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  • Articles  (14)
  • continuous culture  (14)
  • Springer  (14)
  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999  (14)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (14)
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  • Articles  (14)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 124-128 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: denitrification ; continuous culture ; oxygen ; Comamonas sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous cultures ofComamonas sp SGLY2 were grown anaerobically prior to establishing steady states at different oxygen flow rates. At a low oxygen transfer rate, no dissolved oxygen accumulated in the medium and all nitrate was reduced to dinitrogen. Concurrently with the increase of dissolved oxygen concentration in the liquid phase, the rate of denitrification decreased. However, at a dissolved oxygen concentration near saturation (33 mg L−1), a part of the electron flow always diverted to nitrate with production of dinitrogen: the aerobic denitrification rate was equivalent to 35% of that calculated under anaerobic conditions. These experiments reflected the co-utilization of oxygen and N-oxides and the production of dinitrogen, up to saturated conditions, which implied synthesis and activity of the four denitrifying enzymes under various aeration conditions.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces fragilis ; lactose transport ; continuous culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Lactose transport was studied inKluyveromyces fragilis grown in lactose-limited chemostat cultures. Kinetic parameters were determined using a method based on genetic population evolution. Lactose transport was carried out via three carriers characterized respectively byK m of 0.1 mM, 3 mM and 15.5 mM. The synthesis of these lactose carriers and their capacity (V max) are dependent on the dilution rate (D). At D=0.12 h−1, the high affinity transporter is prominent. For intermediate dilution rate, only the high and the medium affinity systems are present. In cells growing at D=0.4 h−1, these carriers are absent but instead, the low affinity transporter is present. The effect on lactose transport of such metabolic inhibitors as CCCP, a proton ionophore, and Antimycin A, an energy inhibitor, were also investigated. The high affinity system is the most sensitive to the effect of these inhibitors. Lactose transport through this carrier is probably a mechanism dependent on the proton motive force.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Acetic acid production ; carbon metabolism ; continuous culture ; Escherichia coli ; metabolic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The growth kinetics of an Escherichia coli wild type strain and two derivative mutants were examined in batch cultures and in glucose-limited chemostats. One mutant (PB12) had an inactive phosphotranferase transport system and the other (PB25) had interrupted pykA and pykF genes that code for the two pyruvate kinase isoenzymes. In both batch and continuous culture, important differences in acetic acid accumulation and other metabolic activities were found. Compared to the wild type strain, we observed a reduction in acetic acid accumulation of 25 and 80% in PB25 and PB12 strains respectively, in batch culture. Continuous culture experiments revealed that compared to the other two strains, PB25 accumulated less acetic acid as a function of dilution rate. In continuous cultures, oxidoreductase metabolic activities were substantially affected in the two mutant strains. These changes in turn were reflected in different levels of biomass and CO2 production, and in oxygen consumption.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 11 (1995), S. 643-645 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Chemostat ; 4-chlorosalicylic acid ; continuous culture ; degradation ; microbial consortium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A mixed, stable microbial community, obtained by continuous enrichment of a sediment core using 4-chlorosalicylic acid as sole source of carbon and energy, contained 10 different bacterial species, including Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. mendocina and P. cichorii. The members of the community were grown separately on various chlorinated compounds which were readily degraded.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 115-117 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; pineapple cannery effluent ; continuous culture ; steady-state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Candida utilis was grown on a pineapple cannery effluent in a chemostat at dilution rates ranging between 0.05 and 0.65 h−1 to establish optimal conditions for biomass production and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. Sucrose, fructose and glucose were the main sugars in the effluent. Maximum value for cell yield coefficient and productivity were (0.686, gx/gs) and (2.96, gx/l/h) at a dilution rate of 0.425 and 0.475 h−1, respectively, while maximum COD reduction (98%) was attained at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. The maintenance coefficient attained a value of (0.093, gs/gx/h). An increase in dilution rate produced a higher protein content of the biomass.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 235-238 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Arthrospira platensis ; bioenergetic yield ; continuous culture ; irradiance ; specific growth rate ; mixotrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Reassessement of bioenergetic growth yield of Arthrospira platensis was performed by using continuous culture under both autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Continuous culture was carried out at dilution rates of 0.017, 0.023 and 0.030 h−1. Under these dilution rates bioenergetic yields ranged between 4.45–6.03 × 10−3 g biomass kJ−1 and between 5.42–7.46 × 10−3 g biomass kJ−1, under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions respectively. A maximum bioenergetic yield of 8.1 × 10−3 g biomass kJ−1 using an autotrophic culture can be calculated. Pigment accumulation (chlorophyll a and carotenoids) may be related to light irradiance, reaching a maximum pigment concentration under light saturation irradiance. Phycocyanin concentration increased during light limitation.