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  • 101
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4906 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:44:42 | 4906 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: In recent times, some specialists have begun to study the subject of food selection of fish in an organized way, thus highlighting its importance. In the present work, the author intends to evaluate the impact of predation on the eupelagic zooplanktonic biocenosis of Lake Maggiore, producing, in this way, as far as possible, a basis for a better understanding of the population dynamics of the species of zooplankton directly involved. Another aspect which has been studied is that related to the mechanism of selective capture set in action by the predator. To this end the study tries to bear in mind that the subject should be interpreted as a function of numerous factors acting contemporaneously, that is as the interaction of characters peculiar to the predator and to the prey. The species studied, locally called ”bondella”, belongs to the family Salmonidae, subfamily Coregoninae and was introduced into Lake Maggiore in 1950.
    Description: Translated from Italian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Predator prey interactions ; Zooplankton ; Feeding ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Lake Maggiore
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  • 102
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4909 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:44:49 | 4909 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Taxonomic observations on the larval forms of Cyclops leuckarti are being discussed and compared with Cyclops oithonoides var. hyalina. Observations include Nauplius and Metanauplius stages. The author concludes that specific differences are recognisable even in the nauplius stages.
    Description: Translated from Italian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Life cycle ; Larval development ; Larvae ; Taxonomy ; Animal morphology ; Cyclops leuckarti ; Cyclops oithonoides
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  • 103
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4905 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:44:39 | 4905 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: The study of enzymatic activity is of great importance in the immunology of fungi. Indeed, knowledge of biological activity of antigenic structures is important for the elucidation of host-parasite relations as well as in the search for a taxonomic factor permitting differential diagnoses. The authors used Saprolegnia cultures to analyse soluble antigenic fractions arising from the mycelium of cultures of 4 species of Saprolegnia, which are found most frequently in the parasitic state on fish: S. parasitica, S. ferax, S. delica, S. diclina. The authors conclude that in the study of saprolegniasis, the enzymatic approach affords new elements for the examination of the etiology of fungi as well as an element of gravity concerning the biochemical modifications necessary to the change of saprophytism to parasitism.
    Description: Translated from French into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Parasitic diseases ; Fungal diseases ; Fungi ; Enzymatic activity ; Immunity
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  • 104
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4910 | 1256 | 2011-03-10 09:18:30 | 4910 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: Dormancy has been observed in several species of Cyclops. Animals in dormancy are characterised by almost complete inactivity of the main appendages and sluggish intestinal peristalsis. In Cyclops vicinus dormancy can take place in copepod stages III (19%), IV (78%) and V (3%) but one and the same animal only in one developmental stage. The author gives his own results between frequency of dormancy and photoperiod (20 C, 1000 lux). He concludes that dormancy in C. vicinus can be influenced by day length and can be ended prematurely by short day length.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Life cycle ; Dormancy ; Experimental research
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  • 105
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4908 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:44:48 | 4908 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: There is, in nature, as well as in the aquarium, a parasitic disease known as 'mousse' and which attacks predominantly fish. It is caused by Phycomycete fungi, genus Saprolegnia. The fungus causes external lesions and covers the fish with a thick white layer from whence comes the name 'mousse', commonly attributed to the disease, for which the scientific name is Saprolegnia. This article provides an overview of Saprolegnia infections on fish in nature and aquaria and then discusses symptomology of Saprolegnia in the mirror caro and t roach in more detail.
    Description: Translated from French into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Parasites ; Parasitic diseases ; Fungal diseases ; Fungi ; Histopathology ; Aquaria ; Saprolegnia ; Cyprinus carpio ; Leuciscus rutilus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 106
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4911 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:45:08 | 4911 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Dormancy has been observed in several species of Cyclops. Animals in dormancy are characterised by almost complete inactivity of the main appendages and sluggish intestinal peristalsis. In Cyclops vicinus dormancy can take place in copepod stages III (19%), IV (78%) and V (3%) but one and the same animal only in one developmental stage. The author gives his own results between frequency of dormancy and photoperiod (20 C, 1000 lux). He concludes that dormancy in C. vicinus can be influenced by day length and can be ended prematurely by short day length.
    Description: Translated from Italian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Zooplankton ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Freshwater lakes ; Biological surveys ; Lake dynamics ; Mixodiaptomus laciniatus ; Cyclops abyssorum ; Lake Maggiore
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 107
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4915 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:45:27 | 4915 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The purpose of this work was the study of phytoplankton production of the salt lakes of the Steppe region of Crimea, during the vegetative period of 1974. From May to October Sakskoe and Sasyk Lakes were examined, and from August to October - Moinakskoe Lake. The density of the salt water was measured and the intensity of photosynthesis was determined. From the data presented, it is apparent that the intensity of photosynthesis in Sakskoe and Sasyk Lakes, on average, is extremely high.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Salt lakes ; Phytoplankton ; Primary production ; Saline water ; Photosynthesis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 108
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4914 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:45:22 | 4914 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Experimental studies were carried out on the transformation of matter and energy during embryonic development of the isopod Crustacea Asellus aquaticus L. under two constant temperatures. Material for the experiments was collected in the quarry lakes of the Kurasovshchin-zone (city-Minsk) at 9°C in April and at 18°C in June, 1977. The rate of consumption of oxygen per specimen by eggs and embryos of Asellus aquaticus was observed and dynamics of the basic biological characteristics during embryonic development studied.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Embryonic development ; Temperature effects ; Oxygen consumption ; Asellus aquaticus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 109
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4912 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:45:10 | 4912 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: In the skin of Salmo irideus the production of mucus is due to one type of cell specialized as a mucus cell. The histochemical research presented in this paper describes the mucous cells of Salmo irideus and demonstrates observable variation in such cells during the fish's development.
    Description: Translated from Italian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Mucus ; Histochemistry ; Developmental stages ; Salmo irideus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 110
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4920 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:43:27 | 4920 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Most of the humic substances which occur in natural waters have an iron content of a few percent, indicated by the mg/1 content of organically-bonded carbon. This iron is apparently bound in a complex with the humic substances, for it quite plainly differs in its chemical and physico-chemical properties from what one would expect from the purely inorganic iron-water system. The deviations range from the solubility to the redox behaviour, and thus are frequently the basis of analytical and technical difficulties. The key to the solution of most of this problem lies in a better understanding of the aforementioned bonds between the iron and the humic substances. This paper studies the iron content of the humic substance concentration from a bog lake sample and the complexing of iron by humic substances from the surface of the bog lake.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Marshes ; Iron ; Humus ; pH
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 111
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4917 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:45:37 | 4917 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: Recent histochemical and histophysiological research on the skin of fish has posed interesting problems both with regard to the presence of specialized types of cell and with regard to the function of this organ. The present paper intends to study the development and the functional differentiation of the trout's skin, both from the histomorphological and the histochemical point of view. The skin of Salmonids is devoid of specialized cells; the granular cells of Petromyzonti, the serous cells of Selacii and the clavate cells described in many other teleosts and it lacks keratin. As such it can be considered a good working model which can be used to show the eventual histomorphological and histochemical changes occurring both in the transformation from the endovular to the aqueous environment. Histomorphological observations were carried out demonstrate the great structural simplicity of the trout's skin at all stages. The article concludes that glycogen increases greatly when the epidermis thickens and therefore when it becomes necessary to guarantee resistance, amongst which is a support mechanism.
    Description: Translated from Italian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Histochemistry ; Developmental stages ; Histology ; Skin ; Salmo irideus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 112
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4918 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:45:41 | 4918 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The determination of relative connections between families and genera of Cladocera, necessary for the construction of their natural systems, must be based on various criteria, among them on the structure of the ephippia. Of particular interest is the study of the process of formation and structure of the ephippium in Macrothricidae, different representatives of which differ significantly among themselves according to this criterion. In this article are presented the results of an investigation of the features of formation of the ephippium in seven species of Macrothricidae and in the moinid Moina weismanni Ishikawa (Moinidae).
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Insect eggs ; Histology ; Macrothricidae ; Moina weismanni
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 113
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4916 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:45:32 | 4916 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Glandular cells, other than the mucous cells, have been described in the skin of various groups of fish (Teleosts, Ganoids, Selachii) and they have been called 'albuminose' by various authors. The authors propose to study the albuminose cells in the skin of Torpedo ocellata Raf. from a histochemical point of view. The albuminose cells have a complex morphological structure and a correspondingly complicated histochemical make-up. One must treat them as an example of cell with secretions of a particular type, which must and will be better incorporated when more is known of characteristics existent in other species.
