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  • Articles  (5,199)
  • Physics  (5,199)
  • 2020-2022  (1)
  • 1980-1984  (2,658)
  • 1975-1979  (2,540)
  • 1
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    Can the history of the ether receive new boost from geosciences? (2020)
    Pavia University
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-10
    Description: A discussion of several kinds of ether as they can be inferred from Geosciences, and what the existence of the ether could imply for Physics and Cosmology. A tribute to the memory of my mentor Franco Selleri.
    Description: This article is written in honor of my mentor Franco Selleri who has helped to consolidate my awareness of the existence of a medium subtended to ordinary matter, and from which everything comes. From my field, the Earth Sciences, come clues converging on an important role of the ether in the geological evolution of Earth and planets, as well as all the structures of the universe. Paleogeographic reconstructions allow a rough quantitative evaluation of the amount of new ordinary matter that is added to the planet in the unity of time, and the consequent statement of some cosmological consequences and on the inner energy balance of the Earth. The concept of central flow of ether defended here is different from the Lorentian stationary ether, but the two concepts could be made compatible.
    Description: SISFA
    Description: Published
    Description: 307-316
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Keywords: Expanding Earth ; History ; Geophysics ; Physics ; Ether flow ; Earth's inner heat balance ; Cosmology ; History and Philosophy of Science
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of fracture in an oriented polystyrene (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fracture surfaces of an oriented polystyrene (by stretching 150% at 280°F) show many of the same features observed in the fracture of ordinary polystyrene: craze formation followed by quasi-viscous separation of the craze layer or by quasi-brittle fracture along the craze boundary. In cleavage fracture along the direction of orientation, advance fractures are initiated in flat areas covered, if at all, by an extremely thin layer of craze: the initiation of the “crazeles” fractures appears to arise from the orientation of the molecules rather than the presence of impurity particles.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130111
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear-induced crystallization of polymers. I. The four-roller apparatus (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We describe a new technique for producing fibrous crystals from shear-induced crystallization of polymer solutions and polymer melts. Our technique makes use of a modified version of the 4-Roller apparatus originally developed by G. I. Taylor to study the formation of emulsions. This apparatus generates a planar extensional flow field in which macromolecules are extended more easily than in flow fields with transverse velocity gradients.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of kink bands by compression of the extrudate of solid linear polyethylene (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Extrudates of solid linear polyethylene prepared under proper pressure and temperature conditions have a high c axis orientation along the extrusion direction, with lamellar crystals and amorphous layers stacked alternately along the extrusion direction. Kink bands were formed by compressing the oriented extrudate at room temperature along the extrusion direction. Inspection of the kink bands by wide-angle and small-angle x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed that the fiber axis was rotated from the original axis direction by 70-75° and that the lamellar crystals were inclined to the fiber axis in the kink band by 55-60° and stacked nearly parallel to the kink boundary. The superstructural change during the formation of the kink band could not be interpreted in terms of uniform c axis shear alone. In addition to such a mechanism, it was necessary to take into account intermicrofibril and/or intercrystallite slip.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic mechanical properties of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 137-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The complex compliance in extension of gels of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP) and in tricresyl phosphate (TCP) was measured over the frequency range from 0.6 to 0.006 cps and the temperature range from -66 to 65°C: the weight fractions of DOP and TCP in the gels were 0.32, 0.40, 0.49, and 0.59. Measurements were carried out in an apparatus using forced low-frequency longitudinal osillations. Data for the gels could not be combined by the method of reduced variables, since there were gradual changes with decreasing temperature, attributable to an increase in crystallinity. Application of the reduction method of Ninomiya and Ferry for solutions of crystalline polymers was found to be successful. The apparent melting temperatures (T′m) were obtained from the temperature dependence of the vertical shift factors. An apparent heat of fusion of ca. 120 cal/mole of monomer unit was found. This melting range was in agreement with that of secondary crystallinity in plasticized PVC reported in calorimetric studies by Juijn. With decreasing temperature, two phenomena occurred in the temperature range from Tg + ca. 80°C to Tg: the vitrification of a concentrated amorphous solution and the slight crystallization of the polymeric component. The larger the difference between Tg and T′m the broader the primary dispersion zone on the frequency scale. This broadening effect was explained as due to the difference in dependence of Tg and T′m on plasticizer concentration, without any need to consider any specific interaction between plasticizer and PVC.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130112