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; continuous culture ; glucoamylase ; growth ; fungi ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Maltose-limited continuous culture of Aspergillus niger was carried out with potassium nitrate to investigate growth and glucoamylase formation characteristics. Glucoamylase production was dependent on the specific growth rate. The maximal amount of glucoamylase (units/l and U/g dry weight) was obtained at μ=0.08h−1, and the maximum specific rate of production (units/g/dry weight per hour) was at μ=0.2h−1. The maintenance coefficients (ms and mATP) were higher than for some other fungi. Maximal growth yields on substrate, oxygen and ATP (Yxsm, YxO2m and Yxam) were very efficient (high) and the value of Yxam, which cannot exceed the theoretical maximal value, is obtained when a P/O ratio of 1:1 is assumed. This indicates that biomass formation is energetically inexpensive and most of the expended energy has to be invested in the process of glucoamylase excretion.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: adenovirus major late promoter ; β-galactosidase ; Chinese hamster ovary cells ; continuous culture ; G1 phase expression ; inverse-growth associated production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Protein synthesis in mammalian cells can be observed in two strikingly different patterns: 1) production of monoclonal antibodies in hybridoma cultures is typically inverse growth associated and 2) production of most therapeutic glycoproteins in recombinant mammalian cell cultures is found to be growth associated. Production of monoclonal antibodies has been easily maximized by culturing hybridoma cells at very low growth rates in high cell density fed- batch or perfusion bioreactors. Applying the same bioreactor techniques to recombinant mammalian cell cultures results in drastically reduced production rates due to their growth associated production kinetics. Optimization of such growth associated production requires high cell growth conditions, such as in repeated batch cultures or chemostat cultures with attendant excess biomass synthesis. Our recent research has demonstrated that this growth associated production in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is related to the S (DNA synthesis)-phase specific production due to the SV40 early promoter commonly used for driving the foreign gene expression. Using the stably transfected CHO cell lines synthesizing an intracellular reporter protein under the control of SV40 early promoter, we have recently demonstrated in batch and continuous cultures that the product synthesis is growth associated. We have now replaced this S-phase specific promoter in new expression vectors with the adenovirus major late promoter which was found to be active primarily in the G1-phase and is expected to yield the desirable inverse growth associated production behavior. Our results in repeated batch cultures show that the protein synthesis kinetics in this resulting CHO cell line is indeed inverse growth associated. Results from continuous and high cell density perfusion culture experiments also indicate a strong inverse growth associated protein synthesis. The bioreactor optimization with this desirable inverse growth associated production behavior would be much simpler than bioreactor operation for cells with growth associated production.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: antithrombin III ; mammalian cell culture ; continuous culture ; capillary electrophoresis ; product monitoring ; recombinant protein ; temperature influence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of mammalian cell cultures for biotechnological production processes is steadily increasing, despite the high demands of these organisms on their culture conditions. Efforts towards a more efficient bioprocess generally concentrate on maximizing the culture's life time, the cell number, and the product concentration. Here recombinant BHK 21 c13 cells are used to produce rh-AT III, an anticoagulant of high therapeutic value. The influence of the process mode (batch, repeated batch, continuous perfusion) and the process temperature (30°C vs. 37°C) on the above mentioned parameters is investigated. It is possible to increase the length of the culture from 140 h (batch) to more than 500 h (continuous perfusion culture), while concomitantly increasing the cell density from 0.72 106/ml (batch) to 2.27 106/ml (repeated batch) and 2.87 106/ml (continuous perfusion culture). The accumulation of toxic metabolites, such as lactate, can be curtailed by reducing the bioreactor temperature from 37°C to 30°C during the later part of the exponential growth phase. Fast and reliable product monitoring became essential during process optimization. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in uncoated fused silica capillaries was studied for that purpose and compared to the standard ELISA. Under optimized conditions an AT III quantification could be done within 2 min with CZE. The detection limit was 5 μg/ml. A relative standard deviation of less than 0.9% was calculated. The detection limit could be lowered by one order of magnitude by using a two dimensional system, where an liquid chromatographic (LC) system is coupled to the CZE. Concomitantly the resolution is improved. The two-dimensional analysis required 5 min. Membrane adsorbers (MA) were used as stationary phase in the LC-system, to allow the application of high flow rates (5–10 ml/min). The correlation between the LC-CZE analysis and the standard AT III-ELISA was excellent, with r2: 0.965. Using the assay for at line product monitoring, it is shown, that the process temperature is of no consequence for the productivity whereas the process mode strongly influences this parameter.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: cell cycle ; CHO cells ; continuous culture ; SV40 promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Foreign protein expression from the commonly used SV40 promoter has been found to be primarily during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Simple mathematical models with this cell cycle phase dependent expression of foreign protein suggest that the specific production rate will be proportional to the cell growth rate, which is particularly disadvantageous in high cell density fed-batch or perfusion bioreactors. In this study we investigate this predicted relationship between the production rate and growth rate by culturing recombinant CHO cells in a continuous suspension bioreactor. One CHO cell line, GS-26, has been stably transfected with the plasmid pSVgal, which contains the E. coli lac Z gene under the control of the SV40 promoter. This GS-26 cell line was grown in suspension cultures over a range of specific growth rates in batch and continuous modes. The intracellular β-galactosidase activity was assayed using a standard spectrophotometric method after breaking the cells open and releasing the enzyme. A strong growth associated relationship is found between the intracellular β-galactosidase content and the specific growth rate in batch and continuous cultures, as predicted.