    Description: Translated from Italian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Skin ; Histochemistry ; Animal morphology ; Secretion ; Torpedo ocellata
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  • 114
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4919 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:43:25 | 4919 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Seasonal changes and flooding have an extraordinarily great influence on the drift of organisms. The free water space plays the main part in the provision of food for some fish (Salmo trutta - trout): drift and content of the stomach are balanced here (Simuliidae): whereas others (Thymallus vulgaris) only selectively chose certain animals living at the bottom (molluscs). The total drift, drift of organisms and drift of organic material and minerals, plays a main role in the rate of production in streams. Besides the biology of the organisms living on the river bed, also the geological and hydrographical situation of the area plays a very important role for the composition of the drift. During the years 1964-1966 three streams in the characteristical geological formations flysch, gneiss and chalk of lower Austria were studied in regard to their drift. The Tulln (above St. Christopen), the Krems (above Senftenberg) and the Schwarza (above Hirschwang) seemed to be ideal for this comparative study because they are easy to reach. After summarising the hydrography and chemistry of examined rivers, the author examines the relationship between water level and total drift and the stratification of the total drift before analysing the drift of living organisms. Also considered are seasonal changes of drift of organisms and drift of exuviae.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Rivers ; Drift ; Current data ; Surveys ; Stream flow ; Aquatic animals ; Hydrographic surveying ; Hydrography ; Austria
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 115
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4913 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:45:19 | 4913 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: It is known that an adequately large amount of work has been devoted to investigations on the influence of temperature on the growth period of aquatic invertebrates. However, the action of the given factors on the basic biological characteristics of embryonic growth in crustaceans is virtually unknown. An experimental study of the effectiveness of the transformation of matter and energy during the period of embryogenesis in the isopod Asellus aquaticus L. under different constant temperatures was carried out. Specimens were collected in the quarry lakes of the Kurasovshchin zone (city-Minsk). The authors developed a quantitative analysis of the basic energetic properties of animals during one of the physiological stages at different constant temperatures, which allows one to determine the temperature range in which the expenditure of energy, at a given instance during embryonic growth, is minimised. For A. aquaticus this range is represented by the limits 10-22°C, during which the least expenditure of energy is observed between 14.5 and 18.8°C.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Embryonic development ; Embryos ; Temperature effects ; Asellus aquaticus
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  • 116
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4941 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:41:15 | 4941 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This partial translation from a larger paper provides taxonomic descriptions of the dinoflagellates Peridinium lomnickii, P.lomnickii var. splendida and P. wierzejskii. Illustrations are included.
    Description: Translated from Polish into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Identification keys ; Taxonomy ; Algae ; Plankton ; Peridinium lomnickii ; Peridinium wierzejskii
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  • 117
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4958 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:51 | 4958 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This partial translation of a larger paper provides taxonomic descriptions of 5 fungal zoospores species: Olpidium vampyrellae, 0. pseudosporearum, 0. leptophrydis, Rhizophidium leptophrydis and Chytridium lateoperculatum.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Identification keys ; Taxonomy ; Fungi ; Parasites
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  • 118
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4959 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:13 | 4959 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: From research carried, out on a section of the Levriere, concretions (granules, nodules, which were sometimes joined together) partly covering the river ”bottom” were observed. The authors propose to make besides a petrographic examination of the calcareous precipitations and to see if their origin is connected to a biological activity, or if it is purely a case of a physical-chemical precipitation. The hydrological background of the Levriere, a small river of the Normandy Vexin, is given and conditions of the formation of the concretions studied.
    Description: Translated from French into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Carbonate sediments ; Concretions ; Rivers ; Hydrology ; Algae ; France
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  • 119
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4960 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:16 | 4960 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: In the piscicide laboratory of GosNIORKh over a series of years was carried out the ichthyological evaluation of different agricultural pesticides, used both in our country and abroad. In all more than 300 different chemical substances were tested. Here, it was established that around 10% of them possessed high ichthyotoxic properties. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions on aquarium fish in groups, and also on representatives of different species of lake ichthyofauna. The basic criterion of evaluation of toxicity was the death of experimental fish during 120 hours. This short paper summarises the findings of this reasearch and offers a table presenting acute toxicity of pesticides for fish.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Agricultural pollution ; Ichthyocides ; Freshwater fish ; Toxicity tests ; Experimental research
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  • 120
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4962 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:11 | 4962 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: To be able to carry out physical, chemical and biological investigations on a lake, one needs a thorough knowledge of the volume of water and the shape of the lake basin. Little is known about the about the morphology of the lakes in Schleswig-Holstein and its ecological consequences. For this research a 30 KHz echo sounder with sediment transceiver was used to carry out profile determinations (echo soundings). This apparatus continuously records on paper the different reflexions and absorptions of the sediment and water body in the corresponding depth. By this, acoustically noticeable layers and different densities in the sediment and 'scattering layers' in the water body due to physical, chemical and biological reasons (e.g. plans and single fish) are made visible. Result are summarised here regarding the echo soundings in Blunker See.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Lake basins ; Lake morphology ; Echosounding ; Echo surveys ; Germany ; Blunker Lake
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  • 121
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4971 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:37:19 | 4971 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The Siberian Dace (Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis (Dyb)is an important trade fish in Siberian waters. In the Ob basin more than 30,000 centners are produced annually. Catches of dace fluctuate significantly both between different rivers and between years in the Tomsk region. Defining the stocks of dace in the waters of the Tomsk region and explaining the fluctuations over time seems to be a very important and relevant question for the workers of the fishing industry. An answer, however, requires an accurate knowledge of the biology of dace; its reproductive, feeding and migration habits and the conditions of wintering etc. In the following we examine one of the above questions i.e. the biology of the reproduction of dace. The study was carried out in the Middle Ob in May 1951. This tranlations provides the introduction, summary and table captions only of the original article.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Reproduction ; Stock assessment ; Fecundity ; Russia ; Leuciscus baicalensis
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  • 122
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The effectiveness of 17 α-hydroxy-20 β-dihydroprogesterone (17 α-20 β Pg) or of a trout hypophyseal gonadotrophic extract on the in vitro intrafollicular maturation of trout oocytes can be modulated by steroids which do not have a direct maturing effect; the effectiveness of the gonadotrophic extract is lowered by oestradiol and oestrone and increased by testosterone. As these steroids have no significant effect on maturation induced by 17 α-20 β Pg, the site of their activity is probably in the follicular envelopes. Corticosteroids, and Cortisol and cortisone in particular increase the effectiveness of the gonadotrophic extract, but increase the effectiveness of 17 α-20 β Pg even more strongly, suggesting that this 'progestagen' has a direct effect on oocyte sensitivity.
    Description: Translated from French into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Oocytes ; Sexual maturity ; Hormones ; Steroids ; Incubation ; Heteropneustes fossilis ; Salmo gairdnerii
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4969 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:43:15 | 4969 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The problem of the peculiar reproductive biology of the cladoceran Daphnia middendorffiana is investigated from a cytological viewpoint, and by direct observation the meiotic phenomena of the eggs both subitaneous and resting is studied. and during maturation, the true mechanism of the succession of reproductive phases of different ecological significance. Samples were collected in the Italian Alpine Lake of Campo 4°.
    Description: Translated from Italian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Invertebrate larvae ; Freshwater lakes ; Growth ; Moulting ; Population number ; Carapace ; Population density
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  • 124
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4961 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:06 | 4961 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Taxonomic observations are given on Dangeardia sporapiculata n. sp. Furthermore the term 'apiculus' and the species limitation of some chytrids are being discussed. It is concluded that the newly described species Dangeardia sporapiculata does not fit satisfactorily into the present system of phlyctidiacee, because their characteristics do not agree exactly with any genus.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Fungi ; Taxonomy ; Spores ; Austria ; Dangeardia sporapiculata ; Entophlyctis apiculata ; Chytridiomycota
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4970 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:56 | 4970 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This short translation presents the conclusions only of a study of the proposed method of rearing cyprinid fry in cages and how this method can increase the amount of material produced of the stocked fry.
    Description: Translated from Polish into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Fry ; Cage culture ; Fish culture ; Cyprinidae ; Poland
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4974 | 1256 | 2011-03-24 10:20:50 | 4974 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: During hydrographic and plankton studies carried out since 1960 in the coastal zone between the Ebro and Castellon (western Mediterranean), data has been collected which confirms the importance of ciliates in the composition and activity of the plankton. The ciliates in 413 samples of 100 ml of water were counted, having been examined with the Utermohl microscope after sedimentation. The samples studied were distributed according to the density of their population. subject for study. The author concludes that recognition of the role of ciliates as an important link in the food chain of the sea would simplify the interpretation of certain problems posed by the nutrition of certain groups of planktonic animals.
