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  • Articles  (370)
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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (370)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (370)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2020-2022
  • 1970-1974  (370)
  • Technology  (370)
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  • Articles  (370)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (370)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hollow fiber membrane oxygenator (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 135-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hollow fibers have been produced and evaluated for use as membrane oxygenators in an artificial heart device. Gas permeable capillaries now commercially available are unsuitable for this use because of: (1) low percent open cross-sectional area, (2) large internal diameter, and (3) high cost. A number of polymers were initially selected for evaluation because of their reported high gas permeabilities. Those selected include a number of rubbers of various compositions, certain poly-α-olefins and an experimental thermoplastic silicone rubber copolymer. These materials were first evaluated as flat membranes (films) for their gas permeabilities and also for ease of preparation in hollow fiber form. Hollow fibers were prepared from the most promising of those studied, poly-4-methylpentene-1 and the thermoplastic polydimethylsiloxane copolymer. Fibers, ranging in the size from 30 to 300 μ ID, were spun with open cross-sectional areas of 40-65%. Oxygen and carbon dioxide permeabilities measured on these fibers were compared to that of SilasticDow Corning medical grade poly (dimethylsiloxane). rubber membranes. These permeabilities range from 1/20 that of Silastic rubber for unmodified poly-4-methylpentene-1 to 2/3 for the thermoplastic silicone copolymer. Modification of poly-4-methylpentene-1 has made it possible to increase it's permeability by tenfold, while still maintaining physical properties necessary to spin and fabricate this material.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050214
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elemental carbon as a biomaterial (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Advanced forms of elemental carbon were identified as potential implantable prosthetic materials and a study was conducted to determine specific applications. A survey of the carbon industry established material sources and specifications on available types of material. Specimen materials were supplied to several research organizations for in-vivo evaluation and produced acceptable results. Specific designs have been generated for a broad range of implantable prosthetics and prototypes have been provided for preliminary evaluation. The feasibilty of an organic mechanical attachment between cortical bone tissues and elemental carbon has been successfully demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050607
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial surface interaction of blood and blood components with Al2O3 and TiO2 (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 69-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The success of material implants in the vascular system has been limited by the fact that the intial events of blood coagulation on foreign material surfaces are not understood. Many materials have been evaluated in the search for a suitable implant material in this system. Recent success of porous ceramic materials in bone-ceramic compatibility studies stimulated the feeling that these materials should be tested in other body tissues such as the blood.Ceramic disks of Al2O3 and TiO2 were evaluated using a contact angle measurement technique to determine the characteristics of these material surfaces before and after exposure to a blood environment. This technique involved measuring the contact angle of sessile drops of various liquids on these surfaces with a microscope fitted with a goniometer eyepiece. By plotting these contact angles according to the procedure of Zisman, the characteristics of the surfaces could be evaluated.The clean ceramic disks were found to be extremely wettable even after exposure to a physiological saline environment. On exposure of these disks to a blood environment, it was observed that some type of film was adsorbed from the blood onto the ceramic surface during the initial minutes of exposure. This film had wetting characteristics consistent with layers of fibrinogen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050609
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skeletal extension of limb prosthetic attachments-problems in tissue reaction (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 143-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The skeletal attachment of a limb prosthesis approaches two specific and separate problems in tissue reaction to prosthetic materials: Skeletal fixation and trancutaneous interface.The skeletal fixation problem must be looked upon as a method to distribute the stress concentration of prosthetic material in such a manner so that living tissue is not embarrassed by prolonged excessive pressures. One must consider the functional mechanical stresses separate from the toxicological reaction of living tissues to prosthetic materials. Our current experience identifies the fact that vitreous carbon is extremely benign from the standpoint of living tissue reaction. Moreover, when placed in the configuration of irregular surfaces, it apparently encourages bone growth contiguous with the material. To this point, however, the reaction of living material to broad surfaces contiguous with vitreous carbon has not placed under concentration of functional stresses. Porous ceramic to this date has not supplied an appropriate answer to this problem.Transcutaneous perforation is available in the clinical sense only when a method can be presented which requires no specific hygiene and dressing. No drainage at all must be the rule at a transcutaneous perforation. Vitreous carbon in our experience so far has made contiguous epithealization feasible down the neck of a skin perforation. Four millimeters, from our experience, seems to be an appropriate location of epithelial downgrowth before transition into non epithealized connective tissue is available. The use of fixation skirts is felt to be necessary to provide stable, transcutaneous perforation.This paper presents evidence of the favorable tissue reaction both from a skeletal and cutaneous standpoint to vitreous carbon materials. A specific design for the successful skeletal fixation limb prosthesis is as yet not currently available and must await further clinical experience with human skin reaction to transcutaneous devices.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050612
