injections and monitoring in two associated water caves aimed at obtaining spatially and temporally resolved information on groundwater flow in different compartments of the system. Two tracers were injected in the caves to characterize the hydraulic connections between them and with the spring. Two injections at the land surface, far from the spring, aimed at resolving the aquifer's internal drainage structure. Tracer breakthrough curves were monitored by field fluorimeters in caves and at the spring. Results demonstrate the dendritic drainage structure of the aquifer. It was possible to obtain relevant flow and transport parameters for different sections of this system. The highest mean flow velocities (275 m h −1 ) were observed in the near-spring epiphreatic section (open-channel flow), while velocities in the phreatic zone (pressurized flow) were one order of magnitude lower. Determined conduit water volumes confirm results of water balances and hydrograph analyses. In conclusion, experiments and monitoring in caves can deliver spatially resolved information on karst aquifer heterogeneity and dynamics that cannot be obtained by traditional investigative methods.

Description: On the lack of robustness of hydrologic models regarding water balance simulation – a diagnostic approach on 20 mountainous catchments using three models of increasing complexity Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10, 11337-11383, 2013 Author(s): L. Coron, V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, M. Bourqui, and F. Hendrickx This paper investigates the robustness of rainfall–runoff models when their parameters are transferred in time. More specifically, we studied their ability to simulate water balance on periods with different hydroclimatic characteristics. The testing procedure consisted in a series of parameter transfers between 10-yr periods and the systematic analysis of mean-volume errors. This procedure was applied to three conceptual models of different structural complexity over 20 mountainous catchments in southern France. The results showed that robustness problems are common. Errors on 10-yr-mean flows were significant for all three models and calibration periods, even when the entire record was used for calibration. Various graphical and numerical tools were used to show strong similarities between the shapes of mean flow biases calculated on a 10-yr-long sliding window when various parameter sets are used. Unexpected behavioural similarities were observed between the three models tested, considering their large differences in structural complexity. While the actual causes for robustness problems in these models remain unclear, this work stresses the limited transferability in time of the water balance adjustments made through parameter optimization. Although absolute differences between simulations obtained with different calibrated parameter sets were sometimes substantial, relative differences in simulated mean flows between time periods remained similar regardless of the calibrated parameter sets.

Description: Bayesian networks modelling in support to cross-cutting analysis of water supply and sanitation in developing countries Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 3397-3419, 2013 Author(s): C. Dondeynaz, J. López Puga, and C. Carmona Moreno Despite the efforts made towards the Millennium Development Goals targets during the last decade, improved access to water supply or basic sanitation still remains unavailable for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables and country profiles from the WatSan4Dev data set involving water supply and sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper suggests the use of Bayesian network modelling methods because they are more easily adapted to deal with non-normal distributions, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage of integrating preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 20 and 5% error rates, which are very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow an assessment of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and water supply and sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, gaining a strong poverty reduction will require the WSS access to reach 75–76% through: (1) the management of ongoing urbanisation processes to avoid slums development; and (2) the improvement of health care, for instance for children. Improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules, or control of corruption is positively associated with WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the HDP (human development and poverty) remains of course an improvement of the economic conditions with higher household incomes. Moreover, a significant country commitment to the environment, associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable setting for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture using irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. With a WSS sector organised at national level, irrigation practices can support the structuring and efficiency of the agriculture sector. It may then induce rural development in areas where WSS access often is set back compared to urban areas 1 . External financial support, called Official Development Assistance (ODA CI), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. An overall 47% of the Official Development Assistance goes first to poor countries, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country commitment to the environment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, fighting against water scarcity and progressing desertification should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on consolidation of political stability while supporting diversification of the economic activities. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ , last access: 22 July 2013.

Description: Technical Note: A comparison of model and empirical measures of catchment-scale effective energy and mass transfer Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 3389-3395, 2013 Author(s): C. Rasmussen and E. L. Gallo Recent work suggests that a coupled effective energy and mass transfer (EEMT) term, which includes the energy associated with effective precipitation and primary production, may serve as a robust prediction parameter of critical zone structure and function. However, the models used to estimate EEMT have been solely based on long-term climatological data with little validation using direct empirical measures of energy, water, and carbon balances. Here we compare catchment-scale EEMT estimates generated using two distinct approaches: (1) EEMT modeled using the established methodology based on estimates of monthly effective precipitation and net primary production derived from climatological data, and (2) empirical catchment-scale EEMT estimated using data from 86 catchments of the Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) and MOD17A3 annual net primary production (NPP) product derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Results indicated positive and significant linear correspondence ( R 2 = 0.75; P 〈 0.001) between model and empirical measures with an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.86 MJ m −2 yr −1 . Modeled EEMT values were consistently greater than empirical measures of EEMT. Empirical catchment estimates of the energy associated with effective precipitation ( E PPT ) were calculated using a mass balance approach that accounts for water losses to quick surface runoff not accounted for in the climatologically modeled E PPT . Similarly, local controls on primary production such as solar radiation and nutrient limitation were not explicitly included in the climatologically based estimates of energy associated with primary production ( E BIO ), whereas these were captured in the remotely sensed MODIS NPP data. These differences likely explain the greater estimate of modeled EEMT relative to the empirical measures. There was significant positive correlation between catchment aridity and the fraction of EEMT partitioned into E BIO ( F BIO ), with an increase in F BIO as a fraction of the total as aridity increases and percentage of catchment woody plant cover decreases. In summary, the data indicated strong correspondence between model and empirical measures of EEMT with limited bias that agree well with other empirical measures of catchment energy and water partitioning and plant cover.

Description: J. Tuma, O. Lyutakov, I. Huttel, P. Slepicka, and V. Svorcik Thin poly(methylmethacrylate) films doped by or covalently attached to disperse Red 1 acrylate (DR1) were patterned by laser scanning and simultaneous sample movement in confocal microscope. In both cases, periodical structure due to Marangoni effect is created. Modified polymers surfaces were analy ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 093104 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: L. Kilanski, K. Szalowski, R. Szymczak, M. Gorska, E. Dynowska et al. We present the studies of electrical transport and magnetic interactions in ZnMnGeAs crystals with low Mn content 0

Description: G. Y. Gao, Z. B. Yang, W. Huang, H. Z. Zeng, Y. Wang et al. Epitaxial Mn-doped BiFeO (MBFO) thin films were grown on GaAs (001) substrate with SrTiO (STO) buffer layer by pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction results demonstrate that the films show pure (00l) orientation, and MBFO (100)//STO(100), whereas STO (100)//GaAs (110). Piezoresponse force micro ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 094106 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Yanan Huang, Bangchuan Zhao, Shuai Lin, Wenhai Song, and Yuping Sun The effects of Ir doping on the low-temperature thermal and electrical transport properties of CaCoIrO (0

