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  • Articles  (6,761)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental calculus ; Glycopeptide ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the isolation and purification of a sulphated glycopeptide from human supragingival calculus. The compound was isolated after using EDTA treatment, 2 M CaCl2 extraction, proteolytic digestion, ethanol precipitation, and finally purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single component on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and chemical and infrared spectral analysis showed the presence of covalently attached sulphate groups. The sulphated glycopeptide was distinguished from being a sulphated glycosaminoglycan.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental cementum ; Collagen ; Protein ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides were prepared of the insoluble collagen of bovine dental cementum. Following chromatographic separation, the peptides were identified by their amino-acid composition. Type I collagen ([α1(I)]2α2) accounted for more than 90% of the organic matrix, while Type III collagen ([α1(III)]3) was present at a level of approximately 5%. Amino-acid analyses revealed that the CNBr peptides from α1(I) and α2 chains of cementum closely resembled the corresponding peptides from calf skin. The only systematic difference was a higher level of hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of the cementum peptides.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Osteoporosis ; Lactation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The calcium homeostatic mechanism was challenged in adult female rats by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate, and by subjecting them to pregnancy and lactation. The regimen caused a substantial weight loss, especially in those animals which reared their young well. Severe hypocalcaemia was observed in the lactating rats. Serum-P was slightly elevated. The content of hydroxyproline in serum was considerably elevated, reflecting the degree of calcium deprivation. Serum proteins were least influenced. The calcium depriving regimen reduced the growth of long bones, but did not stop it. The ash content of the bones was considerably reduced, the degree of reduction depended on the degree of calcium deprivation. Ash as percentage of total bone organ was reduced, but not to the same extent as total ash. Analyses of different parts of femur showed that the proximal and distal parts had lost more bone mineral than the diaphyseal shaft. The ash content of cortical bone tissue from the femur was estimated by a volumetric method. No differences were observed between test groups and controls, indicating that no measurable amounts of bone mineral had been removed from the walls of the vascular canals or by osteocytic osteolysis. Planimetric determinations on cross sections from femora disclosed that a great amount of bone had been removed from the endosteal surface of the diaphysis, while the periosteal surface demonstrated reduced bone apposition.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: NαA1, NεB29 -Bis(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)insulin, easily obtained by selective butyloxycarbonylation of insulin according to Geiger, was purified by chromatography and applied as amino component for peptide syntheses with active esters of amino acids protected by the butyloxycarbonyl group. By this method the partial synthesis of NαB1-leucyl-, glycyl-, lysyl-, and glutamylinsulin was achieved. The analogues showing homogeneity in electrophoresis (pH 2 and 8,6) and thin layer chromatography, were characterized by biological, immunological, and CD-spectral data and could be crystallized.
    Notes: Das nach Geiger durch selektive Butyloxycarbonylierung von Insulin leicht zugängliche NαA1, NεB29 -Bis(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)insulin wurde chromatographisch gereinigt und als Aminokomponente für Peptidsynthesen mit aktiven Estern von tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-geschützten Aminosäuren eingesetzt. Auf diese Weise gelang die Partialsynthese von NαB1- Leucyl-, Glycyl-, Lysyl- und Glutamylinsulin. Die elektrophorestich (pH 2 und 8,6) und dünnschichtromatographisch einheitlichen Analoga wurden durch biologischet, immunologische und CD-spektrale Daten charakterisiert und konnten kristallisiert werden.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 2-Ethoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (1) is polymerized rapidly and in high yields to poly[oxy(ethoxyphoxyphosphoryl)oxyethylene] (3) by several alcoholates. The products are colourless and of high viscosity. They are soluble in water, alcohols, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methylene, chloride, chloroform, and dimethylsulfoxid; they are insoluble in ether and in hydrocarbons. Polymerization degrees up to 83 (M̄ = 12600) were found. In aqueous solutions no hydrolytic degradation is observed at room temperature within several days.A tentative anionic mechanism of polymerization and possible side reactions are briefly discussed.
