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  • Articles  (236)
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  • Springer  (222)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (14)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 491-495 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; stress ; emotionality ; locus ceruleus ; Maudsley strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Maudsley Reactive and Non-Reactive strains have been developed as a model for the study of individual variations in stress-reactivity, and many differences in biobehavioral systems have been found between them. This review discusses limitations of the ‘emotionality’ construct in accounting for differences between the Maudsley strains and offers an alternative, theoretical approach. Amaral and Sinnamon have proposed that the locus ceruleus (LC) plays a stress-attenuating role in mediating behavioral, physiological and neuroendocrine response to prepotent, emergency-provoking stimuli and, building upon this formulation, it is proposed that the LC has been an important focus for gene action in the Maudsley model. It is suggested that the LC of the Non-Reactive strain is more strongly activated by stressful stimuli than the LC of Reactive rats, and is the basis of many of the behavioral and physiological differences between them. Behavioral and biochemical evidence consistent with this proposition is reviewed. Identification of the LC as a target for gene-action in the Maudsley model has an important advantage. It substitutes variations at a specific anatomic location in the brain for a loosely defined construct like emotionality, and the hypothesis is amenable to empirical tests by a variety of experimental approaches.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ascorbic acid metabolism ; vitamin C serum level ; stress ; C allitrichidae ; Ascorbinsäurestoffwechsel ; Vitamin C Serumgehalt ; Streß ; C allitrichidae ; Krallenaffen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die NeuweltaffenCallithrix jacchus, Marmosets, undSaguinus fuscicollis, Tamarine, sind, wie andere Affen auch, auf die externe Zufuhr von Ascorbinsäure angewiesen. Um bei Marmosets einen Serumspiegel oberhalb der Nierenschwelle zu erreichen, müssen ihnen täglich 15 mg/kg metabolischem Körpergewicht zugeführt werden. Die Nierenschwelle liegt bei ihnen im gleichen Bereich wie beim Menschen. Ein Vergleich des Ascorbinsäurespiegels zwischen den beiden Spezies aus einer Zuchtkolonie ergab einen gravierend niedrigeren Wert bei den Tamarinen. Bei beiden Spezies wurde Ascorbinsäure durch ungewohnte Versuchsbedingungen oder zusätzliche Streßfaktoren zu einem höheren Prozentsatz zu CO2 abgebaut, als wenn die Tiere an den Stoffwechselkäfig gewöhnt waren. Diese Isotopenexkretionsversuche mit14C-markierter Ascorbinsäure weisen auf ein unterschiedliches Stoffwechselverhalten von Ascorbinsäure zwischen den beiden Spezies hin, was vermutlich durch die höhere Streßanfälligkeit der Tamarine bei vergleichbaren Bedingungen verursacht ist.
    Notes: Summary Like other simian primates, the New World monkeyCallithrix jacchus, marmoset, andSaguinus fuscicollis, tamarin, require ascorbic acid as an essential nutrient. For adult marmosets, a daily intake of 15 mg/kg metabolic body weight was found to be necessary to obtain a serum level above the kidney threshold. A survey of the serum ascorbic acid level of marmosets and tamarins in a breeding colony resulted in a vast divergence between the two species, indicating a higher ascorbic acid requirement for tamarins. Unaccustomed trial conditions or additional Stressors resulted in a higher catabolism of ascorbic acid to CO2 in both species, measured with14C labeled material, compared to a higher rate of renal excretion when the animals were accustomed to the metabolic cage. These isotope excretion studies suggest a different metabolic behavior of ascorbic acid in the two species. This is supposedly caused by a higher sensitivity of the tamarins when subjected to the same conditions as marmosets.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Metallothionein induction ; zinc metallothionein half-life ; plaice ; stress ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraperitoneal injection of zinc raised levels of a hepatic metallothionein-like species. Assuming that this species was metallothionein (MT) then levels were raised from approximately 20 μg/g to 300 μg/g in 7 days, and levels thereafter remained high for the next 4 weeks. The half-lives of the protein in liver and kidney from starved fish, measured using in vivo incorporation of35S cysteine at 11°C, were approximately 27 days and 32 days respectively. The following agents failed to stimulate synthesis of MT in plaice: stress (due to catching), endotoxin, dexamethasone, cortisol and turpentine.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 463-464 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetic models ; selective breeding of rats ; mouse strains (C57/DBA) ; depression ; anxiety ; stress ; alcoholism ; rotational behavior ; learned helplessness ; social interaction ; emotionality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1123-1127 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Serotonin ; acetylcholine ; corticosterone ; ACTH ; CRF ; Brattleboro rat ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been proposed that the central serotonergic inputs which modulate pituitary-adrenal secretion are mediated by cholinergic neurons. We have tested this hypothesis in intact rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cholinergic and serotonergic agents which enhanced transmitter function and with receptor blocking agents. Agents were injected, singly and in combination, into both unstressed and stressed animals. Since the response to cholinergic agents might be due to changes to vasopressin release, Brattleboro (vasopressin deficient) rats were also injected with cholinergic agents. The level of plasma corticosterone at 1-h post-injection was determined. Results indicate that the serotonin receptor blockade decreased the stimulatory, cholinergic effect of physostigmine. Cholinergic receptor blockers did not significantly reduce the corticosterone rise induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan. These results do not support the hypothesis of cholinergic mediation of serotonergic input. