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  • Medicine  (34)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Rat synaptic bodies ; Synaptic ribbon ; Extracellular material ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the synaptic bodies in the outer and inner plexiform layers of the rat retina was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The synaptic bodies in the outer plexiform layer are pear-shaped and their vitreal pole invaginated by processes from nerve cells. Their surfaces are covered with extracellular material, which is partly dissolved or redistributed during the fixation and rinsing procedure. The internal structure of the synaptic bodies is described. The synaptic bodies in the inner retinal plexiform layer are more difficult to identify with the scanning electron microscope. They are polyhedronal and also covered with extracellular material. The observations are discussed. The value of the application of two different preparation and analyzing methods, i. e. the scanning and the transmission electron microscopy, is stressed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 346-363 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Glomerulus ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Differenzierung der Podocyten wurde an Nieren 10 Tage alter Ratten raster-elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit durchstrahlungs-elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden verglichen. Die Podocytenfortsätze können danach auf dreierlei Wegen gebildet werden: 1. Spalten innerhalb des Cytoplasmas lassen bandartige Cytoplasmabrücken entstehen. Diese gliedern sich weiter auf, bis zahlreiche miteinander verzahnte Fortsätze derselben Zelle entstanden sind. 2. Vom Zellrand her werden dicke Fortsätze weit vorgeschoben, die kleinere Fortsätze bilden. Durch sie können Verzahnungen mit entfernten Deckzellen entstehen. Die kleinen Fortsätze können sich jedoch auch mit anderen Fortsätzen der eigenen Zelle verzahnen. 3. Fingerförmige Fortsätze benachbarter Zellen verzahnen sich während ihrer Entstehung miteinander. Trotz zahlreicher desmosomenartiger Haftstellen zwischen benachbarten Podocyten entwickeln sich ihre Fortsätze und deren Verzahnungen anscheinend weitgehend autonom und nur selten nach den vermuteten Regeln epithelialer Nachbarschaft (Typ 3). Die Befunde sprechen vielmehr dafür, daß durchflutete und wachsende Glomerulumkapillaren die Podocytendifferenzierung induzieren und die Orientierung der Fortsätze beeinflussen.
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of the podocytes was studied by scanning electron microscopy on kidneys of 10 days old rats. The results were compared with transmission electron microscopic pictures from the same kidneys. There are three ways of forming processes by the podocytes: 1. Slits within the cytoplasm give rise to cytoplasmic bridges which further divide themselves and finally build up a meshwork of processes within a cell. 2. Thick and sometimes very long processes originate from the cell border. Their smaller branches may interdigitate with those of distant podocytes or with other processes out of the same cell. 3. Finger-like processes of neighbouring cells interdigitate as soon as they develop. In spite of numerous desmosomal structures between neighbouring podocytes the cell processes and their interdigitations develop mostly independently from each other and only seldom after the expected rules of epithelial vicinity (type 3). These findings are interpreted as indication that flooded and growing capillaries induce the differentiation of podocytes and that they influence the orientation of their processes.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Area postrema ; Peroxidase penetration ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy and the penetration of horseradish peroxidase, especially from the ventricular surface, has been utilized to determine the distinctive properties of the posterior portion of the area postrema. This part of the organ is characterized by a non-ciliated surface composed of flattened cells, which appear less permeable to cisternally injected peroxidase than the ciliated ependymal cells covering the anterior part of the area postrema. However, more diffuse and rapid penetration of peroxidase into the posterior region is achieved by way of the perivascular spaces which appear in direct communication with the CSF. No such filling is noted in the anterior area postrema. The posterior portion also contains cells which appear to be rapidly penetrated by horseradish peroxidase and which may be important as a sensing mechanism. The chief distinction of the anterior part of the area postrema appears to be the presence of vascular connections with the choroid plexus.