Description: P. Orlandi In this paper, it is demonstrated by DNS of turbulent rough channels that a proportionality between u-tilde| (the wall-normal Reynolds stress u-tilde= at the top of the roughness elements) and the roughness function does exist. This observation confirmed by experiments allows the derivation of a sim ... [Phys. Fluids 25, 110813 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Alessandra Adrover We investigate the effects of secondary (transverse) flows on convection-dominated dispersion of pressure driven, open column laminar flow in a conduit with rectangular cross-section. We show that secondary flows significantly reduce dispersion (enhancing transverse diffusion) in Taylor-Aris regime ... [Phys. Fluids 25, 093601 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Michael E. Mueller and Heinz Pitsch An integrated kinetics-based Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach for soot evolution in turbulent reacting flows is applied to the simulation of a Pratt & Whitney aircraft gas turbine combustor, and the results are analyzed to provide insights into the complex interactions of the hydrodynamics, mixi ... [Phys. Fluids 25, 110812 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: D. M. Valiev, V. Bychkov, V. Akkerman, L.-E. Eriksson, and C. K. Law The present paper addresses the phenomenon of spontaneous acceleration of a premixed flame front propagating in micro-channels, with subsequent deflagration-to-detonation transition. It has recently been shown experimentally [M. Wu, M. Burke, S. Son, and R. Yetter, Proc. Combust. Inst. 31, 2429 (200 ... [Phys. Fluids 25, 096101 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Young-Min Shin and Michael Church A deflecting mode cavity is the integral element for six-dimensional phase-space beam control in bunch compressors and emittance transformers at high energy beam test facilities. RF performance of a high-Q device is, however, highly sensitive to operational conditions, in particular in a cryo-coolin ... [Phys. Plasmas 20, 093101 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Marcus Weinwurm, Simon N. Bland, and Jeremy P. Chittenden Properties of degenerate hydrogen and deuterium (D) at pressures of the order of terapascals are of key interest to Planetary Science and Inertial Confinement Fusion. In order to recreate these conditions in the laboratory, we present a scheme, where a metal liner drives a cylindrically convergent q ... [Phys. Plasmas 20, 092701 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Jaetae Seo, Sangram Raut, Mahmoud Abdel-Fattah, Quinton Rice, Bagher Tabibi et al. Time-resolved and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of ternary compound copper indium disulfide (CuInS, or CIS) core materials, CIS/ZnS coreshells, and quaternary compound ZnCuInS (ZnCIS) revealed their optical properties with spectral, temporal, and thermal characteristics, ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 094310 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: D. H. Feng, X. Q. Pan, X. Li, T. Q. Jia, and Z. R. Sun We report experiments of coherent acoustic phonon generations and detections using a two-color femtosecond pump-probe technique in [001] and [110] oriented ZnTe single crystals. The above-bandgap pump excitation initiates strain waves to yield coherent acoustic phonons. The generation and propagatio ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 093513 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Kun Gao, S. Prucnal, W. Skorupa, M. Helm, and Shengqiang Zhou GaAs and GaAs based materials have outstanding optoelectronic properties and are widely used as light emitting media in devices. Many approaches have been applied to GaAs to generate luminescence at 0.88, 1.30, and 1.55 [mu]m which are transmission windows of optical fibers. In this paper, we presen ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 093511 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Xinliang Gao, Quanming Lu, Xin Tao, Yufei Hao, and Shui Wang Alfven waves with a finite amplitude are found to be unstable to a parametric decay in low beta plasmas. In this paper, the parametric decay of a circularly polarized Alfven wave in a proton-electron-alpha plasma system is investigated with one-dimensional (1-D) hybrid simulations. In cases without ... [Phys. Plasmas 20, 092106 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Brian M. Haines, Fernando F. Grinstein, Leslie WelserSherrill, James R. Fincke, and Forrest W. Doss We perform an ensemble of simulations of a laser-driven shear experiment [L. Welser-Sherrill et al., Two laser-driven mix experiments to study reshock and shear, High Energy Density Phys. J. 9(3), 496499 (2013)] in the strong-shock high energy-density regime to better understand material mixing driv ... [Phys. Plasmas 20, 092301 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Anthony Ballandras, Guy Weber, Christian Paulin, Jean-Pierre Bellat, and Maud Rotger The adsorption of trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and p-xylene on a MFI (Mobile-FIve) zeolite is studied using in situ FTIR spectroscopy at 298 K. Spectra of self-supported zeolites in contact with increasing pressures of pure gas were recorded at equilibrium in the mid-infrared domain. Analys ... [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 091103 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Y. Zheng (郑轶) , L. N. Su (苏鲁宁) , M. Liu (刘梦) , B. C. Liu (刘必成) , Z. W. Shen (沈忠伟) et al. In typical laser-driven proton acceleration experiments Thomson parabola proton spectrometers are used to measure the proton spectra with very small acceptance angle in specific directions. Stacks composed of CR-39 nuclear track detectors, imaging plates, or radiochromic films are used to measure th ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 096103 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: E. K. Michailidou, M. J. Assael, M. L. Huber, and R. A. Perkins This paper contains new, representative reference equations for the viscosity of n-hexane. The equations are based in part upon a body of experimental data that has been critically assessed for internal consistency and for agreement with theory whenever possible. The correlations are valid from the ... [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 42, 033104 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Hong-Biao Zhang, Lin Yang, and San-Xing Guo We construct so(3) algebra associated with the Morse potential and show that these operators obey so(3) commutation relations. A so(3) algebraic method is proposed in order to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Morse potential. This method exhibits that Cartan operator J, the lowering ... [J. Math. Phys. 54, 092104 (2013)] published Fri Sep 6, 2013.

Description: Analysis of projected changes in the occurrence of heat waves in Hungary Advances in Geosciences, 35, 115-122, 2013 Author(s): R. Pongrácz, J. Bartholy, and E. B. Bartha Heat wave events are important temperature-related hazards due to their impacts on human health. In 2004, a Heat Health Warning System including three levels of heat wave warning was developed on the basis of a retrospective analysis of mortality and meteorological data in Hungary to anticipate heat waves that may result in a large excess of mortality. Projected changes in the frequency of different heat wave warning levels are analysed for the 21st century. For this purpose, outputs of regional climate model PRECIS (Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies) are used taking into account three different global emissions scenarios (A2, A1B, B2). The results clearly show an increase in occurrence and length of heat waves with respect to the underlying emissions scenarios and regional climate model used. Moreover, the potential season of heat wave occurrences is projected to be lengthened by two months in 2071–2100 compared to 1961–1990.

Description: Review Article: On the relation between the seismic activity and the Hurst exponent of the geomagnetic field at the time of the 2000 Izu swarm Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 13, 2189-2194, 2013 Author(s): F. Masci and J. N. Thomas Many papers document the observation of earthquake-related precursory signatures in geomagnetic field data. However, the significance of these findings is ambiguous because the authors did not adequately take into account that these signals could have been generated by other sources, and the seismogenic origin of these signals have not been validated by comparison with independent datasets. Thus, they are not reliable examples of magnetic disturbances induced by the seismic activity. Hayakawa et al. (2004) claim that at the time of the 2000 Izu swarm the Hurst exponent of the Ultra-Low-Frequency (ULF: 0.001–10 Hz) band of the geomagnetic field varied in accord with the energy released by the seismicity. The present paper demonstrates that the behaviour of the Hurst exponent was insufficiently investigated and also misinterpreted by the authors. We clearly show that during the Izu swarm the changes of the Hurst exponent were strongly related to the level of global geomagnetic activity and not to the increase of the local seismic activity.

Description: Forest fire danger rating in complex topography – results from a case study in the Bavarian Alps in autumn 2011 Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 13, 2157-2167, 2013 Author(s): C. Schunk, C. Wastl, M. Leuchner, C. Schuster, and A. Menzel Forest fire danger rating based on sparse meteorological stations is known to be potentially misleading when assigned to larger areas of complex topography. This case study examines several fire danger indices based on data from two meteorological stations at different elevations during a major drought period. This drought was caused by a persistent high pressure system, inducing a pronounced temperature inversion and its associated thermal belt with much warmer, dryer conditions in intermediate elevations. Thus, a massive drying of fuels, leading to higher fire danger levels, and multiple fire occurrences at mid-slope positions were contrasted by moderate fire danger especially in the valleys. The ability of fire danger indices to resolve this situation was studied based on a comparison with the actual fire danger as determined from expert observations, fire occurrences and fuel moisture measurements. The results revealed that, during temperature inversion, differences in daily cycles of meteorological parameters influence fire danger and that these are not resolved by standard meteorological stations and fire danger indices (calculated on a once-a-day basis). Additional stations in higher locations or high-resolution meteorological models combined with fire danger indices accepting at least hourly input data may allow reasonable fire danger calculations under these circumstances.