    Description: Translated from French into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Oceanography ; Pelagic environment ; Life cycle ; Food webs ; Plankton ; Population density
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4976 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:37:34 | 4976 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Comparative studies of the structure and regeneration of tissues in different vertebrates make it possible to get ideas from the evolution and regeneration potential of tissues. In this study are considered the reactive changes in the liver of larvae of the amphibian Rana temporaria to CC14 of different concentrations. Tadpoles of different sizes and different growth were placed once each day every day in a vessel with a determined solution of CC14 in water. The liver of tadpoles has a distinctive structure. It is distinguished by structure not only from the liver of higher vertebrates, but also from the liver of the adult frogs. The liver of the latter has an insignificant amount of fat and a whole series of other characters not typical of the liver of the tadpole. Placing the tadpoles in a solution of CCl4 with a concentration of 0.1% did not produce in the liver noticeable morphological changes. The author concludes that the absence of degenerative changes in the liver tadpoles, in spite of a high percentage of death of the experimental animals, tells of the well-known resistance of their liver to the influence of CC14.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Liver ; Amphibiotic species ; Carbon 14 ; Tissues
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4990 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:35 | 4990 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This partial translation of a bigger publication provides an identification key to the aquatic plant Hydrillae (Hydrocharitaceae) in Europe. Illustrations are included.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Identification keys ; Taxonomy ; Aquatic plants
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4991 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:09 | 4991 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Egeria densa (PLANCH.) ST. JOHN, a submerged plant invader, forms a wide submerged plant zone, particularly along the west coast of the south basin, Lake Biwa. The macrophyte occupies over 82% of the plant zone in the basin and its biomass reaches 93% of the total. The estimated annual net production was approximately 1 kg dry wt./m2 in a dense area, which is about 4.5 times as much as the net production by phytoplankton in an offshore area of the basin. Although the area covered by the macrophyte is only 5.8% of the total of the basin, it produced about one-tenth of the total annual primary production. In the most productive season Egeria produced 46% of the total primary productivity. Thus, the macrophyte never be neglected when one considers the energy flow or material circulation in the basin. This study was initiated in order to clarify the role of submerged macrophytes, particularly E. densa, in Lake Biwa. The following points are reported in this paper: the distribution of macrophytes in the south basin; seasonal change in standing crop of E. densa; seasonal change in values related to production, utilizing a model proposed by Ikushima with its parameters experimentally determined.
    Description: Translated from Japanese into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Aquatic plants ; Introduced species ; Macrophytes ; Seasonal distribution ; Biological production ; Japan ; Egeria densa
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4986 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:38:59 | 4986 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Short morphological observations are given for the Cyanophyceae Oscillatoria Agardhii, Oscillatoria prolifica and Oscillatoria rubescens.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Algae ; Plant morphology ; Taxonomy
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4981 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:38:08 | 4981 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This partial translation of the original paper provides morphological observations on the fungus Spirospora paradoxa. Illustrations are included here.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Fungi ; Organism morphology ; Spores
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4985 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:38:34 | 4985 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Experiments were carried out by the method of direct effect of the tested substance on increase of biomass (1,2). Daphnia magna was cultured under laboratory conditions.The author concludes that concentrations of aniline from 5000 to 0.1 mg/1 appear acutely lethal. The disturbance of feeding, reproduction, the disorganization of the nervous system, speak of the toxicity of the substance.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Organic compounds ; Toxicity ; Toxicity tests ; Zooplankton ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Daphnia magna
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4989 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:33 | 4989 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Morphological observations of the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella are given and a key to the difference in types provided. Illustrations are included.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Identification keys ; Taxonomy ; Protists
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4984 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:38:32 | 4984 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The amphipod Gammarus lacustris, a regular representative of lacustrine communities, often plays a significant role in the transformation of matter and energy. The object of the present work was to clarify the quantitative side of the feeding of the amphipod under different conditions of habitation. Experimental works on determination of the rate of consumption of food and its dependence on body-weight were carried out in the summer periods 1975-1978 on three water-bodies of the Krasnoyarsk region, of different conditions of habitation for the amphipods.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Feeding ; Feeding experiments ; Body weight ; Zooplankton ; Russia ; Krasnoyarsk
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4987 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:22 | 4987 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The composition of the food of the European grayling and the character of its feeding has been studied fully enough, but this knowledge is scattered in the literature and often contradictory. rare exceptions, analysis of the results of different investigations. Therefore the proposed short outline of the history of the study of the problem with a description of the basic data on the feeding of the grayling in different geographical areas is presented as expedient and opportune, primarily in relation to the determination of immediate problems and the trend of research.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Literature reviews ; Food composition ; Thymallus thymallus
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4983 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:38:30 | 4983 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Morphological observations are given for Colpodella pugnax Cienk., Protomonas amyli Cienk., Protomonas spirogyrae Borzi and Protomonas huxleyi Haeckel.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Organism morphology ; Fungi ; Taxonomy
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4982 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:38:28 | 4982 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Morphological observations on the two types of Pseudospora are given. The two Pseudospora whic are described are Pseudospora eudorini and Pseudospora volvocis. The systematic classification of the genus Pseudospora is discussed.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Organism morphology ; Protists ; Taxonomy ; Pseudospora eudorini ; Pseudospora volvocis
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5025 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:33:05 | 5025 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A study has been made primarily of the food of the chironomid Procladius nigriventris: this includes Alona affinis, Bosmina coregoni, Camptocercus, Eucyclops serrulatus, Paracyclops fimbriatus, Acanthocyclops viridis, Harpacticoida, Diaptomus graciloides, Ostracods, Chironomus sp, Polypedilum sp and Tanytarsus sp. Chironomus larvae usually found in the gut are in their 1st or 2nd instars , though occasional 3rd instars are present. The study summarises other findings on the feeding behaviour of Procladius nigriventris.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Insect larvae ; Feeding behaviour ; Food composition ; Cannibalism ; Procladius nigriventris
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5028 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:31:58 | 5028 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: This study focusses on the plants in the open parts of the lake - mostly aquatic charophytes and mosses, in what are called in Lake Sevan (Armenia), the ”zones of chara and moss”. Distribution and other ecological conditions are reviewed. Quantity of chara in the littoral zone of lake Sevan is provided
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Algae ; Aquatic plants ; Freshwater lakes ; Ecological distribution ; Armenia ; Sevan Lake
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5023 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:32:39 | 5023 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: This short paper summarises findings of experiments that were carried out using copepod eggs taken from guts of Coregonus which breeds in various Ural lakes. The study showed that copepod eggs can pass through the gut of Coregonus unharmed.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater fish ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Dispersants ; Dispersion ; Ladoga Lake ; Coregonus ; Cyclops vindis
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5024 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:32:41 | 5024 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The consumption of oxygen in Asellus aquaticus was measured to find if there existed a periodicity in the consumption of oxygen and how this showed itself during the course of the day, year and in various experimental conditions. From the figures obtained comparative values were calculated and from these curves were plotted of the changes in the consumption of oxygen during the day and year.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Periodicity ; Seasonal variations ; Oxygen consumption ; Asellus aquaticus
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5030 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:31:52 | 5030 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The winter eggs of Daphnia pulex, after passing safely through the winter , develop and hatch in the spring, multiplying by themselves, while some males emerging among them with the changes in environment produce fertile eggs, which are universally known as winter eggs . This study researches the factors governing the development of winter eggs through experiments.
