ALBERT

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The adsorption of heavy metal ion Zn(II) from industrial wastewater by performing environmentally benign methods is particularly important. In this study, a novel microcrystalline cellulose-based polymeric bio-sorbent (MCC-〈em〉g〈/em〉-polyIL), which contained specific poly(ionic liquid) structure and adsorption performance for Zn(II), was in situ ARGET ATRP-synthesized within ionic liquid microemulsions. The ionic liquid microemulsions were characterized by phase formation capacity and dynamic light scattering results, and the prepared MCC-〈em〉g〈/em〉-polyILs were characterized by FTIR, 〈sup〉1〈/sup〉HNMR, and TG/DSC analyses. The optimization of the adsorption process indicates that both the molar ratio of double ionic liquids and the dosage of the adsorbent affected the adsorption capacity of MCC-〈em〉g〈/em〉-polyILs toward Zn(II). The research on adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms further reveals that the adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. The designed MCC-〈em〉g〈/em〉-polyILs exhibited enhanced adsorption capacity, which indicates promising practical applications for the removal of Zn(II) from industrial wastewater. 〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphic abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2563_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Superhydrophobic fireproof coatings have attracted considerable attention owing to their multifunctional applications in academic and industrial areas. In this work, a sustainable, superhydrophobic, and fire-resistant nanocoating based on polydopamine (PDA) was successfully fabricated, and its application to cotton was explored. The Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectra confirmed that the framework of APP@PDA nanocoating was successfully constructed of alternate layers. Remarkably, assessment of the thermal and flammability properties for the pristine and nanocoated cotton fabric demonstrated that APP@PDA-coated cotton fabric exhibited highly efficient flame-retardant performance reflected by 59.6% reduction in peak heat release rate and 25.7% reduction in total heat release by virtue of a 260 nm thick charring layer formed during burning. Besides, the nanocoated cotton fabric maintained its superhydrophobicity and retained its excellent water repellent properties after treating by dodecyl mercaptan. All these fascinating characteristics would boost this nanocoated cotton for high-performance application.〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphic abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2586_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈p〉The manuscript initially failed to cite the work of Dr. Cong et al., which was the basis for this effort. We apologize for this error.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The use of a combination of calcium carbonate (CaCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉) and alkenyl-succinic-anhydride (ASA)-modified microfibrillated cellulose (AMFC) as a filler for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been investigated. AMFC and CaCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 were mixed with HDPE using a twin-screw extruder, and the resulting composites were injection molded. Observations by X-ray computed tomography, phase-contrast microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry confirm that AMFC is homogenously dispersed in HDPE as a result of the alkenyl chains being incorporated on the surface of the microfibrillated cellulose. CaCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 is also well dispersed in HDPE when mixed with AMFC. The combination of CaCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 and AMFC results in high mechanical reinforcement of HDPE, and the composite has a tensile modulus that is almost 120% higher than that of neat HDPE. A melt rheological study revealed formation of a network consisting of AMFC and CaCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 in HDPE. Microfibrillated cellulose treated with ASA acts not only as reinforcement for HDPE, but also as a dispersant of inorganic fillers, such as CaCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Accumulation of acetate is a limiting factor in recombinant production of (〈em〉R〈/em〉)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) by 〈em〉Escherichia coli〈/em〉 in high-cell-density processes. To alleviate this limitation, this study investigated two approaches: (i) deletion of phosphotransacetylase (〈em〉pta〈/em〉), pyruvate oxidase (〈em〉poxB〈/em〉), and/or the isocitrate lyase regulator (〈em〉iclR〈/em〉), known to decrease acetate formation, on bioreactor cultivations designed to achieve high 3HB concentrations. (ii) Screening of different 〈em〉E. coli〈/em〉 strain backgrounds (B, BL21, W, BW25113, MG1655, W3110, and AF1000) for their potential as low acetate-forming, 3HB-producing platforms. Deletion of 〈em〉pta〈/em〉 and 〈em〉pta-poxB〈/em〉 in the AF1000 strain background was to some extent successful in decreasing acetate formation, but also dramatically increased excretion of pyruvate and did not result in increased 3HB production in high-cell-density fed-batch cultivations. Screening of the different 〈em〉E. coli〈/em〉 strains confirmed BL21 as a low acetate-forming background. Despite low 3HB titers in low-cell-density screening, 3HB-producing BL21 produced five times less acetic acid per mole of 3HB, which translated into a 2.3-fold increase in the final 3HB titer and a 3-fold higher volumetric 3HB productivity over 3HB-producing AF1000 strains in nitrogen-limited fed-batch cultivations. Consequently, the BL21 strain achieved the hitherto highest described volumetric productivity of 3HB (1.52 g L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 h〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and the highest 3HB concentration (16.3 g L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) achieved by recombinant 〈em〉E. coli〈/em〉. Screening solely for 3HB titers in low-cell-density batch cultivations would not have identified the potential of this strain, reaffirming the importance of screening with the final production conditions in mind.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The images of cells under microscope in Figure 2 and Figure S2 were misused from 〈em〉Wang G〈/em〉 et al. 〈em〉Front Cell Infect Microbiol〈/em〉. 2018 Nov 30;8:418. These images were generated in the same set of assays.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉To determine the function of miR-206 in epilepsy. Epileptic rat model was established by intra-amygdala injection of kainic acid (KA). Expression levels of miR-206, C–C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) and interleukin-1β (Il-1β) in hippocampus tissues was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine the binding of miR-206 to 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of CCL2. Finally, brain waves were recorded and Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Nissl’s staining were performed on the epileptic rat injected with LPS, miR-206 agomir, adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressed CCL2 alone or in combination. Expression of miR-206 was specially decreased in hippocampus tissues compared to cortex in response to KA induced pathologic brain activity. Enforced expression of miR-206 by injection miR-206 agomir not only decreased seizure activity, but also protected KA-induced neuronal loss. And enforced expression of miR-206 suppressed increase of C–C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) and interleukin-1β (Il-1β) which were induced by injection of KA or KA combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Further more, results of dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed CCL2 was a target of miR-206. Finally, co-injection adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressed CCL2 with miR-206 agomir abolished the function of miR-206 agomir. Taken together, our results showed that expression of miR-206 could inhibit seizure-induced brain injury by targeting CCL2. Our results showed that expression of miR-206 could inhibit seizure-induced brain injury by targeting CCL2.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Controlled growth of Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉WO〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 nanorods with exposed [0 0 1] facets and the fabrication of an Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉-Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉WO〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 magnetic composite by a microwave-assisted polyol process, were achieved in this study. The adsorptivity and photocatalytic performance of the composite toward sunset yellow dye degradation were greatly enhanced by the 〈em〉β〈/em〉-cyclodextrin cavities on its surface, firmly anchored through a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide linkage. A series of examinations and characterizations were carried out to determine the influence of various factors on the morphological modulation-photocatalytic behavior of the pure Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉WO〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 prior to final functionalization. Changing the pH of the precursor solution impacted the formation of 0D, 2D, and 3D structures; however, the presence of hexamethylenetetramine surfactant induced the development of 1D nanorod structure. A reasonable crystal growth mechanism was proposed to elucidate the formation process. Conversely, the mechanism of the activity enhancement of 〈em〉β〈/em〉-cyclodextrin functionalized Fe〈sub〉3〈/sub〉O〈sub〉4〈/sub〉-Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉WO〈sub〉6〈/sub〉, compared to that of the non-functionalized samples, could be realized with the assistance of chemical trapping experiments on sunset yellow, and was confirmed on the colorless antibiotic (sulfamethoxazole). The high performance and durability of this composite can be attributed to the facet-dependent activity, large adsorption capacity due to inclusion interactions, enhanced visible light absorption, and efficient charge separation.〈/p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1808_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In the production of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and recycling of spent LIBs, a large amount of low-concentration lithium-containing wastewater (LCW) is generated. The recovery of Li from this medium has attracted significant global attention from both the environmental and economic perspectives. To achieve effective Li recycling, the features of impurity removal and the interactions among different ions must be understood. However, it is generally difficult to ensure highly efficient removal of impurity ions while retaining Li in the solution for further recovery. In this study, the removal of typical impurity ions from LCW and the interactions between these species were systematically investigated from the thermodynamic and kinetics aspects. It was found that the main impurities (e.g., Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉, Al〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉, Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉, and Mg〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉) could be efficiently removed with high Li recovery by controlling the ionic strength of the solution. The mechanisms of Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉, Al〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉, Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉, and Mg〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 removal were investigated to identify the controlling steps and reaction kinetics. It was found that the precipitates are formed by a zero-order reaction, and the activation energies tend to be low with a sequence of fast chemical reactions that reach equilibrium very quickly. Moreover, this study focused on Li loss during removal of the impurities, and the corresponding removal rates of Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉, Al〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉, Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉, and Mg〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 were found to be 99.8%, 99.5%, 99%, and 99.7%, respectively. Consequently, high-purity Li〈sub〉3〈/sub〉PO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 was obtained via one-step precipitation. Thus, this research demonstrates a potential route for the effective recovery of Li from low-concentration LCW and for the appropriate treatment of acidic LCW.〈/p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1806_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Some members of the 〈em〉Bacillus velezensis〈/em〉 (〈em〉Bv〈/em〉) group (e.g., 〈em〉Bv〈/em〉 FZB42T and AS3.43) were previously assigned grouping with 〈em〉B. subtilis〈/em〉 and 〈em〉B〈/em〉. 〈em〉amyloliquefaciens〈/em〉, based on the fact that they shared a 99% DNA–DNA percentage phylogenetic similarity. However, hinging on current assessments of the pan-genomic reassignments, the differing phylogenomic characteristics of 〈em〉Bv〈/em〉 from 〈em〉B〈/em〉. 〈em〉subtilis〈/em〉 and B. 〈em〉amyloliquefaciens〈/em〉 are now better understood. Within this re-grouping/reassignment, the various strains within the 〈em〉Bv〈/em〉 share a close phylogenomic resemblance, and a number of these strains have received a lot of attention in recent years, due to their genomic robustness, and the growing evidence for their possible utilization in the agricultural industry for managing plant diseases. Only a few applications for their use medicinally/pharmaceutically, environmentally, and in the food industry have been reported, and this may be due to the fact that the majority of those strains investigated are those typically occurring in soil. Although the intracellular unique biomolecules of 〈em〉Bv〈/em〉 strains have been revealed via in silico genome modeling and investigated using transcriptomics and proteomics, a further inquisition into the 〈em〉Bv〈/em〉 metabolome using newer technologies such as metabolomics could elucidate additional applications of this economically relevant 〈em〉Bacillus〈/em〉 species, beyond that of primarily the agricultural sector.〈/p〉

