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  • Articles  (619)
  • Oxford University Press  (619)
  • 2020-2022  (619)
  • Economics  (482)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (211)
  • Geography  (37)
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  • Articles  (619)
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  • 1
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    The Wicked Problem of Diffuse Nutrient Pollution from Agriculture (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-09
    Description: Diffuse nutrient pollution from agriculture has been the concern of policymakers for several decades, and yet it remains a persistent environmental issue. The current approach to mitigating the problem is predominantly via command and control regulation within the Nitrates Directive and the Water Framework Directive. This article will set out how diffuse pollution can be considered a wicked policy problem which acts as an explanation of how it has eluded the current regulatory regime. It will further establish that the traditional planning process overlooked the complexity of the problem. Finally, it will illustrate the ineffectiveness of the current regulatory framework to mitigate the problem. This will be exemplified through the legal framework of Northern Ireland.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 2
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    JEEA-FBBVA LECTURE 2019: Consumption Insurance in Networks with Asymmetric Information: Evidence from Tanzania (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-09
    Description: This paper uses a dataset from Tanzania with information on consumption, income, and income shocks within and across family networks. Crucially and uniquely, it also contains data on the degree of information existing between each pair of households within family networks. We use these data to construct a novel measure of the quality of information both at the level of household pairs and at the level of the network. We also note that the individual level measures can be interpreted as measures of network centrality. We study risk sharing within these networks and explore whether the rejection of perfect risk sharing that we observe can be related to our measures of information quality. We show that households within family networks with better information are less vulnerable to idiosyncratic shocks. Furthermore, we show that more central households within networks are less vulnerable to idiosyncratic shocks. These results have important implications for the characterisation of the empirical failure of the perfect risk-sharing hypothesis and point to the importance of information frictions.
    Print ISSN: 1542-4766
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-4774
    Topics: Economics
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  • 3
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    Cronyism in State Violence: Evidence from Labor Repression During Argentina's Last Dictatorship (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: We study whether crony governance can extend beyond economic policy to the targeting of state violence against citizens. Specifically, we examine the logic driving the choice of firm-level union representatives who were subjected to state repression by the 1976–1983 Argentine military junta. Using an original dataset, we find a positive, nonspurious, and robust correlation between labor repression and cronyism, measured by political, business, and social connections to the regime. Our results indicate that the number of firm-level union representatives victimized by the regime is three times higher for connected firms relative to nonconnected ones. The effect is pronounced in privately owned (as opposed to state-owned) firms, suggesting that the correlation is driven by cronyism for financial gain rather than ideology or information transmission. We show that connected firms benefited from violence against union representatives by subsequently having less strikes and a higher market valuation. Our findings highlight the pervasiveness of governmental cronyism, even in cases where one of the regime's main stated goals was to curb such behavior.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 4
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    Samuel Smith and Judicial Review of Policy Interpretation: A Middle Way in the Law and Policy Divide (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-09
    Description: This analysis explores new developments in judicial review of planning policy interpretation. It shows how the nature of policy, often contextual and judgment-dependent, has led the UK Supreme Court to rethink the standard of review applicable to this issue. By considering the recent decision in Samuel Smith as part of a trilogy of cases—including Tesco Stores and Hopkins Homes—this analysis reveals a change in judicial attitudes, away from the expansive judicial supervision upheld in Tesco Stores. Furthermore, this study reflects on how this change is related to two wider ideas. The first is the Court’s understanding of the law and policy divide in the planning field, whilst the second is to do with a pragmatic stance regarding the purpose of the planning system and the institutional role of the courts in it. Finally, this analysis shows how the new approach emphasises the distinctive character of policy in the planning context.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 5
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    How to Reach a Safe Circular Economy?—Perspectives on Reconciling the Waste, Product and Chemicals Regulation (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-09
    Description: This article discusses the regulation of ‘substances of concern’ in the circular economy (CE) in the European Union (EU). It analyses the tensions and obstacles that the present sectoral separation of waste, product and chemicals legislation sets for the development of the CE. We argue that in a longer term perspective the aim should be to erase the border between waste and chemicals regulation and create a single regime for the regulation of materials and their flow. However, the eventual aim of such non-toxic material circulation can be achieved only via precautious transitional measures that outweigh the costs and benefits of each material flow and set restrictions for the particular substances of concern. Regulatory actions addressing the risks posed by the substances of concern in the waste-based material flows are urgently needed. New measures are necessary to protect human health and the environment and to support the development of the markets for the secondary materials.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 6
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    Liquidity Insurance with Market Information (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-25
    Description: This paper studies how market signals—such as stock prices—can help alleviate the severity of the asymmetric information problem in credit and liquidity management. Asymmetric information hinders the ability of borrowers (firms, investment banks, etc.) to undertake profitable investment opportunities and to insure themselves against liquidity shocks. I show that on the equilibrium path creditors do not learn anything from market signals because they can use a menu of contracts to screen the different types of borrowers. However, by conditioning liquidity insurance on ex post price signals, creditors are able to provide the borrowers with better incentives for truth telling. At the same time, prices depend on the liquidity that creditors offer to the borrowers. This two-way feedback impacts the design of the optimal contract and potentially generates multiple equilibria in financial markets.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 7
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    Environment and the Law: The Normative Force of Context and Constitutional Challenges (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-24
    Description: The inherent structural features of environmental problems cause environmental law to be written in a particular way and have led to the creation of novel adjudicative institutions, such as specialist environment courts and tribunals. But they also force us to view core constitutional principles, such as the rule of law and separation of powers, from different perspectives. By placing greater weight on certain components of these principles and lessening the force of others, solving environmental problems through law is rebalancing legal thought. Using New Zealand as a case study, this article explores how the legal infrastructure might respond to this contextual force by ensuring decision-making institutions operate with integrity and reflect public reasoned thoughtfulness, so fostering the rule of law within this unusual legal landscape.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 8
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    Financial Stability Regulation under Borrowing and Liquidity Externalities (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-06
    Description: We study financial stability regulation in an environment with pecuniary externalities and where banks face both a liability choice (between private money creation and long-term borrowing) and an asset choice (between liquid and illiquid investments). Return risk on illiquid assets gives rise to liquidity risk, because banks that learn to have low future returns find themselves unable to roll over “money-like” debt. Privately optimal borrowing and investment decisions by banks lead, in general, to socially inefficient outcomes. The nature of inefficiency depends critically on the degree to which liquidity risk is systemic: When risk is highly systemic, banks hold the socially optimal amount of liquid assets, but create an excessive amount of money and overinvest in risky assets; when risk is not highly systemic, banks hold too little liquidity, create insufficient private money, and underinvest in risky assets. Quantity- and price-based regulations to address the identified inefficiencies are discussed.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 9
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    Significant UK Environmental Law Cases 2019–20 (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-01
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 10
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    Frequent Job Changes can Signal Poor Work Attitude and Reduce Employability (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-13
    Description: We study whether employment history provides information about a worker’s “work attitude”, that is, the tendency to act cooperatively and reliably in the workplace. We conjecture that, holding all else equal, frequent job changes can indicate poor work attitude and that this information is transmitted through employment histories. We find support for this hypothesis across three studies that employ complementary laboratory, field, and survey experiments, as well as in labor market panel data. First, a tightly controlled laboratory labor market experiment demonstrates that prior employment information allows employers to screen for reliable and cooperative workers and that these workers obtain better employment outcomes. Secondly, we conduct a field experiment that varies the frequency of job changes in applicants’ resumes and find that those with fewer job changes receive substantially more callbacks from prospective employers. Thirdly, a survey experiment with human resources professionals confirms that the resume manipulations in the field study create different perceptions of work attitude and that these largely account for the callback differences. Finally, we find evidence consistent with our hypothesized relationships in empirical labor market data. Our work highlights the potential importance of job history as a signal of work attitude in labor markets, and points to a potential cost of frequent job changes.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 11
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    Coarse, Efficient Decision-Making (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-14
    Description: To minimize the cost of making decisions, an agent should use criteria to sort alternatives and each criterion should sort coarsely. To decide on a movie, for example, an agent could use one criterion that orders movies by genre categories, another by director categories, and so on, with a small number of categories in each case. The agent then needs to aggregate the criterion orderings, possibly by a weighted vote, to arrive at choices. As criteria become coarser (each criterion has fewer categories) decision-making costs fall, even though an agent must then use more criteria. The most efficient option is consequently to select the binary criteria with two categories each. This result holds even when the marginal cost of using additional categories diminishes to 0. The extensive use of coarse criteria in practice may therefore be a result of optimization rather than cognitive limitations. Binary criteria also generate choice functions that maximize rational preferences: decision-making efficiency implies rational choice.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 12
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    Accounting for Wealth-Inequality Dynamics: Methods, Estimates, and Simulations for France (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-02
    Description: Measuring and understanding the evolution of wealth inequality is a key challenge for researchers, policy makers, and the general public. This paper breaks new ground on this topic by presenting a new method to estimate and study wealth inequality. This method combines fiscal data with household surveys and national accounts in order to provide annual wealth distribution series, with detailed breakdowns by percentiles, age, and assets. Using the case of France as an illustration, we show that the resulting series can be used to better analyze the evolution and the determinants of wealth-inequality dynamics over the 1970–2014 period. We show that the decline in wealth inequality ends in the early 1980s, marking the beginning of a rise in the top 1% wealth share, though with significant fluctuations due largely to asset price movements. Rising inequality in savings rates coupled with highly stratified rates of returns has led to rising wealth concentration in spite of the opposing effect of house price increases. We develop a simple simulation model highlighting how changes in the combination of unequal savings rates, rates of return, and labor earnings that occurred in the early 1980s generated large multiplicative effects that led to radically different steady-state levels of wealth inequality. Taking advantage of the joint distribution of income and wealth, we show that top wealth holders are almost exclusively top capital earners, and increasingly fewer are made up of top labor earners; it has become increasingly difficult in recent decades to access top wealth groups with one's labor income only.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 13
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    Health Information, Treatment, and Worker Productivity (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-26
    Description: Agricultural and other physically demanding sectors are important sources of growth in developing countries, but prevalent diseases such as malaria can adversely impact the productivity and labor supply of workers. We estimate the impact of malaria infection on worker earnings, labor supply, daily productivity, and task selection by using a phased-in design where we randomize the study week in which piece-rate workers at a large sugarcane plantation in Nigeria are offered malaria testing and treatment. Two estimation strategies indicate a significant and substantial intent to treat effect of the intervention. The program increases worker weekly earnings by 11%–13% over the weeks following the offer, depending on the reference period, estimated using a between-worker estimator that exploits the experimental design. A within-worker estimate provides similar but smaller estimates of 8%–10%. We identify different pathways through which this effect occurs. For workers who test positive for malaria, the treatment of illness principally increases labor supply, leading to higher earnings. For workers who test negative, the health information leads to increased earnings via augmented daily productivity. This productivity response arises, in part, from selection into higher return tasks within their job at the plantation. The results underline the importance of medical treatment but also of improved access to information about one's health status, as the absence of either leads workers to work less or choose lower return tasks when working.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 14