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: antibody production ; carbon dioxide ; cell metabolism ; continuous culture ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in industrial cell culture reactors may reach 150–200 mm Hg, which can significantly inhibit cell growth and recombinant protein production. Due to equilibrium with bicarbonate, increased pCO2 at constant pH results in a proportional increase in osmolality. Hybridoma AB2-143.2 cell growth rate decreased with increasing pCO2 in well-plate culture, with a 45% decrease at 195 mm Hg with partial osmolality compensation (to 361 mOsm kg- 1). Inhibition was more extensive without osmolality compensation, with a 63% decrease in growth rate at 195 mm Hg and 415 mOsm kg-1. Also, the hybridoma death rate increased with increasing pCO2, with 31- and 64-fold increases at 250 mm Hg pCO2 for 401 and 469 mOsm kg- 1, respectively. The specific glucose consumption and lactate production rates were 40–50% lower at 140 mm Hg pCO2. However, there was little further inhibition of glycolysis at higher pCO2. The specific antibody production rate was not significantly affected by pCO2 or osmolality within the range tested. Hybridomas were also exposed to elevated pCO2 in continuous culture. The viable cell density decreased by 25–40% at 140 mm Hg. In contrast to the well-plate cultures, the death rate was lower at the new steady state at 140 mm Hg. This was probably due to higher residual nutrient and lower byproduct levels at the lower cell density (at the same dilution rate), and was associated with increased cell-specific glucose and oxygen uptake. Thus, the apparent effects of pCO2 may vary with the culture system.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 29 (1999), S. 71-84 
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: bioreactor ; continuous culture ; hybridoma cells ; hyperosmolality ; monoclonal antibody production ; non-producing subpopulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we propose an alternative strategy to the ones proposed before (Oh et al., 1993; Øyaas et al., 1994a) to get real increases of global final antibody titer and production at hyperosmotic stress, by reducing the detrimental effect of such a stress on cell growth, and conserving the stimulating effect on antibody production. It consists of cultivating the cells in continuous culture and increasing the osmolality stepwise. In this way, the cells could progressively adapt to the higher osmolality at each step and antibody titers could be nearly doubled at 370 and 400 mOsm kg-1, compared to the standard osmolality of 335 mOsm kg-1. Surprisingly, the stimulation of antibody production was not confirmed for higher osmolalities, 425 and 450 mOsm kg- 1, despite the minor negative effect on cell growth. Intracellular IgG analysis by flow cytometry revealed at these osmolalities a significant population of non-producing cells. However, even when taking into account this non-producing population, a stimulating effect on antibody production could not be shown at these highest osmolalities. It seems to us that osmolality has a significant effect on the appearance of these non-producing cells, since they were not observed in continuous cultures at standard osmolality, of comparable duration and at an even higher dilution rate. The appearance of the non-producing cells coincides furthermore with modifications of the synthesised antibody, as shown by electrophoretic techniques. It is however not really clear if these two observations reflect actually the same phenomenon. Hyperosmolality affects the cell behaviour in continuous culture in multiple ways, independently of the growth rate, counting all at least partially for the observed stimulation of antibody production: acceleration of the amino acid, and in particular the glutamine metabolism, increase of the cell volume, increase of the intracellular pH and accumulation of cells in the G1 cell cycle phase.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: cell cycle ; CHO ; continuous culture ; flow cytometry ; perfusion culture ; spin-filter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of cell cycle analysis in cell culture development has been widely recognised. Whether such analysis is useful in indicating future performance of high cell density culture is uncertain. Using flow cytometric approach to address this question, we utilised the fraction of cells in the S phase to control specific growth rate and productivity in spin filter perfusion cultures and found a significant increase in the accumulated interferon-γ over that obtained from the nutrient-based controlled fed culture. While a general decrease with time exists in both percentage of S phase cells and specific growth rate, a clear oscillatory behaviour of both parameters is found in perfusion cultures.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 31 (1999), S. 243-254 
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: continuous culture ; growth inhibition ; osmolality ; perfusion culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous culture is frequently used in the cultivation of mammalian cells for the manufacturing of recombinant protein pharmaceuticals. In such operations a large volume of medium is turned over each day, especially in the case where cell recycle, or perfusion cultivation, is practiced. In principle, the volumetric throughput of medium can be reduced by using a more concentrated feed while maintaining the same nutrient provision rate. Overall, the medium components are divided into two categories: ‘consumable nutrients' and ‘unconsumable inorganic bulk salts’. In such fortified medium, the concentrations of consumable nutrients, but not bulk salts, are increased. With a stoichiometrically-balanced medium, the large amount of nutrients fed into the culture is largely consumed by cells to give rise to residual concentrations of these nutrients in their optimal range. However, unless care is taken to initiate the continuous culture, overshoot of nutrients may occur during the transient period. The high nutrient concentration during overshoot may be inhibitory by itself, or the resulting high osmolality may retard the growth. Using a mathematical model that incorporates the growth inhibitory effect of high osmolality we demonstrate such a potentially catastrophic effect of nutrient and osmolality overshoot by simulation. To avoid overshoot a controlled nutrient feeding scheme should be devised at the initiation of continuous culture.
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