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Cellulose nanomaterials have properties that make them renewable materials of choice for various applications. However, the utilization of concentrated alkaline, acids, oxidizing or reducing agents in their production presents significant challenges to the environment. To mitigate this challenge and ensure the efficient industrialization of cellulose nanomaterials, lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) were prepared through an easy, feasible and environment friendly method relative to conventional techniques. 1–3% Sulphuric acid was used in combination with ball milling and ultrasound to produce cellulose nanofibers containing about 92% of the original lignin content. The microstructure and morphology of the nanofibers were studied while thermal analysis showed that the LCNFs can withstand between 225–251 °C and lose only 5% of their weight. Interestingly, despite the binding force of lignin, the nanofibers showed high electrostatic repulsion up to − 47 mV between the fibers. The translucent nanofilms produced from the LCNFs are less hydrophilic having water contact angles around 76°–62°. These LCNFs were synthesised without passing through any pre-treatment process and their hydrophobic properties have been found to be better than conventional cellulose nanomaterials while their thermal properties are comparable. 〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphical abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2382_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an extracellularly produced biodegradable polymer, which has been widely used as agricultural fertilizer, mineral fortifier, cosmetic moisturizer, and drug carrier. This study firstly discovered that lichenysin, as a biosurfactant, showed the capability to enhance γ-PGA production in 〈em〉Bacillus licheniformis〈/em〉. The exogenous addition of lichenysin improved the γ-PGA yield up to 17.9% and 21.9%, respectively, in the native strain 〈em〉B. licheniformis〈/em〉 WX-02 and the lichenysin-deficient strain 〈em〉B. licheniformis〈/em〉 WX02-Δ〈em〉lchAC.〈/em〉 The capability of intracellular biosynthesis of lichenysin was positively correlated with γ-PGA production. The yield of γ-PGA increased by 25.1% in the lichenysin-enhanced strain 〈em〉B. licheniformis〈/em〉 WX02-Psrflch and decreased by 12.2% in the lichenysin-deficient strain WX02-Δ〈em〉lchAC.〈/em〉 Analysis of key enzyme activities and gene expression in the TCA cycle, precursor glutamate synthesis, and γ-PGA synthesis pathway revealed that the existence of lichenysin led to increased γ-PGA via shifting the carbon flux in the TCA cycle towards glutamate and γ-PGA biosynthetic pathways, minimizing by-product formation, and facilitating the uptake of extracellular substrates and the polymerization of glutamate to γ-PGA. Insight into the mechanisms of enhanced production of γ-PGA by lichenysin would define the essential parameters involved in γ-PGA biosynthesis and provide the basis for large-scale production of γ-PGA.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Extremely acidic soils of natural forests in Nanling National Nature Reserve have been previously investigated and revisited in two successive years to reveal the active ammonia oxidizers. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) rather than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were found more functionally important in the extremely acidic soils of the natural forests in Nanling National Nature Reserve. The relative abundances of 〈em〉Nitrosotalea〈/em〉, 〈em〉Nitrososphaera〈/em〉 sister group, and 〈em〉Nitrososphaera〈/em〉 lineages recovered by ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (〈em〉amoA〈/em〉) transcripts were reassessed and compared to AOA communities formerly detected by genomic DNA. 〈em〉Nitrosotalea〈/em〉, previously found the most abundant AOA, were the second-most-active lineage after 〈em〉Nitrososphaera〈/em〉 sister group. Our field study results, therefore, propose the acidophilic AOA, 〈em〉Nitrosotalea〈/em〉, can better reside in extremely acidic soils while they may not contribute to nitrification proportionately according to their abundances or they are less functionally active. In contrast, the functional importance of 〈em〉Nitrososphaera〈/em〉 sister group may be previously underestimated and the functional dominance further extends their ecological distribution as little has been reported. 〈em〉Nitrososphaera gargensis〈/em〉–like AOA, the third abundant lineage, were more active in summer. The analyses of AOA community composition and its correlation with environmental parameters support the previous observations of the potential impact of organic matter on AOA composition. Al〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉, however, did not show a strong adverse correlation with the abundances of functional AOA unlike in the DNA-based study. The new data further emphasize the functional dominance of AOA in extremely acidic soils, and unveil the relative contributions of AOA lineages to nitrification and their community transitions under the environmental influences.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉〈em〉Pseudomonas aeruginosa〈/em〉 are ubiquitous γ-proteobacteria capable of producing the biosurfactant rhamnolipids (RL) and the polymer polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). RL are glycolipids with high biotechnological potential, whereas PHA is used for the production of biodegradable plastics. It has been proposed that the β-oxidation pathway provides intermediates for RL biosynthesis, even when using a non-fatty acid carbon source for growth, while an intermediate of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis (FASII) pathway [(〈em〉R〈/em〉)-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP] is used for PHA biosynthesis. The aim of this work is to study the inter-relationship of the RL and PHA biosynthetic pathways in a culture medium with a non-fatty acid carbon source, focusing on the role of FASII and β-oxidation in supplying the substrates for the first step in RL and PHA synthesis, carried out by the RhlA and PhaG enzymes, respectively. The PHA synthases (PhaC1 and PhaC2) are only able to use CoA-linked 3-hydroxy acids and the PhaG enzyme catalyzes the conversion of (〈em〉R〈/em〉)-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP to (〈em〉R〈/em〉)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, the substrate of PhaC1 and PhaC2. RhlA in turn catalyzes the synthesis of the RL precursor 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy) alkanoic acids (HAA) by the dimerization of two 3-hydroxyalkanoic acid molecules (that have been shown to be also (〈em〉R〈/em〉)-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP). In this work, we show that RhlA can produce both RL and PHA precursors (presumably CoA-linked HAA), that the blockage of carbon flux through β-oxidation pathway does not decrease RL titer, and that the enoyl-CoA hydratase RhlY and enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase RhlZ produce the main fatty acids precursor of RL using as substrate also a FASII intermediate (presumably (〈em〉S〈/em〉)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA).〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Calculation formulas for estimating the influence of the state parameters of temperature, pressure, and moisture content on the operation of a piston compressor are obtained. It is shown that at the start of compression in a compressor temperature depends mainly on heating of the gas produced by the walls and its moisture content. The pressure at the start of compression depends on the speed of the piston and the moisture content of the gas. The principal factors responsible for a reduction of the feed rate and efficiency of the compressor are the increase in temperature and the decrease in pressure at the start of compression.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of this research was to analyze the antioxidant and prebiotic properties of lactobionic acid and to develop a method of producing it from whey using the bacterium 〈em〉Pseudomonas taetrolens〈/em〉. Prebiotic properties were tested with selected bacterial strains that exhibit probiotic properties, while the antioxidant efficacy was tested using cold-pressed rapeseed oil. A particularly evident prebiotic effect was observed with the bacterium 〈em〉Lactobacillus fermentum〈/em〉 with a lactobionic acid concentration of 16 mg/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. The growth curves of microorganisms in a substrate with various levels of lactobionic acid showed similarities between 〈em〉Lactococcus lactis〈/em〉, 〈em〉Lactobacillus acidophilus〈/em〉 DSM 20242, 〈em〉Lactobacillus acidophilus〈/em〉 L-AH1, 〈em〉Lactobacillus acidophilus〈/em〉 NCDO, 〈em〉Lactobacillus delbrueckii〈/em〉 A, 〈em〉Lactobacillus casei〈/em〉, 〈em〉Lactobacillus casei〈/em〉 Shirota, 〈em〉Bifidobacterium bifidum〈/em〉 DSM 20215, and 〈em〉Bifidobacterium bifidum〈/em〉 DSM 20456, where a short logarithmic growth phase could be distinguished, in comparison to the growth of 〈em〉Lactobacillus fermentum〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Lactobacillus acidophilus〈/em〉 CH-5, where the logarithmic growth phase was extended. 〈em〉Bifidobacterium bifidum〈/em〉 DSM 20082 and 〈em〉Bifidobacterium bifidum〈/em〉 DSM 20239 form a separate group. The greater the amount of lactobionic acid added, the higher its activity. The greatest oxidation inhibition efficacy in rapeseed oil was recorded on day 10 of storage at 60 °C with an acid content of 10 mg/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Expressed as a percentage reduction of peroxide value, this effect was 19.6%. The best result for preparations of lactobionic acid were found at 1 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 (22.03 mg/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉), amounting to 7.3% on day 10 of the rapeseed oil thermostat test.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Lasso peptides are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified natural products with a characteristic slipknot-like structure, which confers these peptides remarkable stability and diverse pharmacologically relevant bioactivities. Among all the reported lasso peptides, lassomycin and lariatins are unique lasso peptides that exhibit noticeable anti-tuberculosis (TB) activity. Due to the unique threaded structure and the unusual bactericidal mechanism toward 〈em〉Mycobacterium tuberculosis〈/em〉, these peptides have drawn considerable interest, not only in the field of total synthesis but also in several other fields including biosynthesis, bioengineering, and structure-activity studies. During the past few years, significant progress has been made in understanding the biosynthetic mechanism of these intriguing compounds, which has provided a solid foundation for future work. This review highlights recent achievements in the discovery, structure elucidation, biological activity, and the unique anti-TB mechanism of lasso peptides. Moreover, the discovery of their biosynthetic pathway has laid the foundation for combinatorial biosynthesis of their analogs, which provides new perspectives for the production of novel anti-TB lasso peptides.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Lactose is a natural disaccharide obtained from the milk of most mammals and a waste product of cheese and casein manufacturing. Over the past decades, lactose in whey has increasingly been promoted as an important resource, and an increasing number of significant advances have been made to investigate its healthy and functional properties. Lactose can be biotransformed into many kinds of derivatives, including galacto-oligosaccharides, epilactose, lactulose, lactosucrose, and 〈span〉d〈/span〉-tagatose. Biological efficiency and safety are critical for the enzymatic production of lactose derivatives from lactose. These lactose derivatives show a range of prominent physiological features and effects, such as prebiotic properties, indigestibility, and obesity prevention, which can be utilized in the pharmaceutical, health, and food industries. In this review, we present the properties and physiological effects of lactose derivatives, detailing their biological production by various enzymes and their applications in dairy products, especially directly in the milk industry.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Raspberry ketone is an important ingredient in the flavor and fragrance industries. Due to its low content in fruits and vegetables, the production of natural raspberry ketone using heterologous synthesis in microbial strains is recently attracting increased attention. In this work, a heterologous pathway to produce raspberry ketone from 〈em〉p〈/em〉-coumaric acid, including 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), benzalacetone synthase (BAS), and raspberry ketone/zingerone synthase (RZS1) from plants, was successfully assembled in 〈em〉Escherichia coli〈/em〉. When the RZS1 gene was introduced into 〈em〉E. coli〈/em〉 and co-expressed with two other genes, the intermediate 4-hydroxybenzylidene acetone in the pathway was almost completely transformed into a raspberry ketone. Substituting TB medium for M9 medium increased raspberry ketone titers by 3–4 times. Furthermore, the heterologous pathway was partitioned into two modules; module one produced 〈em〉p〈/em〉-coumaroyl-CoA from 〈em〉p〈/em〉-coumaric acid by 4CL, and module two produced raspberry ketone from coumaroyl-CoA by the action of BAS and RZS1. Optimizing the balanced expression of the two modules, it was shown that moderate expression of module one and high expression of module two was the best combination to enhance raspberry ketone production. The engineered strain CZ-8 reached 90.97 mg/l of raspberry ketone, which was 12 times higher than previously reported. In addition, the preferred approach of the heterologous pathway was related to the heterologous genes from different sources; for example, 4CL from 〈em〉Arabidopsis thaliana〈/em〉 seemed to be more suitable for raspberry ketone production than that from 〈em〉Petroselinum crispum〈/em〉. This work paves an alternative way for future economic production of natural raspberry ketone.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Spatial separation of metabolic stages in anaerobic digesters can increase the methane content of biogas, as realized in a tube anaerobic baffled reactor. Here, we investigated the performance and microbial community dynamics of a laboratory-scale mesophilic anaerobic baffled reactor with four compartments treating an artificial substrate. Due to the activity of fermentative bacteria, organic acids mostly accumulated in the initial compartments. The methane content of the biogas increased while hydrogen levels decreased along the compartments. Microbial communities were investigated based on bacterial 16S rRNA genes, 〈em〉hydA〈/em〉 genes encoding Fe–Fe-hydrogenases, and 〈em〉mcrA〈/em〉 genes/transcripts encoding the methyl-CoM reductase. The metaproteome was analyzed to identify active metabolic pathways. During the reactor operation, 〈em〉Clostridia〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Bacilli〈/em〉 became most abundant in the first compartment. Later compartments were dominated by 〈em〉Sphingobacteriia〈/em〉, 〈em〉Deltaproteobacteria〈/em〉, 〈em〉Clostridia〈/em〉, 〈em〉Bacteroidia〈/em〉, 〈em〉Synergistia〈/em〉, 〈em〉Anaerolineae〈/em〉, 〈em〉Spirochaetes〈/em〉, vadinHA17, and W5 classes. Methanogenic communities were represented by 〈em〉Methanomicrobiales〈/em〉, 〈em〉Methanobacteriaceae〈/em〉, 〈em〉Methanosaeta〈/em〉, and 〈em〉Methanosarcina〈/em〉 in the last compartments. Analysis of 〈em〉hydA〈/em〉 and 〈em〉mcrA〈/em〉 genes and metaproteome data confirmed the spatial separation of metabolic stages. In the first compartment, proteins of carbohydrate transport and metabolism were most abundant. Proteins assigned to coenzyme metabolism and transport as well as energy conservation dominated in the other compartments. Our study demonstrates how the spatial separation of metabolic stages by reactor design is underpinned by the adaptation of the microbial community to different niches.〈/p〉