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    On the Provision of Unemployment Insurance when Workers are Ex-Ante Heterogeneous (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-23
    Description: Labor market outcomes demonstrate considerable variation between and within skill groups. We construct a general equilibrium model with incomplete markets and exogenous differences that matches these facts. We study the role of exogenous heterogeneity in choosing the optimal replacement rate and the maximum benefit for an unemployment insurance (UI) system. The optimal average replacement rate is 27%, compared to 0% in a model without exogenous heterogeneity. The relatively generous choice is due to the redistributive role of UI, which is a manifestation of two elements. First, workers who are unemployed more often receive positive net transfers from the UI system because they draw resources more frequently. Second, the existence of a cap on benefits makes UI progressive. Our main result holds in the presence of a generous progressive taxation system.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 15
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    Sovereign Debt Restructurings: Delays in Renegotiations and Risk Averse Creditors (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-03-18
    Description: Foreign creditors’ business cycles influence both the process and the outcome of sovereign debt restructurings. We compile two datasets on creditor committees and chairs and on creditor business and financial cycles at the restructurings. We find that when creditors experience high GDP growth, restructurings are delayed and settled with smaller haircuts. To rationalize these stylized facts, we develop a theoretical model of sovereign debt with multiround renegotiations between a risk averse sovereign debtor and a risk averse creditor. The quantitative analysis of the model shows that high creditor income results in both longer delays in renegotiations and smaller haircuts. Our theoretical predictions are supported by data.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 16
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    The Politico-Economic Dynamics of China’s Growth (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-15
    Description: China’s rapid growth has been driven by policy reforms that significantly reduce market frictions. Policy reforms are determined by the government according to its own politico-economic considerations. This paper embeds these politico-economic considerations in a macro model of China to endogenously study government policies, market frictions, and economic growth. In the model, an elite runs the government and maximizes its own incomes, facing a political constraint: getting enough supporters. The government provides high enough incomes to state workers in order to gain their support. It also controls capital allocations in the state and the private sector to balance between keeping enough supporters and extracting more taxes from the private sector. These policies initially generate rapid growth accompanied by declining labor and capital market frictions but in the long run, keep the frictions persistent, which are harmful to growth. The calibrated model can quantitatively account for salient aspects of China’s recent development and provide predictions for future dynamics.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 17
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    Commitment and (in) Efficiency: A Bargaining Experiment (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-21
    Description: In many matching markets, bargaining determines who matches with whom and on what terms. We experimentally investigate allocative efficiency and how subjects’ payoffs depend on their matching opportunities in such markets. We consider three simple markets. There are no information asymmetries, subjects are patient, and a perfectly equitable outcome is both feasible and efficient. Efficient perfect equilibria of the corresponding bargaining game exist, but are increasingly complicated to sustain across the three markets. Consistent with the predictions of simple (Markov perfect) equilibria, we find considerable mismatch in two of the markets. Mismatch is reduced but remains substantial when we change the nature of bargaining by moving from a structured experimental protocol to permitting free-form negotiations, and when we allow players to renege on their agreements. Our results suggest that mismatch is driven by players correctly anticipating that they might lose their strong bargaining positions, and by players in weak bargaining positions demanding equitable payoffs.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 18
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    Separating Predicted Randomness from Residual Behavior (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-21
    Description: We propose a novel measure of goodness of fit for stochastic choice models, that is, the maximal fraction of data that can be reconciled with the model. The procedure is to separate the data into two parts: one generated by the best specification of the model and another representing residual behavior. We claim that the three elements involved in a separation are instrumental in understanding the data. We show how to apply our approach to any stochastic choice model and then study the case of four well-known models, each capturing a different notion of randomness. We illustrate our results with an experimental data set.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 19
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    De-Extinction, Regulation and Nature Conservation (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-01
    Description: This analysis maps the key challenges posed by de-extinction to nature conservation law. The aim is to start a conversation about how such challenges should be framed and addressed if ongoing de-extinction projects in the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU), the two jurisdictions examined, are successful. The analysis commences by providing a brief overview of existing debates in the conservation literature on the legal and ethical issues posed by de-extinction within the animal context. The article then proceeds to highlight two challenges animals created via de-extinction (de-extinctees) will likely pose for nature conservation law, namely: (1) to what extent taxonomies or definitions of ‘species’, and the methods for classifying these species under existing conservation frameworks, will be challenged by de-extinction; and (2) how existing conservation law frameworks in the US and the EU would likely apply to de-extinctees, and whether de-extinctees would be protected under these frameworks. It concludes by posing the broader question of whether and to what extent the law should facilitate de-extinction attempts in the same way that it has done for nature conservation.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 20
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    Managerial Influence and Organizational Performance (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-22
    Description: Agents need to be motivated to develop ideas and to share information regarding their potential value. When the agents fail to agree on which alternative to implement, the principal needs to decide how to resolve the disagreement. When the agents’ information is soft, favoring one of the agents in the case of disagreement is always optimal in the present setting. In contrast, if the information is hard, a balanced treatment of the agents is preferred to encourage competition. The reason for the difference is the high cost of sustaining both informative communication and effort in a balanced organization.
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  • 21
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    Low Homeownership in Germany—a Quantitative Exploration (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-17
    Description: The homeownership rate in Germany is one of the lowest among advanced economies. To better understand this fact, we evaluate the role of specific housing policies that tend to discourage homeownership. In comparison to other countries with higher homeownership such as the United States, Germany has an extensive social housing sector with broad eligibility criteria, high transfer taxes when buying real estate, and no tax deductions for mortgage interest payments by owner-occupiers. We build a life-cycle model with uninsurable income and housing risks and endogenous homeownership in order to quantify the policy impact on homeownership and welfare. Adjusting all three policies has a strong impact on housing tenure choices, closing the gap in homeownership rates between Germany and the United States by about two thirds. At the same time, household welfare would be reduced by moving to a policy regime with low transfer taxes, but it would improve in the absence of social housing, in particular, when coupled with housing subsidies for low-income households.
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  • 22
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    Optimal Income Taxation with Composition Effects (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-04
    Description: Providing estimable sufficient statistics to give policy prescriptions has become a widespread approach, a well-known limitation of which is the endogeneity of sufficient statistics to the policy. Using optimal tax policy as our field of application, we highlight a new source of endogeneity. It arises under multidimensional heterogeneity, because optimal tax formulas are then expressed as functions of weighted means of sufficient statistics computed at the individual level and the weights are endogenous to the tax policy. We analytically show that ignoring these composition effects leads to underestimate the optimal linear tax and, under a restrictive set of assumptions, the optimal nonlinear tax as well. In the latter case, we use an improved tax perturbation approach to study composition effects without these assumptions. Numerical simulations on US data suggest the optimal tax rate may be underestimated by 6 p.p. for high incomes levels. We also relate our tax perturbation method to the first-order mechanism design method, both methods having hitherto been used separately to derive optimal tax schedules.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 23
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    Privacy, Personalization, and Price Discrimination (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-05
    Description: We study a bilateral trade setting in which a buyer has private valuations over a multi-product seller’s inventory. We introduce the notion of an incentive-compatible market segmentation (IC-MS)—a market segmentation compatible with the buyer’s incentives to voluntarily reveal their preferences. Our main result is a characterization of the buyer-optimal IC-MS. It is partially revealing, comprised primarily of pooling segments wide enough to keep prices low but narrow enough to ensure trade over relevant products. We use our results to study a novel design problem in which a retail platform seeks to attract consumers by calibrating the coarseness of its search interface. Our analysis speaks directly to consumer privacy and the debate regarding product steering versus price discrimination in online retail.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 24
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    International Emigrant Selection on Occupational Skills (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: We present the first evidence on the role of occupational choices and acquired skills for migrant selection. Combining novel data from a representative Mexican task survey with rich individual-level worker data, we find that Mexican migrants to the United States have higher manual skills and lower cognitive skills than nonmigrants. Results hold within narrowly defined region–industry–occupation cells and for all education levels. Consistent with a Roy/Borjas-type selection model, differential returns to occupational skills between the United States and Mexico explain the selection pattern. Occupational skills are more important to capture the economic motives for migration than previously used worker characteristics.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 25
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    Reputation With Opportunities for Coasting (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-26
    Description: Reputation concerns can discipline agents and generate good outcomes. But what if outcomes are not always observed? Infrequent observation can strengthen reputation incentives and encourage effort. By exerting effort when outcomes are more likely observed, an agent can improve her reputation and gain by “coasting” on this reputation by shirking when the audience is less likely to be observing her actions. Opportunities to coast can in fact lead to greater overall effort than constant observation. We consider Markov information structures and characterize the observability structure that maximizes efficient effort.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 26
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    Cost of Living Inequality During the Great Recession (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-26
    Description: We construct income-specific price indexes for the period from 2004 to 2016. We find substantial differences across income groups that arise during the Great Recession. The difference in annual inflation between the lowest quartile of the income distribution and the highest quartile was 0.22 percentage points for 2004–2007, 0.85 percentage points for 2008–2013, and 0.02 percentage points for 2014–2016. We find that product quality substitution and changes in the shopping behavior, margins mostly available to richer households, explain around 40% of the gap. Our evidence shows that not accounting for these differences in price indexes could lead to significant biases in the calculation of consumption and income inequality.
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 27
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    Plan B Earth v Secretary of State for Transport: Airport Expansion, the Paris Agreement and the Planning Act 2008 (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: This case analysis considers the Court of Appeal’s decision in R (Plan B Earth and ors) v Secretary of State for Transport [2020] EWCA Civ 214, which followed the High Court challenge to the Secretary of State’s designation of the UK Airports National Policy Statement. The Court of Appeal found that the Secretary of State’s failure to take into account the UK’s commitment to the Paris Agreement when carrying out his duties under the Planning Act 2008 was unlawful. While permission to appeal this decision has been granted, it remains a notable judgment. The Plan B Earth case confirms the interaction between the UK’s climate change commitments and the statutory framework of the UK’s planning system. It also highlights the complexity of the Court’s institutional role in the context of environmental problems. Analysing the implications of this decision through a policymaking lens risks overlooking the role of public law principles that shaped the Court’s reasoning, defining the relationship between the Paris Agreement and the Planning Act.