Description: The Mediterranean Sea system: a review and an introduction to the special issue Ocean Science, 9, 789-803, 2013 Author(s): T. Tanhua, D. Hainbucher, K. Schroeder, V. Cardin, M. Álvarez, and G. Civitarese The Mediterranean Sea is a semi-enclosed sea characterized by high salinities, temperatures and densities. The net evaporation exceeds the precipitation, driving an anti-estuarine circulation through the Strait of Gibraltar, contributing to very low nutrient concentrations. The Mediterranean Sea has an active overturning circulation, one shallow cell that communicates directly with the Atlantic Ocean, and two deep overturning cells, one in each of the two main basins. It is surrounded by populated areas and is thus sensitive to anthropogenic forcing. Several dramatic changes in the oceanographic and biogeochemical conditions have been observed during the past several decades, emphasizing the need to better monitor and understand the changing conditions and their drivers. During 2011 three oceanographic cruises were conducted in a coordinated fashion in order to produce baseline data of important physical and biogeochemical parameters that can be compared to historic data and be used as reference for future observational campaigns. In this article we provide information on the Mediterranean Sea oceanographic situation, and present a short review that will serve as background information for the special issue in Ocean Science on "Physical, chemical and biological oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea". An important contribution of this article is the set of figures showing the large-scale distributions of physical and chemical properties along the full length of the Mediterranean Sea.

Description: Corrigendum to "NEMO on the shelf: assessment of the Iberia–Biscay–Ireland configuration" published in Ocean Sci., 9, 745–771, 2013 Ocean Science, 9, 787-787, 2013 Author(s): C. Maraldi, J. Chanut, B. Levier, N. Ayoub, P. De Mey, G. Reffray, F. Lyard, S. Cailleau, M. Drévillon, E. A. Fanjul, M. G. Sotillo, P. Marsaleix, and the Mercator Research and Development Team No abstract available.

Description: Preface "Landslide hazard and risk assessment at different scales" Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 13, 2169-2171, 2013 Author(s): P. Reichenbach, A. Günther, and T. Glade

Description: The Chemistry CATT-BRAMS model (CCATT-BRAMS 4.5): a regional atmospheric model system for integrated air quality and weather forecasting and research Geoscientific Model Development, 6, 1389-1405, 2013 Author(s): K. M. Longo, S. R. Freitas, M. Pirre, V. Marécal, L. F. Rodrigues, J. Panetta, M. F. Alonso, N. E. Rosário, D. S. Moreira, M. S. Gácita, J. Arteta, R. Fonseca, R. Stockler, D. M. Katsurayama, A. Fazenda, and M. Bela Coupled Chemistry Aerosol-Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CCATT-BRAMS, version 4.5) is an on-line regional chemical transport model designed for local and regional studies of atmospheric chemistry from the surface to the lower stratosphere suitable both for operational and research purposes. It includes gaseous/aqueous chemistry, photochemistry, scavenging and dry deposition. The CCATT-BRAMS model takes advantage of BRAMS-specific development for the tropics/subtropics as well as the recent availability of preprocessing tools for chemical mechanisms and fast codes for photolysis rates. BRAMS includes state-of-the-art physical parameterizations and dynamic formulations to simulate atmospheric circulations down to the meter. This on-line coupling of meteorology and chemistry allows the system to be used for simultaneous weather and chemical composition forecasts as well as potential feedback between the two. The entire system is made of three preprocessing software tools for user-defined chemical mechanisms, aerosol and trace gas emissions fields and the interpolation of initial and boundary conditions for meteorology and chemistry. In this paper, the model description is provided along with the evaluations performed by using observational data obtained from ground-based stations, instruments aboard aircrafts and retrieval from space remote sensing. The evaluation accounts for model applications at different scales from megacities and the Amazon Basin up to the intercontinental region of the Southern Hemisphere.

Description: Influence of microphysical schemes on atmospheric water in the Weather Research and Forecasting model Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 6, 4563-4601, 2013 Author(s): F. Cossu and K. Hocke This study examines how different microphysical parameterization schemes influence orographically-induced precipitation and the distributions of hydrometeors and water vapour for mid-latitude summer conditions in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A high-resolution two-dimensional idealized simulation is used to assess the differences between the schemes in which a moist air flow is interacting with a bell-shaped 2 km high mountain. Periodic lateral boundary conditions are chosen to recirculate atmospheric water in the domain. It is found that the 13 selected microphysical schemes conserve the water in the model domain. The gain or loss of water is less than 0.81% over a simulation time interval of 61 days. The differences of the microphysical schemes in terms of the distributions of water vapour, hydrometeors and accumulated precipitation are presented and discussed. The Kessler scheme, the only scheme without ice-phase processes, shows final values of cloud liquid water 14 times greater than the other schemes. The differences among the other schemes are not as extreme, but still they differ up to 79% in water vapour, up to 10 times in hydrometeors and up to 64% in accumulated precipitation at the end of the simulation. The microphysical schemes also differ in the surface evaporation rate. The WRF single-moment 3-class scheme has the highest surface evaporation rate compensated by the highest precipitation rate. The different distributions of hydrometeors and water vapour of the microphysical schemes induce differences up to 49 W m −2 in the downwelling shortwave radiation and up to 33 W m −2 in the downwelling longwave radiation.

Description: H. Perez, T. Cordova-Fraga, S. Lopez-Briones, J. C. Martinez-Espinosa, E. F. Rosas et al. A device's instrumentation for magnetic stimulation on human lymphocytes is presented. This is a new procedure to stimulate growing cells with ferrofluid in vortices of magnetic field. The stimulation of magnetic vortices was provided at five different frequencies, from 100 to 2500 Hz and intensitie ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 094701 (2013)] published Mon Sep 9, 2013.

Description: Kui Wang, Jianchun Jiang, Zhan Si, and Xinyu Liang A solid acid catalyst SO/TiO/La was prepared via sol-gel method using tetrabutyl titanate as TiO precursor. The catalyst simultaneously catalyzed esterification and transesterification resulting in the synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil with high content of free fatty acids as feedstock. ... [J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 5, 052001 (2013)] published Mon Sep 9, 2013.

Description: The sensitivity of global climate to the episodicity of fire aerosol emissions Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 13, 23691-23717, 2013 Author(s): S. K. Clark, D. S. Ward, and N. M. Mahowald One of the major ways in which forest and grass fires have an impact on global climate is through the release of aerosols. Most studies focusing on calculating the radiative forcing and other climate impacts of fire aerosols use monthly mean emissions derived from the Global Fire Emissions Database that captures only the seasonal cycle of fire aerosol emissions. Here we present the results of a sensitivity study that investigates the climate response to the episodicity of the fires, based on the standard approach which releases emissions every day, and contrasts that to the response when fires are represented as intense pulses of emissions that occur only over 1–2 days on a monthly, yearly, or five-yearly basis. Overall we find that in the modified cases with increased levels of episodicity, the all sky direct effect radiative forcing increases, the clear sky direct effect radiative forcing remains relatively constant, and the magnitude of the indirect effect radiative forcing decreases by about 1 W m −2 (from −1.6 to −0.6 W m −2 ). In the long term, we find that an increase in aerosol emission episodicity leads to an asymmetric change in indirect radiative forcing in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere contributes to a slight shift in the annual average position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). This shift is found to have a mixed effect on the overall performance of the model at predicting precipitation rates in the tropics. Given these results we conclude that future studies that look to assess the present day global climate impacts of fire aerosols should consider the need to accurately represent fire episodicity.