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉A process consisting of regeneration of crystalline cellulose, dilute-phosphoric acid hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose to soluble oligomers, and enzymatic post-hydrolysis of soluble oligomers in the absence of disturbing solid particles was evaluated as a process alternative for upgrading the obtainable sugar concentration and facilitating the long-term enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by utilizing soluble oligomers instead of insoluble particles. Cellulose was regenerated though phosphoric acid-acetone process, i.e., dissolution into 21 g/g acid at 50 °C for 60 min and precipitation by adding 41 g/g acetone. Regenerated cellulose was hydrolyzed at 120, 150 or 180 °C for 30 or 60 min using 0.5 or 1% phosphoric acid. After filtration, the hydrolysates were subjected to 10 or 15 FPU/g cellulase. Dilute-acid hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose with 0.5% acid at 180 °C, 30 min, and 10% solid loading resulted in an “oligomeric hydrolysate” with 44.6 g/L soluble oligomers. Enzymatic post-hydrolysis of soluble oligomers resulted in a “monomeric hydrolysate” containing as high as 47 g/L glucose and cellobiose. In the hydrolysis, 429 g sugar was released at high concentration from one kg crystalline cellulose. The hydrolysates were subjected to fermentation by 〈em〉Clostridium acetobutylicum〈/em〉, where oligomeric hydrolysates showed poor fermentability. The fermentation of monomeric hydrolysates obtained by dilute-acid hydrolysis (120 °C, 60 min, and 0.5% acid) and post-hydrolysis (15 filter paper unit/g) resulted in 6.1 g/L acetone–butanol–ethanol. Besides other potential advantages, this hydrolysis approach resulted in relatively high concentration of glucose which may facilitate cellulosic butanol production.〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphical abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2397_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Degreasing cotton showing selectivity for the bovine hemoglobin (BHb) was developed by an imprinting procedure that is based on metal coordinate interaction. The morphological structure of the as-prepared samples was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, and the chemical modification steps were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The results of adsorption experiments show that the maximum adsorption capacity of the Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉-immobilized molecularly imprinted cotton (Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉-MIC) and Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉-immobilized non-imprinted cotton (Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉-NIC) was 140.33 mg/g and 17.78 mg/g, respectively, at the optimum pH value of 6.2. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic and the adsorption equilibrium could be achieved in 30 min. The adsorption isotherm data could be well described by a Langmuir model. Moreover, satisfactory reusability is demonstrated by five adsorption–desorption cycles with no significant decrease of the adsorption capacity. The SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉-MIC could be applied successfully in separation of BHb from the bovine blood sample. This procedure presents facile, cheap and stable fabrication strategy for efficient separation of proteins. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This study proposes the investigation of curcumin encapsulation into 〈em〉Saccharomyces cerevisiae〈/em〉 cells through osmoporation as an efficient way of increasing curcumin stability. The influence of three process parameters (cell, ethanol and curcumin concentrations) on the encapsulation process was evaluated, and the obtained biocapsules were characterised for physical and photochemical stabilisation. Results showed that encapsulation efficiency was favoured by the increase of cells/curcumin ratio and ethanol concentration up to 60%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves revealed that yeast encapsulation delayed the curcumin melting point up to 207 °C. Encapsulated curcumin retained over 80% of antioxidant activity after thermal treatment (150 °C) and over 70% after a 50-day exposure to artificial light. Photochemical stability of yeast-encapsulated curcumin was increased by 5.7-fold, and half-life time reached 181 days under illumination conditions. Overall, osmoporation-produced yeast biocapsules confirmed the versatility of osmoporation as an encapsulation technique and successfully improved curcumin stability.〈/p〉

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Hydrogels are the focus of extensive research due to their potential applications in various fields including tissue engineering, drug delivery, soft actuators, and sensors, etc. However, insufficient functionality and weak mechanical properties limit their practical applications. Herein, we developed a simple approach to fabricate strong, tough and self-healable hydrogels by introducing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) into poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)–Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 hydrogels as well as by simply soaking the gels in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. During the deformation process, the synergetic interactions of –COO〈sup〉−〈/sup〉/Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 physically ionic networks as well as PAA covalent networks can homogeneously distribute stress, and more importantly, high degree of network densities, and chain entanglements introduced by soaking treatment could act as “sacrificial bonds” to dissipate energy effectively. As a result, the resulting optimal PAA/CMC〈sub〉1.0〈/sub〉–Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉–S samples with water content of approximately 37.7 wt% possessed remarkable mechanical properties, with elastic modulus of 0.41 MPa, fracture tensile stress of 4.42 MPa, superior to that of PAA–Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 and PAA/CMC〈sub〉1.0〈/sub〉–Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 hydrogels. Additionally, the noncovalent ionic interactions of PAA/CMC〈sub〉1.0〈/sub〉–Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 hydrogels serve as dynamic but stable associations, leading to effective self-healing efficiency (over 85%) after damage, with recovered fracture stress of 3.75 MPa as well as an elongation at break of about 750%. We expect this facile strategy may enrich the avenue in exploration of high-strength, tough and self-healing cellulosic hydrogels.〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphic abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2797_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The focus of this study was to investigate the effects of 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉, a key regulatory gene of the autoinducer-2 (AI-2) quorum sensing (QS) system, on the biofilm formation and biocontrol efficacy against 〈em〉Ralstonia solanacearum〈/em〉 by 〈em〉Paenibacillus polymyxa〈/em〉 HY96-2. 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉 mutants were constructed and assayed for biofilm formation of the wild-type (WT) strain and 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉 mutants of 〈em〉P. polymyxa〈/em〉 HY96-2 in vitro and in vivo〈em〉.〈/em〉 The results showed that 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉 positively regulated the biofilm formation of HY96-2. Greenhouse experiments of tomato bacterial wilt found that from the early stage to late stage postinoculation, the biocontrol efficacy of the 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉 deletion strain was the lowest with 50.70 ± 1.39% in the late stage. However, the 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉 overexpression strain had the highest biocontrol efficacy with 75.66 ± 1.94% in the late stage. The complementation of 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉 could restore the biocontrol efficacy of the 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉 deletion strain with 69.84 ± 1.09% in the late stage, which was higher than that of the WT strain with 65.94 ± 2.73%. Therefore, we deduced that 〈em〉luxS〈/em〉 could promote the biofilm formation of 〈em〉P. polymyxa〈/em〉 HY96-2 and further promoted its biocontrol efficacy against 〈em〉R. solanacearum〈/em〉.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Cell physiology parameters are essential aspects of biological processes; however, they are difficult to determine on-line. Dielectric spectroscopy allows the on-line estimation of viable cells and can provide important information about cell physiology during culture. In this study, we investigated the dielectric property variations in 〈em〉Kluyveromyces marxianus〈/em〉 SLP1 and 〈em〉Saccharomyces cerevisiae〈/em〉 ERD yeasts stressed by 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde during aerobic growth. The dielectric properties of cell permittivity, specific membrane capacitance (〈em〉Cm〈/em〉), and intracellular conductivity (〈em〉σ〈/em〉〈sub〉In〈/sub〉) were considerably affected by furan aldehydes in the same way that the cell population, viability, cell size, substrate consumption, organic acid production, and respiratory parameters were. The yeasts stressed with furan aldehydes exhibited three physiological states (〈em〉φ〈/em〉): adaptation, replicating, and nonreplicating states. During the adaptation state, there were small and stable signs of permittivity, 〈em〉Cm〈/em〉, and 〈em〉σ〈/em〉〈sub〉In〈/sub〉; additionally, no cell growth was observed. During the replicating state, cell growth was restored, and the cell viability increased; in addition, the permittivity and 〈em〉σ〈/em〉〈sub〉In〈/sub〉 increased rapidly and reached their maximum values, while the 〈em〉Cm〈/em〉 decreased. In the nonreplicating state, the permittivity and 〈em〉σ〈/em〉〈sub〉In〈/sub〉 were stable, and 〈em〉Cm〈/em〉 decreased to its minimum value. Our results demonstrated that knowing dielectric properties allowed us to obtain information about the physiological state of the cells under control and stressed conditions. Since the permittivity, 〈em〉Cm〈/em〉, and 〈em〉σ〈/em〉〈sub〉In〈/sub〉 are directly associated with the physiological state of the yeast, these results should contribute to a better understanding of the stress response of yeasts and open the possibility to on-line monitor and control the physiological state of the cell in the near future.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Herein we present an intensive investigation into the application of a copolymer formed through iodine transfer copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride with 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene. The unique properties of the pre-formed copolymer advocate it for inducing sustainable, multi-functionalized cotton-based textiles. The application of the preformed copolymer is carried out via the treatment of the cotton and cotton/polyester blend fabrics with the copolymer. The improvement of the physico-mechanical properties as well as the encapsulation of the copolymer within the cotton structure alone and in combination with polyester were affected by the absence and presence of epichlorohydrin as a crosslinking agent. A system consisting of the fiber-copolymer-crosslinking agent may result in mechanical entrapping and deposition of the copolymer in the structure of cotton. They work together with encapsulation for sustainable fixation of the copolymer in the overall structure of the fabrics either 100% cotton or cotton/polyester blend fabric (50/50). The augmentation was barely significant in smoothness and elongation at break of fabrics treated with the copolymer along with the crosslinking agent. SEM discovered that the treated fabrics are covered with a deposited film with tiny particles that can penetrate the fabric. EDX analysis confirms the presence of both fluorine and iodine. Also found was a polymer coating based on fluorine and iodine deposition leading to a hydrophobic product. Values of WRA of the treated fabrics place them in easy-care category with marginal losses in tensile strength and with the certainty that the treated fabric acquires waterproof properties.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Molecular interactions governing the recently reported CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉2−〈/sup〉 chemistry of cellulose/NaOH(aq) solutions are investigated using a cellulose analogue methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in NaOH(aq) solutions under conditions feasible with cellulose dissolution. 〈sup〉1〈/sup〉H, 〈sup〉13〈/sup〉C and steady-state heteronuclear Overhauser effect NMR spectroscopy complemented by pH measurements reveal carbohydrate–CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉2−〈/sup〉 interactions as an important component of this chemistry. However, depending on in which order carbohydrate and CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉2−〈/sup〉 are brought together in NaOH(aq) this interaction is different with different implications on stability of the CO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉2−〈/sup〉 in the solution.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Integrating high stiffness, strength, and toughness on par with those of soft tissues into synthetic hydrogels is extremely challenging. We have proposed a method to overcome this problem: in situ polymerization of a polymer matrix in layered cellulose nanofibers. In an attempt, ionically cross-linked poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) is fabricated in a wet cellulose nanofiber cake. The resulting hydrogels, called ionically cross-linked nanocomposite (ICN) hydrogels, exhibit a readily adjustable elastic modulus (11.9–190.0 MPa) and high fracture strength (generally 〉 10 MPa), which are comparable with those of skin and ligament. The high frictional force between the cellulose nanofibers and matrix is responsible for the stiffness of ICN hydrogels; while the tough matrix and weak direct interfibrillar interactions enable good stretchability. We expect that various kinds of cellulose nanofiber/polymer nanocomposite hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties and/or other features can be fabricated by simply changing the monomers.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) are large multi-domain proteins converting simple acyl-CoA thioesters such as acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to a large diversity of biotechnologically interesting molecules. Such multi-step reaction cascades are of particular interest for applications in engineered microbial cell factories, as the introduction of a single protein with many enzymatic activities does not require balancing of several individual enzymatic activities. However, functional introduction of type I PKSs into heterologous hosts is very challenging as the large polypeptide chains often do not fold properly. In addition, PKS usually require post-translational activation by dedicated 4′-phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases). Here, we introduce an engineered 〈em〉Corynebacterium glutamicum〈/em〉 strain as a novel microbial cell factory for type I PKS-derived products. Suitability of 〈em〉C. glutamicum〈/em〉 for polyketide synthesis could be demonstrated by the functional introduction of the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase ChlB1 from 〈em〉Streptomyces antibioticus〈/em〉. Challenges related to protein folding could be overcome by translation fusion of ChlB1〈sub〉〈em〉Sa〈/em〉〈/sub〉 to the C-terminus of the maltose-binding protein MalE from 〈em〉Escherichia coli〈/em〉. Surprisingly, ChlB1〈sub〉〈em〉Sa〈/em〉〈/sub〉 was also active in the absence of a heterologous PPTase, which finally led to the discovery that the endogenous PPTase PptA〈sub〉〈em〉Cg〈/em〉〈/sub〉 of 〈em〉C. glutamicum〈/em〉 can also activate ChlB1〈sub〉〈em〉Sa〈/em〉〈/sub〉. The best strain, engineered to provide increased levels of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, accumulated up to 41 mg/L (0.27 mM) 6-methylsalicylic acid within 48 h of cultivation. Further experiments showed that PptA〈sub〉〈em〉Cg〈/em〉〈/sub〉 of 〈em〉C. glutamicum〈/em〉 can also activate nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), rendering 〈em〉C. glutamicum〈/em〉 a promising microbial cell factory for the production of several fine chemicals and medicinal drugs.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Converting oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) to high value-added products can contribute to sustainable development by decreasing solid waste. In this paper, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared from OPEFB by following the processes of soda pulping, bleaching, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation, and high-pressure homogenization. Subsequently, the as-prepared CNFs were studied for their potential to stabilize Pickering emulsions. TEM results showed that the as-prepared individual CNFs were 4 nm in width and a few microns in length. Stable Pickering emulsions occurred at 2% CNF dosage, with emulsion droplet of 10 μm in terms of volume mean diameter, D [4, 3]. SEM results supported the presence of CNFs at the O/W interfaces, and CNF networks between the emulsion droplets. The effect of salt concentrations on the emulsion performance was further studied, showing that the conversion of emulsions to gels occurs at a salt concentration of 50 mM or higher.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Microbial production of fuels and chemicals offers a means by which sustainable product manufacture can be achieved. In this regard, 〈em〉Yarrowia lipolytica〈/em〉 is a unique microorganism suitable for a diverse array of biotechnological applications. As a robust oleaginous yeast, it has been well studied for production of fuels and chemicals derived from fatty acids. However, thanks in part to newfound genetic tools and metabolic understanding, 〈em〉Y. lipolytica〈/em〉 has been explored for high-level production of a variety of non-lipid products. This mini-review will discuss some of the recent research surrounding the ability of 〈em〉Y. lipolytica〈/em〉 to support bio-based chemical production outside the realm of fatty acid metabolism including polyketides, terpenes, carotenoids, pentose phosphate-derived products, polymers, and nanoparticles.