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    Macroeconomic Fluctuations with HANK&SAM: an Analytical Approach (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-12
    Description: Recently developed HANK models, which combine Heterogeneous Agents and New Keynesian frictions, have had a considerable impact on macroeconomics. However, due to the complexity of such models, the literature has focused on numerically solved models and therefore little is known about their general properties. This paper presents a tractable HANK model that integrates Search and Matching (SAM) frictions in the labor market. The model features an endogenous idiosyncratic earnings risk, which may be procyclical or countercyclical. When this risk is countercyclical, which we argue is the empirically plausible case, there is a downward pressure on real interest rates in recessions due to a precautionary savings motive. We show that in this setting (a) the economy may get stuck in a high-unemployment steady state, (b) the Taylor principle is insufficient to eliminate the local indeterminacy of the intended steady state, and (c) nominal rigidities and inincomplete markets are complementary in terms of amplifying the impact of shocks on the macroeconomy.
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    The Market for Surprises: Selling Substitute Goods Through Lotteries (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-02
    Description: In this paper, we solve the revenue maximization problem of a multi-product monopolist when the products are substitutes. We consider a Hotelling model with two horizontally differentiated goods located at the endpoints of the segment. Consumers are located uniformly on the segment; their valuations for each good are equal to the base consumption value minus distance costs. When the base consumption value is high, the seller maximizes her expected profit by offering a menu of base and opaque goods. In particular, a single half-half lottery over base goods is optimal under concave and linear costs. When base consumption value is low, only base goods are sold. Finally, when base consumption value is intermediate, the optimal mechanism may entail the offering of lotteries with the positive probability of no delivery. Our findings can explain the emergence of opaque goods sales (e.g., hotel bookings without a complete description of the hotel through hotwire.com or priceline.com) as the outcome of the industry’s search for the optimal selling scheme.
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    In the Name of Legitimacy and Efficiency: Evaluating China’s Legal Reform on EIA (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-09
    Description: The environmental impact assessment (EIA) system is currently located at the centre of China's environmental legal reform. The Chinese government has undertaken significant legal strategies to rectify past regulatory wrongs, close enforcement gaps, and improve public participation. However, ongoing administrative reform and prevailing policies optimizing the business environment have made the efficacy of EIA reform more complicated and uncertain. Through examining how EIA laws and regulations on accountability, compliance, and participation have changed, this article provides an analytical framework to evaluate current legal reform of EIA. It finds that the Chinese government is attempting to bring about genuinely functional EIA reform by improving the legitimacy and efficiency of EIA in delivering better environmental decisions. Yet, its efforts could be undermined by the unsettled conflict between legitimacy and efficiency. Furthermore, functional EIA reform could be constrained by peripheral challenges such as inconsistent institutional arrangements, the undefined role of the judiciary, and an underrepresented environmental public interest.
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    Ambiguity, Monetary Policy, and Trend Inflation (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-09
    Description: Allowing for ambiguity about the behavior of the policymaker in a simple New-Keynesian model gives rise to wedges between long-run inflation expectations, trend inflation, and the inflation target. The degree of ambiguity we measure in Blue Chip survey data helps explain the dynamics of long-run inflation expectations and the inflation trend measured in the US data. Ambiguity also has implications for monetary policy. We show that it is optimal for policymakers to lean against the households’ pessimistic expectations, but also document the limits to the extent the adverse effects of ambiguity can be undone.
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    Sources of Uncertainty and Subjective Prices (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-09
    Description: We develop a general framework to study source-dependent preferences in economic contexts. We behaviorally identify two key features. First, we drop the assumption of uniform uncertainty attitudes and allow for source-dependent attitudes. Second, we introduce subjective prices to compare outcomes across different sources. Our model evaluates profiles source-wise, by computing the source-dependent certainty equivalents; the latter are converted into the unit of account of a common source and then aggregated into a unique evaluation. By viewing time and location as instances of sources, we show that subjective discount factors and subjective exchange rates are emblematic examples of subjective prices. Finally, we use the model to explore the implications on optimal portfolio allocations and home bias.
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    Choosing Ethnicity: The Interplay Between Individual and Social Motives (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: This paper studies how material incentives and social norms shape ethnic identity choices in China. Provincial policies give material benefits to minorities, which consequently affect the ethnicity choices for children in ethnically mixed marriages. We formalize the ethnic identity choice in a simple framework, which highlights the interaction of (i) material benefits stemming from ethnic policies, (ii) identity costs associated with breaking the norm of following the father’s ethnicity, and (iii) social reputations altering the importance of identity costs. Consistent with the model, we find that ethnic policies increase the propensity to break the prevailing norm for mixed families with minority mothers. Moreover, the impact of ethnic policies is larger in localities where more such families follow the norm. More broadly, our study shows (1) how government policies can shape identity choices and (2) how one can allow for both complementarity and substitutability between individual and social motives in empirical analyses.
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    How Much Can We Generalize From Impact Evaluations? (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-19
    Description: Impact evaluations can help to inform policy decisions, but they are rooted in particular contexts and to what extent they generalize is an open question. I exploit a new data set of impact evaluation results and find a large amount of effect heterogeneity. Effect sizes vary systematically with study characteristics, with government-implemented programs having smaller effect sizes than academic or non-governmental organization-implemented programs, even controlling for sample size. I show that treatment effect heterogeneity can be appreciably reduced by taking study characteristics into account.
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    Voluntary Ecolabels in International Trade Law: A Case Study of the EU Ecolabel (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: One category of voluntary approaches to environmental governance is ecolabels used to nudge consumers towards purchasing environmentally friendly products. The purpose of this article is to critically review the trade law implications of voluntary ecolabels, with special reference to the EU Ecolabel. For a long time, the lack of trade disputes related to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) before the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body rendered research on the legality of voluntary ecolabels in trade law unavoidably speculative. Consequently, the existing scholarship has failed to inform the environment law community clearly how trade law views voluntary ecolabels. This article aims to fill the gap in the literature by evaluating the consistency of the EU Ecolabel with the TBT rules. The article concludes that it is highly unlikely that the EU Ecolabel may be found inconsistent with the TBT Agreement. Nevertheless, there remains some legal risks.
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    Electoral Competition with Rationally Inattentive Voters (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-23
    Description: This paper studies how voters’ selective ignorance interacts with policy design by political candidates. It shows that the selectivity empowers voters with extreme preferences and small groups, that divisive issues attract most attention, and that public goods are underfunded. Finer granularity of information increases these inefficiencies. Rational inattention can also explain why competing opportunistic candidates do not always converge on the same policy issues.
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    Net Zero for the International Shipping Sector? An Analysis of the Implementation and Regulatory Challenges of the IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-10
    Description: In 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) announced the first sector-wide emission reduction target for international shipping. The roadmap to achieve this goal is the Initial IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, which proposes implementation measures for the short, medium and long term. This article examines three of these measures: National Action Plans (NAPs), market-based mechanisms (MBMs) and alternative fuels. We argue that NAPs can play a key role in directing national action and facilitating implementation within national jurisdictions. In relation to MBMs, we find that a carbon tax might be more efficient than emission trading. Yet, ultimately, the sector’s decarbonisation can only be truly achieved with zero-carbon fuels. Noting the considerable barriers to the development and use of these fuels, we consider how the private sector is beginning to shift resources to this challenge, spurred by the IMO targets and new understandings of climate-related financial risks and opportunities.
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    To Trade, or not to Trade, that is the Question: New Roles for Incomplete Contracts in Dynamic Settings (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-23
    Description: We reexamine the role of incomplete contracts in a dynamic model of renegotiation that endogenizes the timing of investments and trade. The interaction between bargaining and investment significantly alters the lessons learned from static models. When the opportunity to trade is expected to be long lasting, contracts that exacerbate the parties’ absolute vulnerability to hold-up—especially following under-investment—are desirable. For example, joint ownership of complementary assets can be optimal, an exclusivity agreement can protect the investments of its recipient, and trade contracts can facilitate purely cooperative investment.
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    Predictive Power in Behavioral Welfare Economics (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-17
    Description: When choices are inconsistent due to behavioral biases, there is a theoretical debate about whether the structure of a model is necessary for providing precise welfare guidance based on those choices. To address this question empirically, we use standard data sets from the lab and field to evaluate the predictive power of two “model-free” approaches to behavioral welfare analysis. We find they typically have high predictive power, which means there is little ambiguity about what should be selected from each choice set. We also identify properties of revealed preferences that help to explain the predictive power of these approaches.
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    Optimal Retirement Policies with Present-Biased Agents (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-29
    Description: This paper incorporates quasi-hyperbolic discounting into a Mirrlees taxation model to study the design of retirement policies for present-biased agents. I show that the government can improve the screening of productivity by exploiting time inconsistency. This is done by providing commitment to sophisticated agents and taking advantage of the incorrect beliefs of naïve agents. This can be achieved even if the degrees of present bias and sophistication are private information. I also demonstrate how the government can implement the optimal mechanism using retirement savings accounts and social security benefits.
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    Reevaluating Agricultural Productivity Gaps with Longitudinal Microdata (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-29
    Description: Recent research has pointed to large gaps in labor productivity between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in low-income countries, as well as between workers in rural and urban areas. Most estimates are based on national accounts or repeated cross-sections of micro-survey data, and as a result typically struggle to account for individual selection between sectors. This paper uses long-run individual-level panel data from two low-income countries (Indonesia and Kenya) to explore these gaps. Accounting for individual fixed effects leads to much smaller estimated productivity gains from moving into the non-agricultural sector (or urban areas), reducing estimated gaps by roughly 67 to 92%. Furthermore, gaps do not emerge up to five years after a move between sectors. We evaluate whether these findings imply a re-assessment of the conventional wisdom regarding sectoral gaps, discuss how to reconcile them with existing cross-sectional estimates, and consider implications for the desirability of sectoral reallocation of labor.
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    Certifying Biodiversity: The Union for Ethical BioTrade and the Search for Ethical Sourcing (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-29
    Description: This article is concerned with the potential for private action to improve sourcing practices to promote biodiversity. More specifically this article examines the Union for Ethical BioTrade (UEBT) and its verification and certification of ‘sourcing with respect’: that is, sourcing ingredients from biodiversity in a way that is respectful to both the local environment and people. While key international biodiversity treaties and instruments—such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Nagoya Protocol—encourage public actors to work with private actors to develop methods for the sustainable use of biological resources, our examination of UEBT shows that there are concerns over the standards, implementation and enforcement of private initiatives. In conclusion, we suggest two key ways in which transnational or public/private initiatives can be strengthened. First, via more proactively promoting public/private cooperation, including about how certification is used to reduce inconsistency and consumer overload or confusion. Secondly, by placing greater emphasis on mechanisms that place pressure on supply chain actors to source in ways that promote biodiversity.