    Description: Translated from Japanese into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Resting stages ; Temperature effects ; Daphnia pulex
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5029 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:32:00 | 5029 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: To ascertain the effect of various concentrations of oxygen in water on the fry of rainbow trout experiments were made with aquaria at various concentrations of oxygen. The food supplied was chironomid larvae (Chironomus plumosus). A surplus of food was supplied to the fry. Indices are given of the reaction of the fry to different temperatures.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Oxygen consumption ; Metabolism ; Nitrogen ; Freshwater fish ; Animal growth ; Fry ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5027 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:32:01 | 5027 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Three ponds were chosen for this study. The two lower ones were of 2 - 4 hectares in area, the depth of the littoral zone was 2.5 - 3 metres at the time of maximum flooding and the mud which covered the floor of the ponds was homogeneous and autochthonous in nature with very few vegetable remnants. The ponds which were originally set up in 1950. were intended for water supply and populated with Crucian Carp (for human consumption). A survey was done in the ponds in order to establish number and biomass of Tendipes semireductus. The author concludes that in these ponds T.semireductus has 2-3 generations per year.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Insect larvae ; Biomass ; Fish ponds ; Population number ; Pupae ; Tendipes semireductus
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5031 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:31:54 | 5031 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The Laboratory of Lake Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1956 undertook this complicated study of Lake Ladoga. The plan of the laboratory made allowance for the detailed investigation of the phytoplankton of the lake during a series of years. In the present article are given the preliminary results of observations on the phytoplankton of the Yakimvarskii Bay from 1956 to 1957. Details are also given on the concentration of dissolved gases and biogenic substances of the bay.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Phytoplankton ; Algae ; Dissolved gases ; Seasonal variations ; Biogenic material ; Lake Ladoga ; Russia
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5033 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:31:50 | 5033 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Laboratory research was done in order to study the feeding of larval Cricotopus silvestris F. in relation to characters of structure of oral apparatus. Results of the experiments are summarised and the oral apparatus morhologically described.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Feeding ; Invertebrate larvae ; Animal morphology ; Mouth parts ; Cricotopus silvestris
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5032 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:31:56 | 5032 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: This information is based on the limnological observations of the very interesting and remarkable discharge of the Lunzer Obersee, (1117m). On journeying towards the Mittersee, the Lunzer Obersee discharge takes on all the characteristics of spring-water; it was found to be of interest to take note of the change of the composition of the water on those stretches of the course where it flows shows the ground. For this purpose it was necessary to take temperature-recordings, chemical examination of the water and a quantitative determination of the plankton. Samples were taken in 1954 of zooplankton at different times of the year at the discharge of the lake and analysed. The significant loss of organisms in the way of discharge is discussed.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Zooplankton ; Limnological surveys ; Quantitative distribution ; Austria
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5053 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:29:06 | 5053 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: There is at the moment no direct method of determining the organic matter content of natural waters. In 1940/41 8 different water bodies in central Russia were studied and their organic matter identified. The author concludes that there is currently no easy method to determine organic matter in water. A number methods need to be applied.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Inland waters ; Organic matter ; Methodology ; Russia
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5054 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:29:08 | 5054 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Observations are reported on the content of organic matter in the Moscow region in 1941. Some data is given on alkalinity, oxygen content and colourisation of the rivers.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Rivers ; Organic matter ; Alkalinity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Colour
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5101 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:24:37 | 5101 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Adjustment of experimental channels to give any specified pattern of water depth or velocity is complex and tedious because it involves a number of variables. Since some variables are not controllable and variables may interact, valve settings of the Grassholme channels were initially determined on an ad hoc basis to suit individual experiments. This method was used during 1982 but additional observations were made in order to gain more detailed understanding of the channel system and, as far as possible, to develop a guide to future short-cuts in attaining suitable channel settings for any given purpose. This report describes calibration of the Grassholme channels (using water of the Grassholme Reservoir) for the biological experiments of spring - summer 1982. The main variables that are discussed are valve turns and discharge and velocity and depth. It also seeks to establish relationships which will be of value in future managment of the channels for experimental purposes.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Channels ; Experimental data ; Water management ; Calibration ; Testing ; Depth ; England ; Grassholme
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    Freshwater Biological Association | East Stoke, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5098 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:24:41 | 5098 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Since 1975 the wildlife interest of the Somerset Levels and Moors have been assessed. Detailed information has been obtained on the conservation interest of meadows, breeding and wintering bird populations and the botany of aquatic habitats (rhynes). Little work to date has been carried out on the terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate fauna. The prime aim of this survey was to sample a wide variety of rhynes in order to obtain information on the nature and distribution of aquatic invertebrates.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater ecology ; Invertebrate larvae ; Canals ; Limnological surveys ; Aquatic insects ; England ; Somerset
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5100 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:24:39 | 5100 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Scour and deposition have been measured in two small cobble-bedded upland streams, for two years. Grids of scour chains were inserted in the bed and relocated after the passage of individual hydrographs. Scour, fill and the area of the bed affected by these processes were recorded. The relationship between mean scour or fill and maximum scour or fill is assessed. In addition, the relationship between the depth of scour and the sediment transport rate as bedload is discussed briefly.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater ecology ; Limnological surveys ; Sedimentation ; Scour and fill ; England ; Teesdale
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5092 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:25:26 | 5092 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Aspects of reported nutrient levels and their ecological implications for Malham Tarn are discussed. Discussion centres upon the data given here as appendices, involving possible evidence of a long-term increase in the concentrations of some nutrients (especially nitrate) of significance for the Tarn's ecology and conservation. Further comparative tests of some methods of chemical analysis employed in obtaining those data are reported.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater ecology ; Freshwater lakes ; Nutrients (mineral) ; Nitrates ; Phosphorus ; Alkalinity ; Methodology ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Hydrology ; England ; Malham Tarn
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5110 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:55 | 5110 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article detailing some of the conclusions of the salmon investigation undertaken by the author, on the River Eden and its tributaries, for the previous few years. It is proposed that seasonal changes in young salmon growth are related to water temperature variation. A figure is included showing length of fish compared to the average temperature of water in the River Eden over a two year duration. The article describes comparative work undertaken to date between three streams within the Thurso watershed and the River Eden. A table is included showing the average size of fish in each of the watercourses compared. Laboratory experiments on the effects of temperature on young salmon are outlined, as well as investigative work undertaken into the realtionship between fish scales and fish length.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Water temperature ; Freshwater fish ; Length ; Scales ; Seasonal variations ; Feeding ; Temperature effects ; Annual reports ; Salmo salar ; England ; Scotland
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5109 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:53 | 5109 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater molluscs ; Aquatic insects ; Invertebrate larvae ; Aquatic organisms ; Annual reports ; Corixidae ; Coleoptera ; England ; Lake District
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5259 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:09:27 | 5259 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In recent collaborative biological sampling exercises organised by the Nottingham Regional Laboratory of the Severn-Trent Water Authority, the effect of handnet sampling variation on the quality and usefulness of the data obtained has been questioned, especially when this data is transcribed into one or more of the commonly used biological methods of water quality assessment. This study investigates if this effect is constant at sites with similar typography but differing water quality states when the sampling method is standardized and carried out by a single operator. An argument is made for the use of a lowest common denominator approach to give a more consistent result and obviate the effect of sampling variation on these biological assessment methods.
    Description: Bilateral study of methods 2 - Pollution Report No.8
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Sampling ; Samplers ; Methodology ; Standardization ; Rivers ; Invertebrate larvae ; England ; Trent River
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5281 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:31 | 5281 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Experiments and observations on the phytoplankton of certain lakes in the English Lake District were made from early 1973 to the end of March, 1974. They included laboratory and lake bioassays and observations on the quantity and quality of the phytoplankton in six lakes. The introductory sections of the report are about algae, the ecology of phytoplankton and the scope of the contracted work. Laboratory bioassays on water from one lake, Blelham Tarn, showed that phosphorus, silicon (for diatoms) and organic substances forming complexes with iron were the major substances limiting the growth of the algae tested. The growth of the test algae was limited to different degrees by those substances and, to some extent, to a greater or lesser degree at different times of year. It is suggested that a relatively simple form of bioassay could give valuable information to water undertakings. Lake bioassays and other experiments were carried out by using large in situ tubular plastic enclosures. Two such investigations are described. The effects of a change in sewerage in two drainage basins on the phytoplankton of three lakes is described and some data given about changes since 1945 in three other lakes in the same overall drainage basin. These latter lakes have been affected too by changes in sewerage and by increasing inputs of domestic and agricultural wastes. Throughout, the relevance of the work done to practical problems of water usage is kept in mind and discussed. In the last section special reference is made to the largely unpredictable results of water transfers. The report ends with a note on river phytoplankton.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Management ; Phytoplankton ; Water use ; Water supply ; Freshwater lakes ; Bioassays ; Tests ; Controlled conditions ; Thermal stratification ; Tubing ; Nutrients (mineral) ; Diatoms ; England ; English Lake District