Description: Not all calcite ballast is created equal: differing effects of foraminiferan and coccolith calcite on the formation and sinking of aggregates Biogeosciences Discussions, 10, 14861-14885, 2013 Author(s): K. Schmidt, C. L. De La Rocha, M. Gallinari, and G. Cortese Correlation between particulate organic carbon (POC) and calcium carbonate sinking through the deep ocean has led to the idea that ballast provided by calcium carbonate is important for the export of POC from the surface ocean. While this idea is certainly to some extent true, it is worth considering in more nuance, for example, examining the different effects on the aggregation and sinking of POC of small, non-sinking calcite particles like coccoliths and large, rapidly sinking calcite like planktonic foraminiferan tests. We have done that here in a simple experiment carried out in roller tanks that allow particles to sink continuously without being impeded by container walls. Coccoliths were efficiently incorporated into aggregates that formed during the experiment, increasing their sinking speed compared to similarly sized aggregates lacking added calcite ballast. The foraminiferan tests, which sank as fast as 700 m d −1 , became associated with only very minor amounts of POC. In addition, when they collided with other, larger, foraminferan-less aggregates, they fragmented them into two smaller, more slowly sinking aggregates. While these effects were certainly exaggerated within the confines of the roller tanks, they clearly demonstrate that calcium carbonate ballast is not just calcium carbonate ballast- different forms of calcium carbonate ballast have notably different effects on POC aggregation, sinking, and export.

Description: Laboratory studies of immersion and deposition mode ice nucleation of ozone aged mineral dust particles Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 9097-9118, 2013 Author(s): Z. A. Kanji, A. Welti, C. Chou, O. Stetzer, and U. Lohmann Ice nucleation in the atmosphere is central to the understanding the microphysical properties of mixed-phase and cirrus clouds. Ambient conditions such as temperature ( T ) and relative humidity (RH), as well as aerosol properties such as chemical composition and mixing state play an important role in predicting ice formation in the troposphere. Previous field studies have reported the absence of sulfate and organic compounds on mineral dust ice crystal residuals sampled at mountain top stations or aircraft based measurements despite the long-range transport mineral dust is subjected to. We present laboratory studies of ice nucleation for immersion and deposition mode on ozone aged mineral dust particles for 233 〈 T 〈 263 K. Heterogeneous ice nucleation of untreated kaolinite (Ka) and Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles is compared to corresponding aged particles that are subjected to ozone concentrations of 0.4–4.3 ppmv in a stainless steel aerosol tank. The portable ice nucleation counter (PINC) and immersion chamber combined with the Zurich ice nucleation chamber (IMCA-ZINC) are used to conduct deposition and immersion mode measurements, respectively. Ice active fractions as well as ice active surface site densities ( n s ) are reported and observed to increase as a function of decreasing temperature. We present first results that demonstrate enhancement of the ice nucleation ability of aged mineral dust particles in both the deposition and immersion mode due to ageing. We also present the first results to show a suppression of heterogeneous ice nucleation activity without the condensation of a coating of (in)organic material. In immersion mode, low ozone exposed Ka particles showed enhanced ice activity requiring a median freezing temperature of 1.5 K warmer than that of untreated Ka, whereas high ozone exposed ATD particles showed suppressed ice nucleation requiring a median freezing temperature of 3 K colder than that of untreated ATD. In deposition mode, low exposure Ka had ice active fractions of an order of magnitude higher than untreated Ka, whereas high ozone exposed ATD had ice active fractions up to a factor of 4 lower than untreated ATD. From our results, we derive and present parameterizations in terms of n s ( T ) that can be used in models to predict ice nuclei concentrations based on available aerosol surface area.

Description: Antecedent flow conditions and nitrate concentrations in the Mississippi River Basin Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10, 11451-11484, 2013 Author(s): J. C. Murphy, R. M. Hirsch, and L. A. Sprague The influence of antecedent flow conditions on nitrate concentrations was explored at eight sites in the Mississippi River Basin, USA. Antecedent moisture conditions have been shown to influence nutrient export from small, relatively homogenous basins, but this influence has not been observed at a regional or continental scale. Antecedent flow conditions were quantified as the ratio between the mean daily flow of the previous year and the mean daily flow from the period of record ( Q ratio), and the Q ratio was statistically related to nitrate anomalies (the unexplained variability in nitrate concentration after filtering out season, long-term trend, and contemporaneous flow effects) at each site. Nitrate anomaly and Q ratio were negatively related at three of the four major tributary sites and upstream in the Mississippi River, indicating that when the previous year was drier than average, at these sites, nitrate concentrations were higher than expected. The strength of these relationships increased when data were subdivided by contemporaneous flow conditions. Five of the eight sites had significant negative relationships ( p ≤ 0.05) at high or moderately high contemporaneous flows, suggesting nitrate that accumulates in these basins during a drought is flushed during subsequent storm events. At half of the sites, when flow during the previous year was 50% drier than average, nitrate concentration can be from 9 and 27% higher than nitrate concentrations that follow a year with average daily flow. Conversely, nitrate concentration can be from 8 and 21% lower than expected when the previous year was 50% wetter than average. These relationships between nitrate concentration and Q ratio serve as the basis for future studies that can better define specific hydrologic processes occurring during and after a drought, which influence nitrate concentration, such as the duration or magnitude of low flows, and the timing of low and high flows.

Description: Hanping Hu, Jun Xu, Xiang Xia, Shaobin Wu, Yanlong Liu et al. A singular resonance is discovered in investigating the features of high-frequency photoacoustic (PA) effect with multilayers. Theoretical analysis of its formation is carried out and reveals that it is a result of interaction between the resonance of gas-heat and that of solid-heat, while they happ ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104902 (2013)] published Tue Sep 10, 2013.

Description: Punam Silwal, Ludi Miao, Jin Hu, Leonard Spinu, Dae Ho Kim et al. We present the thickness dependent structural, magnetic, and transport properties of transparent conducting spinel NiCoO thin films on MgAlO (001) substrates. The structural examination of the films reveals that the epitaxial stain is independent of the films' thickness. Electric and magnetic measur ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 103704 (2013)] published Tue Sep 10, 2013.

Description: Junbo Guo, Zhanghua Gan, Zhihong Lu, Jing Liu, Jingjing Xi et al. Low visible light absorption and high charge carrier recombination rate are two main disadvantages of TiO as a photocatalyst which severely limit its practical applications. To overcome the problems, Fe mono-doped and (Fe+Mo) co-doped TiO were synthesized and studied. It was found that (Fe+Mo) co-do ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104903 (2013)] published Tue Sep 10, 2013.

Description: L. Li, A. Nikiforov, Q. Xiong, N. Britun, R. Snyders et al. Recently, plasma jet systems found numerous applications in the field of biomedicine and treatment of temperature-sensitive materials. OH radicals are one of the main active species produced by these plasmas. Present study deals with the investigation of RF atmospheric pressure plasma jet in terms o ... [Phys. Plasmas 20, 093502 (2013)] published Tue Sep 10, 2013.