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 82-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ventricles ; Choroid plexus ; Surface ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of ependymal cells bordering the brain ventricles, and that of the epithelial cells of choroid plexuses of the cat have been investigated by means of the scanning electron microscope. The ventricle walls are entirely covered with very long and numerous cilia and no regional differences have been observed regarding their number and disposition. Among the ciliated cells dome-shaped structures are present, possibly containing nervous elements. The ependymal cells of the third ventricle floor are mainly non ciliated but the surface thereof shows numerous small microvilli. Numerous round formations are present among these cells, their nature being difficult to interpret. Also present on the floor are small cells of triangular shape with long and tortuous protrusions, tentatively identified as small neurons. The choroid plexuses have a typical sinuous structure of long tortuous villi rich in cavities and convolutions. Details of the epithelial cells covering the plexus and their surface organization are also reported.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 147-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node (dog) ; Reticulum ; Pulp ; Ultraarchitecture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The perfused large mesenteric lymph node of the dog was observed under the scanning electron microscope. The lymph sinus contains reticulum cells which mostly are two-dimensionally formed stellate plates oriented in a uniform direction. Large round macrophages are loosely fixed by the reticulum cell processes. No intermediate type between both cells has been observed. Macrophages having a few long tentacle-like projections are densely covered by clubbed cytoplasmic processes. Smaller round cells, probably plasma cells and lymphocytes also remained in the sinus. The pulp of the node is built up by reticulum cells, much smaller than those in the sinus, and by densely packed round cells including a few macrophages. The trabeculae and the reticulum of the nodal parenchyme form a continuous structure.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 105-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Sheep (Ovis ammon aries, L.) ; Surface fine structure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Präparation von Schafspermien für die Beobachtung im Raster-Elektronenmikroskop wurden beigemengte Schleimstoffe durch zahlreiche Waschvorgänge mit schonender Zentrifugation und Behandlung mit Hyaluronidase weitgehend entfernt. Der Kopf des Spermium wird durch zwei bogenförmige Linien in drei Zonen unterteilt. In der vorderen Zone erhebt sich direkt hinter einem schmalen Randwulst symmetrisch die (dem apikalen Akrosomsegment entsprechende) apikale Sichel. Die äquatoriale Zone ist meist geringfügig über das Niveau der vorderen Zone erhaben; in ihrem medialen hinteren Bereich zeichnet sich ein lunulaähnlicher Bezirk mit granulierter Oberfläche ab. Die der hinteren Zone zugrundeliegende postnukleäre Scheide greift mit zahlreichen schmalen Fortsätzen in das äquatoriale Segment des Akrosoms; dazwischen gelegene Einsenkungen geben der Grenze beider Zonen ein sägezahnartiges Aussehen. Die Oberfläche der hinteren Zone weist viele grübchenförmige Einsenkungen auf. Caudal drückt sich der basale Gürtel in einem glatten bandförmigen Bereich aus. An der Kopfbasis umzieht der Ansatzwulst in ovalem Verlauf die Ansatzhöhle sowie die beiden hinteren Knöpfe. Am Schwanz des Spermium sind im Verbindungsstück zwei stärkere laterale Stranggruppen und zwischen ihnen zwei bzw. drei mediale gebänderte Stränge zu erkennen, die in der Tiefe der Ansatzhöhle aus dem Kapitulum entspringen. Das Mittelstück besitzt eine regelmäßige Schrägbänderung als Ausdruck seiner linksgewundenen mitochondrialen Tripelhelix; es schließt mit einem quergestellten Schlußring ab. Am Hauptstück sind neben einer queren Rippung drei längsverlaufende Wülste festzustellen, deren Stärke sich im Verlauf ändert. Das Endstück verjüngt sich in seinem Anfangsteil etwas; sein Durchmesser bleibt dann aber bis zum abgerundeten Schwanzende gleich.