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5282 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:34 | 5282 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Distribution maps were included in the second edition of the F.B.A. Scientific Publication on British freshwater leeches (Mann 1964). When that publication was extensively revised and enlarged to include a review of the literature on the ecology of leeches (Elliott & Mann 1979), it was decided that new maps should be published separately. The original maps were based on 1097 records whereas 4198 records were used for the new maps. The total British Isles list comprises sixteen species, thirteen genera and four families of leeches.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Distribution records ; Ecological distribution ; Maps ; Freshwater organisms ; Hirudinea
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5270 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:10:29 | 5270 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: At the present time hydrobiological indicators are widely used for the control of surface water quality. Results of the applying of methods suggested at the 1st Soviet-American seminar (1975), development of improved methods and estimation of their usefulness for various conditions are presented in this report. Among the criteria permitting an estimation of the degree and character of changes in water quality and their connection with the functioning of river ecosystems in general, the biological tests of natural waters appears to be the most universal one and is being carried out in two main directions — ecological and physiological. This study summarises approaches in both directions.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; River water ; Rivers ; Water quality ; Water quality control ; Indicators
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    Type: monograph
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5284 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:41 | 5284 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A new listing of published scientific contributions from the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) and its later Research Council associates – the Institute of Freshwater Ecology (1989–2000) and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (2000+) is provided. The period 1929–2006 is covered. The compilation extends an earlier list assembled by in 1979.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Bibliographies ; Freshwater sciences ; Hydrobiology ; Hydrology ; Limnology
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5287 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:12:00 | 5287 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Restoration of water-bodies from eutrophication has proved to be extremely difficult. Mathematical models have been used extensively to provide guidance for management decisions. The aim of this paper is to elucidate important problems of using models for predicting environmental changes. First, the necessity for a proper uncertainty assessment of the model, upon calibration, has not been widely recognized. Predictions must not be a single time trajectory; they should be a band, expressing system uncertainty and natural variability. Availability of this information may alter the decision to be taken. Second, even with well-calibrated models, there is no guarantee they will give correct projections in situations where the model is used to predict the effects of measures designed to bring the system into an entirely different ”operating point”, as is typically the case in eutrophication abatement. The concept of educated speculation is introduced to partially overcome this difficulty. Lake Veluwe is used as a case to illustrate the point. Third, as questions become more detailed, such as ”what about expected algal composition”, there is a greater probability of running into fundamental problems that are associated with predicting the behaviour of complex non-linear systems. Some of these systems show extreme initial condition sensitivity and even, perhaps, chaotic behaviour, and are therefore fundamentally unpredictable.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Phytoplankton ; Freshwater lakes ; Models ; Growth ; Modelling ; Equations ; Bacteria ; Prediction ; Netherlands ; Veluwemeer Lake
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5285 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:44 | 5285 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The ”Vollenweider model” is a sophisticated mathematical statement about the long-range behaviour of (mainly temperate) lakes and their ability to support phytoplankton chlorophyll. Misapplication of the model, against which Vollenweider himself warned, has led to many misconceptions about the dynamics of plankton in lakes and reservoirs and about how best to manage systems subject to eutrophication. This contribution intends to frame the most important issues in context of the phosphorus- loading and phosphorus-limitation concepts. Emphasis is placed on the need to distinguish rate-limitation from capacity-limitation, to understand which is more manageable and why, to discern the mechanisms of internal recycling and their importance, and to appreciate the respective roles of physical and biotic components in local control of algal dynamics. Some general approaches to the management of water quality in lakes and reservoirs to eutrophication are outlined.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Phytoplankton ; Models ; Phosphorus ; Ecosystem management ; Nutrients (mineral) ; Plant growth ; Growth regulators ; Freshwater lakes
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5290 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:14 | 5290 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In the mesotrophic-eutrophic Saidenbach Reservoir in Saxony, the nanoplankton and cyanobacteria have increased at the expense of diatom dominance, due to a doubling of the external phosphorus load in the last 15 years. However, the phosphorus sedimentation flux is still very high (up to 80% of the input), corresponding to more than 2 g m2 d-1 in terms of dry weight. There is a strong correlation between the abundance of diatoms in the euphotic zone and their sedimentation flux (with a delay of about 2 weeks). Only about 25% of the deposited material could be clearly attributed to plankton biomass; the remainder resulted from flocculation and precipitation processes or directly from the inflow of clay minerals. The ash content of the deposited material was high (73%). Thus the sedimentation flux can be considered to operate as an internal water-treatment/oligotrophication process within the lake. The neighbouring Neunzehnhain Reservoir still has a very clear water with a transparency up to 18 m depth. Though the sediment was not much lower than Saidenbach sediment in total phosphorus and total numbers of bacteria, sulphide was always absent and the ratio of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ was very low in the upper (0- 5 cm) layer. Thus the external and internal phosphorus loads do not attain the critical level necessary to induce a ”phosphorus - phytoplankton” feedback loop.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Water quality control ; Phosphorus ; Water reservoirs ; Phytoplankton ; Growth ; Sedimentation ; Sediment composition ; Germany
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5295 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:49 | 5295 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In a small lake, intermittent destratification was installed after several other physico-chemical and physical in-lake therapy measures (phosphorus immobilization, permanent destratification) had been tested without great success. If an aerobic sediment-water interface can be maintained, intermittent destratification removes cyanobacteria and prevents optimal development of other members of the photoautotrophic plankton. During growing seasons, increasing abundances of small-bodied herbivores (Bosmina) and Daphnia may have accounted for relatively low phytoplankton biomass as well. Intermittent destratification is a very fast-working in-lake measure and seems to be applicable even in relatively shallow lakes (〈 15 m), in which permanent destratification seems to be risky.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Destratification ; Ecosystem management ; Water quality control ; Phosphorus ; Eutrophic lakes ; Inhibitors ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; Biomass ; Germany ; Fischkaltersee
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5291 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:52 | 5291 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Natural calcite precipitation in lakes is a well-known control mechanism of eutrophication. In hard-water lakes, calcite deposits on the flat bottoms of shallow lakes and near the shores of deeper lakes resulted from biogenic decalcification during the millenia after the last glacial period. The objective of a new restoration technology is to intensify the natural process of precipitation by utilizing the different qualities of calcareous mud layers. In a pilot experiment in Lake Rudower See, East Germany, phosphorus-poor deeper layers of the sediments were flushed out and spread over the phosphorus-rich uppermost sediments, to promote the co- precipitation of calcite with phosphorus from the water-column.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Phosphorus ; Calcitization ; Algal blooms ; Calcite ; Sedimentation ; Germany
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5301 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:11 | 5301 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The cyanobacteria that cause problems in water supply are principally the colonial forms that are buoyed up by gas vesicles. The success of these organisms is due, in part, to their gas vesicles, which enable them to perform vertical migrations or to maintain themselves in the euphotic zone. The gas vesicles are also the root cause of the problems. In calm periods they cause the cyanobacteria to float to the water surface forming noxious scums, and they may prevent the colonies from sedimenting in water treatment plants. Gas vesicles are hollow, gas-filled structures; they are rigid but can be collapsed by the application of pressure. Their critical collapse pressure is influenced by their dimensions, which vary in different organisms. Gas vesicles are formed by the assembly of two types of protein, which determine their mechanical and physical properties. Methods for collapsing gas vesicles in natural populations of cyanobacteria will be considered. They may have application to the control of cyanobacteria in water supply.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Gases ; Buoyancy ; Algae ; Bacteria ; Photosynthesis ; Growth ; Competition
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5293 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:09 | 5293 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Esthwaite Water is the most productive or eutrophic lake in the English Lake District. Since 1945 its water quality has been determined from weekly or biweekly measurements of temperature, oxygen, plant nutrients and phytoplankton abundance. The lake receives phosphorus from its largely lowland-pasture catchment, sewage effluent from the villages of Hawkshead and Near Sawrey, and from a cage-culture fish farm. From 1986 phosphorus has been removed from the sewage effluent of Hawkshead which was considered to contribute between 47% and 67% of the total phosphorus loading to the lake. At the commencement of phosphorus removal regular measurements of phosphorus in the superficial 0-4 cm layer of lake sediment were made from cores collected at random sites. Since 1986 the mean annual concentration of alkali-extractable sediment phosphorus has decreased by 23%. This change is not significant at the 5% level but nearly so. There has been no marked change in water quality over this period. Summer dominance of blue-green algae which arose in the early 1980s after decline of the previous summer forms, Ceratium spp., has been maintained. Improvement in water quality is unlikely to be achieved at the present phosphorus loading.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Limnological surveys ; Phosphorus ; Phytoplankton ; Primary production ; Sediment analysis ; Water quality ; England ; Esthwaite Water