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Exploring a cheap and clean renewable energy has become a common destination round the world with the depletion of oil resources and the concerns of increasing energy demands. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant renewable resource in the biosphere, and the total biomass formed by plant photosynthesis reached more than 200 billion tons every year. Cellulase and hemicellulose and lignin degradation enzymes, the efficient biocatalyst, could efficiently convert the lignocellulosic biomass into sugars that could be further processed into biofuels, biochemical, and biomaterial for human requirement. The utilization and conversion of cellulosic biomass has great significance to solve the problems such as environmental pollution and energy crisis. Lignocellulosic materials are widely considered as important sources to produce sugar streams that can be fermented into ethanol and other organic chemicals. Pretreatment is a necessary step to overcome its intrinsic recalcitrant nature prior to the production of important biomaterial that has been investigated for nearly 200 years. Emerging research has focused in order of economical, eco-friendly, and time-effective solutions, for large-scale operational approach. These new mentioned technologies are promising for lignocellulosic biomass degradation in a huge scale biorefinery. This review article has briefly explained the emerging technologies especially the consolidated bioprocessing, chemistry, and physical base pretreatment and their importance in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass conversion.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Although poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, as anti-tumor drugs targeting the DNA damage response (DDR), have been used for the therapy of various tumors, few researches reported their effect on laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Here, we first discovered that the PARP-1/2 inhibitor Niraparib could simultaneously induce cell growth inhibition and autophagy in LSCC TU212 and TU686 cells. Niraparib decelerated cell cycle of LSCC by arresting G1 phase and preventing the cells from entering S phase. DNA lesions were also observed upon Niraparib treatment as evidenced by the accumulation of γH2AX and abatement of pRB expression. In addition, autophagy generation was confirmed by the observation of autophagosomes, LC3-positive autophagy-like vacuoles, and obvious conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. Moreover, blocking autophagy enhanced Niraparib-induced growth inhibition and DNA lesions. Further studies suggested that autophagy suppression could obstruct the activation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) through elevating proteasomal activity and then impair the capacity of homologous recombination (HR), thereby improving the anti-LSCC efficiency of Niraparib. Collectively, these findings suggested that simultaneous targeting of Niraparib and autophagy might be a promising therapeutic schedule for LSCC in clinic.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Non-dairy milk alternatives (or milk analogues) are water extracts of plants and have become increasingly popular for human nutrition. Over the years, the global market for these products has become a multi-billion dollar business and will reach a value of approximately 26 billion USD within the next 5 years. Moreover, many consumers demand plant-based milk alternatives for sustainability, health-related, lifestyle and dietary reasons, resulting in an abundance of products based on nuts, seeds or beans. Unfortunately, plant-based milk alternatives are often nutritionally unbalanced, and their flavour profiles limit their acceptance. With the goal of producing more valuable and tasty products, fermentation can help to the improve sensory profiles, nutritional properties, texture and microbial safety of plant-based milk alternatives so that the amendment with additional ingredients, often perceived as artificial, can be avoided. To date, plant-based milk fermentation mainly uses mono-cultures of microbes, such as lactic acid bacteria, bacilli and yeasts, for this purpose. More recently, new concepts have proposed mixed-culture fermentations with two or more microbial species. These approaches promise synergistic effects to enhance the fermentation process and improve the quality of the final products. Here, we review the plant-based milk market, including nutritional, sensory and manufacturing aspects. In addition, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art fermentation of plant materials using mono- and mixed-cultures. Due to the rapid progress in this field, we can expect well-balanced and naturally fermented plant-based milk alternatives in the coming years.〈/p〉

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Highly recyclable pH-responsive lignin-polyethylene glycol (L-PEG) was synthesized to achieve enhanced lignocellulosic hydrolysis and recycling cellulase. The performance of L-PEG could be easily regulated by adjusting the molecular weight and the amount of PEG. The large molecular weight facilitated L-PEG to reduce the invalid adsorption of cellulase on lignin during hydrolysis and enhance its flocculation effect at around pH 3.0. L-PEG〈sub〉1000-40〈/sub〉 obtained by adding 40 wt% (based on lignin) PEG1000 could effectively enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and recover most of cellulase after hydrolysis through simply adjusting the pH of hydrolysate. During eucalyptus hydrolysis, using L-PEG〈sub〉1000-40〈/sub〉 to recycle cellulase could not only save 40% cellulase, but also increase the glucose yield by 121%. Due to the low synthesis cost of L-PEG and the simple and convenient recovery operation, this new method is beneficial to the improvement of lignocellulosic saccharification process and the high-value utilization of lignin.〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphic abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2800_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Bamboo (〈em〉Phyllostachys acuta〈/em〉) is considered one of the useful feedstocks of crop residues due to speedy growth, fastest propagation, and convenient harvesting. The influence of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment of bamboo culm, its structural changes, and enzymatic hydrolysis were determined. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used for the analysis of solid fraction after alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment of bamboo culm. Recombinant enzymes were expressed in 〈em〉Pichia pastoris〈/em〉 from newly identified 〈em〉Aspergillus niger〈/em〉 BE-2. The obtained results revealed more hemicelluloses hydrolysis and improved cellulose accumulation in degraded part. The cellulose component was increased by 36.87%, hemicellulose decreased by 50.66%, and lignin by 37.94% in comparison with the chemical components in the raw material after AHP pretreatment. There is 111% increased yield reported for recombinant enzymes expressed in 〈em〉Pichia pastoris〈/em〉 after 60 h of degradation as compared to untreated substrates biomass. A total of about 370 mg reducing sugars per gram dehydrated bamboo residues were obtained after AHP treatment. The results revealed that major structural changes take place in the physiology of the substrates after AHP treatment, including elimination of lignin and hemicellulose, and enhance the porous area for easy attack of recombinant cellulases. This investigation contributes in biomass conversion in a friendly environment to fulfil the energy requirement in the future challenges.〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphic abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2829_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Directed evolution is frequently applied to identify genetic variants with improvements in a single or multiple properties. When used to improve multiple properties simultaneously, a common strategy is to apply alternating rounds of selection criteria to enrich for variants with each desirable trait. In particular, counterselection, or selection against undesired traits rather than for desired ones, has been successfully employed in many studies. Although the sequence and stringency of alternating selective pressures for different traits are known to be highly consequential for the outcome of the screen, the effects of these parameters have not been systematically evaluated. We developed a method for producing a statistical modeling framework to elucidate these effects. The model uses single-cell fluorescence intensity distributions to estimate the proportions of phenotypic populations within a library and then predicts the changes in these proportions depending on specified positive selective or counterselective pressures. We validated the approach using recently described systems for metabolite-responsive bacterial transcription factors and yeast G-protein-coupled receptors. Finally, we applied the model to identify biological sources that exert undesirable selective pressure on libraries during sorting. Notably, these pressures produce substantial artifacts that, if unaddressed, can lead to failure of the screen. This method for model generation can be applied to FACS-based directed evolution experiments to create a quantitative framework that identifies subtle population effects. Such models can guide the choice of experimental design parameters to better enrich for true positive genetic variants and improve the chance of successful directed evolution.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉We investigate in this paper the potential of Raman spectroscopy for the quantification of protic ionic liquid components (acid and base) and water, in ionic liquid/water mixtures, taking 1.5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH][OAc]) as a case study. We show that the combination of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics is quite successful for the quantitative analysis of the ionic liquid components and water in mixtures over wide concentration ranges. The finding of the present work suggest that Raman spectroscopy should be considered more universally for the in-line monitoring and control of processes involving ionic liquid/H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O mixtures.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In this study, a novel temperature/pH dual responsive hydrogel, based on 〈em〉Hericium erinaceus〈/em〉 residue carboxymethyl chitin (HCMC) and poly (〈em〉N〈/em〉-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm), was synthesized by sequential IPN technique. Series of IPN hydrogels were obtained by varying initial 〈em〉N〈/em〉-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) concentrations. The structure, morphology, thermal property, transparency, mechanical property, swelling kinetics, temperature/pH responses and 5-Fu release behavior of the prepared hydrogels were systematically investigated. The structure analysis results showed that the IPN hydrogels were successfully synthesized. The prepared hydrogels showed more compact network structure and enhanced mechanical property as NIPAm concentration increased, but reduced transparency, swelling degree and 5-Fu release ratio. More importantly, HCMC and PNIPAm ensured the pH and temperature responses, respectively. 5-Fu could be gradually released from the prepared hydrogels, which followed Fickian diffusion model. Therefore, the prepared hydrogels may be served as promising materials for drug delivery systems.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Modern ideas about the aging process of road binders and the principles of restoring their properties and structure are given. Technology of production of standard restored road binders (bitumen and polymer modified bituminous materials) using devulcanized rubber crumb (RC) obtained by crushing spent tires, elemental sulfur, oil dispersing agents (asphalt from deasphalting tar and heavy gas oil catalytic cracking) and polymer-thermoplastic elastomer is proposed. In addition, this technology provides the skillful use of elemental sulfur, waste asphalt from the process of deasphalting tars, and straight-run tar that is in surplus at many refineries. The physical and chemical properties of the restored road binders were evaluated for compliance with the Russian and American standards.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉A zeolite-containing diesel-fuel dearomatization catalyst was prepared using synthesized tungsten-doped zirconia 〈span〉 〈span〉\( {\mathrm{WO}}_4^{2-} \)〈/span〉 〈/span〉/ZrO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and an Ni—Mo complex. The catalyst was tested for diesel fuel dearomatization at 4.5 MPa, feedstock input volume flow rate 1.5 h〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉, H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/feedstock volume ratio 1000 nm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉/m〈sup〉3〈/sup〉, and temperature range 270-330°C. The highest conversion (78.8%) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and greatest cetane number were attained at 290°C. Also, the cloud and pour points of the diesel fuel decreased by 23-25°C because of cracking at 310-330°C and extensive isomerization at 290°C. This was confirmed by the yields of target diesel fraction of 69.8-72.9 and 89.2 wt. %, respectively.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoparticles secreted by Gram-negative bacteria that can be used for diverse biotechnological applications. Interesting applications have been developed, where OMVs are the basis of drug delivery, enzyme carriers, adjuvants, and vaccines. Historically, OMV research has mainly focused on vaccines. Therefore, current OMV production processes have been based on batch processes. The production of OMVs in batch mode is characterized by relatively low yields and high costs. Transition of OMV production processes from batch to continuous processes could increase the volumetric productivity, reduce the production and capital costs, and result in a higher quality product. Here, we study the continuous production of 〈em〉Neisseria meningitidis〈/em〉 OMVs to improve volumetric productivity. Continuous cultivation of 〈em〉N〈/em〉. 〈em〉meningitidis〈/em〉 resulted in a steady state with similar high OMV concentrations as are reached in current batch processes. The steady state was reproducible and could be maintained for at least 600 h. The volumetric productivity of a continuous culture reached 4.0 × 10〈sup〉14〈/sup〉 OMVs per liter culture per day, based on a dilution rate of 1/day. The tested characteristics of the OMVs did not change during the experiments showing feasibility of a continuous production process for the production of OMVs for any application.〈/p〉