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    The Missing Link: Monetary Policy and The Labor Share (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-07
    Description: The textbook New Keynesian (NK) model implies that the labor share is procyclical conditional on a monetary policy shock. We present evidence that a monetary policy tightening robustly increased the labor share and decreased real wages during the Great Moderation period in the United States, the Euro Area, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada. We show that this is inconsistent not only with the basic NK model, but also with medium-scale NK models commonly used for monetary policy analysis and where it is possible to break the direct link between the labor share and the inverse markup. Our results imply that either NK models are unable to separate the dynamics of the labor share from the markup or markups do not respond in the way NK models predict.
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    Parents, Schools and Human Capital Differences Across Countries (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-23
    Description: This paper studies the contribution of parental influence in accounting for cross-country gaps in human capital achievements. We argue that the cross-country variation in unobserved parental characteristics is at least as important as the one in commonly used observable proxies of parental socioeconomic background. We infer this through an indirect empirical approach, based on the comparison of the school performance of second-generation immigrants. We document that, within the same host country or even the same school, students whose parents come from high-scoring countries in standardized international tests do better than their peers with similar socioeconomic backgrounds. This finding is not driven by differential selection into emigration. We provide several pieces of evidence that support the transmission of cultural values as a leading channel behind the cross-country variation in the parental component. Unobserved parental characteristics account for about 15% of the cross-country variance in test scores, roughly doubling the overall contribution of parental influence.
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    Significant International Environmental Law Cases: 2019–20 (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-10
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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    (MIS)Allocation Effects of an Overpaid Public Sector (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-03
    Description: There is a large body of evidence showing that for many countries the structure of wages and pensions and the labor law legislation are different for public and private employees. Such differences affect the occupational choice of agents and might generate some type of misallocation. We develop a life-cycle model with endogenous occupational choice and heterogeneous agents to study the implications of an overpaid public sector. The model is estimated to be consistent with micro and macro evidence for Brazil, a country with a high public sector earnings premium. Our counterfactual exercises demonstrate that public–private earnings premium can generate important allocation effects and sizeable productivity losses. For instance, a reform that would decrease the public–private wage premium from its benchmark value of $19\%$ to $15\%$ and would align the pension of public sector workers with the one in place for private sector workers could increase aggregate output by nearly $11.2\%$ in the long run without any decrease in the supply of public infrastructure. We provide a decomposition of the aggregate effect into changes in factors accumulation and changes in TFP and implement a welfare distributive analysis.
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    Altruism and Risk Sharing in Networks (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: We provide the first analysis of the risk-sharing implications of altruism networks. Agents are embedded in a fixed network and care about each other. We explore whether altruistic transfers help smooth consumption and how this depends on the shape of the network. We find that altruism networks have a first-order impact on risk. Altruistic transfers generate efficient insurance when the network of perfect altruistic ties is strongly connected. We uncover two specific empirical implications of altruism networks. First, bridges can generate good overall risk sharing, and, more generally, the quality of informal insurance depends on the average path length of the network. Second, large shocks are well-insured by connected altruism networks. By contrast, large shocks tend to be badly insured in models of informal insurance with frictions. We characterize what happens for shocks that leave the structure of giving relationships unchanged. We further explore the relationship between consumption variance and centrality, correlation in consumption streams across agents, and the impact of adding links.
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    Blame it on the rain: Rainfall variability, consumption smoothing, and subjective well‐being in rural Ethiopia (2021)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-19
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Pricing Under Fairness Concerns (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-29
    Description: This paper proposes a theory of pricing premised upon the assumptions that customers dislike unfair prices—those marked up steeply over cost—and that firms take these concerns into account when setting prices. Because they do not observe firms’ costs, customers must extract costs from prices. The theory assumes that customers infer less than rationally: When a price rises due to a cost increase, customers partially misattribute the higher price to a higher markup—which they find unfair. Firms anticipate this response and trim their price increases, which drives the passthrough of costs into prices below one: Prices are somewhat rigid. Embedded in a New Keynesian model as a replacement for the usual pricing frictions, our theory produces monetary nonneutrality: When monetary policy loosens and inflation rises, customers misperceive markups as higher and feel unfairly treated; firms mitigate this perceived unfairness by reducing their markups; in general equilibrium, employment rises. The theory also features a hybrid short-run Phillips curve, realistic impulse responses of output and employment to monetary and technology shocks, and an upward-sloping long-run Phillips curve.
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    NGO standing in petroleum pollution litigation in Nigeria—Centre for Oil Pollution Watch v Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-29
    Description: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been at the forefront of securing environmental justice for the people of Nigeria’s Niger Delta suffering the effects of pollution arising from petroleum exploitation. Standing constraints have, however, limited NGOs’ abilities to access the courts to prevent or remedy pollution. This article analyses the recent decision of Nigeria’s Supreme Court in Center for Oil Pollution Watch v Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). It finds that environmental NGOs, previously unable to institute action under existing public interest litigation procedures, can now institute action in their own rights to prevent or remedy environmental pollution in Nigeria.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Climate‐Smart Innovations and Rural Poverty in Ethiopia: Exploring Impacts and Pathways (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-29
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    AAEA Fellows (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-28
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Specialization versus competition: an anatomy of increasing returns to scale (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-10
    Description: We develop a model of monopolistic competition with a differentiated intermediate good and variable elasticity of technological substitution. The model allows to study the nature and origins of external increasing returns. We single out two sources of scale economies: specialization and competition. The former depends only on how total factor productivity (TFP) varies with input diversity, while the latter is fully captured by the behavior of the elasticity of substitution across inputs. This distinction gives rise to a full characterization of the rich array of competition regimes in our model. The necessary and sufficient conditions for each regime to occur are expressed in terms of the relationships between TFP and the elasticity of substitution as functions of the input diversity. Moreover, we demonstrate that, despite the folk wisdom resting on constant elasticity of substitution models, specialization economies are in general neither necessary nor sufficient for external increasing returns to emerge. This highlights the profound and nontrivial role of market competition in generating agglomeration economies and other phenomena driven by scale economies.
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Clustering, growth and inequality in China (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-17
    Description: This study examines the effects of China’s industrial clusters on regional economic growth and urban–rural income inequality within a region. A density-based index (DBI) is developed to capture the unique features of cluster development in China. From a county-level DBI panel data constructed based on firm- and county-level datasets, we find that clusters enhance local economic growth substantially. Moreover, the existence of entrepreneurial clusters (clusters mainly consist of nonstate-owned firms) helps to reduce local urban–rural income inequality by increasing the income of local rural residents. We also find that the clustering effects on growth and reduction of inequality are less significant in more urbanized regions or megacities. Identification issues are carefully addressed by deploying two-stage estimations with instrumental variables and Granger test.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Tales of the city: what do agglomeration cases tell us about agglomeration in general? (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-26
    Description: This article considers the heterogeneous microfoundations of agglomeration economies. It studies the co-location of industries to look for evidence of labour pooling, input sharing and knowledge spillovers. The novel contribution of the article is that it estimates single-industry models using a common empirical framework that exploits the cross-sectional variation in how one industry co-locates with the other industries in the economy. This unified approach yields evidence on the relative importance of the Marshallian microfoundations at the single-industry level, allowing for like-for-like cross-industry comparisons on the determinants of agglomeration. Using UK data, we estimate such microfoundation models for 97 manufacturing sectors, including the classic agglomeration cases of automobiles, computers, cutlery and textiles. These four cases—as with all of the individual industry models we estimate—clearly show the importance of the Marshallian forces. However, they also highlight how the importance of these forces varies across industries—implying that extrapolation from cases should be viewed with caution. The article concludes with an investigation of the pattern of heterogeneity. The degree of an industry’s clustering (localisation), entrepreneurship, incumbent firm size and worker education are shown to contribute to the pattern of heterogeneous microfoundations.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The Singaporean natural gas hub: reassembling global production networks and markets in Asia (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-04
    Description: Recently, economic geographers have sought to account for how regional and national initiatives shape the strategic decisions of actors in global production networks (GPNs). In this article, I intend to discuss the political and institutional dynamics by which GPNs evolve, and the capacity of states to shape emerging organizational and spatial arrangements in dynamic GPNs. Building on assemblage thinking, I conceptualize these political and institutional dynamics as the unbundling of legal, regulatory and institutional components of nation-state authorities that govern GPNs, and the subsequent reassembling of these components through emerging interactions with finance, technology and new forms of private authority. These emerging global assemblages are both partially embedded in global cities and stretch across and within the borders of nation-states. Building on this conceptual framework, this article explains how the exclusive nation-state authorities that traditionally governed liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade and markets are becoming unbundled. The article focuses on the initiatives of public and private actors in Singapore who are attempting to shape evolutionary dynamics in GPNs by establishing a hub for LNG trading and speculative financing in Asia. The article finds that Singapore’s capacity to shape LNG production networks is dependent upon the capacity of public and private actors in Singapore to establish cross-border connectivity to markets in Southeast Asia.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Multinational enterprises, industrial relatedness and employment in European regions (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: This article investigates the link between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and employment in their host regions by cross-fertilising the literature on MNE externalities with the emerging body of research on industrial relatedness. The link between employment and MNE presence in the same and related industries is tested for European regions. The results suggest that cross-sectoral MNE spillovers are mediated through industrial relatedness and that they are positively and significantly associated with higher employment levels, independently of input–output relations. Our results indicate that regions characterised by lower factor prices are likely to benefit the most from the presence of multinationals in terms of employment, but these benefits are concentrated in high knowledge-intensive sectors, potentially fostering inequalities within less-developed economies.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Distributional Preferences in Larger Groups: Keeping up with the Joneses and Keeping Track of the Tails (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-09
    Description: We study distributional preferences in larger “societies.” We conduct experiments via Mechanical Turk, in which subjects choose between two income distributions, each with seven (or more) individuals, with hypothetical incomes that aim to approximate the actual distribution of income in the U.S. In contrast to prior work, our design allows us to flexibly capture the particular distributional concerns of subjects. Consistent with standard maximin (Rawlsian) preferences, subjects select distributions in which the bottom individual’s income is higher (but show little regard for lower incomes above the bottom ranking). In contrast to standard models, however, we find that subjects select distributions that lower the top individual’s income, but not other high incomes. Finally, we provide evidence of “locally competitive” preferences—in most experimental sessions, subjects select distributions that lower the income of the individual directly above them, while the income of the individual two positions above has little effect on subjects’ decisions. Our findings suggest that theories of inequality aversion should be adapted to account for individuals’ aversion to “topmost” and “local” disadvantageous inequality.
