ALBERT

Notizen: The German author Heinrich Ludwig Lambert Gall (1794-1863) who is characterized as socialist by the authors of histories of economic thought proposed a policy for full employment, based on the multiplier-principle and public expenditures financed by taxes, since 1822. Not Rodbertus but Gall was the first one describing the multiplier scheme. The interpretation of Gall's publications shows his important ideas about interventionism similar to the modern theory of full employment and the activity of the state.

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Notizen: In this paper on power relations the author assumes that each participant (A, B) behaves rationally, aims at an increase of his utility. The assumption of the purely instrumental character of power constitutes a second important premise: power is supposed to be a means, not an end in itself.When A tries to compel B to do something he wouldn't otherwise have done by threatening retaliation against any disobedience of B, A is interested in the credibility of his threat indeed. However A has usually no incentive actually to carry out the threat in case of resistance by B. Moreover the realization of the threat very often causes considerable costs to the power-holder. Because of A's dilemma B stands a good chance of resisting the pretension of A without being punished. Finally the author analyses what counter-moves A can make.In another form of influence—often called ‘manipulation’—B doesn't notice at all that his goals conflict with those of A. A does not make explicit the ends he is striving for. As long as the assumption of rational behaviour is retained, this kind of influence can only occur in case of uncertainty—taste structure of A and B assumed constant.

Notizen: This paper develops a conceptual framework for the systematic analysis of inter-community spillovers and their implications for local expenditure-investment decisions. Spillovers are distinguished on the basis of the effects they have upon the rate of exchange between current goods for private consumption and publicly provided goods. The mechanisms of spillovers—economic interaction, fiscal inter-dependence, and migration—and the concept of community are examined in this context. A diagrammatic analysis is used to demonstrate the influence of spill-overs on the decision making unit's allocation of resources. Methodological issues and problems involved in estimating spillover magnitudes are presented. A case study provides numerical counterparts for the theoretical quantities of the analysis. While emphasis is on publicly provided education in the United States, the framework and methodology should be applicable to other local governments and their services.