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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of manganese in photosynthetic water oxidation (1991)
    Springer
    BioMetals 4 (1991), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; Water oxidation ; Plastoquinone ; Manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The process of photosynthetic water oxidation to dioxygen under proton release takes place via a sequence of four univalent redox steps in a manganese-containing unit. In this mini-review the current state of knowledge is briefly described with special emphasis on the following topics: (a) the nature of the catalytic site, (b) the structure of the redox chemistry of the manganese-containing active site, (c) the ligand structure and the entry of substrate water into the redox cycle, and (d) problems of the stoichiometry of proton release coupled with individual redox steps and the possible role of other cofactors (Cl−, Ca2+).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01135382
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantum efficiency requirements for an anaerobic photobioreactor (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 5 (1990), S. 337-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Chlorobium ; Photosynthesis ; Quantum efficiency ; Photobioreactor ; Light intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of light intensity, surface area of illuminated bioreactor, H2S flow rate and various wavelength regions of light on oxidative sulfur metabolism byChlorobium was examined. The regulation of oxidative sulfur metabolism by light intensity led to the determination of the photobioreaction quantum efficiency (PQE) for this system. This efficiency is defined as the molecules of sulfur (So) produced per photon utilized and can be used in designing a light efficient photobioreactor. Included in our analysis of requirements for a light efficient photobioreactor is a summary of some fed-batch equations which can be used to model a productive path for the formation of sulfur duringChlorobium's photosynthesis. It is suggested that the incorporation of PQE and fed-batch formulae into expressions for wavelength dependent rates of photosynthetic product formation will lead to a more accurate mathematical model for anoxygenic as well as oxygenic photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01578093
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf gas exchange characteristics, daily carbon and water balances of the host/mistletoe pair Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell. and Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh. at permanently low plant water status in the field (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1992), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Amyema miquelii ; Daily carbon balance ; Daily water balance ; Eucalyptus behriana ; Photosynthesis ; Water-use efficiency ; Xylem pressure ; Heterotrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf gas exchange and xylem pressures of the xylem-tapping mistletoe, Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh., and its host, Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell., both growing under permanently low plant water status, are studied under controlled and naturally fluctuating field conditions. Stomata of both plants regulate transpiration with respect to light and air humidity, but leaf conductances and total daily transpiration are up to 7.3 times higher in the host. Despite this, water-use efficiency in the mistletoe is lower than in the host. In the light of the mistletoe's low transpiration rates observed in spring, a commonly accepted pattern of higher water losses from parasites is likely to be inconsistent over a season. The role of partial parasitic carbon heterotrophy is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225225
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of water and multi-nutrient stress on xylem sap chemistry, photosynthesis and transpiration of seedlings of two Eucalypts (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Eucalyptus ; Nutrients ; Photosynthesis ; Transpiration ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten seedlings each of Eucalyptus kitsoniana Maiden and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. were subjected to two levels of water stress and two levels of nutrient stress (macro and micro-nutrients) in a greenhouse for 3 weeks. The objectives were to determine the degree to which seedlings show differences in sap chemistry, photosynthesis and transpiration that relate to the environments in which these two species live. Whole plants were then extracted for xylem sap using a pressure chamber and the sap was analyzed for 14 elements using an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer and a nitrometer. For E. kitsoniana water and nutrient stress, applied separately or in combination, significantly reduced leaf conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis and midday water potential. Nutrient stress alone had less effect than water stress on most functions measured. Water stress alone reduced the root/shoot ratio; the combination of water and nutrient stress increased the root/shoot ratio, primarily because of reduced shoot weight. In E. kitsoniana, water stress alone or in combination with nutrient stress increased the xylem sap concentrations of B and Si. Multi-nutrient stress alone, or in combination with water stress, significantly decreased sap Zn and K. For this species, sap N was decreased by nutrient stress, but increased by water stress. E. globulus had significantly lower transpiration rates and less root mass than E. kitsoniana. Slightly lower leaf conductance and photosynthesis were not significant in E. globulus compared to E. kitsoniana. Water and nutrient stress reduced conductance, transpiration (except for nutrient stress) and photosynthesis, and the effects of water stress on E. globulus were greater than the effects of nutrient stress. Midday water potential was reduced by water stress. Water or nutrient stress alone did not alter seedling root/shoot ratio, but the combination of water and nutrient stress significantly increased the root/shoot ratio for both species. For E. globulus, sap concentrations of Mn, Na, Si and K were increased by water stress (alone or in combination with nutrient stress). Sap N increased with water stress or combined stresses, but decreased under nutrient stress alone. When the two species were compared, E. globulus generally had lower or similar nutrient concentrations in the sap, with Ca, Mg, Mn and P significantly lower than in E. kitsoniana. Seedlings of these two species show strong site adaptations to water and nutrient availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224492