    Print ISSN: 1542-4766
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-4774
    Topics: Economics
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    Designing post-disaster temporary housing inspired by the housing of indigenous nomads of Iran (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: The significance of post-disaster temporary housing for the victims has led to the problem of designing a good model of temporary housing. According to research hypothesis, using the design of Iranian nomads’ housing instead of common forms of temporary housing contributes to energy saving. Investigating the architecture of nomads’ housing indicates that there is a type of indigenous knowledge for designing and constructing this type of housing. After the study, data collection and a review of the types of Iranian nomads’ housing using library and causal method, thermal simulation was conducted to investigate the effect of changing the temporary housing form inspired by the nomads’ housing on energy consumption. Findings showed that using shapes like Kapars of Baluchistan nomads, wigwams of Shahsavan tribe in Ardabil and mudhifs of Khuzestan will save energy for 36%, 24% and 25%, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Design of tunnel drier for the non-centrifugal sugar industry (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-14
    Description: The quality and shelf-life of NCS (non-centrifugal sugar) mainly depend on the moisture content present in it. NCS formed by the current practice of open sun drying contains moisture substantially greater than the acceptable level of 3%. This paper presents the work undertaken to design a tunnel dryer to achieve the required moisture content of granular NCS for various load conditions. An experimental investigation was conducted on a laboratory-scale dryer to achieve the required moisture content for various loads. This experimental data was compared with the output of two drying models and a validated one that could be used to design an industrial-scale dryer. For various load conditions on each tray and dryer exit temperature, nine different cases were determined. The number of trucks, drying time, and energy requirements were computed using the validated theoretical model. A tunnel dryer with a length, height and width of 18, 1.2 and 1 m respectively and 18 trucks with 24 trays on each truck is shown to be dry 1 tone of NCS based on the minimum energy requirement of 176.49 MJ, and a drying time of 68 min.
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    Synthesis, characterization and gravimetric studies of novel triazole-based compound (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-06
    Description: 4-Amino-3-(2-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione (ATH) was synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared as spectroscopical techniques and elemental analysis. ATH was studied for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in corrosive environment by means of weight loss technique, scanning electron microscopy and the adsorption isotherm. ATH demonstrates a superior inhibition efficiency against corrosion of mild steel. Adsorption data fit well to a Langmuir isotherm model.
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    Dynamic and steady-state analysis of steam reforming of methane to hydrogen in a reformer for electric-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-06
    Description: Hydrogen-fueled combustion systems are becoming popular in recent years. Methane is one of the significant hydrogen supplier in nature. Thus, in the study, the natural gas-fueled reactor-assisted solid oxide fuel-cell system is configured to provide a current to load the battery to turn the propeller of an unmanned aerial vehicle in the large-scale hydrogen-onboard system. The methane-fueled reactor has not been studied under a large-scale case in literature yet. To investigate the amount of products, this paper presents about the steam-reforming performance of natural gas in steady state and transient in the reactor. The influence of vital parameters such as steam/carbon, gas feed temperatures, the amount of heat transferred to the reactor in methane steam reforming for a plug flow reactor, and a continuous stirred tank-type reactor is investigated respectively. Methane conversion, yield of hydrogen gas and H2 gas generation for different medium conditions along the reactor are studied on by using the COMSOL Multiphysics program. The steady-state and time-dependent characteristics of the steam reforming of natural gas are focused on. The high conversion ratio of methane gas is obtained by ranking the steam/carbon ratio. The released hydrogen gas molar flow rate is increasing according to the reactor volume. The achieved power provided by produced gas of H2 is 97 hp supplying the thrust force for an unmanned aerial vehicle.
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    Quantum chemical elucidation on corrosion inhibition efficiency of Schiff base: DFT investigations supported by weight loss and SEM techniques (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-05
    Description: The corrosion inhibition of Schiff base, namely 2-((2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)amino)pyridine (HMAP), for mild steel (MS) in a 1 M hydrochloric acid environment was investigated by means of weight loss and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Quantum chemical calculation based on density functional theory (DFT) was carried out on HMAP. Results illustrated that HMAP is a superior inhibitor for the corrosion of MS in 1.0M hydrochloric acid environment, and inhibition efficiency is higher than 90.0% at 0.5 g/L HMAP. Inhibition performance increases with regard to concentration increase and inhibition performance decreases when raising temperature. Adsorption of the inhibitor on the MS surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the value of the free energy of adsorption; ΔGads indicated that the adsorption of HMAP was a physisorption/chemisorption process. The DFT refers to perfect correlation with methodological inhibition performance.
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    Ecological footprint for environmental sustainability in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-23
    Description: Ecological footprint (EF) is an indicator that accounts for human demand in the environment compared with the sizes of the bio-productive land and sea areas. This research was carried out to determine the EF for environmental sustainability in Ilorin Metropolis. Empirical surveying, which involved systematic random sample technique, was used to select residential households in each community for this investigation. The EF indicators, which include food, energy and waste consumptions, were determined empirically. The bio-capacity (BC), ecological stress and deficit were determined, from the land used as environmental sustainable areas in Ilorin, using Google Earth Mapping. The results revealed that energy has the highest EF of 44%, followed by waste and food with the footprint of 25% and 5%, respectively. A deficit of 38% was obtained, and this requires eight times the BC to balance the EF of the population. This implies that people are consuming more of the energy and generating more wastes than they consumed food.
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    Performance evaluation of a novel PVT-GSHP heating system on energy-efficient poultry houses: long-term monitoring (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-07
    Description: The case study presented in this paper is an innovative ground source heat pump (GSHP) system constituted by a hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) solar system for poultry houses. Farmers tend to not to apply GSHPs because of the high prices of excavation and time consumption. The innovative heat pump system assessed in this study comprises of a new type of heat exchangers; a thin-tube solar polyethylene heat exchanger installed between roof tiles and PV panels and a novel vertical ground heat exchanger to utilize the heat stored in the soil. The heating system applied to a poultry house are monitored and evaluated under a variety of environmental and operating conditions to achieve annual/long-term efficiency of the heating system in Kirton, UK. The maximum heating demand of the poultry house is determined 34.4 MWh/PC while the minimum is 11,1 MWh/PC. The monitored results show that the heat pump produced 15.02 MWh of thermal energy per annum. Solar PV and heat pump worked very well together with solar PV covering all the heat pump’s annual electrical energy requirement and generated 8.74 MWh of extra electricity exported to the grid. The seasonal coefficient of performance is found 3.73 through a year. The novel PVT-GSHP heating system is a very promising solution for high fossil fuel consumption in the agriculture industry and the energy savings of the whole system can be noticeably increased dependent up on the system controlling.
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    Theoretic analysis and experimental evaluation of the spectrum transmission coefficient of a multilayer photovoltaic vacuum glazing (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-15
    Description: This paper introduces an innovative thin film PV vacuum glazing (PV-VG) technology. In addition to electricity generation, the PV-VG glazing can also reduce heat loss from the building in winter and reduce heat gain in summer. In building integrated photovoltaics application, optical characterization of the PV glazing is important in determining the solar ray transmission and thermal transfer process of the glazing. This paper discusses the optical properties of the PV-VG glazing by considering the different layers of the glazing unit that includes a self-cleaning glass, a thin film PV glass and a low-e vacuum glazing. Based on the optical transfer matrix, the transmission coefficients of different film layers were deduced. The theoretical calculations were then validated against the transmission coefficient experiment of the PV-VG using an EDTM SS2450 Solar Spectrum Meter. The calculation error of the transmission coefficient of the single-layer glazing is generally within 5%, the calculation error of the transmission coefficient of the integrated PV-VG glazing is about 6%. The results show that the average visible light transmission coefficient, the average infrared light transmission coefficient and the overall transmission coefficient of PV-VG glazing are 19%, 16% and 12%, respectively. The study is important to optimize the visible light transmission of the PV-VG glazing; the optical model obtained above lays a solid foundation for further study of transmission coefficient analysis of different functional coating of PV-VG glazing.
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    Discrete optimization algorithm for optimal design of a solar/wind/battery hybrid energy conversion scheme (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-10
    Description: Renewable energy technologies have been developed in recent years due to the limited sources of fossil fuels, the possibility of depletion of fossil fuels and the related environmental issues. In these types of systems, it is crucial to reach optimum sizing in order to have an affordable system based on solar and wind energy and energy storage. In this study, a powerful optimization scheme based on tabu search, called discrete tabu search, has been proposed for sizing three stand-alone solar/wind/energy storage (battery) hybrid systems. For validating the applied algorithm effectiveness, the results are compared with the results found by the discrete harmony search. The obtained outcomes are compared on the basis of total annual cost. The components of the scheme are analyzed in different operating conditions by applying meteorological data in addition to real time information from three typical regions of Iran. According to the obtained data, applying ‘discrete tabu search’ leads to better outputs on the basis of mean, standard deviation and worst indexes.
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    Incentives or restrictions: policy choices in farmers’ chemical fertilizer reduction and substitution behaviors (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-17
    Description: Based on 804 samples of farmers in Hubei Province, a typical major grain-producing area in China, this study empirically analyzed the effects of two different policy tools, i.e. economic incentives (subsidies) and order enforcements (regulatory restrictions), as well as the effects of their interaction, on farmers’ chemical fertilizer reduction and substitution behaviors. Samples were grouped according to the degree of concurrent employment to analyze the effects on different groups. The results show that (1) the influences of these policies on the behaviors were significantly positive; (2) after constructing the interactive variables of the policies, the influence of the order enforcement policy was no longer significant, but the influence of the interaction was significantly positive; (3) the low-degree concurrent employment farmers were more likely to be affected by the order enforcement policy, whereas the high-degree ones were more affected by the economic incentive policy; and (4) the behaviors of the low-degree ones were strongly affected by family management characteristics, whereas the high-degree ones were more affected by the farmers’ individual characteristics.
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    Thermodynamic and financial assessment of concentrated solar power plant hybridized with biomass-based organic Rankine cycle, thermal energy storage, hot springs and CO2 capture systems (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-22
    Description: The present study aims to investigate the thermodynamic and financial aspect of concentrated solar power (CSP) plant hybridized with biomass-based organic Rankine cycle (ORC), thermal energy storage (TES), hot springs and CO2 capture systems. The organic working fluids namely R123, R235fa, D4 and MDM are selected for designing the hybrid system at different operating conditions. The nominal power capacities of the CSP and biomass ORC plants are 1.3 MW and 730 kW respectively. Additionally, a parametric study has been carried out to understand the influencing parameters that affect the system’s performance. From the results, it is revealed that the biomass ORC plant with a hot spring system alone can develop a power of 720 and 640 kW for D4 and MDM respectively. Furthermore, the power generation can be increased with addition of TES in the CSP plant. From the economic point of view, the hybrid system with special focus on CO2 capture could be very profitable if the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is fixed at 0.24$/kWh. In this scenario, the payback period is 8 years with an internal rate of return (IRR) more than 8%. Therefore, the hybrid system is thermodynamically and financially attractive for dispatchable electricity.