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors appeared to exert opposing influences on the system. The nicotinic receptor antagonist was able to block the stimulatory effect of physostigmine. The muscarinic receptor antagonist significantly elevated plasma corticosterone levels. No differences were found in the effect of physostigmine on Brattleboro rats as compared to controls. These data are interpreted as suggesting that 1) the acetylcholine-induced stimulation of pituitary-adrenal function is mediated, in part, by serotonergic neurons; and 2) stimulation of nicotinic receptors is facilitatory whereas stimulation of muscarinic receptors is inhibitory to pituitary-adrenal function.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 144-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; catalase ; D-amino acid oxidase ; fetal mouse liver ; hepatocytes ; peroxisomes ; muscular dysgenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the hepatocytes of ‘normal’ fetal mice from mothers which were carriers of muscular dysgenesis, catalase and D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) positive as well as negative peroxisomes were observed. DAAO reaction product was occasionally localized in patches around cell membranes and DAAO-positive peroxisomes were frequently observed near mitochondria.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 788-798 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Brain asymmetry ; rotational behavior ; genetic models ; testosterone ; brain development ; stress ; strain differences ; sexual dimorphism ; hemispheric differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral laterality can no longer be considered an exclusively human trait, as over the last 15 years there has been an emergence of data to suggest that animal brains are also lateralized. Morphologic, chemical and behavioral indices of brain asymmetry in the rodent have been reported, and it is suggested that variations in the magnitude and direction of these indices are determined by a complex interaction of genetic, hormonal and experiential factors. Interindividual differences in cerebral laterality have been shown to covary with, or predict, individual differences in spatial behavior and stress reactivity, as well as susceptibility to stress pathology and drug sensitivity. Such findings suggest that it is possible to study individual differences in lateralized brain function through the use of animal models.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 798-805 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: AA and ANA rats ; alcohol consumption ; genetic selection ; neurochemistry ; stress ; alcohol withdrawal ; behavior ; ethanol metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The offspring of rats that voluntarily select larger quantities of alcohol are heavier consumers of alcohol than the offspring of rats that tend to avoid it. Such selective breeding, repeated over many generations, was used to develop the AA (Alko, Alcohol) line of rats which prefer 10% alcohol to water, and the ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) line of rats which choose water to the virtual exclusion of alcohol. In addition to demonstrating the likely role of genetic factors in alcohol consumption, these lines have been used to find behavioral, metabolic, and neurochemical correlates of differential alcohol intake. Some of the line differences that have been found involve the reinforcing effects of ethanol, the changes in consumption produced by alcohol deprivation and nutritional factors, the behavioral and adrenal monoamine reactions to mild stress, the development of tolerance, the accumulation of acetaldehyde during ethanol metabolism, and the brain levels of serotonin. It is hoped that these studies will lead to a better understanding of the genetically-determined mechanisms that influence the selection of alcohol.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nilvadipine ; calcium antagonist ; essential hypertension ; antihypertensive drug ; stress ; cold pressor test ; haemodynamics ; plasma renin ; plasma noradrenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immediate haemodynamic effects of the calcium antagonist nilvadipine have been studied in ten patients with established mild essential hypertension. Nilvadipine 4 mg p.o. reduced both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures within 60 min, associated with a fall in total peripheral resistance and an increase in heart rate and cardiac index. The peak of blood pressure and total peripheral resistance reached during a cold pressor test were reduced by nilvadipine, but it did not affect the haemodynamic responsiveness to cold stimulation. Plasma renin activity was unaltered and the plasma noradrenaline concentration was increased only slightly. Thus, nilvadipine lowered blood pressure at rest and during cold stimulation as a result of arteriolar dilatation. The hypotensive effect at rest was associated with a reflex increase in heart rate and cardiac index.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 97-99 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atenolol ; β-blockers ; reaction time ; stress ; alertness ; blood pressure ; car driving
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of atenolol were investigated in car drivers participating in an amateur car rally. Atenolol or placebo were administered to two groups of 20 crews (driver and assistant) in this double-blind randomized trial. When compared with placebo, there was no deterioration in subjective appraisal of alertness and reaction ability in subjects given atenolol, and stress symptoms were markedly reduced. When compared with previous experience, the incidence of improved subjective appraisal of general driving ability was higher with atenolol (30 reports) than with placebo (5 reports). Furthermore the incidence of unchanged or worsened driving ability was significantly higher (p〈0.001) with placebo (34 reports) than with atenolol (9 reports). At the end of the rally (16 hours after administration) subjects receiving atenolol 50 mg had significant reductions in heart rate (p〈0.001), diastolic pressure (p〈0.01), and systolic pressure (p〈0.01) when compared with placebo.
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