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of ozone on the stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst, exposed to soil moisture deficit (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 128-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Norway spruce ; Ozone ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal limitation of photosynthesis ; Drought stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., was exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and non-filtered air + ozone (NF+) and periods of soil moisture deficit from 1985 to 1988 in open-top chambers. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, needle water potential and various shoot properties were measured on 1-year-old shoots during a period of soil moisture deficit. The gas exchange was measured at saturating photosynthetic photon flux density and across a range of CO2 concentrations. The soil moisture deficit induced a mild drought stress in the plants, expressed by a pre-dawn needle water potential of approximately-0.9 MPa and a substantial reduction in net photosynthesis and gas phase conductance. In the CF treatment, intercellular CO2 concentration was reduced, but was unaffected in the NF+ treatment. Furthermore, net photosynthesis declined more in response to the soil moisture deficit in the NF+ treatment than in the CF treatment. This is suggested to be attributed to the carboxylation efficiency at the operating point, which was decreased by 47% and 64% in shoots from the CF and the NF+ treatments, respectively. Stomatal limitation of net photosynthesis was increased by drought by 24–45% in the CF treatment, while it was unaffected in the NF+ treatment. Thus, our results imply that the coupling between the stomatal conductance and the photosynthetic rate was changed and that the marginal cost of water per given amount of carbon gain will increase in trees exposed to ozone, during periods of drought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202428
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of simultaneous analysis of gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching for analysing the effects of water stress on photosynthesis in apple leaves (1990)
    Springer
    Trees 4 (1990), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence quenching ; Malus ; Photosynthesis ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A convenient system for the rapid simultaneous measurement of both chlorophyll fluorescence quenching using a modulated light system, and of CO2, and water vapour exchange by leaves is described. The system was used in a study of the effects of water deficits on the photosynthesis by apple leaves (Malus x domestica Borkh.). Apple leaves were found to have low values of steady-state variable fluorescence, and the existence of significant fluorescence with open traps (Fo) quenching necessitated the measurement and use of a corrected Fo in the calculation of quenching components. Long-term water stress had a marked effect on both gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. Non-photochemical quenching (qn) in particular was increased in water-stressed leaves, and it was particularly sensitive to incident radiation in such leaves. In contrast, rapid dehydration only affected gas exchange. Relaxation of qn quenching in the dark was slow, taking approximately 10 min for a 50% recovery, in well-watered and in draughted plants, and whether or not the plants had been exposed to high light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226233
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of leaf area on the rooting physiology of leafy stem cuttings of Terminalia spinosa Engl. (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 210-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Vegetative propagation ; Percentage rooting ; Leaf area ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of different leaf areas on the rooting of Terminalia spinosa Engl. cuttings in an non-mist propagation system in glasshouses at Edinburgh was investigated by trimming the leaves to 0, 7.5, 15 and 30 cm2 before cuttings were severed from stockplants. Cuttings were taken to a standard length of 5 cm from the lateral shoots of previously pruned stockplants grown in a tropicalised glasshouse. During the rooting period, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water potential and relative water content of the cuttings were assessed at regular intervals. It was found that (i) removal of the entire leaf area prevented rooting; (ii) cuttings with a 7.5 cm2, 15 cm2 and 30 cm2 leaf all achieved 80% rooting after 3 weeks; (iii) an increase in leaf area from 7.5 cm2 to 30 cm2 increased the rate of rooting and the length of the longest root after 2 weeks, but also increased the number of original leaves abscised after 6 weeks; and (iv) the greatest number of new leaves were produced by cuttings with 7.5 cm2 and 15 cm2 leaf area per cutting. All leafy cuttings actively photosynthesized during the propagation period, with a mean rate of 2 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 with an irradiance of 100 μmol m-2 s-1. Cuttings with 30 cm2 leaf area had lower relative water contents, lower stomatal conductances and lower photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area than those with a 7.5 cm2 and 15 cm2 leaf. It was concluded that T. spinosa cuttings are easy to root, provided the cuttings have leaves to produce current assimilates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224338