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    Energy analysis of cyclic parameters of organic Rankine cycle system (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-11
    Description: Geothermal energy is a kind of green and non-polluting renewable energy. Medium and low-temperature geothermal energy below 150 °C is usually used directly for heating, industrial and agricultural heating, bathing, etc., and the utilization rate is low. Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system can be used in a low-temperature geothermal power generation systems. Thermodynamic analysis of the thermal cycle system is carried out in this paper. Based on the principle of exergy analysis, the cycle parameters such as evaporation temperature, condensation temperature, superheating temperature, and supercooling temperature are analyzed. The results show that the exergy efficiency and system output power can improve by increasing evaporation temperature and the exergy loss can decrease in the evaporator. Increasing superheating temperature enhances the output power of the expander and the exergy loss in the condenser, decreases the exergy efficiency simultaneously. Increasing condensation temperature decreases the exergy efficiency of the system and the output power of the expander, and increases the exergy loss of the system. Although the output power of the expander will not be affected by supercooling temperature, the rise of supercooling temperature will reduce the exergy efficiency of the system and increase the exergy loss of the evaporator.
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    Optimal design of the solar tracking system of parabolic trough concentrating collectors (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-03
    Description: The present work aimed to select the optimum solar tracking mode for parabolic trough concentrating collectors using numerical simulation. The current work involved: (1) the calculation of daily solar radiation on the Earth’s surface, (2) the comparison of annual direct solar radiation received under different tracking modes and (3) the determination of optimum tilt angle for the north-south tilt tracking mode. It was found that the order of solar radiation received in Shanghai under the available tracking modes was: dual-axis tracking 〉 north-south Earth’s axis tracking 〉 north-south tilt tracking (β = 15°) 〉 north-south tilt tracking (β = 45) 〉 north-south horizontal tracking 〉 east-west horizontal tracking. Single-axis solar tracking modes feature simple structures and low cost. This study also found that the solar radiation received under the north-south tilt tracking mode was higher than that of the north-south Earth’s axis tracking mode in 7 out of 12 months. Therefore, the north-south tilt tracking mode was studied separately to determine the corresponding optimum tilt angles in Haikou, Lhasa, Shanghai, Beijing and Hohhot, respectively, which were shown as follows: 18.81°, 27.29°, 28.67°, 36.21° and 37.97°.
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    An experimental investigation into a novel small-scale device for energy harvesting using vortex-induced vibration (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-03
    Description: Renewable energies could be a good solution to the problems associated with fossil fuels. The storage of wind energy by means of small-scale devices rather than large-scale turbines is a topic that has gained lots of interest. In this study, a compact device is proposed to harvest wind energy and transform it into electrical energy, by means of oscillations of a magnet into a coil, using the concept of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) behind a barrier. For a more comprehensive investigation, this system is studied from two viewpoints of fluid mechanics (without magnet) and power generation (with the magnet). For this purpose, an oscillating plate hinging on one side and three barriers with different geometrical shapes including cylindrical, triangular and rectangular barriers are used. In addition to the effect of barrier geometry, the impacts of various barriers dimensions, the distance between the plate and the barriers as well as inclination angle of the plate with respect to the horizon on the amplitude of oscillations and generated power are investigated. Results showed that in each case, there is a unique Reynolds number in which the frequency of vortex shedding equals to the frequency of plate oscillation and the output power from the energy harvester device is maximum. Besides, by increasing the barrier dimensions, the amplitude of oscillations increases up to three times, which leads to a higher generated power. Finally, by considering the studied parameters, the best conditions for generating energy using the VIV method are presented for design purposes. Among all the considered cases, the cylindrical barrier with the highest diameter and nearest distance to the plate led to the highest efficiency (0.21%) in comparison with other barriers.
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    Effects of evaporation parameters on recuperative transcritical organic Rankine cycle using binary mixture fluids (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
    Description: In this study, thermodynamic analysis was performed on basic and recuperative transcritical organic Rankine cycles by using five pure and six mixed fluids. The effects of evaporation parameters on the first- and second-law efficiencies (ηI and ηII) as well as power output were investigated. The results indicate that a recuperator had a positive effect on the ηI and ηII and negative effects on the specific power. The total irreversibility of the system was improved by the recuperator. However, the total irreversibility considerably increased with an increase in the expander inlet temperature (Texp,in) due to the significant increase in irreversibility in the condenser, particularly for working fluids with low critical temperatures, namely R134a, R1234yf and R290, and low proportions of R245fa and R600a in mixed fluids. For both the pure and mixed fluids, the specific power linearly increased with an increase in the expander inlet pressure (Pexp,in) and Texp,in. However, with an increase in Pexp,in, the ηI and ηII first increased and then decreased. Finally, for ηI and ηII, the effect of the recuperator increased with an increase in Texp,in even though the recuperator had a relatively small effect on the working fluids with high critical temperature, especially when Pexp,in was high.
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    Developing the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities to boost the development of low-carbon economy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-03
    Description: In this work, the network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used to divide the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities into two stages, which makes up for the lack of process measurement in a single DEA model. Also, the relationship between the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements in universities and the development of a low-carbon economy was quantitatively analyzed. The research results show that: (1) the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements of universities in China is increasing year by year and which is significantly higher in the eastern region than that in the central and western regions. (2) The efficiency of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of the university promotes the reduction of carbon emission intensity and the development of a low-carbon economy, indicating that the improvement of the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements of the university has a good role in promoting the ecological environment protection. However, compared with the developed countries, the quantity and quality of science and technology supply and ecological environment protection in China’s universities are still insufficient. In this regard, the development suggestions are put forward from the aspects of government policy guidance, professional talent cooperation and strengthening the docking between universities and industrial low-carbon economic development. The purpose of this paper is to promote the development of a low-carbon economy by improving the efficiency of scientific and technological achievements transformation in universities, to achieve the goal of ecological environment protection.
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    Research on frequency modulation control of photovoltaic power generation system based on VSG (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-26
    Description: In order to improve the friendliness of the grid connection of new energy power generation, the new energy photovoltaic (PV) unit is equivalent to a synchronous generator in the power system and a virtual synchronous generator (VSG)-controlled PV energy storage complementary grid-connected power generation system model is established and studied to analyze the VSG. When power is supplied to the load together with the power grid, the energy storage unit inside the VSG will release and store the electrical energy according to the fluctuation of the PV output, which plays the role of the adjustment of the prime mover; in the case of load power fluctuations, and power grid assume the corresponding active power regulation according to their capacity. The amount of active power adjustment to jointly and maintain the power balance inside the system under the condition of fluctuating load power. The overall system architecture and control strategy of PV grid-connected inverter based on VSG algorithm are proposed. The PV-VSG proposed here not only takes into account the maximum power point tracking control but also has independent participation in the power supply. A series of characteristics of synchronous generators, such as network frequency modulation voltage regulation and inertia damping, can effectively improve the new energy PV power generation system and promote the new energy consumption. The results of system simulation and field demonstration operation fully show the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed control strategy based on VSG algorithm.
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    Study on roof-mounted radiant cooling system for LNG-fueled refrigerated vehicles (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
    Description: A roof-mounted radiant cooling system incorporating a bypass structure, intended for use on liquid natural gas (LNG)-fueled refrigerated vehicles and offering stable dynamic regulation was designed. A model was established using the TRNSYS software package to simulate the operation of this system, and the effects of various factors on the refrigeration performance were analyzed. The quantitative relationship between the LNG flow rate and the ambient temperature was determined and a dynamic regulation strategy proposed. The results of this work show that, when the vehicle is operated at an economical speed, the cooling capacity provided by the system is greater than 1.2 kW, which meets the requirements for a refrigerated vehicle. The dynamic regulation approach developed in this study was found to allow use of the refrigerated vehicle under different climactic conditions and to improve the stability of the cooling system.
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    Research on optimization strategy of grid frequency modulation based on doubly-fed wind turbines (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-24
    Description: The increasing global energy and environmental problems are encouraging to the development and utilization of renewable and clean energy in various countries. Wind power is one of the major source in large-scale renewable energy applications. However, the frequency regulation becomes a critical issue while the technology is spreading. Research on the frequency modulation (FM) technology of wind turbines and its control strategy for future power grids become significant. The paper proposes a novel coordinated frequency control strategy with the synchronous generator to solve the unmatched state between the output power of the doubly-fed wind turbines (doubly-fed induction generators) and the grid frequency, combined with the frequency response characteristics of the synchronous generator. The FM coordination strategy is formulated by the modulation coefficient from current wind speed and operation mode of each wind turbine. By coordinating the FM output of the doubly-fed wind turbine and the synchronous generator within the allowable range of frequency deviation, it will achieve the dual goal of reducing the frequency regulation pressure of the synchronous generator and indirectly reducing the abandoned wind volume of the wind turbine. The simulation is carried out on the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The results show that the presenting variable coefficient frequency modulation strategy could significant smooth the wind power fluctuation, and allow the reserve power of the doubly-fed wind turbine can fully engaged in frequency modulation which will reduces the frequency modulation pressure of the synchronous generator in the system.
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    Comparative investigation of performance of gas dryer and two other types of domestic clothes dryers (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-03
    Description: The moisture extraction rate (MER) and energy efficiency of domestic gas clothes dryers, heat-pump clothes dryers and electric clothes dryers were assessed. The assessment was performed with regard to five indices: the MER, specific MER, specific thermal energy consumption for dehumidification (mSPC), energy efficiency (ηt) and primary energy efficiency (η1). The effects of the dry mass of clothes (mBD) and the ambient temperature on the performance of the clothes dryers were evaluated. The experiments were divided into two parts. In the first part, the ambient temperature was 20°C, and mBD was set as 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 6 kg. In the second part, mBD was 3.5 kg, and the performance of the dryers was tested at ambient temperatures of 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20°C. The experimental results indicated that the gas dryer had the highest MER the heat-pump dryer had the best performance with regard to energy conservation and all three types of dryers had a higher MER and energy efficiency when the ambient temperature increased. The performance of the gas dryer was lower than that of heat-pump dryer when the temperature was 20°C. But when the temperature was
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    Mechanical and morphology properties of titanium oxide-epoxy nanocomposites (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-24
    Description: In the current work, the influences of titanium oxide (TO) on nanocomposites using epoxy (EP) resin have been investigated. EP resin was added to various contents in terms of volume of TO (6%). Based on the casting method, the TO-EP nanocomposites were prepared. Mechanical properties in terms of tensile, impact and hardness properties exhibited improvements in the mechanical results of the TO-EP nanocomposites. The experimental results exhibited that the enhancement in the tensile strength, impact, and hardness was found to be 14 MPa, 40.1 J/mm2 and 228.9 HV, respectively. Moreover, the effect of the strength has decreased compared with pointing to brittleness that increased the TO-EP nanocomposites. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis was used to perform a microstructure analysis which in turn revealed how TO obstruction the cracks propagation in the nanocomposites. The interface between the TO and the EP nanocomposites was observed using the FESEM images. The results highlighted that the TO-EP nanocomposites can be used a wide range of industrial applications such as biomedical application.
