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  • Articles  (11)
  • uncertainty  (6)
  • flexible manufacturing systems  (5)
  • 2020-2022
  • 1985-1989  (11)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1945-1949
  • Economics  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 2 (1989), S. 189-212 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: Risk ; choice ; perception ; control ; adjustment ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Experienced executives frequently try to modify the risky situations they face in order to make them more favorable rather than simply choosing from among available decision options. This article investigates several types of risk adjustments such as trying to influence the situation through bargaining and spending resources, gathering information, developing new options, and consulting one's superiors. A theoretical framework is presented that characterizes different types of adjustments and relates them to variables such as perceived risk, perceived control, perceived responsibility, decisiveness, and risky choice. The framework is tested using experienced decision makers who respond to four simulated risky business decisions.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theory and decision 27 (1989), S. 93-106 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: cognition ; decision ; graphs ; artificial intelligence ; risk ; uncertainty ; expert systems ; expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the first part, we try to give a representation of the process by which man endeavours to grasp uncertainty. We propose a backward exploration which we will modelize through an influence diagram and then we can draw a few conclusions from that representation for the axiomatics of Decision. In the second part, we deal with the processing of the information formatted in such a way, regarding both its temporal complexity and its elective complexity. The first part as the second one dealing with representation and the consequences for information processing of uncertainty cognition lead to a severe criticism of the expected utility hypothesis. To conclude, we suggest a few remarks on expert systems of decision aid under uncertainty.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theory and decision 26 (1989), S. 1-35 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: research and development ; resource allocation ; project selection ; uncertainty ; data improvement ; control strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the problem of optimal control of R&D. The fundamental aspects of this problem are viewed as: uncertainty about economic parameters of new technology (or new activity, e.g. a search for new oil fields) explored by a group of parallel projects attempting to make advances in this technology as well as improve economic data; allocation of investments among rival projects under a given total budget; timing of the ultimate selection of new technology (activity) according to the most successful project. The process of data improvement (PDI) is described as a (random) process of reducing the intervals of uncertainty, the rate of data improvement being controlled, in effect, by the investment policy. A stationary dynamic model with infinite horizon of planning and with the criterion of total discounted costs is developed. The model is carefully investigated from the economic point of view, and some new effects are discovered. It is demonstrated that uncertainty may be the source of additional gain; the bigger the initial uncertainty, the bigger the gain may be under optimal control. This effect is based on PDI, the economic background of which is presented as multiplication of the expected gain over time, which is typical for the classical macromodels of economics. Optimal continuous control is constructed at every time moment, and answers to two main questions are given: (1) either to prolong R & D or to make ultimate selection of one project, (2) how to allocate resources among the rival projects in the case of R&D prolongation. The last question is answered on the basis of profitability indices that relate efficiencies of PDI for particular projects to the costs of information.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theory and decision 26 (1989), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: decision theory ; uncertainty ; betting system ; Dutch book ; belief function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract By considering situations of partially resolving uncertainty, a one-to-one correspondence between belief functions and coherent betting systems à la de Finetti is shown to exist.
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  • 5
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 33 (1989), S. 297-313 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: scheduling ; production ; resource constraints ; flexible manufacturing systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Some variations are presented for the preemptive scheduling problem on unrelated processors, one shows how nonrenewable resources with a time-varying supply may be taken into account in an extension of the two-phase method; phase 1 consists in solving an LP problem and phase 2 is the construction of the schedule; such a construction reduces to the determination of integral vectors in polyhedra defined by totally unimodular matrices. In special cases, this is simply a compatible flow problem.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Variationen für Reihenfolgeprobleme mit Unterbrechungen betrachtet bei denen die Aufgaben mit unterschiedlicher Bearbeitungszeit auf den einzelnen Maschinen gelöst werden können. Insbesondere wird ein Problem mit nichterneuerbaren Resourcen und zeitabhängigen Nachfragen behandelt und es wird gezeigt, daß dieses Problem durch eine Erweiterung der 2-Phasenmethode gelöst werden kann. In Phase 1 wird ein LP gelöst, während in Phase 2 ein zugehöriger Schedule konstruiert wird. Diese Konstruktion erfolgt durch die Bestimmung ganzzahliger Vektoren, die Ecken eines Polyeders entsprechen, der durch eine vollständig unimodulare Matrix definiert wird. In Spezialfällen reduziert sich dies auf Flußprobleme.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 15 (1988), S. 313-335 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Scheduling and control ; human supervisory control ; human-machine systems/interaction ; flexible manufacturing systems ; real-time control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Most of the current academic flexible manufacturing system (FMS) scheduling research has focused on the derivation of algorithms or knowledge-based techniques for efficient FMS real-time control. Here, the limitations of this view are outlined with respect to effective control of actual real-time FMS operation. A more realistic paradigm for real-time FMS control is presented, based on explicit engineering of human and automated control functions and system interfaces. To illustrate design principles within the conceptual model, an example of algorithmic and operator function models for a specific real-time FMS control problem are developed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 1 (1988), S. 267-283 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: Risk ; uncertainty ; expected utility ; nonlinear preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract During the past generation, expected utility theory has been widely accepted as the normative standard for decision making under risk and under uncertainty. However, it is now known that reasonable people often violate its assumptions, and a number of generalizations of the theory have been developed to accommodate some of the more common violations. This essay recalls the origins of expected utility in the early 1700s, notes its axiomatizations on the basis of preference comparisons in the mid-1900s, describes violations of those axioms uncovered since then, outlines new theories stimulated by the violations, and suggests where the field might be headed in the next few decades.