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In this work, coconut oil was utilized as a natural phase change material (PCM) and applied on cellulosic fabrics for thermo-regulation. Organic coconut oil was microencapsulated in melamine formaldehyde and poly (methyl methacrylate) polymer shells by in situ and suspension polymerization methods, respectively. The fabricated microcapsules were applied on a daily wear stretch denim fabric and a cotton shirting fabric by knife-coating to impart thermo-regulation functionality. The microencapsulated PCMs and the treated fabric samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that latent heats of 81.9 J/g and 39.1 J/g at melting peak temperatures of 21.5 °C and 22.1 °C were successfully achieved with the microencapsulated PCMs which enabled the fabrics to possess remarkable latent heats in between 6.7 and 14.9 J/g.〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphic abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2701_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈p〉Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae biomass at various temperatures was studied. The products were analyzed by thermogravimetry, elemental analysis, and gas-chromatography—mass-spectromeny. It was concluded that the temperature affected the product yield and composition. The quantitative contents of the major components in the gasoline fraction of the produced bio-oil were determined. The main components in the gasoline fraction were aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, and cycloalkanes. The hydrothermal processing products also contained significant quantities of phenols, organic sulfides, and nitrogenous organic compounds that prevented their direct use as fuel components.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In this investigation, a novel compound (NCSAPP) based on chitosan (CS) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was synthesized by employing solutions of chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate. The synthesized compound was characterized using FTIR, PXRD, XPS, FESEM, EDX, TGA and a Micro Calorimeter. Finally, NCSAPP was inserted into vinyl ester resin and study the thermal and flammable properties. The FTIR spectrum of NCSAPP suggested the reaction between chitosan and APP and that formation of –NH〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉–O〈sup〉−〈/sup〉P– bonds with the –NH〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 peak at 1533 cm〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. The XPS spectrum showed a characteristic peak at 401.36 eV corresponding to the N〈sub〉1s〈/sub〉 of –NH〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉. PXRD suggested the amorphous nature of NCSAPP. FESEM coupled with EDX depicted a rough morphological pattern for NCSAPP with C, N, O and P. The thermal decomposition of NCSAPP was observed to be active at lower temperatures. However, at elevated temperatures (〉 315 °C), a slow degradation rate with significantly higher thermal stability than that of CS was observed. The peak release rate (16.9 w/g) and total heat release (0.9 kJ/g) were significantly lower than those of CS. Besides, vinyl ester composite of NCSAPP obtained superior fire-retardant properties than vinyl ester composites of CS and APP. The obtained results indicate that NCSAPP can be applied in thermal applications operating at high temperatures.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Activities of HCeY vacuum gas-oil cracking catalysts based on the H-form of Fe-modified kaolinites from Kazakhstan deposits with and without zeolites are reported. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined. The main cracking product of vacuum gas oil on Fe-modified H-kaolinites without zeolites was light gas oil, the yields of which was 65.3-67.3%. Adding zeolite increased the gasoline yield up to 22% with rather high feedstock conversion (up to 90.3%).〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Sialylated oligosaccharides are known to have beneficial effects, such as increasing the level of bifidobacteria, reducing the levels of blood endotoxin and blood ammonia, and enhancing the body’s immune system. However, it is unknown whether sialylated lactuloses have modulatory effects on the intestinal microbiota. In this study, 60 healthy mice were randomly divided into six groups, namely, a normal control group, a lactulose group, a Kdn-α2,3-lactulose group, a Kdn-α2,6-lactulose group, a Neu5Ac-α2,3-lactulose group, and a Neu5Ac-α2,6-lactulose group. After 14 days of lactulose administration, the feces of three mice from each group were collected, and the intestinal microbiota were detected by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3–V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of 〈em〉Firmicutes〈/em〉 was increased in the sialylated lactulose groups, while the abundance of 〈em〉Bacteroidetes〈/em〉 was decreased. At the family level, sialylated lactulose intervention decreased the relative abundance of 〈em〉Bacteroidales S24-7 group〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Helicobacteraceae〈/em〉 and enhanced the abundance of 〈em〉Lactobacillaceae〈/em〉, which reflects the modulatory effect of sialylated lactulose on intestinal microbiota. Diversity analysis indicated that the index of Chao was higher in the sialylated lactulose groups than in the normal control group, and the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were higher in the Kdnα-2,6-lactulose group and the Neu5Ac-α2,3-lactulose group than in the normal control group. The results of the intestinal microbiota sample composition indicated that there were differences between the sialylated lactulose groups and the normal control group. Thus, sialylated lactulose could be used as a functional food component with potential therapeutic applications in manipulating intestinal microbiota to exert beneficial effects on the host’s health.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉〈em〉Pseudomonas stutzeri〈/em〉 strain XL-2 exhibited significant performance on biofilm formation. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by strain XL-2 were characterized by colorimetry and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The biofilm growth showed a strong positive correlation (〈em〉r〈/em〉〈sub〉P〈/sub〉=0.96, 〈em〉P〈/em〉〈0.01) to extracellular protein content, but no correlation to exopolysaccharide content. Hydrolyzing the biofilm with proteinase K caused a significant decrease in biofilm growth (〈em〉t〈/em〉=3.7, 〈em〉P〈/em〉〈0.05), whereas the changes in biofilm growth were not significant when the biofilm was hydrolyzed by α-amylase and β-amylase, implying that proteins rather than polysaccharides played the dominant role in biofilm formation. More specifically, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that the extracellular proteins were tightly bound to the cells, resulting in the cells with EPS presenting more biofilm promotion protein secondary structures, such as three-turn helices, β-sheet, and α-helices, than cells without EPS. Both bio-assays and quantitative analysis demonstrated that strain XL-2 produced signal molecules of 〈em〉N〈/em〉-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) during biofilm formation process. The concentrations of C〈sub〉6〈/sub〉-HLS and C〈sub〉6〈/sub〉-〈em〉oxo〈/em〉-HLS were both significantly positively correlated with protein contents (〈em〉P〈/em〉〈0.05). Dosing exogenous C〈sub〉6〈/sub〉-HLS and C〈sub〉6〈/sub〉-〈em〉oxo〈/em〉-HLS also resulted in the increase in protein content. Therefore, it was speculated that C〈sub〉6〈/sub〉-HLS and C〈sub〉6〈/sub〉-〈em〉oxo〈/em〉-HLS released by strain XL-2 could up-regulate the secretion of proteins in EPS, and thus promote the formation of biofilm.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Oxidative stress is an unavoidable consequence of interactions with various reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing agents that would damage cells or even cause cell death. Bacteria have developed defensive systems, including induction of stress-sensing proteins and detoxification enzymes, to handle oxidative stress. Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous intracellular bacterial second messenger that coordinates diverse aspects of bacterial growth and behavior. In this study, we revealed a mechanism by which c-di-GMP regulated bacterial oxidative stress resistance in 〈em〉Pseudomonas putida〈/em〉 KT2440. High c-di-GMP level was found to enhance bacterial resistance towards hydrogen peroxide. Transcription assay showed that expression of two oxidative stress resistance genes, 〈em〉fpr-1〈/em〉 and 〈em〉katE〈/em〉, was promoted under high c-di-GMP level. Deletion of 〈em〉fpr-1〈/em〉 and 〈em〉katE〈/em〉 both decreased bacterial tolerance to hydrogen peroxide and weakened the effect of c-di-GMP on oxidative stress resistance. The promoted expression of 〈em〉fpr-1〈/em〉 under high c-di-GMP level was caused by increased cellular ROS via a transcriptional regulator FinR. We further demonstrated that the influence of high c-di-GMP on cellular ROS depend on the existence of FleQ, a transcriptional regulatory c-di-GMP effector. Besides, the regulation of 〈em〉katE〈/em〉 by c-di-GMP was also FleQ dependent in an indirect way. Our results proved a connection between c-di-GMP and oxidative stress resistance and revealed a mechanism by which c-di-GMP regulated expression of 〈em〉fpr-1〈/em〉 and 〈em〉katE〈/em〉 in 〈em〉P. putida〈/em〉 KT2440.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Bis-alkylsulfonic acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-substituted BF〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 azadipyrromethenes have been synthesized by an adaptable and versatile route. Only four synthetic stages were required to produce the penultimate fluorophore compounds, containing either two alcohol or two terminal alkyne substituents. The final synthetic step introduced either sulfonic acid or polyethylene glycol groups to impart aqueous solubility. Sulfonic acid groups were introduced by reaction of the bis-alcohol-substituted fluorophore with sulfur trioxide, and a double Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction between the bis-alkyne fluorophore and methoxypolyethylene glycol azide yielded a neutral bis-pegylated derivative. Both fluorophores exhibited excellent near-infrared (NIR) photophysical properties in methanol and aqueous solutions. Live cell microscopy imaging revealed efficient uptake and intracellular labelling of cells for both fluorophores. Their simple synthesis, with potential for last-step structural modifications, makes the present NIR-active azadipyrromethene derivatives potentially useful as NIR fluorescence imaging probes for live cells.〈/p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1828_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈p〉A method for predicting and calculating friction coefficients and kinetic characteristics for electrodialysis separation of industrial solutions containing nickel ions was developed. Approximations for predicting friction coefficients that could then be used to calculate kinetic characteristics for electrodialysis separation of industrial solutions were obtained using the developed method. The discrepancy between experimental and theoretically calculated data was estimated in most instances at ≤ 5%, indicating that the developed method was acceptable for use.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This paper compares the techno-economic performances of three technologies for CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 capture from a lignite-based IGCC power plant located in the Czech Republic: (1) Physical absorption with a Rectisol-based process; (2) Polymeric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-selective membrane-based capture; (3) Low-temperature capture. The evaluations show that the IGCC plant with CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 capture leads to costs of electricity between 91 and 120 € · MWh〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, depending on the capture technology employed, compared to 65 € · MWh〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 for the power plant without capture. This results in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 avoidance costs ranging from 42 to 84 € · 〈span〉 〈span〉\({\text{t}_{{\text{CO}_2},\text{avoided}}}^{ - 1}\)〈/span〉 〈/span〉, mainly linked to the losses in net power output. From both energy and cost points of view, the low-temperature and Rectisol based CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 capture processes are the most efficient capture technologies. Furthermore, partial CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 capture appears as a good mean to ensure early implementation due to the limited increase in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 avoidance cost when considering partial capture. To go beyond the two specific CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-selective membranes considered, a cost/membrane property map for CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-selective membranes was developed. This map emphasise the need to develop high performance membrane to compete with solvent technology. Finally, the cost of the whole CCS chain was estimated at 54 € · 〈span〉 〈span〉\({\text{t}_{{\text{CO}_2},\text{avoided}}}^{ - 1}\)〈/span〉 〈/span〉 once pipeline transport and storage are taken into consideration. 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1870_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Standardized statement of multiproduct chemical plant designing problems in the form of graphs based on calculation of the number and critical dimensions of the apparatuses for each stage, optimization of design and operation characteristics of the equipment, placing of equipment in the plant premises, and pipelines layout is proposed. The proposed standardization helps reduce the cost and time for building and maintaining a single information space of the system of computer-aided designing of multiproduct chemical plants.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉A new design of a liquid ring vacuum pump is developed providing kinematic closure of the rotating sleeve blades and impeller blades. The design allows to maintain a constant gear ratio from the sleeve to the impeller during interaction of one pair of blades, and as a result, to reduce dynamic loads on the components of the liquid ring vacuum pump, to smooth its operation, and to ensure stability of the liquid ring shape. Structural differences and hydrodynamic features of fluid flow in the working cavity are compared for a liquid ring vacuum pump with a stationary casing and with kinematic closure. It has been established that power consumption for the evacuation process is reduced on average by 35% (by approximately 36 % due to a decrease of the area of bladeless space, and by up to 40% due to a decrease in the friction forces of the fluid in the bladeless space).〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In traditional ceramic processing techniques, high sintering temperature is necessary to achieve fully dense microstructures. But it can cause various problems including warpage, overfiring, element evaporation, and polymorphic transformation. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel processing technique called “cold sintering process (CSP)” has been explored by Randall et al. CSP enables densification of ceramics at ultra-low temperature (⩽300°C) with the assistance of transient aqueous solution and applied pressure. In CSP, the processing conditions including aqueous solution, pressure, temperature, and sintering duration play critical roles in the densification and properties of ceramics, which will be reviewed. The review will also include the applications of CSP in solid-state rechargeable batteries. Finally, the perspectives about CSP is proposed.〈/p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1832_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈p〉The affiliation for the authors is incorrect. The affiliation should read〈/p〉 〈p〉The Siberian Federal University, Institute of Oil and Gas, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Some information is provided on industrial use of butane. Methods of its separation from gas mixtures are discussed. A new design of a device for adsorptive separation of gases is proposed. A notable difference of the design of the proposed adsorber from the existing designs is inclusion of a device for generating vibrations in the bulk of the loaded adsorbent, which reduces the loading density in the lower section of the adsorber. This technical solution helps improve the quality of butane separation from butane fraction and separate effectively other gas mixtures as well.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The article proposes an adsorption technology for the treatment of salt wastewater and concentrate of reverse osmosis plants to remove sulfates and chlorides by multi-tonnage waste from the energy industry — chemical water treatment sludge formed at the wastewater pre-treatment stage. Curves of adsorption of sulfate and chloride ions by granular sorption material in dynamic conditions were obtained. According to the Shilov equation, the time and coefficient of protective action of the loading layer during adsorption purification from sulfate and chloride ions under dynamic conditions were calculated. The basic technological scheme of the pilot wastewater treatment plant and reverse osmosis concentrates of the plant at PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim is proposed. The economic benefit and prevented environmental damages implemented using this technology are calculated.