    Notes: 2-Äthoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan (1) wird durch verschiedene Alkoholate sehr schnell und in hoher Ausbeute zu Poly[oxy(äthoxyphosphoryl)oxyäthylen] (3) polymerisiert. Die Produkte sind hochviskos und farbols. Sie lösen sich in Wasser, Alkoholen, Tetrahydrofuran, Dioxan, Methylenchlorid, Chloroform und Dimethylsulfoxid; unlöslich sind sie in Äther und in Kohlenwasserstoffen. Polymerisationsgrade bis 83 (M̄ = 12600) wurden gemessen. In wäßriger Lösung bei Raumtemperatur erfolgte auch nach Tagen kein merklicher hydrolytischer Abbau.Der mutmaßlich anionische Polymerisationsmechanismus und mögliche Nebenreaktionen werden kurz diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Zweck der vorliegenden Arbeit war, eine Entscheidung zwischen den «Mainz»- und «Keele-Theorien» über die Polymerisation der 1,3-Dioxacycloalkane durch wasserfreie Perchlorsäure in Methylendichlorid herbeizuführen. Mittels der Jaacks'schen Methode zur Bestimmung von tertiären Oxoniumionen entdeckten wir, daß deren Konzentration verschwindend klein ist, wenn unter peinlichstem Ausschluß von Feuchtigkeit polymerisiert wird. Wir erzielten diese Resultate mit 1,3-Dioxolan (1), 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan (4) und 1.3-Dioxepan (5). Sie wurden durch unsere Bestimmungen des Gehaltes an Hydroxy-Gruppen unterstützt, die an Polymeren vorgenomrnen wurden, welche mit verschiedenen Redgenzien neutralisiert worden waren.Es folgt hieraus. dall bei eincm Wassergehalt der Reaktionsgemische von weniger als ca. 10-4M die Fortpflanzung überwiegend durch sekundäre Oxoniumionen stattfindet. so daß sie nach dem Plesch-Westerrmann'schen Ringerweiterungsmechanismus verlaufen muß. Da Wasser die Bildung von tertiären Oxoniumionen verursacht. läßt es sich erklären, wieso andere Forscher und auch wir, zuvor in weniger sorgfältig durchgeführten Ansätzen, diese Ionen (manchmal sogar in überwiegenden Mengen) nachweisen konnten.Unsere Befunde beinhalten auch. daß Penczeks Theorie, welche coordinierte Oxy-Carbe-niumionen als die wachsenden Zentren betrachtet, auf die hier diskutierten Systeme nicht anwendbar ist.Der heuristische Wert der Kingerweiterungstheorie wird hier kurz durch einen Hinweis auf eine daraus entstandene neue Methode zur Synthese von «Kronen-Athern» aus 1,3-Dioxacykloalkanen veranschaulicht.
    Notes: The object of the work described was to discriminate between the two principal rival theories concerning the polymerisation of 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes by anhydrous perchloric acid, the “Mainz theory” and the “Keele theory”. By means of Jaacks's method for determining tertiary oxonium ions we found that in polymerisations under the driest conditions the concentration of these is negligibly small. This was done with 1,3-dioxolane (1), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (4), and 1,3-dioxepane (5), and the findings are supported by determinations of the content of hydroxy groups of polymers prepared and “killed” under different conditions.It follows that when the water content of the reaction mixtures is less than ca. 10-4M the propagation is principally by secondary oxonium ions, and that it must therefore go by the ring-expansion mechanism of Plesch and Westermann.Water causes the formation of tertiary oxonium ions and this probably explains why previously other workers and ourselves had reported their presence, and sometimes their dominance, in reaction mixtures prepared under much less stringent conditions.The recent theory of Penczek, which involves co-ordinated oxy-carbenium ions, is also shown not to be applicable to the systems considered here. -  The heuristic value of the ring-expansion theory is illustrated briefly by reference to a new method of synthesising crown ethers from 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes, which arose from it.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1 (1975), S. 249-261 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß verschiedener Polysäuren auf die Absorptionsspektren von 7-Methylamino-3-dimethyliminio-3H-phenothiazinchlorid (Trimethylthioninhydrochlorid, Azur B) (1) wurde untersucht. Folgende Polymere wurden eingesetzt: Polyacrylsäure, verschiedene Acrylsäure-Acrylamid- und Acrylsäure-Styrol-Copolymere sowie drei Maleinsäure-Acrylamid-Copolymere. Die spektroskopischen Messungen der Farbstoff-Polymer-Wechselwirkungen zeigten, daß die Farbstoffmoleküle mit der Polymerkette assoziiert sind und daß diese Assoziationen stark abhängig sind von der Copolymeren-Zusammensetzung, vom Abstand zwischen den Carboxylgruppen in der Kette und von der inneren Struktur der Makromoleküle. Bei gleichem Acrylsäuregehalt in verschiedenen Styrol-Acrylsäure-Copolymeren beeinflußt auch die Triadensequenzverteilung die Intensität der metachromatischen Banden, obwohl dieser Einfluß nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung ist, verglichen mit den anderen strukturellen Merkmalen der Copolymeren.
    Notes: The effect of various polyacids on the absorption spectrum of 7-methylamino-3-dimethylimino-3H-phenothiazine chloride (trimethylthionine chloride, Azure B) (1) was studied. The following polymers were used: poly(acrylic acid), several acrylic acid-acrylamide and acrylic acid-styrene copolymers, and three maleic acid-acrylamide copolymers. The spectroscopic measurements of the dye-polymer interactions showed that the dye molecules are associated with the polymer chain and that this association is strongly dependent on the copolymer composition, the distance between the carboxylic groups in the chain, and the internal structure of the macromolecule. At identical acrylic acid content of poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid), the triads sequence distributions affect also the intensity of the metachromatic band, though this influence is only of secondary importance compared to the other structural characteristics of the copolymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das thermische Verhalten von isotaktischem Poly[(S)-4-methyl-1-hexen], (P(S)4MH), Poly[(R)-4-methyl-1-hexen], (P(R)4MH), ihrer àquimolaren Mischung (r-P4MH) und von Poly[(R)(S)-4-methyl-1-hexen] (P4MH) wurde untersucht. Die DSC-Kurven von P(S)4MH und P(R)4MH ergaben beim Schmelzen zwei endotherme Peaks, während nur ein Peak in den DSC-Kurven von r-P4MH und P4MH gefunden wurde.Für die optisch aktiven Polymeren wird die Bildung einer Mesophase vorgeschlagen und die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden auf der Basis der Konformation dieser Polymeren im kristallinen und flüssigen Zustand besprochen.