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    Comparison of nZEB indicators for hotel renovations under different European climatic conditions (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-24
    Description: Hotels hold an important role in the energy efficiency policies of the European Union (EU), as they are typically ranked among the top energy consumers in the non-residential sector. However, a significant amount of the energy used in hotels is wasted, leaving ample room for enhancing energy-efficiency and resource conservation. Indeed, energy refurbishment of the hotel building stock is crucial in order to reach the nearly zero energy building (nZEB) status imposed by EU Directives for energy efficiency, and also an important pillar to achieve the energy targets for 2030 and the transition towards climate-neutral levels by 2050. A typical 4-star hotel in operation in Faro (Portugal) was used as a case study in order to establish energy performance indicators for nZEB hotels in three European cities, taking into account the influence of the climatic context, the technical feasibility and cost effectiveness of the best energy retrofit packages. The study started after the calibration of the building energy model by means of an energy audit and measured data, in order to have a baseline model that represents well the actual energy use of the hotel in the reference location. The building energy model was developed by using DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus software. The validated model was then used to assess the effect of the best retrofit interventions (energy efficiency measures and active solar systems) in order to set minimum energy performance requirements and to reach cost-optimal levels and nZEB levels for refurbished hotels. A significant energy-saving potential was found for the cost-optimal benchmarks, and the obtained nZEB levels can be achieved under technically and economically conditions for the selected cities: Faro, London and Athens.
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    Is it a possibility to achieve energy plus prefabricated building worldwide? (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-15
    Description: Prefabricated buildings constructed to be used in a specific region cannot be assumed to work unconditionally in different climates around the world. It is important to develop passive house solutions for each location, suitable for the actual climate and geographic conditions. Shelters could be used in different applications such as refugee housing or telecommunication stations. Photovoltaic energy could cover the electricity consumption of these shelters. Shelters for different applications should be usable in all weather conditions, and because of that different climate zones were chosen. A full study about three climate zones was done to study the different factors that play a significant rule in choosing the location of the shelter. In this study, prefabricated housing was designed to ensure thermal comfort by doing structure design changes and using solar energy as an energy source. Three different locations have been chosen to be able to perform the best structure and components design for every location, taking into consideration the assumptions taken in each place. The total photovoltaic system was designed with a capacity of hot, moderate and cold climate zones with 2.0, 1.8 and 3.45 kWp, respectively, along with energy plus the production of 38% in the hot, 47% in the moderate and 28% in the cold climate.
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    Parametric analysis of a combined ejector-vapor compression refrigeration cycle (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: From the last few years, the use of efficient ejector in refrigeration systems has been paid a lot of attention. In this article a description of a refrigeration system that combines a basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle with an ejector cooling cycle is presented. A one-dimensional mathematical model is developed using the flow governing thermodynamic equations based on a constant area ejector flow model. The model includes effects of friction at the constant-area mixing chamber. The current model is based on the NIST-REFPROP database for refrigerant property calculations. The model has basically been used to determine the effect of the ejector geometry and operating conditions on the performance of the whole refrigeration system. The results show that the proposed model predicts ejector performance, entrainment ratio and the coefficient of performance of the system and their sensitivity to evaporating and generating temperature of the cascade refrigeration cycle. The simulated performance has been then compared with the available experimental data from the literature for validation.
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    The influence of cement-based composite materials on the performance of bridges: modification and optimization by nano-SiO2 material (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-07
    Description: Cement-based materials have been widely used in bridge construction. In order to further improve their performance, this study analyzed the modification and optimization functions of nano-SiO2 materials, designed test specimens with different content of nano-SiO2 and conducted experiments on their flow performance, compression resistance, bending resistance and impermeability. The results showed that the flow performance of the materials decreased and the impermeability decreased with the increase of nano-SiO2 content. The compressive strength and flexural strength are the best when the content of nano-SiO2 is 1%. On the whole, the best content of nano-SiO2 is 1%; when the content of nano-SiO2 is 1%, all the properties of the specimens are good, which is more conducive to the construction of bridges in various complex environments. The research in this paper has made some contributions to the further application of nano-SiO2 in the optimization of building materials, which is conducive to the better development of building materials.
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    Comparative effects of two injection paths on performance of a heat pump with a sub-cooler injection configuration (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-10
    Description: As one of the most promising and convenient heating service to replace coal-fired boilers and electric heaters due to its high energy efficiency, a heat pump has received more and more attention for the economical application and extensive research. The injection technology can be used to improve the heat pump performance. Currently, the injection ratio and pressure ratio are usually used to characterize the effects of injection styles on its performance. This is not conducive to its practical operation control because of additional cost increase. In this work, the effects of two injection cycles due to two injection paths were characterized with openings of a sub-cooling electronic expansion valve, comparatively tested and analyzed. Test results demonstrate that the heating capacities (Qh), electricity power (EP) and coefficient of performance with the refrigerant injection into compressor (CRI) are more than those with the injection into accumulator (ARI), and the overall effect with the CRI is positive because the Qh improvement outperforms EP increase. For example, the maximum Qh with the CRI at 55, 60 and 85 rps were 8.1%, 7.7% and 18.3% higher than those without the CRI, and 7.3%, 6.7% and 19.0% higher than those with the ARI. The thermodynamic model was used to analyze the experimental results and expound the mechanism of the influence of injection path on the performance of heat pump. This work provides guidance for improving energy efficiency in common areas and enhancing Qh in cold areas.
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    Analysis on the monitoring system of energy conservation and comfort in office buildings based on internet of things (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-17
    Description: In order to reduce the cost of central air conditioning, we need to reduce its energy consumption. This paper briefly introduced Internet of Things and the energy-saving and comfort monitoring system of central air conditioning based on the Internet of Things. The system took comfort degree as constraint and energy efficiency as objective to control energy saving of central air conditioning. Company X in Guanghan, Sichuan, China, was taken as an example for analysis. The system was compared with the energy-saving control system which took temperature and power as constraints. Compared with before the energy-saving control, the proportion of air conditioning downtime in the working hours of employees increased after the implementation of the two kinds of energy-saving control systems, and the proportion of downtime under the energy-saving control system designed in this study was larger; in addition, after the control of the two kinds of energy-saving systems, the energy efficiency of the air conditioning significantly improved, and the air conditioning under the control of the energy-saving system proposed in this study had more improvement in energy efficiency and higher energy-saving efficiency. The energy-saving control method proposed in this study can effectively reduce the power consumption of the central air conditioning in the office.
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    Study of the effect of surface wettability on droplet impact on spherical surfaces (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-20
    Description: The effect of surface wettability on droplet impact on spherical surfaces is studied with the CLSVOF method. When the impact velocity is constant, with the increase in the contact angle (CA), the maximum spreading factor and time needed to reach the maximum spreading factor (tmax) both decrease; the liquid film is more prone to breakup and rebound. When CA is constant, with the impact velocity increasing, the maximum spreading factor increases while tmax decreases. With the curvature ratio increasing, the maximum spreading factor increases when CA is between 30 and 150°, while it decreases when CA ranges from 0 to 30°.
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    Crushing method selection for non-centrifugal sugar production by FAHP–ELECTRE I (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-03
    Description: The non-centrifugal sugar (NCS) industry is one of the oldest small-scale cottage industry in India, whose technological features are not changed for several decades due to which the production and consumption of NCS has reduced significantly. One way to attend this problem is to select the best and sustainable methods among the existing technologies at various stages in the production process. In the production of NCS, juice extraction is the primary and essential process. The present work gives an insight to a logical procedure for selecting a suitable and sustainable juice extraction method for improving the NCS production using multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) technique. The selection process is based on 11 evaluation criteria covering various sustainable factors viz. technological, economic and environmental factors. Fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (FAHP) integrated with elimination et choix traduisant la realité method is the MCE technique considered for selecting the most appropriate crushing method among five alternatives. The results indicated that the power-operated single horizontal crusher is the most suitable and sustainable crushing method for improving the production rate of NCS. The same technique can be used for the other process unit of the NCS production to improve the productivity and sustainability of NCS.
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    Do green buildings provide benefits to the residential sector in Jordan? Yes, but… (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-17
    Description: The concept of green buildings has recently arisen in order to contribute to solving some environmental, energy and economic issues. To meet the green building requirements, this paper describes an integrated design approach to improve the energy and water efficiency of the mid-rise residential buildings in Jordan using the eQUEST energy simulation tool. The results show that savings of 77.9% in the annual requirements of electricity, 65.0% in the requirements of diesel oil and 19.5% in the indoor water consumption can be achieved. Finally, the Jordanian green building model had achieved 44 points in the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design green building rating system and will have the ‘Certified’ classification.
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    Design of a partially premixed burner for biogas-fired wall-mounted boiler (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-11
    Description: Biogas is deemed as one of the most promising renewable fuels emerging in the past several decades. At present, biogas is mainly applied to cooking for substituting fossil fuels. However, biogas is rarely reported to be used for space heating. In this paper, we designed a biogas-fired partially premixed burner for gas-fired wall-mounted boilers, which has the heat input of 25 kW and can be used for space heating and water heater tank heating. The reference gas was assumed as 60% of methane (CH4) and 40% of CO2, and the burner port area was designed as 4744.5 mm2 according to the calculation. Then, experiments were conducted to study the performance of this burner. Jet diameters were modified in order to investigate their effects on heat input, primary air ratio and flame stability of the burner. The results indicate that the burner shows superior performance when the jet diameter is 2.0 mm. Meanwhile, the primary air ratio (${alpha}^{prime }$) satisfies the design requirement. Moreover, a gas-fired wall-mounted boiler with this burner was examined to investigate the influence of different biogas composition on exhaust emissions and thermal efficiency. The results show that the concentration of CO in the flue gas meets the national standard when CH4 varied from 40% to 60% in the biogas. However, the thermal efficiency of the biogas-fired wall-mounted boiler reduces greatly with the increase of CH4 percentage.