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The design of a reactor developed to process associated petroleum gas for producing hydrogen and nanofibrous carbon material is described. The catalytic pyrolysis parameters, based on which the technological scheme is developed, are chosen. The efficiency of the device for catalyst mixing in the reactor is proved by modeling method.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉An analysis of the potential for the use of modern computer technologies in the study of the hydrodynamics in the workspace of devices by means of numerical methods using the Salome–Meca numerical simulation preprocessor for model creation, the Code–Saturne processor for calculation of hydrodynamic models, and the Paraview post-processor for display and analysis of the results is presented. The range of applicability of laminar, 〈em〉k〈/em〉−ε, and 〈em〉k〈/em〉−ω SST turbulent models of fluid flow for simulation of the hydrodynamics of an incompressible fluid in the workspace of a test model with different Reynolds numbers is revealed based on a comparison of the present results with results of analytical calculations. Use of the 〈em〉k〈/em〉−ω SST turbulence model for simulation of the workspace of mixers with internal diameter from 50 to 200 mm in the range of Reynolds numbers from 7 · 10〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 to 2 · 10〈sup〉6〈/sup〉 with number of grid cells greater than 2 · 10〈sup〉5〈/sup〉 is recommended.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The process of obtaining sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from cotton cellulose is discussed. Conceptual and processing-equipment diagrams are presented. The technological process and used equipment are described.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The production of biopharmaceuticals as vaccines in serum-free media results in reduced risk of contamination and simpler downstream processing. The production of enveloped viruses and viral vectors such as Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) typically requires lipids that are provided by supplementation with animal serum, so production under serum-free conditions is challenging. In this work, the capacity to deliver genetic material of SFV-viral replicon particles (SFV-VRPs) produced in BHK-21 cells adapted to serum-free medium (BHK/SFM) was evaluated. Three transgenes were evaluated: GFP used as a model protein, while hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 protease domain (HCV-NS3p) and rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) were selected based on their distinct nature (enzyme and glycoprotein, respectively). BHK/SFM cells produced a sevenfold higher number of SFV-VRPs, as determined by qRT-PCR. These particles showed similar capacities of infecting BHK/FBS or BHK/SFM cells. GFP expression was evaluated by flow cytometry, HCV-NS3p activity by enzymatic assay, and RVGP expression by ELISA and Western Blot. Expression analysis revealed higher levels of GFP and HCV-NS3p in BHK/SFM, while the levels of RVGP were similar for BHK/SFM and BHK/FBS. In conclusion, the BHK/SFM cells showed increased SFV-VRP production yields, without affecting vector infectivity or heterologous gene expression, hence validating the use of BHK/SFM for industrial applications.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Carbon molecular sieve membrane (CMSM)/paper-like stainless steel fibers (PSSF) has been manufactured by pyrolyzing poly (furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) coated on the metal fibers. PFAwas synthesized using oxalic acid dihydrate as a catalyst and coated on microfibers by dip coating method. For the purpose of investigating the effects of final carbonization temperature, the composites were carbonized between 400°C and 800°C under flowing nitrogen. The morphology and microstructure were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 adsorption and desorption, Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The consequences of characterization showed that the CMSM containing mesopores of 3.9 nm were manufactured. The specific surface area of the CMSM/PSSF fabricated in different pyrolysis temperature varies from 26.5 to 169.1 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉·g〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉 and pore volume varies from 0.06 to 0.23 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉·g〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉. When pyrolysis temperature exceeds 600°C, the specific surface, pore diameter and pore volume decreased as carbonization temperature increased. Besides, the degree of graphitization in carbon matrix increased with rising pyrolysis temperature. Toluene adsorption experiments on different structured fixed bed that was padded by CMSM/PSSF and granular activated carbon (GAC) were conducted. For the sake of comparison, adsorption test was also performed on fixed bed packed with GAC. The experimental results indicated that the rate constant κ’ was dramatically increased as the proportion of CMCM/PSSF composites increased on the basis of Yoon-Nelson model, which suggested that structured fixed bed padded with CMSM/PSSF composite offered higher adsorption rate and mass transfer efficiency. 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1827_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉βKlotho as the major role is a necessary auxiliary protein when fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) binds FGF21 receptors (FGFR) for activating intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately generate biological effects. To achieve the aim of high throughput screening of FGF21 analogues, we established 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells that could stably express βklotho protein. The glucose uptake, expression of GLUT1 mRNA and activation of FGF signaling molecules ERK1/2 phosphorylation were detected by GOD-POD assay, real-time PCR analysis and western blotting assay in 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, respectively. The results showed that FGF21 increased glucose uptake significantly in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner in 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells. 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells stimulated with FGF21 up-regulated the transcriptional levels of GLUT1 mRNA obviously. FGF21 activated the FGF signaling molecules ERK1/2 in 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells. In addition, the same results were obtained in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, FGF21-stimulated elevation of glucose uptake, GLUT1 mRNA transcription and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were dramatically attenuated by pretreatment of cells with FGFR specific inhibitor SU5402 in 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells. This study demonstrated that the cell model could be applied to high throughput screen FGF21 analogues.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of various types of solid tumors. Despite the dose-dependency of its antineoplastic effect, the high risk for nephrotoxicity frequently precludes the use of higher doses. α-Linolenic acid (ALA), a carboxylic acid having three cis double bonds, is an essential fatty acid required for health and can be acquired via foods that contain ALA or supplementation of foods high in ALA. Previous studies have shown that ALA demonstrates anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects. In this study, we show the protective effect of ALA on cisplatin-induced renal toxicity associated with oxidative stress in mice using biochemical parameters. The mice were randomly assigned into four experimental groups. Group 1 (control group) were administered physiological saline solution for 9 days; group 2 (ALA group) received 200 mg/kg alpha-linolenic acid via gavage for 9 days; group 3 (CIS group) received 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) CIS for 9 days; and group 4 (ALA + CIS group) received 100 mg/kg i.p. CIS and followed by ALA 200 mg/kg via gavage for 9 days. Alpha-linolenic acid significantly reduced the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), phospholipase A2 (PLA〈sub〉2〈/sub〉), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the ALA + CIS group compared to the CIS group. Furthermore, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) quantities were significantly elevated in the ALA + CIS group when compared to the CIS group. ALA significantly decreased the levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3, while significantly increasing the level of bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, in the ALA + CIS group than in the CIS group. Finally, histopathological examination in renal tissue showed that the significant edematous damage induced by CIS administration alone was reduced in ALA + CIS group. In conclusion, our findings show that ALA is beneficial to CIS-induced nephrotoxicity in mice via its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Oleanolic acid (OA), a potential drug for diabetic nephropathy (DN) treatment was found to downregulate the expression of microRNA (miR). The research aimed to investigate the effect of OA on autophagy mediated through miR-142-5p targeted PTEN signal. NRK-52E cells were cultured under normal or high glucose condition. DN model were induced by intravenous injection with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Renal fibrosis mice were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining and immunohistochemistry assay. TargetScan and dual-luciferase reporter assay system was used to detect the target of miR-142-5p. Expression levels of microRNA and proteins were analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting. Autophagy was decreased in the progression of renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy mice (in vivo) and in high glucose-induced NRK-52E cells (rat kidney epithelial cells) (in vitro) as the expression ofLC-3I and LC-3II (indicators of autophagy) were decreased mice MiR-142-5p was unregulated and PTEN was down-regulated in kidney mice and high glucose-induced NRK-52E cells. Targetscan prediction revealed that PTEN was a target of miR-142-5p. OA restricted HG-induced NRK-52E cell fibrosis through inhibition of miR-142-5p to promote PTEN expression and autophagy levels. To sum up, the research indicated that OA promoted autophagy through inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. OA alleviated diabetic renal fibrosis by increasing autophagy through regulation of miR-142-5p/PTEN via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in NRK-52E cells.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Central nervous system diseases remain the most challenging pathologies, with limited or even no therapeutic possibilities and a poor prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the differentiation properties of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) transfected with recombinant adenovirus expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein cardiotrophin-1 (Adv-EGFP-CT-1) and the possible mechanisms involved. Cells were isolated, and MSC immunophenotypes were confirmed. The resulting differentiated cells treated with Adv-EGFP-CT-1 and cultured in neural induction medium (NIM) expressed higher levels of Nestin, neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) markers than cells in other treatments. Expression of glycoprotein 130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor β (gp130/LiFRβ), Raf-1, phosphorylated Raf-1 (p-Raf-1), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) increased gradually within 72 h after transfection with Adv-EGFP-CT-1 and NIM culture. Additionally, inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) abrogated expression of p-ERK1/2, Nestin, GFAP and NeuN. Thus, the ERK1/2 pathway may contribute to CT1-stimulated neural differentiation of hUCB-MSCs.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Icariin is the main active compound extracted from epimedium Flavonoids (EFs) and involved in regulation of cell behaviors (proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy etc.) for many cell types, but the effect of Icariin on airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) is still unknown. The aim of the present study is to examine the role of Icariin on rat ASMCs proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy. CKK8 assay showed that Icariin inhibited rat ASMCs growth in dose-time-dependent manner, and the flow cytometry assay showed that the Icariin interfered with ASMCs cell cycle, when treated with Icariin, S phase shortened while G2 phase extended, cyclin E1 and cyclinA1 gene and protein expression decreased. Next apoptosis was detected, Flow cytometry and TdTmediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that Icariin promoted ASMCs apoptosis, and enhanced apoptosis protein cleaved-caspase-3 expression. Finally, it was found Icariin induced rat ASMCs autophagy, with enhancement expression of autophagy marker LC3 II. In conclusion, Icariin inhibited ASMCs proliferation while promoted apoptosis and autophagy, revealing its potential role in treatment of airway remodeling in asthma.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Stem cells provide a new strategy for the treatment of cardiac diseases; however, their effectiveness in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has not been investigated. In this study, cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) were isolated from infants (〈strong〉≤ 〈/strong〉24 months) and identified by the cell surface markers CD105, CD90, CD117 and CD45, which is consistent with a previous report, although increased CD34 expression was observed. The molecular expression profile of CDCs from infants was determined by RNA sequencing and compared with adult CDCs, showing that infant CDCs have almost completely altered gene expression patterns compared with adult CDCs. The upregulated genes in infant CDCs are mainly related to the biological processes of cell morphogenesis and differentiation. The molecular profile of infant CDCs was characterized by lower expression of inflammatory cytokines and higher expression of stem cell markers and growth factors compared to adult CDCs. After intramyocardial administration of infant CDCs in the heart of DCM rats, we found that infant CDCs remained in the heart of DCM rats for at least 7 days, improved DCM-induced cardiac function impairment and protected the myocardium by elevating the left ventricular ejection fraction and fraction shortening. However, the effectiveness of transplanted CDCs was reversed later, as increased fibrosis formation instead of angiogenesis was observed. We concluded that infant CDCs, with higher expression of stem cell markers and growth factors, exhibit non-durable heart protection due to limited residence time in the heart of DCM animals, suggesting that multiple administrations of the CDCs or post-regulation after transplantation may be the key for cell therapy in the future.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Gasification of mixtures of biomass (sunflower seed shells, corn cobs) and heavy oil residues (tar) with added water and preliminary mechanochemical activation of the feedstock is investigated. The influence of the gasification conditions on the yield and composition of the obtained syngas is studied.