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5288 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:15 | 5288 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Biomanipulation is a form of biological engineering in which organisms are selectively removed or encouraged to alleviate the symptoms of eutrophication. Most examples involve fish and grazer zooplankton though mussels have also been used. The technique involves continuous management in many deeper lakes and is not a substitute for nutrient control. In some lakes, alterations to the lake environment have given longer-term positive effects. And in some shallow lakes, biomanipulation may be essential, alongside nutrient control, in re- establishing former aquatic-plant-dominated ecosystems which have been lost through severe eutrophication. The emergence of biomanipulation techniques emphasises that lake systems are not simply chemical reactors which respond simply to engineered chemical changes, but very complex and still very imperfectly understood ecosystems which require a yet profounder understanding before they can be restored with certainty.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Freshwater lakes ; Biomanipulation ; Water quality control
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5299 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:19 | 5299 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This article discusses problems of modelling the seasonal succession of algal species in lakes and reservoirs, and the adaptive selection of certain groups of algae in response to changes in the inputs and relative concentrations of nutrients and other environmental variables. A new generation of quantitative models is being developed which attempts to translate some important biological properties of species (survival, variation, inheritance, reproductive rates and population growth) into predictions about the survival of the fittest, where ”fitness” is measured or estimated in thermodynamic terms. The concept of ”exergy” and its calculation is explored to examine maximal exergy as a measure of fitness in ecosystems, and its use for calculating changes in species composition by means of structural dynamic models. These models accomodate short-term changes in parameters that affect the adaptive responses (species selection) of algae.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Phytoplankton ; Freshwater lakes ; Models ; Growth ; Modelling ; Energy ; Inland water environment ; Thermodynamics
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5300 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:17 | 5300 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Like other rivers in the Paris area, the Oise is subject to important seasonal algal blooms. This eutrophication generates notable problems for the production of drinking-water from a treatment plant on the river at Méry. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate variation in water quality in a pre-treatment storage basin, and another model is currently being adapted to model the River Oise. Integration of the two models should provide a comprehensive tool for predicting variations of phytoplankton and water-quality parameters associated with algal blooms. This will be a decision-aid for optimizing control of the treatment process for providing potable water.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Water treatment ; Water supply ; Modelling ; Models ; Phytoplankton ; Water management ; France ; Oise River
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5307 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:39 | 5307 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Sub-lethal toxicity tests, such as the scope-for-growth test, reveal simple relationships between measures of contaminant concentration and effect on respiratory and feeding physiology. Simple models are presented to investigate the potential impact of different mechanisms of chronic sub-lethal toxicity on these physiological processes. Since environmental quality is variable, even in unimpacted environments, toxicants may have differentially greater impacts in poor compared to higher quality environments. The models illustrate the implications of different degrees and mechanisms of toxicity in response to variability in the quality of the feeding environment, and variability in standard metabolic rate. The models suggest that the relationships between measured degrees of toxic stress, and the maintenance ration required to maintain zero scope-for-growth, may be highly nonlinear. In addition it may be possible to define critical levels of sub-lethal toxic effect above which no environment is of sufficient quality to permit prolonged survival.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Toxicity ; Sublethal effects ; Toxicity tests ; Models ; Metabolism ; Narcosis ; Animal physiology ; Risk management ; Respiration
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5306 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:38 | 5306 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Ecosystem level models are motivated by some combination of scientific and practical concerns. Those models motivated by practical concerns are likely to bear little historical relation to previous models. Mechanisms of interaction between particular species and their ecosystems vary enormously. Some species literally construct their own ecosystems. Others have more or less complex and important interactions with other species so that their presence or absence may alter the ecosystem. Prior information about the natural history of particular species can make ecosystem investigations quicker, cheaper, and more effective. The optimal resource for preparing to deal with the unlimited diversity of questions asked of ecologists would be a large' computerized databank of natural history observations for as many species as possible.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Oceanography ; Ecosystems ; Aquatic environment ; Species ; Interspecific relationships ; Biology ; Models
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5314 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:13 | 5314 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Organic contaminants are readily bioaccumulated by aquatic organisms. Exposure to and toxic effects of contaminants can be measured in terms of the biochemical responses of the organisms (i.e. molecular biomarkers). The hepatic biotransformation enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in vertebrates is specifically induced by organic contaminants such as aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs and dioxins, and is involved in chemical carcinogenesis via catalysis of the covalent binding of organic contaminants to DNA (DNA-adducts). Hepatic CYP1A induction has been used extensively and successfully as a biomarker of organic contaminant exposure in fish. Fewer but equally encouraging studies in fish have used hepatic bulky, hydrophobic DNA-adducts as biomarkers of organic contaminant damage. Much less is known of the situation in marine invertebrates, but a CYPlA-like enzyme with limited inducibility and some potential for biomarker application is indicated. Stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is another potential mechanism of organic contaminant-mediated DNA and other damage in aquatic organisms. A combination of antioxidant (enzymes, scavengers) and pro-oxidant (oxidised DNA bases, lipid peroxidation) measurements may have potential as a biomarker of organic contaminant exposure (particularly those chemicals which do not induce CYP1A) and/or oxidative stress, but more studies are required. Both CYP1A- and ROS-mediated toxicity are indicated to result in higher order deleterious effects, including cancer and other aspects of animal fitness.
    Keywords: Biology ; Environment ; Pollution ; Biomarkers ; Toxicity ; Aquatic organisms ; Biological pollutants ; Enzymes ; Hydrocarbons ; Mutagens ; Pollutants ; Animal diseases ; Fish
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5309 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:43 | 5309 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The effects of stress on the immune system of various fish species including dab Limanda limanda, flounder Platichthys flesus, sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and gobies Zosterisessor ophiocephalus, were investigated from laboratory and field experiments, using various assays to measure immunocompetence, correlated with histological and ultrastructural observations. Modulation of the immune system was demonstrated at tissue, cellular and biochemical levels following exposure to various stressors. The spleen somatic index was depressed in dab stressed in the laboratory and gobies collected from polluted sites in the Venice Lagoon. Differential blood cell counts consistently showed an increase in phagocytes and decrease in thrombocytes in fish exposed to various stressors. Phagocytic activity from spleen and kidney adherent cells was stimulated in dab stressed by transportation but depressed in fish exposed to chemical pollutants. Respiratory burst activity in phagocytic cells was also stimulated in stressed dab but depressed in sea bass exposed to cadmium. The results are discussed in relation to current concepts on stress in fish and the regulation of the immune system.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Bioassays ; Nervous system ; Immunity ; Biological stress ; Marine fish ; Pollution effects ; Kidneys ; Phagocytosis ; Italy ; Porto Marghera
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5320 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:44 | 5320 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: There is no evidence to indicate that there is a risk of acquiring a virus infection through the consumption of properly treated drinking water, provided the integrity of the distribution system is maintained and there is no post-treatment contamination. The consumption of inadequately treated, untreated or post-treatment contaminated water is, however, associated with a risk of hepatitis A, hepatitis E and viral gastroenteritis. The use of the standard bacterial indicators for water monitoring provides an adequate safeguard against viral contamination.
    Keywords: Health ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Public health ; Microbial contamination ; Viral diseases ; Viruses ; Water treatment ; Pollution indicators
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5317 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:35 | 5317 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Most microbiological methods require culture to allow organisms to recover or to selectively increase, and target organisms are identified by growth on specific agar media. Many cultural methods take several days to complete and even then the results require confirmation. Alternative techniques include the use of chromogenic and fluorogenic substances to identify bacteria as they are growing, selective capture using antibodies after short periods of growth, molecular techniques, and direct staining with or without flow cytometry for enumeration and identification. Future microbiologists may not use culture but depend on the use of specific probes and sophisticated detection systems.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microorganisms ; Methodology ; Detection ; Bacteria ; Cultured organisms ; Enzymes ; Immunofluorescence ; Flow cytometry ; Microbiological culture
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5311 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:25 | 5311 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The aim of this study was to develop a short-term genotoxicity assay for monitoring the marine environment for mutagens. Based on the developing eggs and embryos of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis, an important pollution indicator species, the test employs the sensitive sister chromatid exchange (SCE) technique as its end-point, and exploits the potential of mussel eggs to accumulate mutagenic pollutants from the surrounding sea water. Mussel eggs take up to 6 months to develop while in the gonad, which provides scope for DNA damage to be accumulated over an extended time interval; chromosome damage is subsequently visualised as SCEs in 2-cell-stage embryos after these have been spawned in the laboratory. Methods which measure biological responses to pollutant exposure are able to integrate all the factors (internal and external) which contribute to the exposure. The new cytogenetic assay allows the effects of adult exposure to be interpreted in cells destined to become part of the next generation.