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Annals of operations research 9 (1987), S. 615-628 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Bayesian paradigm ; Bayes ; statistical inference ; applied probability ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is based on an invited lecture given by the author at the ORSA/TIMS Special Interest Group on Applied Probability Conference onStatistical and Computational Problems in Probability Modeling, held at Williamsburg, Virginia, January 7–9, 1985. The theme of this paper is twofold. First, that members of the above group should be seriously concerned with issues of statistical inference — they should not stop short upon proposing a probability model. Second, that inference be undertaken via a strict adherence to the rules of probability — the Bayesian paradigm. To underscore a need for emphasizing the first theme, it may be pertinent to note that an overwhelming majority of the papers dealing with statistical and inferential issues that were presented at this conference were authored by members who did not claim to belong to the ORSA/TIMS Special Interest Group on Applied Probability. The lecture was followed by a panel discussion, with Drs. Lyle Broemeling and Edward Wegman of the Office of Naval Research as discussants. Dr. Robert Launer of the Army Research Office served as a moderator. Discussions from the floor included comments by Professors D. Harrington of Harvard University, E. Parzen of Texas A & M University, and R. Smith of Imperial College, London, England. This paper, and the comments of the panelists, are published in this volume of theAnnals of Operations Research, which is going to serve as a Proceedings of the Conference.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 169-188 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Automatic guided vehicles ; discrete-event simulation ; flexible manufacturing systems ; GPSS ; GPSS/H ; production rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A GPSS/H model is presented for a hypothetical flexible manufacturing system. The FMS consists of six machines composed of three machine types, manufactures three types of parts, and uses automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) to transport inprocess parts between appropriate machines and wait spaces in the system. Three logical modules have been designed for the model, with copies of these modules then being appropriately distributed and interfaced throughout the model and tailored to achieve overall representation of the specific FMS. The same technique can be used by others to build analogous or extended GPSS/H models for other specific FMSs in which AGVs are used as transporters. Simulations can then be performed with such models to research FMS design and control alternatives.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Automated manufacturing ; computerized manufacturing ; flexible manufacturing systems ; manufacturing systems ; measures of congestion ; queuing formulae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper calls attention to two of the more successful queuing approximation formulae — one by Kramer and one by Marchal. The analytic solution of a range of single server Erlang cases is compared to the two approximation formulae. Then a family of H2/M/1 cases is similarly considered. Maximum errors are seen to be about three percent. The Kramer formula seems to be better when the interarrival coefficient of variation is less than 0.66 and the Marchal formula is better for larger interarrival coefficients of variation. Finally, a multiserver refinement function (the ratio of G/G/1 results to M/M/1 results) is proposed to scale M/M/s as an approximation for G/G/s. In most of these multiple channel cases, the maximum error is less than six percent. The last section of this paper presents a simple, representative FMS. It is modelled as an open queuing network. Then the approximation procedure is applied node by node to illustrate the estimation of system performance measures such as machine utilizations and throughput.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 393-402 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Discrete event simulation ; perturbation analysis ; queueing systems ; flexible manufacturing systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces an analysis and optimization technique for discrete event dynamic systems, such as flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs), and other discrete part production processes. It can also be used for enhancement of the simulation results of, or the monitoring of the operations of such systems in real time. Extensive references are given where readers may pursue futher details.
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