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    Experimental evaluations on the outdoor air-based methods for water saving and plume abatement of cooling tower (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-02
    Description: Cooling towers are widely used not only for commercial and industrial purposes but also for cooling power plant. In Korea, coal-fired power plants and nuclear power plants are generally located on the coast, while most combined-power plants are located inland and use cooling towers to condense steam. The operation rate of power plants in Korea highly depends on government energy policies. In the future, it is expected that the need for cooling tower water for inland power plant will increase. Since power plant is one of the massive water-consuming facilities, methods for water saving of cooling tower should be prepared. Also, in the industrial sector, plume is constantly raising social conflicts between residents and manufactures. Basically, similar technologies can be applied to water saving and plume abatement. In this study, the performance of the condensing module (outdoor-air-condensing method) using outside air was tested first. This module has an advantage in that cooling heat source is not necessary. But an excessive increase of fan air volume is required. We tested a membrane-dehumidification method that selectively transfers water vapor by applying a membrane module. The results showed that membrane module required a large amount of energy to generate vapor pressure difference and it had a disadvantage in energy usage. Since the membrane method considered requires a high bypass airflow for higher dehumidification, it also has a disadvantage similar to that of the outdoor air module. Finally, the dehumidification/regeneration module (heat-pump method) gave the best performance in terms of water saving and plume abatement.
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    Efficiency evaluation and optimization of rural ecotourism space based on DEA model (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-10
    Description: Since the reform and opening up, with the development of China’s economy, the demand for tourism has been increased. The traditional agriculture has not been able to satisfy the diversified consumption demand; as a result, the rural ecotourism develops rapidly. Based on such a situation, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used in this study; the relevant data of Guangxi province such as the number of star hotels and number of tourists were referred to. The efficiency of rural ecotourism space was calculated. According to evaluation analysis of spatial dynamic efficiency, it could be found that although the comprehensive technical efficiency of the southeast coastal areas was lower than 1, it was still higher than other regions. The pure technical efficiency of many regions was equal to 1, and the scale benefits were increasing. Regions with moderate political and economic levels had high pure technical efficiency and maintained above the national level, but they were relatively small in scale and needed to increase input indicators. However, the comprehensive technical efficiency of relatively backward areas in northwest China was relatively low, which remained at about 0.3. Therefore, more investment and government support are needed to expand the scale.
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    EER test and analysis of surface ice cooling system for coal mine (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-15
    Description: With the depth increasing and the improvement of mining mechanization of the coal mine, heat hazard is becoming more and more serious, the ice cooling system is gradually promoted and applied in China for recent years, but the cooling capacity and energy efficiency ratio (EER) test and analysis for such system is seldom reported. The cooling capacity and EER of the refrigerating equipment of an ice cooling system of a coal mine are tested and analyzed in Shandong Province in this paper. The test result indicates that the refrigerating capacity and EER are lower and both the pre-cooling units and the ice making system have a large variable range. It points out that it should not evaluate the ice cooling system by the test data only in this mine but expect more test data and analysis of the ice cooling system in other coal mines to get a more scientific conclusion. And the test, analysis and comparison for different kinds of cooling system are also expected to explore suitable cooling system while a full consideration of the geological conditions and other factors of the mine are taken into consideration.
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    Enhanced performance figures of solar cookers through latent heat storage and low-cost booster reflectors (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-10
    Description: Solar box cookers draw attention of many researchers across the globe as a promising renewable energy application for cooking purposes. Compared to other types available in literature, solar box cookers are more in the centre of interest owing to their simple and low-cost design, emerging thermodynamic performance figures, high durability and reliable cooking processes without any risk of burning food. On the other hand, cooking power and overall thermal performance of solar box cookers are still somewhat challenging to compete with the conventional cooking systems for the climatic conditions with low solar radiation potential like the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Within the scope of this research, a novel solar box cooker is devised, fabricated and tested to overcome the said shortcomings of traditional solar box cookers through natural and recycled materials. Double-glazed structure having 16-mm-thick air between two 6-mm-thick thermally resistive clear glasses is considered for aperture glazing with an area of 0.16 m2. The oven area has a depth of 350 mm, and it is entirely painted matte black for maximum solar absorption. The oven body made of stainless steel sheets is encountered by a latent heat storage medium filled by natural beeswax product, waste of propolis. Propolis is a resinous mixture that is used for protection of beehives, from either climatic changes or diseases. Polyphenols rich in balsamic part of the structure is extracted by alcohol than used for many apitherapic purposes. The remaining pulp or waste is not considered. In this study, it is used as green chemistry agents. It is found that water temperature in the cooking pot is kept over 40°C till very late hours as a consequence of latent heat storage. First figure of merit is determined to be 0.08, and the thermal efficiency of the cooker varies from 7.47 to 4.54%.
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    Influences of different factors on the three-dimensional heat transfer of spiral-coil energy pile group with seepage (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-07
    Description: Energy pile group is an important component of ground source heat pumps with foundation piles as ground heat exchangers. Among different energy piles, those with spiral pipes have a large heat exchange area between the pipe and the concrete, achieving good heat exchanging performance and wide applications. To analyze the influence of geometrical parameters (pile layout, pile spacing and pile depth) and external parameter (groundwater velocity) on the heat transfer of spiral-coil energy pile groups, a three-dimensional analytical model of spiral-coil energy pile groups with seepage is used, considering the thermal interaction among different piles, the geometry of spiral pipe and the velocity of groundwater. The soil temperature distribution in the energy pile group is studied under conditions with different factors (pile layouts: 3 × 2, L shape and line shape; pile spacing distances: 3, 5 and 7 m; pile depths: 10, 30 and 50 m; and groundwater velocities: 0, 1.2 × 10−6 and 2.0 × 10−6 m/s). The 3-year outlet fluid temperature of energy pile group affected by the above different factors under different inlet fluid temperatures and velocities or soil thermal exchange ratios is investigated. Results show that for the low fluid velocity inside the piles, the influence of above factors on the thermal performance of energy piles is more obvious. Large groundwater velocity, line shape pile layout, large pile spacing distance and short pile depth can alleviate the long-term temperature variation caused by unbalanced soil heat exchange. This work will facilitate the research, design and application of the energy pile group in ground source heat pumps.
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    The effect of mean pressure on the performance of a single-stage heat-driven thermoacoustic cooler (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-07
    Description: Waste heat is an environmental issue in the world. There are some technologies that can be used to recovery the waste heat, one of which is thermoacoustic cooler technology. Thermoacoustic technology can be divided into two parts: one is thermoacoustic engine and cooler. To design the cooler system having high efficiency and lower onset heating temperature, the effect of mean pressure is investigated. By increasing mean pressure from 0.5 to 3 MPa, the heating temperature generating acoustic power can be decreased from 831 to 580 K. Moreover, 15% of Thermodynamic upper limit value of the whole cooler system is achieved.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    A lattice Boltzmann simulation of oblique impact of a single rain droplet on super-hydrophobic surface with randomly distributed rough structures (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-07
    Description: In this paper, oblique impact of a single rain droplet on super-hydrophobic surface with randomly distributed rough structures was investigated by lattice Boltzmann method. The effects of the impact angle of the droplet as well as the skewness and kurtosis of rough surface on the bouncing ability of the droplet were in this paper. It was found that the oblique impact can effectively reduce the contact time in the process of droplet bouncing off, because the energy consumption caused by the pinning effect is reduced. Moreover, the contact time most possibly reaches the shortest when the impact angle is 45°. Decreasing the skewness and keeping the kurtosis around 4.0 can enhance the bouncing ability during the droplet oblique impact on randomly distributed rough surfaces. The results are useful for the design of building structures.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    The role of nanotechnology on post-combustion CO2 absorption in process industries (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-03-16
    Description: At present, higher greenhouse gas (GHG) have triggered global efforts to reduce their level as much as possible for sustainable development. Carbon dioxide is one of the imperative anthropogenic emissions due to its increased excessive accumulation in the environment. Thus, serious attention is required to reduce the level of CO2 using advanced and efficient CO2 capture technologies. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies may play an important role in this direction. At present, solvent-based sorbents are being utilized in CO2 capture for various industrial processes. In this category, the characters of non-materials are playing a crucial role to improve the CO2 absorption capacity of the process. This study is mainly focused on the role of nanotechnology in the post-combustion CO2 absorption process. The functions of nanomaterials and nanoparticles have been studied in the present work. Additionally, various challenges related to absorption efficiency using nanomaterials have been discussed. The study concludes that the higher thermal stability and exceptional properties of nanomaterials popularized them for use in CO2 capture processes.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Cross-correlation analysis between energy and carbon markets in China based on multifractal theory (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-07
    Description: : Global climate change has become the greatest threat to mankind, endangering the ecological security of the earth and the long-term development of human society. Therefore, how to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and curb the trend of global warming has become a common challenge facing all countries in the world. Fossil energy combustion is the fundamental cause of climate change. In this paper, the price return series of domestic energy and carbon markets are taken as the research objects. Firstly, the cross-correlation test is used to verify that there is an obvious cross-correlation between the return series of the energy and carbon markets. Based on this, the multifractal characteristics of energy market and carbon market cross-series are empirically studied. The empirical results show that there is an interactive correlation between energy and carbon markets and this relationship has multifractal characteristics; the interactive correlation between return series has multifractal characteristics. The long-range correlation between small fluctuations and large fluctuations and the fat tail distribution of return series are all reasons for the formation of multifractality. These conclusions will help to understand the non-linear dependence and potential dynamic mechanism between energy and carbon markets in China.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Sound absorption characteristics of KGM-based aerogel (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-07
    Description: This study presents the preparation and property characterization of biomass aerogels as sound absorption materials. Biomasses were chosen to prepare aerogels through the freeze-drying method. Results indicated that four components may have different effects on the aerogel pore structure, and the aerogel formula was thus optimized to reach the best sound absorption. Within the experimental range, biomass aerogel with the optimized formula had an average sound efficiency 0.352, density 0.047 g/cm3 and porosity 94.46 ± 0.04%. It shows better sound absorption performance than traditional sound absorption cotton. These results demonstrate the high sound absorption potential of biomass aerogels for building applications.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Research on battery pack dynamic equalization technology with improved flying capacitor (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Aiming at the problem that the traditional flying capacitor equalization circuit has long equilibrium time and complicated structure, based on the in-depth study of the existing capacitor equalization method, this paper proposes a bidirectional DC-DC equalization circuit topology based on switch matrix. Structure, improve circuit switch network structure, reduce the number of switches and capacitors in the circuit, simplify the equalization structure, combined with the advantages of bidirectional DC-DC converters can be used in both directions, according to the difference between the average voltage of the battery pack and the voltage of each cell. Any two cells in the battery pack areused for equalization purposes. By establishing an experimental test platform verification, the results show that the topology can reduce the equalization time under the premise of simplifying the circuit structure when equalizing any two cells.
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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