    Keywords: Biology ; Environment ; Oceanography ; Marine molluscs ; Eggs ; Coastal zone ; Mutagens ; Indicator species ; Embryos ; Cytogenetics ; Pollution effects ; Bioassays ; Methodology
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5315 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:22 | 5315 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Improvements in methods for the detection and enumeration of microbes in water, particularly the application of techniques of molecular biology, have highlighted shortcomings in the ”standard methods” for assessing water quality. Higher expectations from the consumer and increased publicity associated with pollution incidents can lead to an uncoupling of the cycle which links methodological development with standard-setting and legislation. The new methodology has also highlighted problems within the water cycle, related to the introduction, growth and metabolism of microbes. A greater understanding of the true diversity of the microbial community and the ability to transmit genetic information within aquatic systems ensures that the subject of this symposium and volume provides an ideal forum to discuss the problems encountered by both researcher and practitioner.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microbiology ; Microorganisms ; Hydrologic cycle ; Methodology ; Bacteria ; Bacterial counters ; Public health ; Microbial contamination ; Primary production ; Fungi ; Cryptosporidium
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5318 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:37 | 5318 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: It is widely recognised that conventional culture techniques may underestimate true viable bacterial numbers by several orders of magnitude. The basis of this discrepancy is that a culture in or on media of high nutrient concentration is highly selective (either through ”nutrient shock” or failure to provide vital co-factors) and decreases apparent diversity; thus it is unrepresentative of the natural community. In addition, the non-culturable but viable state (NCBV) is a strategy adopted by some bacteria as a response to environmental stress. The basis for the non-culturable state is that cells placed in conditions present in the environment cannot be recultured but can be shown to maintain their viability. Consequently, these cells would not be detected by standard water quality techniques that are based on culture. In the case of pathogens, it may explain outbreaks of disease in populations that have not come into contact with the pathogen. However, the NCBV state is difficult to attribute, due to the failure to distinguish between NCBV and non-viable cells. This article will describe experiences with the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and the application of molecular techniques for its detection and physiological analysis.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Bacteria ; Bacterial diseases ; Detection ; Methodology ; Molecular biology ; Microbiological culture
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5316 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:33 | 5316 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The advent of molecular biology has had a dramatic impact on all aspects of biology, not least applied microbial ecology. Microbiological testing of water has traditionally depended largely on culture techniques. Growing understanding that only a small proportion of microbial species are culturable, and that many microorganisms may attain a viable but non-culturable state, has promoted the development of novel approaches to monitoring pathogens in the environment. This has been paralleled by an increased awareness of the surprising genetic diversity of natural microbial populations. By targeting gene sequences that are specific for particular microorganisms, for example genes that encode diagnostic enzymes, or species-specific domains of conserved genes such as 16S ribosomal RNA coding sequences (rrn genes), the problems of culture can be avoided. Technical developments, notably in the area of in vitro amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), now permit routine detection and identification of specific microorganisms, even when present in very low numbers. Although the techniques of molecular biology have provided some very powerful tools for environmental microbiology, it should not be forgotten that these have their own drawbacks and biases in sampling. For example, molecular techniques are dependent on efficient lysis and recovery of nucleic acids from both vegetative forms and spores of microbial species that may differ radically when growing in the laboratory compared with the natural environment. Furthermore, PCR amplification can introduce its own bias depending on the nature of the oligonucleotide primers utilised. However, despite these potential caveats, it seems likely that a molecular biological approach, particularly with its potential for automation, will provide the mainstay of diagnostic technology for the foreseeable future.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microbiology ; Microorganisms ; Methodology ; Molecular biology ; DNA ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Detection ; RNA ; Bacteria ; Bacterial diseases
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5313 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:23 | 5313 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The study of metallothioneins (MTs) has greatly improved our understanding of body burdens, metal storage and detoxification in aquatic organisms subjected to contamination by the toxic heavy metals, Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn. These studies have shown that in certain organisms MT status can be used to assess impact of these metals at the cellular level and, whilst validation is currently limited to a few examples, this stress response may be linked to higher levels of organisation, thus indicating its potential for environmental quality assessment. Molluscs, such as Mytilus spp., and several commonly occurring teleost species, are the most promising of the indicator species tested. Natural variability of MT levels caused by the organism's size, condition, age, position in the sexual cycle, temperature and various stressors, can lead to difficulties in interpretation of field data as a definitive response-indicator of metal contamination unless a critical appraisal of these variables is available. From laboratory and field studies these data are almost complete for teleost fish. Whilst for molluscs much of this information is lacking, when suitable controls are utilised and MT measurements are combined with observations of metal partitioning, current studies indicate that they are nevertheless a powerful tool in the interpretation of impact, and may prove useful in water quality assessment.
    Keywords: Environment ; Oceanography ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Cadmium ; Copper ; Mercury ; Zinc ; Aquatic animals ; Cytology ; Metallothioneins ; Environmental monitoring ; Indicators ; Scotland
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5321 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:11 | 5321 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Recent advances in our knowledge of the genetic structure of human caliciviruses (HuCVs) and small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) have led to the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular tests specific for these viruses. These methods have been developed to detect a number of human pathogenic viruses in environmental samples including water, sewage and shellfish. HuCVs and SRSVs are not culturable, and no animal model is currently available. Therefore there is no convenient method of preparing viruses for study or for reagent production. One problem facing those attempting to use PCR-based methods for the detection of HuCVs and SRSVs is the lack of a suitable positive control substrate. This is particularly important when screening complex samples in which the levels of inhibitors present may significantly interfere with amplificiation. Regions within the RNA polymerase regions of two genetically distinct human caliciviruses have been amplified and used to produce recombinant baculoviruses which express RNA corresponding to the calicivirus polymerase. This RNA is being investigated as a positive control substrate for PCR testing, using current diagnostic primer sets. Recombinant baculovirus technology will enable efficient and cost-effective production of large quantities of positive control RNA with a specific known genotype. We consider the development of these systems as essential for successful screening and monitoring applications.
    Keywords: Health ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Viruses ; Viral diseases ; RNA ; Primers ; Cloning ; Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning ; Public health ; Sewages
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5323 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:12 | 5323 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In drinking water distribution systems, three groups of living organisms are usually found in the biofilm and circulating water: heterotrophic bacteria, free-living protozoa, and macro-invertebrates. Indirect evidence suggests that protozoa grazing in distribution systems can partially eliminate biomass production and accidental microbiological pollution. This paper examines the biodiversit in drinking water distribution systems.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Water supply ; Biodiversity ; Food chains ; Bacteria ; Invertebrate larvae ; Escherichia coli
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5322 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:32 | 5322 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The direct measurement of in situ respiring bacteria using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) shows that, especially for Gram-negative bacteria, large numbers of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria are present in finished water from a conventional water treatment plant, and the regrowth of bacteria along distribution networks can be seen rapidly by using this very sensitive technique. The level of bacterial inactivation with chlorine is much less important than has been previously supposed (based on experiments with non-injured laboratory strains of bacteria and classical culture techniques). Threshold values of VBNC bacteria leaving water treatment plants or regrowing along distribution systems have to be determined for better control of coliform regrowth and health- risks associated with the consumption of drinking water.
    Keywords: Biology ; Health ; Limnology ; Water supply ; Water treatment ; Bacteria ; Microbiological culture ; Bacterial counters ; Staining ; Growth curves ; France
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5324 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:13 | 5324 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Tastes and odours are amongst the few water quality standards immediately apparent to a consumer and, as a result, account for most consumer complaints about water quality. Although taste and odour problems can arise from a great many sources, from an operational point of view they are either ”predictable” or ”unpredictable”. The former - which include problems related to actinomycete and algal growth - have a tendency to occur in certain types of water under certain combinations of conditions, whereas the latter - typically chemical spills - can occur anywhere. Long-term control is one option for predictable problems, although biomanipulation on a large scale has had utile success. Detection and avoidance is a more practicable option for both predictable and unpredictable problems, particularly if the distribution network can be serviced from other sources. Where these are not feasible, then water treatment, typically using activated carbon, is possible. In general there is a reasonable understanding of what compounds cause taste and odour problems, and how to treat these. An efficient taste and odour control programme therefore relies ultimately on good management of existing resources. However, a number of problems lie outside the remit of water supply companies and will require more fundamental regulation of activities in the catchment.
    Keywords: Limnology ; Sociology ; Water supply ; Taste ; Odour ; Water treatment ; Fresh water ; Monitoring
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5344 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:02:55 | 5344 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: Remarkably little has been published on the feeding habits of the non-salmonid fishes of British fresh waters. The following report briefly summarizes the results obtained from the examination of the stomach contents of some 2,700 fish, belonging to 19 species, which were obtained during 1939. The results of all examinations of gut contents were analysed, species by species, upon a simple basis of the presence of different types of food. Foodstuffs were divided up into six main categories— fish, molluscs, insects, crustaceans, higher plants together with filamentous algae, and diatoms—and the occurrence of members of any of these categories was recorded for each fish.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Coarse fish ; Feeding ; Feeding behaviour ; Fishery surveys ; Food organisms ; Gutting ; England
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9627 | 1256 | 2013-10-27 12:24:04 | 9627 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Booklet telling the story of the FBA from its founding in 1929 until its Golden Jubilee in 1979. The booklet aimed to produce a readable account of those aspects of freshwater biology that have been among the main themes of the Association's research, as well as some aspects of its history and the philosophy guiding its foundation. The publication includes many images of the FBA's work and history as well as images and illustrations on lake ecology and applied science.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater scientists ; Freshwater sciences ; Limnology ; Organisations
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, Cumbria, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/1892 | 196 | 2020-08-24 04:23:35 | 1892 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This short review includes major books, articles and episodes concerned with studies on inland waters that have affected the development of limnology in Argentina.