Description: H. Comişel, D. Verscharen, Y. Narita, and U. Motschmann We present a method for studying the evolution of plasma turbulence by tracking dispersion relations in the energy spectrum in the wavenumber-frequency domain. We apply hybrid plasma simulations in a simplified two-dimensional geometry to demonstrate our method and its applicability to plasma turbul ... [Phys. Plasmas 20, 090701 (2013)] published Tue Sep 10, 2013.

Description: Yi Zhang, Hayaki Murata, Yoshimi Hatsukade, and Saburo Tanaka We introduce a method to improve the detection sensitivity for the magnetization M of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNP). The M response of MNP to an applied magnetic field H (MH characteristics) could be divided into a linear region and a saturation region, which are separated at a transition po ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 094702 (2013)] published Tue Sep 10, 2013.

Description: J. M. Gao, Y. Liu, W. Li, J. Lu, Y. B. Dong et al. An infrared imaging bolometer diagnostic has been developed recently for the HL-2A tokamak to measure the temporal and spatial distribution of plasma radiation. The three-dimensional tomography, reduced to a two-dimensional problem by the assumption of plasma radiation toroidal symmetry, has been pe ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 093503 (2013)] published Tue Sep 10, 2013.

Description: G. C. Schmidt, D. Hoft, M. Bhuie, K. Haase, M. Bellmann et al. The influence of post-press treatment on the modification of printed source/drain electrodes made of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with ethylene glycol is presented. Beside changes of the geometry and the conductivity of these mass printed structures, the work f ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 113302 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Hideki Gotoh, Haruki Sanada, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, and Tetsuomi Sogawa The distinctive effects of coherent phonons (groups of phase-matched phonons) on exciton states are reported by using single dot photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Coherent phonons that were induced with titanium thin metal films close to QDs by irradiating ultr ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 112104 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: O. V. Bilousov, H. Geaney, J. J. Carvajal, V. Z. Zubialevich, P. J. Parbrook et al. Porous GaN layers are grown on silicon from gold or platinum catalyst seed layers, and self-catalyzed on epitaxial GaN films on sapphire. Using a Mg-based precursor, we demonstrate p-type doping of the porous GaN. Electrical measurements for p-type GaN on Si show Ohmic and Schottky behavior from gol ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 112103 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Roberto Rosati and Fausto Rossi In spite of their intrinsic validity limits, a number of Boltzmann-like simulation schemes are extensively employed in the investigation of semiconductor nanomaterials and nanodevices. Such modeling strategies, based on the neglect of carrier phase coherence, are definitely unable to describe space- ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 113105 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Tidally induced velocity variations of the Beardmore Glacier, Antarctica, and their representation in satellite measurements of ice velocity The Cryosphere, 7, 1375-1384, 2013 Author(s): O. J. Marsh, W. Rack, D. Floricioiu, N. R. Golledge, and W. Lawson Ocean tides close to the grounding line of outlet glaciers around Antarctica have been shown to directly influence ice velocity, both linearly and non-linearly. These fluctuations can be significant and have the potential to affect satellite measurements of ice discharge, which assume displacement between satellite passes to be consistent and representative of annual means. Satellite observations of horizontal velocity variation in the grounding zone are also contaminated by vertical tidal effects, the importance of which is highlighted here in speckle tracking measurements. Eight TerraSAR-X scenes from the grounding zone of the Beardmore Glacier are analysed in conjunction with GPS measurements to determine short-term and decadal trends in ice velocity. Diurnal tides produce horizontal velocity fluctuations of 〉50% on the ice shelf, recorded in the GPS data 4 km downstream of the grounding line. This variability decreases rapidly to 〈5% only 15 km upstream of the grounding line. Daily fluctuations are smoothed to 〈1% in the 11-day repeat pass TerraSAR-X imagery, but fortnightly variations over this period are still visible and show that satellite-velocity measurements can be affected by tides over longer periods. The measured tidal displacement observed in radar look direction over floating ice also allows the grounding line to be identified, using differential speckle tracking where phase information cannot be easily unwrapped.

Description: A new data set of soil mineralogy for dust-cycle modeling Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 13, 23943-23993, 2013 Author(s): E. Journet, Y. Balkanski, and S. P. Harrison The mineralogy of airborne dust affects the impact of dust particles on direct and indirect radiative forcing, on atmospheric chemistry and on biogeochemical cycling. It is determined partly by the mineralogy of the dust-source regions and partly by size-dependent fractionation during erosion and transport. Here we present a data set that characterizes the clay and silt sized fractions of global soil units in terms of the abundance of 12 minerals that are important for dust-climate interactions: quartz, feldspars, illite, smectite, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite, mica, calcite, gypsum, hematite and goethite. The basic mineralogical information is derived from the literature, and is then expanded following explicit rules, in order to characterize as many soil units as possible. We present three alternative realisations of the mineralogical maps that account for the uncertainties in the mineralogical data. We examine the implications of the new database for calculations of the single scattering albedo of airborne dust and thus for dust radiative forcing.

Description: Calibration of the passive cavity aerosol spectrometer probe for airborne determination of the size distribution Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 6, 2349-2358, 2013 Author(s): Y. Cai, J. R. Snider, and P. Wechsler This work describes calibration methods for the particle sizing and particle concentration systems of the passive cavity aerosol spectrometer probe (PCASP). Laboratory calibrations conducted over six years, in support of the deployment of a PCASP on a cloud physics research aircraft, are analyzed. Instead of using the many calibration sizes recommended by the PCASP manufacturer, a relationship between particle diameter and scattered light intensity is established using three sizes of mobility-selected polystyrene latex particles, one for each amplifier gain stage. In addition, studies of two factors influencing the PCASP's determination of the particle size distribution – amplifier baseline and particle shape – are conducted. It is shown that the PCASP-derived size distribution is sensitive to adjustments of the sizing system's baseline voltage, and that for aggregates of spheres, a PCASP-derived particle size and a sphere-equivalent particle size agree within uncertainty dictated by the PCASP's sizing resolution. Robust determinations of aerosol concentration, and size distribution, also require calibration of the PCASP's aerosol flowrate sensor. Sensor calibrations, calibration drift, and the sensor's non-linear response are documented.

Description: Contribution of snow and glacier melt to discharge for highly glacierised catchments in Norway Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10, 11485-11517, 2013 Author(s): M. Engelhardt, T. V. Schuler, and L. M. Andreassen Glacierised catchments significantly alter the streamflow regime due to snow and glacier meltwater contribution to discharge. In this study, we modelled the mass balance and discharge rates for three highly glacierised catchments (〉50% glacier cover) in western Norway over the period 1961–2012. The spatial pattern of the catchments follows a gradient in climate continentality from west to east. The model uses gridded temperature and precipitation values from seNorge ( http://senorge.no ) as input which are available at a daily resolution. It accounts for accumulation of snow, transformation of snow to firn and ice, evaporation and melt. The model was calibrated for each catchment based on measurements of seasonal glacier mass-balances and daily discharge rates. For validation, daily melt rates were compared with measurements from sonic rangers located in the ablation zones of two of the glaciers and an uncertainty analysis was performed for the third catchment. The discharge contributions from snowmelt, glacier melt and rain were analysed with respect to spatial variations and temporal evolution. The model simulations reveal an increase of the relative contribution from glacier melt for the three catchments from less than 10% in the early 1990s to 15–30% in the late 2000s. The decline in precipitation by 10–20% in the same period was therefore overcompensated resulting in an increase of the annual discharge by 5–20%. Annual discharge sums and annual glacier melt are strongest correlated with annual and winter precipitation at the most maritime glacier and, with increased climate continentality, variations in both glacier melt contribution and annual discharge are becoming stronger correlated with variations in summer temperatures.