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of inorganic salts with polar polymers. II. Infrared studies of polymer-inorganic nitrate systems (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 223-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Certain inorganic nitrate salts are quite soluble in the polymers studied, namely, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(methyl acrylate). Large effects upon the glass-transition temperature were observed in those systems where the transition could be readily measured. Large shifts in the infrared spectra of both the inorganic nitrate salts and in the polymer carbonyl and ester ether frequencies have been observed. These observations have been interpreted in terms of complex formation between these polymers and salts in the solid state. The proposed structure of the complex explains the nature of the infrared shifts both for the nitrate salts and the polymers as well as explaining the concentration effects observed. Effects of the solvating environment upon the salt and polymer spectra remain unexplained. The large glass-transition effects are a result of the degree of solubility of the salts in the polymers and the interactions between them. However, the reason why, in some cases, the change in the transition temperature as a function of concentration goes through a maximum is unclear.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformational, swelling, and potentiometric behavior of ionized poly(methacrylic acid) gels. II. Experimental results (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 263-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The deformational, swelling, and potentiometric behavior of poly(methacrylic acid) gels was measured as a function of the degree of crosslinking, ionic strength, and degree of ionization. The comparison of the stress-strain behavior with theoretical relations derived in the preceding part has shown that the relations are valid only if an increase is assumed in the number of monomeric units in the statistical chain segment with increasing degree of neutralization of the gel. This dependence is affected by the salt content in the swelling solution and is also dependent on the activity coefficient of counterions. The pK0 values for an undissociated gel approach pK0 = 5.0 and increase somewhat with degree of neutralization. The swelling equilibria are in qualitative agreement with theoretical assumptions; their quantitative agreement depends on the activity coefficient of counterions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallinity and the effect of ionizing radiation in polyethylene. III. An experiment on the irradiation-induced crosslinking in n-hexatriacontane (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 333-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of n-hexatriacontane irradiated in the crystalline and molten states were compared as regards the GPC chromatograms of the partially crosslinked products. From differences in the elution volumes it could be inferred that there is a greater trend for random linking along the chain in the sample irradiated in the melt as opposed to preference for end-type linking in the samples irradiated as crystals. In the course of this work the applicability of the GPC technique for detecting short (methyl) branches and for distinguishing between the position of these branches along the chain has also become apparent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130210
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial molar excess free enthalpies of n-alkenes in apiezon M and alkanes in squalane and polydimethylsiloxane, and the solution theories of prigogine and flory: An investigation by gas chromatography (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 401-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Partial molar excess free enthalpies (or excess chemical potentials) at infinite dilution were obtained over a large temperature range by gas chromatography. Data on n-alkenes in Apiezon M are interpreted by the Prigogine-Patterson theory; data on normal and branched alkanes in squalane and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are discussed in terms of the Prigogine-Patterson theory and the solution theory of Flory, Orwoll, and Vrij. For the alkane-PDMS systems heats of dilution and partial excess heat capacity data are given.The aim of this work is to get some insight in the applicability of these solution theories to mixtures of fluids, the properties of which may slightly violate the basic assumptions of these theories. It is shown that orientational order in and a large cross-sectional chain diameter of the polymer solvent do not affect their applicability to the partical molar excess free enthalpies of apolar mixtures, whereas large dissimilarities between the force fields around the segments of the mixture components and/or dissimilar chain flexibilities detract from the applicability of these theories (alkanes in PDMS).Special attention has been paid to the effects of dissimilar size and shape of the segments of the mixture compounds on the magnitude of the interchange interaction parameter. It is shown that the multiple-connected segment model after Lichtenthaler et al. does not warrant a reliable combinatorial contribution. Comparison of the interaction parameters obtained for n-alkanes in n-alkanes, Apiezon, squalane, and polyisobutylene and for branched alkanes in squalane reveals that the magnitude of this parameter is affected by small end-effects due to the relative weakness of methyl-methylene interactions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130216
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of molecular structure in amorphous poly(4,4′-dioxydiphenyl-2,2′-propane carbonate) by dielectric measurements and Monte Carlo calculations (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130219
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