    Description: Freshwater Biological Association
    Description: Programa para el estudio y uso sustentable de la biota austral (ProBiota) - Serie Documentos Relacionados
    Description: Debe citarse: López, H. L. & A. A. Mariazzi. 1994. Limnology in Argentina: an historical account. Freshwater Forum, Ambleside, UK, 4(3): 169-178. ISSN 0961-4664. Deposited by: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Argentina ; History ; Historia ; Limnology ; Limnología
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    Type: article
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    Format: 169-178
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5161 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:51 | 5161 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Actinomycetes are a group of micro-organisms which lie, in classification, half-way between the fungi and the bacteria. They may be isolated from the plating of leaf washings, water samples and mud dilutions on to nutrient agar (with incorporated actidione to eliminate fungi). The predominant genus varied with the source of the sample. An attempt was also made to isolate the phages of some Actinomycetes. A search was made in the typical environments of the host, for the virus. In this way actinophage were also isolated; and shown to be capable of being transmitted from one host strain to another host strain within 1 sp or from one host to another within 1 genus; i.e. polyvalent.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Microbiological culture ; Viruses ; Actinomycetes ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5160 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:35 | 5160 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Epilithic algae, ie that growing on the surface of stones, was studied as part of the work on the energy flow of the chalk-stream ecosystem, by the River Laboratory. The study area was on Bere Stream and 2 neighbouring streams. The algal biomass was estimated from analysis of chlorophyll a. In Bere Stream the peak chlorophyll a cover occurred in April, while in the neighbouring streams, which have considerably lower nutrient levels, there was on peak. Assuming that 2% of a diatoms dry wt is chlorophyll a, then even in mid-April the biomass of epilithic algae amounted to no more than 15 g dry wt m Super(-2) of exposed gravel. Annual production was calculated to be 〉 15 times greater than biomass. The estimation of net primary production is always difficult for benthic floras and comparisons are especially difficult when different methods are used. But these figures contrast sharply with those for Ranunculus (water crowfoot) which has a ratio of annual production to maximal seasonal biomass of 1:16. The accumulation of algal biomass is apparently being prevented. Some organic matter may be excreted; some algae will be washed off the bed of the stream by current and grazing by herbivorous invertebrates will also tend to prevent algal accumulation.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Phytoplankton ; Algae ; England ; Dorset ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5158 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:31 | 5158 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The pike (Esox lucius) year classes are more stable than those of the perch (Perca fluviatilis), and have been shown to be closely correlated with temp conditions during the first few months of life. The perch year class strengths have been more variable; for success they require the presence of several positive conditions and the absence of many adverse conditions which could cause failure, a favourable combination of circumstances rarely occurs. The conclusions refer only to Windermere from 1941-1964.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Age composition ; Esox lucius ; Perca fluviatilis ; England ; Lake District ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5165 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:21 | 5165 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The Gussage, a Dorset winterhourne (intermittent chalk stream), has been used to convey water from a compensation borehole to the River Allen to supplement its flow to meet demand for water. Sections of the Gussage have been lined with chalk, butyl sheeting or polythene sheeting to prevent water loss through the porous bed. The effects of this major environmental modification associated with these abstraction practices in the winterbourne catchments have been studied in the Gussage system since 1973. To compensate for the lack of adequate pre-lining data, comparative studies have been made on 3 small unlined chalk streams of varying flow regimes, ie. the Crichel (a winterbourne), the North Winterbourne and the Tarrant (permanent discharge in the reaches studies). The distribution of macrophytes and invertebrates in winterbournes are compared with that in natural and artificial permanent streams. Statistical analysis showed samples from the winterbourne sites and the unmodified permanent stream sites are quite distinct, despite the fact that no samples were taken from winterbourne sites during the dry phase. This emphasizes the differences between the fauna of an intermittent and a permanent stream and suggests that alteration of the flow regime could be a significant factor. Where flow regime has been altered, as in the Gussage downstream of the borehole, the samples occupy an intermediate position. Within this group of modified sites there is no apparent gross difference between the invertebrates of lined or unlined reaches.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Ecological distribution ; Ecology ; Watersheds ; England ; Dorset ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5172 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:50 | 5172 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The life cycle of the river lamprey, L. fluviatilis, is reviewed. The larval lamprey, or ammocoete, is a blind, filter-feeding animal, which normally lies concealed in the silt deposits of streams and rivers. After a period of 3-5 years in fresh water the ammocoete undergoes a metamorphosis in the summer months into a sexually immature, non-feeding stage known as the macrophthalia, which is active. This stage migrates downstream in late winter. It adopts a parasitic existence, in intertidal areas. After 18 months it returns to spawn in fresh water, after a final freshwater stage lasting up to 9 months. The river lamprey dies within a few days after the spawning period of 3-4 weeks, and none survive to spawn the following year.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Life cycle ; Physiology ; Lampetra fluviatilis ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5175 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:19 | 5175 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Limnetic crustaceans (i.e. those which live in the open water of lakes and ponds) were investigated in Esthwaite water and adjacent lakes. These are represented by two groups, Copepoda and Cladocera.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Zooplankton ; Lakes ; Cladocera ; England ; Esthwaite Water ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5126 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:23:16 | 5126 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: This short interim progress report builds on previous progress reports which have described the quantification of the process both within and between lakes of different degrees of eutrophication. These data indicated that slight changes in methodology, particularly when investigating sediment deposits, could grossly affect the measured activity. The aim of the present research was an attempt to rationalize these differences. If this could be achieved it would enable meaningful interpretation of published data obtained using different methods and therefore enlarge the available database. In addition some observations have been made on the production of nitrite by Grasmere profundal sediment slurries sampled during the circulation period.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Nitrification ; Sedimentation ; Ammonia ; Slurries ; England ; Grasmere Lake
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    Type: monograph
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5170 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:46 | 5170 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A short review of the work carried out by the FBA on feeding and growth of brown trout is presented in this article. Since the amount of work done on this subject is quite extensive, this review has to be very selective. The work has been previously described in 10 papers, 9 of which were written by the author (J.M.Elliott) and 1 written by the author and W.Davison- references for these, and the pioneer work of M.E.Brown and F.T.K.Pentelow, are supplied at the end of the article.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Feeding ; Taxonomy ; Metabolism ; Salmo trutta ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5178 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:16:57 | 5178 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Some of the results from an investigation of five species of coarse fish, in the Stour River, carried out from 1968-1978 are presented in this article. The species involved were: Rutilus rutilis, Leuciscus leuciscus, L. cephalus, Esox lucius and Perca fluviatilis : which are of particular interest to anglers. Although these species show some similarities, as in the shape of the annual and seasonal growth curves, in most other respects each species occupies a distinct niche in the ecosystem and has a life-history strategy peculiar to itself. In this study only 5 species were investigated. When all the species present are considered the relationships or diversities suggested here will therefore be made far more complex.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Life history ; Coarse fish ; Rutilus rutilus ; Leuciscus leuciscus ; Leuciscus cephalus ; Esox lucius ; Perca fluviatilis ; England ; River Stour ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5182 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:19 | 5182 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Information on fecundity, oviposition behaviour, egg hatching, and parthenogenetic development of Ephemeroptera is reviewed and summarized.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Reproduction (biology) ; Ephemeroptera ; Annual report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: book_section , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 41-52
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    Unknown
    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5190 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:14:57 | 5190 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Research into the production ecology of chalk streams using a large artificial recirculating stream is described. Physical chemical processes including calcium and inorganic phosphate levels, and exchange of gaseous carbon dioxide in both a simple closed system and a circulating system with gravel substrate have been monitored in both light and dark conditions. Further experiments were concerned with the seasonal changes in algal growth over the gravel substrate with constant water velocities and replenishment. The algal population, composed mainly of the diatoms Achnanthes minutissima, Meridion circulare, Nitzschia fonticola and Synedra ulna reached a peak in mid May and declined rapidly during June. Concentrations of phosphate phosphorus fell as the diatoms grew but was not thought to limit growth. Silicate concentrations followed the diatom cycle closely but never fell below 0.8 mg/l Si. It is possible that one of the nutrients may have been limiting the rate of growth due to steep diffusion gradients through the algal mat. In the last summer and autumn a hard calcareous crust composed of the green alga Gongrosira incrustans and the blue green alga Homeothrix varians , developed. The channel stream is compared with the natural conditions found in chalk streams.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Algae ; Fresh water ; Growth ; Phosphates ; Population dynamics ; Seasonal variations ; Silicates ; Achnanthes minutissima ; Meridion circulare ; Synedra ulna ; Annual report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: book_section , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 63-75
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  • 200
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5206 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:16:23 | 5206 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The current situation of regional, rather' than national, problems of eutrophication in standing waters has been widely aired in recent reports. A reliable, quantitative data base is a prerequisite to future trend monitoring, a concensus view of those reports. The objective of this report is to establish requirements, methodology and a minimal data set for nutrient and algae status in water supply reservoirs in England which may be used as a protocol for future trend monitoring.A pilot study has been carried out to assess the relative merits of different sampling strategies, the choice of which has major implications for the cost of sample collection. This short report suggests that consider the possibility of designating a few sites as ”baseline sites” at which detailed changes in trophic status as monitored by the more labour-intensive parameters would be collected on a regular, long term basis to help in the interpretation of the low cost survey results.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Eutrophication ; Monitoring ; Surveying ; England ; Grasmere Lake
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 2
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