Description: Mohammad Arif Ishtiaque Shuvo, Tzu-Liang (Bill) Tseng, Md. Ashiqur Rahaman Khan, Hasanul Karim, Philip Morton et al. The study of electrochemical super-capacitors has become one of the most attractive topics in both academia and industry as energy storage devices because of their high power density, long life cycles, and high charge/discharge efficiency. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the developm ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104306 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Atreyee Banerjee, Suman Chakrabarty, and Sarika Maitra Bhattacharyya In this work we explore the interplay between crystallization and glass transition in different binary mixtures by changing their inter-species interaction length and also the composition. We find that only those systems which form bcc crystal in the equimolar mixture and whose global structure for ... [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104501 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: S. Vigne, S. Delprat, M. Chaker, and J. Margot It is found that in specific Cl plasma conditions, using a nickel hard mask over calcium barium niobate, CBN (a material particularly difficult to etch) significantly improves both sidewall angles and etching selectivity. This mask hardening is due to the competition between NiCl growth and etching ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 103303 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: S. Agnello, D. Di Francesca, A. Alessi, G. Iovino, M. Cannas et al. The O content and emission properties in silica nanoparticles after thermal treatments in oxygen rich atmosphere have been investigated by Raman and photoluminescence measurements. The nanoparticles have different sizes with average diameter ranging from 7 up to 40 nm. It is found that O concentrati ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104305 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: S. Maidul Haque, A. Biswas, Debarati Bhattacharya, R. B. Tokas, D. Bhattacharyya et al. Using an indigenously built r.f. magnetron sputtering system, several single layer Ti and Ni films have been deposited at varying deposition conditions. All the samples have been characterized by Grazing Incidence X-ray Reflectivity (GIXR) and Atomic Force Microscopy to estimate their thickness, den ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 103508 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Larisa V. Arapkina and Vladimir A. Yuryev Structural models of growing Ge hut clusterspyramids and wedgesare proposed on the basis of data of recent STM investigations of nucleation and growth of Ge huts on the Si(001) surface in the process of molecular beam epitaxy. It is shown that extension of a hut base along directions goes non-unifo ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104304 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Jorg Schormann, Pascal Hille, Markus Schafer, Jan Mussener, Pascal Becker et al. Germanium doping of GaN nanowires grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111) substrates is studied. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements reveal a constant Ge-concentration along the growth axis. A linear relationship between the applied Ge-flux and the resultin ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 103505 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Younes Achaoui, Vincent Laude, Sarah Benchabane, and Abdelkrim Khelif The propagation of surface acoustic waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals of pillars on a surface is investigated experimentally for hexagonal and honeycomb lattice symmetries. A random array of pillars is also compared to the periodic phononic crystals. Taking into account that the geometrical ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104503 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Yating Chai, Howard C. Wikle, Zhenyu Wang, Shin Horikawa, Steve Best et al. The real-time, in-situ bacteria detection on food surfaces was achieved by using a magnetoelastic biosensor combined with a surface-scanning coil detector. This paper focuses on the coil design for signal optimization. The coil was used to excite the sensor's vibration and detect its resonant freque ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104504 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Frederik Westergaard Osterberg, Anders Dahl Henriksen, Giovanni Rizzi, and Mikkel Fougt Hansen Abstract not available. [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 106101 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Tomas Zimmermann and Jiri VaniCek We analyze how the choice of the sampling weight affects efficiency of the Monte Carlo evaluation of classical time autocorrelation functions. Assuming uncorrelated sampling or sampling with constant correlation length, we propose a sampling weight for which the number of trajectories needed for con ... [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104105 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Y. V. Kalyuzhnyi and P. T. Cummings We propose a second-order thermodynamic perturbation theory for a hard-sphere patchy colloidal model with two doubly bondable patches of type A and B. AB bonding results in the formation of a three-dimensional network of the particles and AA and BB bonding promotes chain formation. The theory is app ... [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104905 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: N. Aizawa, Z. Kuznetsova, and F. Toppan Inequivalent [script N]=2 supersymmetrizations of the [script-l]-conformal Galilei algebra in d-spatial dimensions are constructed from the chiral (2, 2) and the real (1, 2, 1) basic supermultiplets of the [script N]=2 supersymmetry. For non-negative integer and half-integer [script-l], both superal ... [J. Math. Phys. 54, 093506 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Beyond multifractional Brownian motion: new stochastic models for geophysical modelling Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 20, 643-655, 2013 Author(s): J. Lévy Véhel Multifractional Brownian motion (mBm) has proved to be a useful tool in various areas of geophysical modelling. Although a versatile model, mBm is of course not always an adequate one. We present in this work several other stochastic processes which could potentially be useful in geophysics. The first alternative type is that of self-regulating processes : these are models where the local regularity is a function of the amplitude, in contrast to mBm where it is tuned exogenously. We demonstrate the relevance of such models for digital elevation maps and for temperature records. We also briefly describe two other types of alternative processes, which are the counterparts of mBm and of self-regulating processes when the intensity of local jumps is considered in lieu of local regularity: multistable processes allow one to prescribe the local intensity of jumps in space/time, while this intensity is governed by the amplitude for self-stabilizing processes .

Description: P. J. Saenz, P. Valluri, K. Sefiane, G. Karapetsas, and O. K. Matar A shallow planar layer of liquid bounded from above by gas is set into motion via the thermocapillary effect resulting from a thermal gradient applied along its interface. Depending on the physical properties of the liquid and the strength of the gradient, the system is prone to departure from its e ... [Phys. Fluids 25, 094101 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Alireza Paknezhad and Davoud Dorranian This article studies the nonlinear Raman shifted third harmonic backscattering of an intense extraordinary laser wave through a homogenous transversely magnetized cold plasma. Due to the relativistic nonlinearity, the plasma dynamic is modified in the presence of transversely magnetic field, and thi ... [Phys. Plasmas 20, 092108 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: X. Xia and K. Mohseni Several previous experimental and theoretical studies have shown that a leading edge vortex (LEV) on an airfoil or wing can provide lift enhancement. In this paper, unsteady two-dimensional (2D) potential flow theory is employed to model the flow field of a pitching flat plate wing. A multi-vortices ... [Phys. Fluids 25, 091901 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: H. B. Zhuo, X. H. Yang, C. T. Zhou, Y. Y. Ma, X. H. Li et al. The effect of resistivity gradient on laser-driven electron transport and ion acceleration is investigated using collisional particle-in-cell simulation. The study is motivated by recent proton acceleration experiments [Gizzi et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 14, 011301 (2011)], which showed signif ... [Phys. Plasmas 20, 093103 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Decadal trends in the Antarctic sea ice extent ultimately controlled by ice-ocean feedback The Cryosphere Discussions, 7, 4585-4632, 2013 Author(s): H. Goosse and V. Zunz The large natural variability of the Antarctic sea ice is a key characteristic of the system that might be responsible for the small positive trend in sea ice extent observed since 1979. In order to gain insight in the processes responsible for this variability, we have analysed in a control simulation performed with a coupled climate model a strong positive ice-ocean feedback that amplifies sea ice variations. When sea ice concentration increases in a region, in particular close to the ice edge, the mixed layer depth tends to decrease. This can be caused by a net inflow of ice and thus of freshwater that stabilizes the water column. Another stabilizing mechanism at interannual time scales that appears more widespread in our simulation is associated with the downward salt transport due to the seasonal cycle of ice formation: brine is released in winter when ice is formed and mixed over a deep layer while the freshwater flux caused by ice melting is included in a shallow layer, resulting in a net vertical transport of salt. Because of this stronger stratification due to the presence of sea ice, more heat is stored at depth in the ocean and the vertical oceanic heat flux is reduced, which contributes to maintain a higher ice extent. This positive feedback is not associated with a particular spatial pattern. Consequently, the spatial distribution of the trend in ice concentration is largely imposed by the wind changes that can provide the initial perturbation. A positive freshwater flux could alternatively be the initial trigger but the amplitude of the final response of the sea ice extent is finally set up by the amplification related to ice-ocean feedback. Initial conditions have also an influence as the chance to have a large increase in ice extent is higher if starting from a state characterized by a low value.