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with the scanning electron microscopic appearance of sheep spermatozoa in comparison with details gained with the transmission electron microscope by earlier authors. The head of the spermatozoon is subdivided into three zones by two curved lines. In the anterior zone the apical sickle protrudes symmetrically behind a narrow marginal roll; the apical sickle corresponds to the apical segment of the acrosome. The equatorial zone is generally slightly elevated above the level of the anterior zone. In the medial posterior part of the equatorial zone a lunulalike area with granular surface is found. The posterior zone shows numerous small pitches; it corresponds to the post-nuclear sheath, which sends small processes into the equatorial segment of the acrosome. The surface view of this border between equatorial and posterior zone exhibits a saw-toothed appearance. A smooth tape-like area corresponds to the basal belt. At the base of the head an inserting-roll surrounds both posterior knobs and the implantation fossa. The connecting-piece of the sperm-tail consists of two lateral, and two or three, respectively, banded medial cords. These cords originate from the capitellum, which lies inside the implantation fossa. The middle-piece shows a periodical oblique pattern, which corresponds to the left-winded mitochondrial tripel-helix inside. The middle-piece reaches to a transverse terminal ring-like structure (annulus). The principal-piece shows periodically arranged transversal ribs as well as three longitudinal elevations. The latter are modified in the course of the principal-piece. The diameter of the end-piece decreases slightly in the anterior part; then it remains constant to the rounded tip.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fourth ventricle ; Human ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructural differences exhibited by the varigated ependymal lining of the near-term human fetal 4th ventricle. The central portion of the fourth ventricular floor, including the median sulcus is punctuated by numerous clumps of cilia. The density of cilia here is not as great as that described for other regions of the human cerebral ventricular system; accordingly, underlying substructure can be noted. There are distinct differences between ependymas that line the floor of the fourth ventricle with those of the adjacent area postrema. The latter region possesses not cilia, but instead exhibits a dense knap of microvilli. The ultra-architecture of the choroid plexus is relatively similar to that of other circumventricular organs with the exception that it possesses small isolated groups of cilia as well as microvilli. These findings are discussed with respect to the dynamics of local CSF movement and flow, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfaction ; Fishes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory rosettes of Tarletonbeania crenularis are contained within paired membranous olfactory chambers opening to the exterior through a pair of nostrils. The margins of the anterior nostril form an infundibulum that may direct a current of water between the lamellae of the olfactory rosette and out of the posterior nostril as the fish swims through the water. The number of lamellae in a rosette is variable, and each consists of an olfactory epithelium containing receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells, mucus cells and bipolar neurons. The olfactory surface for the most part is nonciliated and appears rugose in scanning electron micrographs. Receptor elements are located along the central axis of the rosette and on the surfaces of the distal margins of the lamellae.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal pigment cells ; Retinal cell differentiation ; Retinal receptor cells ; Chicken ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of the retinal pigment epithelium in chick embryos and young chicks was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It is demonstrated, that pigment cells not only have fine processes on their retinal surface, but also to a considerable extent on their basal cell membrane. The occurrence of these processes was studied during differentiation of the retina. The appearance of these surface differentiations can no longer be interpreted solely as the result of membrane infoldings but to be mainly the result of membrane sprouting processes. The formation of processes on the retinal surface of pigment cells precedes that of the processes on the choroidal surface. The length of the mature processes on the apical surface is greater than the length of those on the basal surface. The appearance of the fine cell processes is correlated with the functions of pigment epithelium and with the differentiation of retinal receptor cells. This study illustrates that the technique of scanning electron microscopy is not limited to the examination of naturally occurring tissue surfaces, but can be extended to the investigation of tissue fractures.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Anuran larvae ; Metamorphosis ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of ultimobranchial (UB) gland cells from Rana temporaria larvae 48 h after hatching until the completion of metamorphosis is described. A single UB cell type is present, believed to be the characteristic C cell, in which secretory granules are first detectable in 8 day post-hatching larvae. These secretory granules show an intimate association with lipid droplets. Unusual membranous and crystalloid inclusions, which may represent yolk platelets, are found in UB glands of very small larvae. The significance of a range of UB organelles is discussed and some scanning electron micrographs presented. This report is believed to be the first published ultrastructural and scanning electron microscope study of larval anuran UB glands.
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