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ceramics in surgery (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 231-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the ceramic-epoxy composite “Cerosium.” Experiments were conducted to evaluate the tissue reaction to such material and the extent of bonding established between ceramic and the tissues in which it was implanted. It was found that this material was well tolerated by the body and obtained definite fixation within the tissues when implanted into both bone and tendon. This occurred, however, not by the active infiltration of tissue but by fibrous encapsulation and it is recommended that for more meaningful stabilization, material of larger pore size is required.When Cerosium was implanted into the knee joints of rabbits, it was found to be unsuitable for intra-articular use because of the abrasive effect on the opposing cartilage and bone surfaces and the susceptibility of the material itself to abrasive wear. Furthermore, a full mechanical evaluation of standard specimens of Cerosium showed it to be degraded within the body due to a breakdown of the impregnating polymer.Ceramic-epoxy composites require a strong matrix and a totally stable impregnating material. While mechanically suited to replacing weight bearing surfaces, a smooth surface glaze is essential to avoid abrasive effects upon the opposing bone surface. Further investigation is required before these materials can be fully accepted into the armamentarium of the implant surgeon.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050614
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ceramic tooth implants (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 281-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: For many years man has engendered the idea of replacing lost or unserviceable teeth with natural or artificial substitutes has, however, only recently been shown to offer a viable alternative to externally attached prostheses. Ceramics were selected which have demonstrated compatibility with long bones and optimization of the ceramic properties was undertaken. Implants were made in the jawbones of adult dogs. Both tooth root replicas and crown-root combinations were employed. Anchorage of the implants was found to range from stable attachment to rapid exfoliation. The calcium aluminates were found to possess barely adequate mechanical strengths.This research suggests that these ceramics can function as effective tooth roots if the proper designs and surgical techniques are employed. Sufficient evidence of tissue compatibility has been amassed to warrant further study.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060103
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioceramics and dentistry (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Metals and polymers have received considerable attention with respect to their potential use in human implantation. Serious study of the ceramics for this purpose has only recently begun. Materials for implantation in any body site must meet certain requirements. Each class of material has been found to have some highly desirable properties as well as some undesirable characteristics. Materials for use in dental implantation, particularly for the replacement of individual teeth, are subjected to environmental factors not generally existent in other implantation sites. Preliminary studies of the ceramics have suggested that, from the physiologic standpoint, they may be the best implantable substitute for hard tissues (bones and teeth) yet achieved. There are, however, many questions remaining to be answered concerning the selection of the most suitable material, its fabrication, and the reaction of tissues to it. These questions should serve to indicate future areas of exploration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of ceramic and ceramic composite devices for maxillofacial applicationsThese have been supported by Contract Numbers DADA 17-69-C-9118 and DADA 17-69-C-9181, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Dental Research Division, Colonel Robert M. Johnson, Chief. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 345-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ceramic and ceramic composite materials and devices were developed for specific maxillofacial applications. These applications included: (1) Replacement of hard tissue voids in low stress areas with a phosphate-bonded alumina-foamed ceramic and a calcium aluminate-bonded alumina foam; (2) development of porous ceramic-coated metallic devices for stabilization of mandibles with avulsed segments; (3) development of implantable ceramic tooth roots onto which more or less conventional crowns may be mounted.Efforts to date have been rewarding. Using the rhesus monkey for all experimental implant work, incorporation of porous ceramic foam prostheses to eliminate maxillary defects has been accomplished. Also, we have succeeded in stabilizing the mandible where segments of from 3 to 8 mm were removed. Bridging of the gap with new bone occurred within 6 weeks resulting in a total regeneration of the resected area with restoration of normal mandibular function. Finally, implantable tooth roots were developed. Three different surface treatment techniques have been used on a basic high-density alumina core. The first is a high-density matt finish which can only permit a fibrous tissue attachment or bony approximation but no ingrowth. The second is a porous alumina coating intended to permit bone ingrowth. The third is a rough surface consisting of particles of alumina sintered to the surface to maximize the bone/ceramic interface shear strength potential. Implantations of both anterior and posterior tooth roots with all three surface configurations have been successful for periods of up to six months.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060107
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060201
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-permeant enhancement of drug transmission rates through silicone rubber (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vitro transmission rates of benzocaine were measured to determine the feasibility of augmenting the permeability of silicone rubber implants by introduction of co-permeant plasticizers into the systems. It was shown that permeation can be enhanced or inhibited depending on the co-permeant used, including increased mass transfer of methylene blue, previously reported to be a non-permeant. Factors influencing such potentiation or diminution are thought to be solubility relationships among all components present, diffusivity, molecular volumes and mobilities of the co-permeants, hydrogen bonding capabilities, and potential for internal segmental motion of polymeric plasticizers.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060203
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