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Due to the complexity of fluid composition and the dynamic characteristics of a gas reservoir with an underlying aquifer and an oil rim, estimating the storage capacity of such a reservoir is a complex problem. In this work, the method of numerical simulation is used to calculate the dynamic characteristics of such reservoirs. The obtained data on the distribution of the three phases in the reservoir show the expansion of the gas cap and the penetration of the underlying water into the oil rim, resulting in a three-phase transition zone which increases seepage resistance. The capacity of the reservoir is calculated by the method of numerical simulation taking into account the seepage resistance of the three phases, and the material balance method without taking into account the seepage resistance. The results of calculations show that the storage capacity calculated by the first method is 74% of the value calculated by the second method. Thus, we can conclude that the three-phase transition zone is the main parameter affecting the calculated reservoir capacity, and the effect of the transition zone cannot be neglected when estimating the storage capacity of the reservoir.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Results are given for a study on the optimization of the composition of crude oil consisting of petroleum, fuel oil, and gas condensate to improve atmospheric distillation at an installation of the Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Company. The results of a determination of the size of dispersed phase particles and the stability factor were used to predict the effect of the gas condensate in the crude oil on the major physicochemical properties and yield of light petroleum products. An active state of the dispersed system in the mixed crude oil was found at 40 wt.%. Atmospheric distillation of the activated crude oil permits an increase in the yield of light petroleum products by 28 wt. %.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The maltooligosaccharide-forming amylase from 〈em〉Bacillus stearothermophilus〈/em〉 STB04 (Bst-MFA) randomly cleaves the α-1,4 glycosidic linkages of starch to produce predominantly maltopentaose and maltohexaose. The three-dimensional co-crystal structure of Bst-MFA with acarbose highlighted the stacking interactions between Trp139 and the substrate in subsites − 5 and − 6. Interactions like this are thought to play a critical role in maltopentaose/maltohexaose production. A site-directed mutagenesis approach was used to test this hypothesis. Replacement of Trp139 by alanine, leucine, or tyrosine dramatically increased maltopentaose production and reduced maltohexaose production. Oligosaccharide degradation indicated that these mutants also enhance productive binding of the substrate aglycone, leading to a high maltopentaose yield. Therefore, the aromatic stacking between Trp139 and substrate is suggested to control product specificity and the oligosaccharide cleavage pattern.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉During more than 100 years of oil development, cementing technologies have been constantly improved. Depending on the well conditions, the technologies vary in number of stages, cementing mixture composition, and methods to provide leakage-proof and gas-tight cementing, etc. In this paper the authors analyzed the creep law application and its models for the salt-gypsum layer and performed the comparative adaptability evaluation of cementing methods in the salt-gypsum layer.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The first author’s name is incorrect. It should read〈/p〉 〈p〉A. S. Stoporev.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉A comparison was made of the hygroscopicity, cell wall chemical composition and crystallinity of recently peeled poplar (〈em〉Populus〈/em〉 spp.) wood and wood of the same species subjected to repeated cycles (20, 60 and 80) of vacuum/pressure (85 kPa/600 kPa) and soaking in an autoclave followed by oven drying. The 15 and 35 °C sorption isotherms were obtained using the saturated salt method and fitted with the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer model. Chemical composition was determined and the infrared spectra and X-ray powder and 2D diffractograms were obtained to identify differences in the wood with and without cycles. The cycles caused a statistically significant decrease in equilibrium moisture content (EMC) between the wood without cycles and the wood with cycles, a statistically significant lower contribution by the monolayer as the number of cycles increased (in the 15 °C isotherm in adsorption without cycles from 8.12% EMC to 6.16% with 80 cycles, in desorption from 10.23 to 8.13%; in the 35 °C isotherm from 7.45 to 5.57% in adsorption and from 8.86 to 6.54% in desorption), a decrease in the area of the hysteresis loop with significant differences between the wood without cycles and the wood with cycles, a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of cell wall components (in cellulose and extractives, in lignin content between the wood without cycles and wood with 60 and 80 cycles, and in hemicellulose between the wood without cycles and the wood with 80 cycles), a statistically significant increase in crystallinity between the wood without cycles (CRI% 52.1%) and the wood with cycles (CRI% 81.60–92.50%), and reorganisation of the cell wall ultrastructure, as seen in the increased size of the cellulose crystal of the fraction oriented parallel to the fibre.〈/p〉

Description: 〈span〉 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Thermal and structural properties of historical woods from apparatuses of the Historical Collection of the Physics Instruments of the University of Palermo have been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy coupled with thermogravimetric analysis. Specifically, the wooden portions of apparatuses from XIX century have been studied. The investigated woods belong to different taxa (〈em〉Swietenia mahagoni〈/em〉, 〈em〉Picea abies〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Juglans regia〈/em〉). The thermal behavior of the wooden materials has been successfully interpreted on the basis of specific indexes determined by the quantitative analysis of the FTIR spectra. The kinetics of the wood pyrolysis have been investigated by using a non-isothermal approach based on model-free isoconversional procedures, such as Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Friedman methods. Interestingly, the activation energy of the pyrolysis process reflects both the peculiar composition (related to the specific wooden taxon) and the conservation state of the historical woods. In this regards, we estimated that the average activation energies obtained from KAS analysis are 203, 156 and 43 kJ mol〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 for 〈em〉Swietenia mahagoni〈/em〉, 〈em〉Picea abies〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Juglans regia〈/em〉 woods, respectively. The thermogravimetric parameters have been correlated to the lignin index of the woods by proper experimental equations, which can be considered as a novel protocol to estimate the preservation conditions of historical woods from different taxon.〈/p〉 〈/span〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphic abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2688_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈p〉The acknowledgement is missing. It reads〈/p〉 〈p〉The study was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (unique project identifier RFMEFI57717X0252).〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The deformation—strength (strength and plasticity) and dilatometric properties (contraction or volume shrinkage) of binary composites of food paraffin P-1 and the polymers low-pressure polyethylene, polyethylene waxes, atactic polypropylene, and copolymers of ethylene and vinylacetate are investigated. The structural and mechanical properties of the polymer—paraffin composites are plotted as functions of composition. The dependences of these properties on the content of modifying component in the P-1 composites are compared.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Reversible photochromic hybrid organic–inorganic films containing nanocrystalline cellulose as a matrix and tungsten oxide as a photochromic component (CNC/WO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉) were obtained via a simple and quick solvent casting method. The films were studied by scanning electron microscopy, together with element mapping, FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, confirming successful incorporation of WO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 nanoparticles into a nanocellulose matrix. Thermal analysis data indicated that the modification of a nanocellulose matrix with WO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 increases its thermal stability. The CNC/WO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 films showed a quick coloration-bleaching transition with good reversibility within 20 min, without notable degradation of photochromic properties after 10 cycles. The synthetic method proposed allows for scalable preparation of highly efficient low-cost WO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-based photochromic materials.〈/p〉 〈span〉 〈h3〉Graphic abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/10570_2019_2716_Figa_HTML.png"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉 〈/p〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈p〉A flat-chamber type of electrobaromembrane separation equipment is designed. A method is developed to calculate the effective separation area of the equipment that enables determination of the total performing area of the membranes for separating solutions and the usable area of cathode- and anode-adjoining membranes.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Carotenoids are naturally synthesized in some species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi (including yeasts) as well as all photosynthetic organisms. 〈em〉Escherichia coli〈/em〉 has been the most popular bacterial host for the heterologous production of a variety of carotenoids, including even xanthophylls unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes such as lutein, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin. However, conversion efficiency of these epoxy-xanthophylls (antheraxanthin and violaxanthin) from zeaxanthin remained substantially low. We here examined several factors affecting their productivity in 〈em〉E. coli〈/em〉. Two sorts of plasmids were introduced into the bacterial host, i.e., a plasmid to produce zeaxanthin due to the presence of the 〈em〉Pantoea ananatis crtE〈/em〉, 〈em〉crtB〈/em〉, 〈em〉crtI〈/em〉, 〈em〉crtY〈/em〉, and 〈em〉crtZ〈/em〉 genes in addition to the 〈em〉Haematococcus pluvialis IDI〈/em〉 gene, and one containing each of zeaxanthin epoxidase (〈em〉ZEP〈/em〉) genes originated from nine photosynthetic eukaryotes. It was consequently found that paprika (〈em〉Capsicum annuum〈/em〉) ZEP (CaZEP) showed the highest conversion activity. Next, using the 〈em〉CaZEP〈/em〉 gene, we performed optimization experiments in relation to 〈em〉E. coli〈/em〉 strains as the production hosts, expression vectors, and ribosome-binding site (RBS) sequences. As a result, the highest productivity of violaxanthin (231 μg/g dry weight) was observed, when the pUC18 vector was used with 〈em〉CaZEP〈/em〉 preceded by a RBS sequence of score 5000 in strain JM101(DE3).〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are considerable biopolymers that have gained an increasing biotechnological interest in different applications, although their industrial production presents several limitations. Filamentous bacterial cells could represent a possible strategy to increase PHA yield, since more abundant PHA inclusions can be stored in elongated than in rod-shaped cells. At first, we determined the optimal batch culture conditions to induce filamentation in 〈em〉Pseudomonas mediterranea〈/em〉 CFBP-5447T, using glutamine, glycerol, glucose, and sodium octanoate, as the sole carbon source, at low- (100 rpm) or high- (250 rpm) shaking speeds. Successively, a fermentative process was set up using glutamine in a co-metabolic strategy with glycerol, and the PHAs production was compared in rod-shaped and filamentous cells. High glutamine concentrations (from 28 to 56 mM) were able to induce alone filamentation, whereas at lower glutamine concentrations (5–10 mM), the shaking speeds became critical to allow or not filamentous phenotype. PHA granule production was higher in filamentous than in rod-shaped cells, when glycerol (46.6 mM) was added to glutamine (5 mM) in co-metabolism, and fermentation was performed at a low-shaking speed. After extraction and precipitation, PHA yield was about two times higher in filamentous than that rod-shaped cells. Our results provide new insights into filament-inducing conditions and indicate a potential use of filamentous 〈em〉P. mediterranea〈/em〉 CFBP-5447T cells to increase PHA yield. These findings could have great advantages in PHAs recovering during downstream processes, since the harvesting of elongated cells is much less time-consuming and energy expensive than required with rod-shaped cells.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Outcome of patients with blood stream infections (BSI) depends on the rapid initiation of adequate antibiotic therapy, which relies on the fast and reliable identification of the underlying pathogen. Blood cultures (BC) using CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-sensitive colorimetric indicators and subsequent microbiological culturing are the diagnostic gold standard but turnaround times range between 24 and 48 h. The detection of volatile organic compounds of microbial origin (mVOC) has been described as a feasible method for identifying microbial growth and to differentiate between several microbial species. In this study, we aimed to investigate the ability of mVOC analyses using a gas chromatograph coupled to an ion mobility spectrometer (GC-IMS) for the recognition of bacterial growth and bacterial differentiation in BCs. Therefore, samples of whole blood and diluted bacterial suspension were injected into aerobic and anaerobic BC bottles and incubated for 8 h. Headspace samples from cultures of 〈em〉Escherichia coli〈/em〉 (DSM 25944), 〈em〉Staphylococcus aureus〈/em〉 (DSM 13661), and 〈em〉Pseudomonas aeruginosa〈/em〉 (DSM 1117) were investigated hourly and we determined at which point of time a differentiation between the bacteria was possible. We found specific mVOC signals in the headspace over growing BCs of all three bacterial species. GC-IMS headspace analyses allowed faster recognition of bacterial growth than the colorimetric indicator of the BCs. A differentiation between the three investigated species was possible after 6 h of incubation with a high reliability in the principal component analysis. We concluded that GC-IMS headspace analyses could be a helpful method for the rapid detection and identification of bacteria in BSI.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The influence of the location of inlet nozzles for a secondary liquid stream on the flow structure in the working volume of ejection mixers used to produce water-in-oil emulsions was studied using numerical methods. The parameters and physical properties of a working medium corresponding to those of process oil supplied to industrial electrical desalting plants were calculated using the SST 〈em〉k〈/em〉 –ω turbulence model. The ergonomics of the developed apparatuses could be preliminarily evaluated by using numerical methods to analyze the distribution of velocity and pressure fields in the working volume. An even number of inlet pipes for the secondary reagent that were located opposite each other improved the mixing conditions in the mixers and used the energy of the primary stream to produce turbulence and disperse secondary-reagent streams.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This article presents the results of studies of the influence of leaks in the working chamber of long-stroke ultra-low-speed units on its working process. The leakages of the working chamber are determined by the value of the conditional clearance in the valves and the cylinder-piston seal. The paper confirms the significant influence of the values of conditional clearances on the integral characteristics of ultra-low-speed long-stroke stages of piston compressor units and estimates the share of the influence of leaks through valves and piston seals on the total volume of leaks.