Description: Qing Zang, C. L. Hsieh, Junyu Zhao, Hui Chen, and Fengjuan Li The detector circuit is the core component of filter polychromator which is used for scattering light analysis in Thomson scattering diagnostic, and is responsible for the precision and stability of a system. High signal-to-noise and stability are primary requirements for the diagnostic. Recently, a ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 093504 (2013)] published Wed Sep 11, 2013.

Description: Junku Liu, Qunqing Li, Mengxin Ren, Lihui Zhang, Mo Chen et al. Charging of insulating substrates is a common problem during Electron Beam lithography (EBL), which deflects the beam and distorts the pattern. A homogeneous, electrically conductive, and transparent graphene layer is used as a discharge layer for EBL processes on insulating substrates. The EBL reso ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 113107 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: M. Vyshnepolsky, C. Klein, F. Klasing, A. Hanisch-Blicharski, and M. Horn-von Hoegen Using spot profile analysis low energy electron diffraction, we studied the growth mode and strain state of ultra-thin epitaxial BiSe(111) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111). The first layer grows as complete quintuple layer and covers the Si substrate before the next layer nucleates. ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 111909 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: Growth of sulphuric acid nanoparticles under wet and dry conditions Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 13, 24087-24125, 2013 Author(s): L. Škrabalová, D. Brus, T. Anttila, V. Ždímal, and H. Lihavainen New particle formation, which greatly influences the number concentrations and size distributions of an atmospheric aerosol, is often followed by a rapid growth of freshly formed particles. The initial growth of a newly formed aerosol is the crucial process determining the fraction of nucleated particles growing into cloud condensation nuclei sizes, which have a significant influence on climate. In this study, we report the laboratory observations of the growth of nanoparticles produced by nucleation of H 2 SO 4 and water in a laminar flow tube at temperatures of 283, 293 and 303 K, under dry (a relative humidity of 1%) and wet conditions (relative humidity of 30%) and residence times of 30, 45, 60 and 90 s. The initial H 2 SO 4 concentration spans the range from 2 × 10 8 to 1.4 × 10 10 molecule cm −3 and the calculated wall losses of H 2 SO 4 were assumed to be diffusion limited. The detected particle number concentrations, measured by the Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter (UCPC) and Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS), were found to depend strongly on the residence time. Hygroscopic particle growth, presented by growth factors, was found to be in good agreement with the previously reported studies. The experimental growth rates ranged from 20 nm h −1 to 890 nm h −1 at RH 1% and from 7 nm h −1 to 980 nm h −1 at RH 30% and were found to increase significantly with the increasing concentration of H 2 SO 4 . Increases in the nucleation temperature had a slight enhancing effect on the growth rates under dry conditions. The influence of relative humidity on growth was not consistent – at lower H 2 SO 4 concentrations, the growth rates were higher under dry conditions while at H 2 SO 4 concentrations greater than 1×10 9 molecule cm −3 the growth rates were higher under wet conditions. The growth rates show only a weak dependence on the residence time. The experimental observations were compared with predictions made using a numerical model, which investigates the growth of particles with three different extents of neutralization by the ammonia NH 3 : (1) pure H 2 SO 4 – H 2 O particles (2) particles formed by ammonium bisulphate, (NH 4 )HSO 4 (3) particles formed by ammonium sulphate, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The highest growth rates were found for ammonium sulphate particles. Since the model accounting for the initial H 2 SO 4 concentration predicted the experimental growth rates correctly, our results suggest that the commonly presumed diffusional wall losses of H 2 SO 4 are not so significant. We therefore assume that there are not only losses of H 2 SO 4 on the wall but also a flux of H 2 SO 4 molecules from the wall into the flow tube, the effect being more profound under dry conditions and at higher temperatures of the tube wall. Based on a comparison with the atmospheric observations, our results indicate that sulphuric acid alone can not explain the growth rates of particles formed in the atmosphere.

Description: Experimental quantification of contact freezing in an electrodynamic balance Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 6, 2373-2382, 2013 Author(s): N. Hoffmann, A. Kiselev, D. Rzesanke, D. Duft, and T. Leisner Heterogeneous nucleation of ice in a supercooled water droplet induced by external contact with a dry aerosol particle has long been known to be more effective than freezing induced by the same nucleus immersed in the droplet. However, the experimental quantification of contact freezing is challenging. Here we report an experimental method to determine the temperature-dependent ice nucleation probability of size-selected aerosol particles. The method is based on the suspension of supercooled charged water droplets in a laminar flow of air containing aerosol particles as contact freezing nuclei. The rate of droplet–particle collisions is calculated numerically with account for Coulomb attraction, drag force and induced dipole interaction between charged droplet and aerosol particles. The calculation is verified by direct counting of aerosol particles collected by a levitated droplet. By repeating the experiment on individual droplets for a sufficient number of times, we are able to reproduce the statistical freezing behavior of a large ensemble of supercooled droplets and measure the average rate of freezing events. The freezing rate is equal to the product of the droplet–particle collision rate and the probability of freezing on a single contact, the latter being a function of temperature, size and composition of the contact ice nuclei. Based on these observations, we show that for the types of particles investigated so far, contact freezing is the dominating freezing mechanism on the timescale of our experiment.

Description: δ 18 O water isotope in the i LOVECLIM model (version 1.0) – Part 1: Implementation and verification Geoscientific Model Development, 6, 1481-1491, 2013 Author(s): D. M. Roche A new 18 O stable water isotope scheme is developed for three components of the i LOVECLIM coupled climate model: atmospheric, oceanic and land surface. The equations required to reproduce the fractionation of stable water isotopes in the simplified atmospheric model ECBilt are developed consistently with the moisture scheme. Simplifications in the processes are made to account for the simplified vertical structure including only one moist layer. Implementation of these equations together with a passive tracer scheme for the ocean and a equilibrium fractionation scheme for the land surface leads to the closure of the (isotopic-) water budget in our climate system. Following the implementation, verification of the existence of usual δ 18 O to climatic relationships are performed for the Rayleigh distillation, the Dansgaard relationship and the δ 18 O –salinity relationship. Advantages and caveats of the approach taken are outlined. The isotopic fields simulated are shown to reproduce most expected oxygen-18–climate relationships with the notable exception of the isotopic composition in Antarctica.

Description: Contribution of directly connected and isolated impervious areas to urban drainage network hydrographs Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 3473-3483, 2013 Author(s): Y. Seo, N.-J. Choi, and A. R. Schmidt This paper addresses the mass balance error observed in runoff hydrographs in urban watersheds by introducing assumptions regarding the contribution of infiltrated rainfall from pervious areas and isolated impervious area (IIA) to the runoff hydrograph. Rainfall infiltrating into pervious areas has been assumed not to contribute to the runoff hydrograph until Hortonian excess rainfall occurs. However, mass balance analysis in an urban watershed indicates that rainfall infiltrated to pervious areas can contribute directly to the runoff hydrograph, thereby offering an explanation for the long hydrograph tail commonly observed in runoff from urban storm sewers. In this study, a hydrologic analysis based on the width function is introduced, with two types of width functions obtained from both pervious and impervious areas, respectively. The width function can be regarded as the direct interpretation of the network response. These two width functions are derived to obtain distinct response functions for directly connected impervious areas (DCIA), IIA, and pervious areas. The results show significant improvement in the estimation of runoff hydrographs and suggest the need to consider the flow contribution from pervious areas to the runoff hydrograph. It also implies that additional contribution from flow paths through joints and cracks in sewer pipes needs to be taken into account to improve the estimation of runoff hydrographs in urban catchments.