    Notes: The thermal behaviour of isotactic poly[(S)-4-methyl-1-hexene], (P(S)4 MH), isotactic poly[(R)-4-methyl-1-hexene], (P(R)4 MH), of their equimolar mixture (r-P4MH) and of poly[(R)(S)-4-methyl-1-hexene], (P4MH), was investigated. The DSC curves obtained by melting P(S)4MH and P(R)4MH showed two endothermic peaks, while only one peak was found in the DSC curves obtained by melting r-P4MH or P4MH.For the optically active polymers the formation of a mesophase is proposed and the results are discussed on the basis of the conformation of these polymers in the crystalline and in the liquid state.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The dependence of the Huggins constant kH on the intrinsic viscosity [η], the coil expansion factor α, and the molecular weight was investigated by measuring highly diluted solutions of polyisobutylene. After extrapolation to zero shear rate, the kH-values were derived by using the best suiting Martin-equation. The resulting relations between kH and [η] (resp.α) were compared with theoretical and semiempirical formulas published by Moore-Bodhanecky, Imai, and Sakai. With weakly expanded systems, we found fair agreement with the Sakai-function. From this, it may be concluded that the Sakai-function describes adequately the determining factor of coil penetrability. In strongly expanded systems, kH decreases with [η]-1 and α-3, resp. An attempt is made to explain the results in terms of structural rheology.
    Notes: Anhand von Messungen an Lösungen von Polyisobutylen wurde die Abhängigkeit der Huggins-Konstanten kH vom Staudinger-Index [η], von der Knäuelaufweitung α und vom Molekulargewicht untersucht. Die kH- Werte wurden nach der Extrapolation der Meßwerte auf verschwindende Scherrate nach der Martin-Gleichung gewonnen, die sich als am besten geeignet zur Linearisierung von ηred erwies. Die gefundenen Beziehungen zwischen kH und [η] bzw. α wurden mit theoretischen bzw. halbempirischen Formeln von Moore-Bodhanecky, Imai und Sakai verglichen. Bei nicht sehr stark aufgeweiteten Systemen wurde gute Übereinstimmung mit der Sakai-Beziehung erzielt, woraus geschlossen wird, daß diese Funktion die Wirkung der Knäueldurchdringung richtig beschreibt. In stärker aufgeweiteten Systemen fällt kH mit [η]-1 bzw. α-3 ab. Es wird versucht, diese Ergebnisse strukturrheologisch zu interpretieren.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus Messungen der thermodynamischen Stabilitätsgrenze (Spinodale) und des kritischen Zustandes im System Polystyrol/Cyclohexan mittels der “Pulse-Induced Critical Scattering” -und der Phasenvolumenverhältnis-Methode wurden übereinstimmende Werte erhalten, die darauf hinweisen, daß der Paar-Wechselwirkungsparameter im untersuchten System nicht allein von der Temperatur und der Gesamtpolymerkonzentration abhängen kann. Mit den erwähnten Meßmethoden kann man die zweite und die dritte Ableitung der freien Mischungssenthalpie nach der Konzentration ermitteln. Das beobachtete Verhalten kann mit einer ziemlich willkürlichen Funktion beschrieben werden, durch welche die Molekulargewichtsabhängigkeit des Wechselwirkungsparameters berücksichtigt wird. Es werden Gründe angeführt, warum man gewöhnlich findet,daß graphische Auftragungen nach Shultz-Flory linear sind, obwohl die zugrunde liegenden Annahmen selten oder nie gerechtfertigt sind.
    Notes: Consistent data have been obtained from measurements of the thermodynamic stability limit (spinodal locus) and of the critical point in the system polystyrene/cyclohexane by Pulse-Induced Critical Scattering and phase-volume-ratio techniques which involve direct measurement of the second and third derivatives of the free enthalpy (Gibbs free energy) of mixing with respect to concentration. These data indicate that the pair-interaction parameter in the system polystyrene/cyclohexane cannot depend on temperature and overall polymer concentration alone. The observed pattern can be described with a rather arbitrary empirical function for the molecular weight dependence of the interaction parameter. Arguments are advanced suggesting why Schultz-Flory plots are usually found to be linear, although the underlying assumptions are seldom, if ever, fulfilled.
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