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Although the potential of heterotrophic microalgae served as a sustainable source for lutein, it was still crucial to formulate a suitable medium to offset the cost involved in algal biomass cultivation while improve inherent lutein productivity. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibilities of waste 〈em〉Monascus〈/em〉 fermentation broth medium (MFBM) toward heterotrophic 〈em〉Chlorella protothecoides〈/em〉-enriched lutein. The results indicated that 〈em〉C. protothecoides〈/em〉 subjected to MFBM batch feeding achieved 7.1 g/L biomass and 7.27 mg/g lutein. The resulting lutein productivity (7.34 mg/L/day) represented 1.54-fold more than that of frequently used Basal medium. Concurrently, the effective metabolism and absorption of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in MFBM by 〈em〉C. subellipsoidea〈/em〉 cultivation make it easily complied with the permissible dischargeable limits for fermentation broth. When response to fed-batch culture mode, the biomass and lutein productivity peaked 20.4 g/L and 9.11 mg/L/day with concentrated MFBM feeding. Transcriptomics data hinted that MFBM feeding manipulated lutein biosynthesis key checkpoints (e.g., lycopene 〈em〉β〈/em〉-cyclase and lycopene 〈em〉ε〈/em〉-cyclase) while accelerated energy pathways (e.g., glycolysis and TCA cycle) to contribute such high lutein productivity in 〈em〉C. protothecoides〈/em〉. These encouraging findings not only provided indications in applying nutrient-rich fermentation broth for affordable microalgae cultivation but also presented possibilities in linking algal high value-added products like lutein with high-efficient biological nutrition removal from industrial fermentation processing.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉〈em〉Ganoderma〈/em〉 have been regarded as a traditional source of natural bioactive compounds for centuries and have recently been exploited for potential components in the cosmetics industry. Besides 〈em〉Ganoderma〈/em〉 polysaccharides and triterpenes, multiple proteins have been found in 〈em〉Ganoderma〈/em〉. With the in-depth study of these proteins, various pharmacological functions of 〈em〉Ganoderma〈/em〉 have become important in the discovery and development of new products. In the review, we summarized and discussed the kinds and characteristics of 〈em〉Ganoderma〈/em〉 proteins, especially on fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) which can be potentially developed into cosmeceuticals or nutricosmetics and are a suitable target for production using established biotechnological methods. Furthermore, we discuss their pharmacological activities of the proteins with a focus on their pharmacological functions related to cosmetics, such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of melanin, antibacterial activity, and regulation of inflammatory mediators. Numerous other questions also are addressed before the proteins can be widely accepted and used as cosmetic additives.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The design of a hydrostatic analyzer of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions with concentrations up to 40 mass% is reviewed. Its metrological characteristics are determined. The device features a simple design and has high metrological characteristics, low energy consumption, and can be used under production conditions as an alternative to other analyzers of HCl solutions.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene, as a gasoline model oil, over an industrial Ni-Mo/Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 catalyst was investigated in a continuous system under microwave irradiation. The HDS efficiency was much higher (5%–14%) under microwave irradiation than conventional heating. It was proved that the reaction was enhanced by both microwave thermal and non-thermal effects. Microwave selective heating caused hot spots inside the catalyst, thus improved the reaction rate. From the analysis of the non-thermal effect, the molecular collisions were significantly increased under microwave irradiation. However, instead of being reduced, the apparent activation energy increased. This may be due to the microwave treatment hindering the adsorption though upright S-bind (η〈sup〉1〈/sup〉) and enhancing the parallel adsorption (η〈sup〉5〈/sup〉), both adsorptions were considered to favor to the direct desulfurization route and the hydrogenation route respectively. Therefore, the HDS process was considered to proceed along the hydrogenation route under microwave irradiation. 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1839_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Solar powered steam generation is an emerging area in the field of energy harvest and sustainable technologies. The nano-structured photothermal materials are able to harvest energy from the full solar spectrum and convert it to heat with high efficiency. Moreover, the materials and structures for heat management as well as the mass transportation are also brought to the forefront. Several groups have reported their materials and structures as solutions for high performance devices, a few creatively coupled other physical fields with solar energy to achieve even better results. This paper provides a systematic review on the recent developments in photothermal nanomaterial discovery, material selection, structural design and mass/heat management, as well as their applications in seawater desalination and fresh water production from waste water with free solar energy. It also discusses current technical challenges and likely future developments. This article will help to stimulate novel ideas and new designs for the photothermal materials, towards efficient, low cost practical solar-driven clean water production. 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1824_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The work studied a non-catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by blending under supercritical conditions using methanol, ethanol and isopropanol as solvent and hydrogen donor. Characterisation of the bio-oil and the upgraded bio-oils was carried out including moisture content, elemental content, pH, heating value, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), Fourier transform infrared radiation, 〈sup〉13〈/sup〉C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the effects of blending and supercritical reactions. The GCMS analysis indicated that the supercritical methanol reaction removed the acids in the bio-oil consequently the pH increased from 2.39 in the crude bio-oil to 4.04 after the supercritical methanol reaction. The ester contents increased by 87.49% after the supercritical methanol reaction indicating ester formation could be the major deacidification mechanism for reducing the acidity of the bio-oil and improving its pH value. Simply blending crude bio-oil with isopropanol was effective in increasing the C and H content, reducing the O content and increasing the heating value to 27.55 from 17.51 MJ·kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the crude bio-oil. After the supercritical isopropanol reaction, the heating value of the liquid product slightly further increased to 28.85 MJ·kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1861_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The change of the pressure drop in a fixed bed of NаХ zeolite is considered depending on the flow rate of the incoming gas. A new method of adsorption gas purification with optimal performance mode of adsorber is proposed. The essence of the method is that while maintaining the pressure drop in the fixed bed of zeolite NaX, conditions are created for the possibility to completely exhaust the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent during adsorption of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉S/NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 /CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 gas mixtures. A system of equations describing the pressure drop during gas-phase adsorption in a fixed bed of the adsorbent is proposed.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The article presents the classification of the gas stream contaminant types in noble gas enrichment and purification units. For the safe and efficient system operation, it is necessary to choose the right method of multicomponent mixture separation and the optimal corresponding equipment operating parameters, also to offer a method to verify the absence of the undesirable contaminant in the gas stream. The methods to control the obtaining of required noble gas purity during cryogenic rectification are indicated. Application of various gas analysis methods is necessary to obtain high purity (up to 99.9999%) gases: gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and their combination. The effect of the state of various components of a gas chromatograph on the analysis result are discussed. Recommendations are provided for noble gas analysis methodology, including the conditions for the determination of trace impurities. The article presents examples of practical application of gas chromatography to control the processes of noble gas enrichment and purification, using the example of production of pure xenon.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Seleno-short-chain chitosan (SSCC) is a derivative of chitosan. In the present study, we sought to investigate the underlying antitumor mechanism of SSCC on human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells in vitro. MTT assay suggested that SSCC exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of BGC-823 cells. We found the SSCC-treated cells showed typical morphological characteristics of apoptosis in a dose dependent manner by observing on microscope. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and cell cycle assay identified that SSCC could induce BGC-823 cells apoptosis by triggering G2/M phase arrest. Our research provided the first evidence that SSCC could effectively induce the apoptosis of BGC-823 cells via an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, as indicated by inducing the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the excessive accumulation of reactive oxidative species (ROS), the increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the activation of caspase 3, caspase 9 and cytochrome C (Cyt-C) in BGC-823 cells. These combined results clearly indicated that SSCC could induce BGC-823 cells apoptosis by the involvement of mitochondrial signaling pathway, which provided precise experimental evidence for SSCC as a potential agent in the prevention and treatment of human gastric cancer.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The utilization of materials with a hierarchical porous structure as multi-functional additives is highly attractive in the preparation of hybrid membranes. In this study, novel hybrid membranes are designed by embedding hierarchical porous Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 (SBA-15) with a dual-pore architecture (micropores and mesopores) for pervaporation desulfurization. The SBA-15 with cylindrical mesopores provides molecular transport expressways to ensure improved permeability, while micropores on the wall have molecular sieving effects that are essential for the enhancement of permselectivity of thiophene molecules. Considering thiophene/〈em〉n〈/em〉-octane mixture as a model system, the hybrid membrane with embedded 6 wt-% SBA-15 exhibits optimal pervaporation desulfurization performance with a permeation flux of 22.07 kg·m〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉·h〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 and an enrichment factor of 6.76. Moreover, the detailed structure and properties of hybrid membranes are systematically characterized. This study demonstrates the immense potential of hierarchical porous materials as additives in membranes to simultaneously increase permeability and permselectivity.〈/p〉 〈span〉 〈span〉 〈img alt="" src="https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/11705_2019_1830_Fig1_HTML.jpg"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Lentiviruses are quite effective gene delivery systems for stable production of genetically engineered human cells. However, prior to using lentivirus to deliver genetic materials to cells of interest, the normal course of production of these lentiviruses involves a lengthy collection, purification, preservation, and quantification process. In this report, we demonstrate the ability for producer HEK293T cells to simultaneously produce lentiviral particles and transduce (i.e., infect) target cells through a membrane-based coculture system in a continuous, real-time mode which negates the need for a separate viral collection and quantification process. The coculture system was evaluated for major design features such as variations in HEK293T seeding density, target cell type densities, as well as membrane porosities to identify key relationships between lentiviral particle production rate and infection kinetics for adherent and suspension cell types. As a proof-of-concept for the creation of an engineered cell immunotherapy, we describe the ability to engineer human T cells isolated from PBMCs under the control of this coculture system in under 6 days with a GFP construct. These studies suggest the capability to combine and more closely automate the transfection/transduction process in order to facilitate well-timed and cost-effective transduction of target cell types. These experiments provide novel insight into the forthcoming transition into improved manufacturing systems for viral production and subsequent cell engineering.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Cancer metastasis is believed to happen through active intravasation but there might be also another way to metastasize. According to passive shedding hypothesis, proposed by Munn et al., tumor cells detach from the tumor mass and passively shed to blood stream through leaky blood vessels. We propose a novel In Vitro Migrational Selection (IVMS) assay that enables the pre-selection of invasive pancreatic cancer Panc-02 cells and create a model of passive shedding. We established invasive sub-cell line of murine pancreatic cancer Panc-02 cells (refered to as Panc02-RS), which exhibited higher metastatic potential in vivo and at the same time decrease in vitro migratory skills, comparing to the initial Panc-02 cell line. In in vitro cell cultures Panc-02 spontaneously detached from the cell culture surface and later reattached and colonized new areas. We believe it can mimic the new way of metastasis, namely passive shedding. We concentrated on Panc-02 model but believe that IVMS might be used to create sub cell lines of many solid tumors to model passive shedding. Our results support the passive shedding hypothesis.〈/p〉

Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉〈em〉Sambucus nigra〈/em〉 L. (Elderberry) is widely used as a dietary supplement in functional food and possesses many pharmacological activities to prevent ailments, such as the colds and fever, diabetes and cancer. However, research on its skin anti-aging effect is still limited. Here, we evaluated the recovery effects of elderberry extract (EB) in UVB-irradiated human skin keratinocytes (HaCaTs) and investigated whether EB represents a potential therapeutic agent against skin photoaging and inflammation. In this study, EB showed good efficiency on scavenging free radicals and dose-dependently reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. EB notably decreased UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression and inflammatory cytokine secretion through the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases/activator protein 1 (MAPK/AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, blocking extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and inflammation in UVB-irradiated HaCaTs. In addition, EB improved nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling to increase oxidative defense capacity, and enhanced transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling activation to promote procollagen type I synthesis, relieving UVB-induced skin cell damage. These results indicated that EB has the potential to ameliorate UVB-induced skin photoaging and inflammation.〈/p〉