Description: δ 18 O water isotope in the i LOVECLIM model (version 1.0) – Part 3: A palaeo-perspective based on present-day data–model comparison for oxygen stable isotopes in carbonates Geoscientific Model Development, 6, 1505-1516, 2013 Author(s): T. Caley and D. M. Roche Oxygen stable isotopes (δ 18 O) are among the most useful tools in palaeoclimatology/palaeoceanography. Simulation of oxygen stable isotopes allows testing how the past variability of these isotopes in water can be interpreted. By modelling the proxy directly in the model, the results can also be directly compared with the data. Water isotopes have been implemented in the global three-dimensional model of intermediate complexity i LOVECLIM, allowing fully coupled atmosphere–ocean simulations. In this study, we present the validation of the model results for present-day climate against the global database for oxygen stable isotopes in carbonates. The limitation of the model together with the processes operating in the natural environment reveal the complexity of use the continental calcite-δ 18 O signal of speleothems for a global quantitative data–model comparison exercise. On the contrary, the reconstructed surface ocean calcite-δ 18 O signal in i LOVECLIM does show a very good agreement with the late Holocene database (foraminifers) at the global and regional scales. Our results indicate that temperature and the isotopic composition of the seawater are the main control on the fossil-δ 18 O signal recorded in foraminifer shells when all species are grouped together. Depth habitat, seasonality and other ecological effects play a more significant role when individual species are considered. We argue that a data–model comparison for surface ocean calcite δ 18 O in past climates, such as the Last Glacial Maximum (≈ 21 000 yr), could constitute an interesting tool for mapping the potential shifts of the frontal systems and circulation changes throughout time. Similarly, the potential changes in intermediate oceanic circulation systems in the past could be documented by a data (benthic foraminifers)-model comparison exercise whereas future investigations are necessary in order to quantitatively compare the results with data for the deep ocean.

Description: N. Ortega, Ashok Kumar, Oscar Resto, O. A. Maslova, Yu. I. Yuzyuk et al. Epitaxial strain is one of the major factors influencing physical properties of artificial superlattice (SL) structures. One way to control the local stress in epitaxial films is altering the lattice parameters by doping. Superlattices of BT/BaSrTiO (BT/BST) with x = (0, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 1) ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104102 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: B. Brennan, R. V. Galatage, K. Thomas, E. Pelucchi, P. K. Hurley et al. InAlAs has the potential to be used as a barrier layer in buried channel quantum well field effect transistor devices due to favorable lattice-matching and carrier confinement properties with InGaAs. Field effect device structures of this nature may also require a high-k oxide deposited on the InAlA ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104103 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: Pooja Srivastava, B. J. Nagare, Dilip G. Kanhere, and Prasenjit Sen First-principles electronic structure calculations are performed for the pure and Co-doped PbPdO using plane wave density functional method using different exchange-correlation functionals. These calculations indicate the 25% Co-doped PbPdO to be a spin gapless semiconductor, as proposed earlier [X. ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 103709 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: M. N. Shneider and M. Pekker A non-thermal mechanism of weak microwave field impact on a nerve fiber is proposed. It is shown that in the range of about 30300 GHz, there are strongly pronounced resonances associated with the excitation of ultrasonic vibrations in the membrane as a result of interaction with electromagnetic radi ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104701 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: K. Simeonidis, C. Martinez-Boubeta, Ll. Balcells, C. Monty, G. Stavropoulos et al. Magnetic hyperthermia, an alternative anticancer modality, is influenced by the composition, size, magnetic properties, and degree of aggregation of the corresponding nanoparticle heating agents. Here, we attempt to evaluate the AC magnetic field heating response of Fe-based nanoparticles prepared b ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 103904 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: Souheil Mouetsi and Abdelillah El Hdiy The 1/f noise is investigated in an epitaxial AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure in the temperature range of [4300 K]. The sample is biased at very low voltage to avoid velocity saturation at low temperature. Hooge parameters are determined at very low frequency assuming the absence of correlation b ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 104507 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: V. R. Singh, V. K. Verma, K. Ishigami, G. Shibata, Y. Yamazaki et al. BiFeO (BFO) shows both ferroelectricity and magnetic ordering at room temperature, but its ferromagnetic component, which is due to spin canting, is negligible. Substitution of transition-metal atoms such as Co for Fe is known to enhance the ferromagnetic component in BFO. In order to reveal the ori ... [J. Appl. Phys. 114, 103905 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: N. Kotsina, S. Kaziannis, S. Danakas, and C. Kosmidis We report on the selective ionization of oriented nitrous oxide (NO) molecules in gas phase by the use of an intense asymmetric two-color omega/2omega 40 fs laser field. By means of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer the induced NO mass spectra have been recorded as a function of the relative phase ... [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104313 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: Bryan Nichols and Vitaly A. Rassolov The electron correlation energy in a chemical system is defined as a difference between the energy of an exact energy for a given Hamiltonian, and a mean-field, or single determinant, approximation to it. A promising way to model electron correlation is through the expectation value of a linear two- ... [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104111 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: Scott Habershon We introduce a new approach for calculating quantum time-correlation functions and time-dependent expectation values in many-body thermal systems; both electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic cases can be treated. Our approach uses a path integral simulation to sample an initial thermal density m ... [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104107 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: Gustavo E. Scuseria, Thomas M. Henderson, and Ireneusz W. Bulik We establish a formal connection between the particle-particle (pp) random phase approximation (RPA) and the ladder channel of the coupled cluster doubles (CCD) equations. The relationship between RPA and CCD is best understood within a Bogoliubov quasiparticle (qp) RPA formalism. This work is a fol ... [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104113 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: Liangguo He, Chengliang Pan, Hongbo Wang, and Zhihua Feng We develop a novel approach to match harmonics and vibration modes based on the mechanism of multiple tuning fork structure (MTFS), through which it is promising to realize arbitrary periodical vibrations in the resonant state. A prototype three-layer MTFS with first three harmonics is presented to ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 096104 (2013)] published Thu Sep 12, 2013.

Description: Yue Lin, Yong Zhang, Zhiqiang Liu, Liqin Su, Jihong Zhang et al. Abstract not available. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 119902 (2013)] published Fri Sep 13, 2013.

Description: D. Haasmann and S. Dimitrijev Based on the insight that the Fermi level in a metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) channel is set in the conduction band, due to the quantum confinement of the channel electrons, this letter provides an experimental demonstration that the near-interface traps responsible for deg ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 113506 (2013)] published Fri Sep 13, 2013.

Description: Akira Nagaoka, Hideto Miyake, Tomoyasu Taniyama, Koichi Kakimoto, and Kenji Yoshino Temperature dependent Hall effect measurements from 20 to 300 K have been performed on the quaternary compounds CuZnSnS (CZTS) single crystals. The conductivity mechanisms can be described by a two-path system using Mott variable range hopping and typical thermal activation conduction. The center le ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 112107 (2013)] published Fri Sep 13, 2013.