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of fruiting on carbon budgets of apple tree canopies (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 56-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Malus domestica ; Bioenergetics ; Fruit ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Source-sink
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Carbon budgets were calculated from net photosynthesis and dark respiration measurements for canopies of field-grown, 3-year-old apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) with maximum leaf areas of 5.4 m2 in a temperature-controlled Perspex tree chamber, measured in situ over 2 years (July 1988 to October 1990) by computerized infrared gas analysis using a dedicated interface and software. Net photosynthesis (Pn) and carbon assimilation per leaf area peaked at respectively 8.3 and 7.7 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 in April. Net photosynthesis (Pn) and dark respiration (Rd) per tree peaked at 3.6 g CO2 tree−1 h−1 (Pn) and 1.2 g CO2 tree−1 h−1 (Rd), equivalent to 4.2 μmol CO2 (Pn) and 1.4 μmol CO2 (Rd) m−2 s−1 with maximum carbon gain per tree in August and maximum dark respiration per tree in October 1988 and 1989. In May 1990, a tree was deblossomed. Pn (per tree) of the fruiting apple tree canopy exceeded that of the non-fruiting tree by 2–2.5 fold from June to August 1990, attributed to reduced photorespiration (RI), and resulting in a 2-fold carbon gain of the fruiting over the non-fruiting tree. Dark respiration of the fruiting tree canopy progressively exceeded, with increasing sink strength of the fruit, by 51% (June–August), 1.4-fold (September) and 2-fold (October) that of the non-fruiting tree due to leaf (i. e. not fruit) respiration to provide energy (a) to produce and maintain the fruit on the tree and (b) thereafter to facilitate the later carbohydrate translocation into the woody perennial parts of the tree. The fruiting tree reached its optium carbon budget 2–4 weeks earlier (August) then the non-fruiting tree (September 1990). In the winter, the trunk respired 2–100 g CO2 month−1 tree−1. These data represent the first long-term examination of the effect of fruiting without fruit removal which shows increased dark respiration and with the increase progressing as the fruit developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240982
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aquatic primary production in relation to microalgal responses to changing light: A review (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 187-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; timescales ; respiration ; primary production ; changing light ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic aspects of algal photosynthesis are set against the background of physical water motions which change the light experienced by the phytoplankton. These time-dependent photosynthetic responses are reviewed in relation to the proposition that phytoplankton primary production may be incorrectly estimated by the commonly used “static” incubation of light and dark bottles for periods significantly longer than the response-time of phytoplankton to changing light. This proposition is supported by the clear overlap between the timescales which characterize water motions and the timescales reported for the complex responses of algae to changing light. Empirical studies comparing static and dynamic incubations have been inconclusive, as have models incorporating some representation of the dynamic photosynthetic response to changing light. These results reflect weaknesses in the simple formulations used to describe photosynthesis in relation to irradiance, the simplicity of physical schemes used to generate changes in irradiance with time, and a lack of data (field and laboratory) on dynamic responses of microalgae to changing light. The quantitative significance of many physiological mechanisms is not known in relation to their effect on photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877059
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen partitioning among species in the canopy of a herbaceous plant community (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 203-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Canopy structure ; Nitrogen use efficiency Photon absorption ; Photosynthesis ; Species coexistence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Partitioning of nitrogen among species was determined in a stand of a tall herbaceous community. Total amount of nitrogen in the aboveground biomass was 261 mmol N m−2, of which 92% was in three dominant species (Phragmites, Calamagrostis and Carex) and the rest was in the other eight subordinate species. Higher nitrogen concentrations per unit leaf area (n L) with increasing photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) were observed in all species except for three short species. The changes in n L within species were mainly explained by the different nitrogen concentrations per unit leaf mass, while the differences in n L between species were explained by the different SLM (leaf mass per unit leaf area). Photon absorption per unit leaf nitrogen (Φ N ) was determined for each species. If photosynthetic activity was proportional to photon absorption, Φ N should indicate in situ PNUE (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency). High Φ N of Calamagrostis (dominant) resulted from high photon absorption per unit leaf area (Φ area ), whereas high Φ N of Scutellaria (subordinate) resulted from low n L although its Φ area was low. Species with cylinder-like “leaves” (Juncus and Equisetum) had low Φ N , which resulted from their high n L. Light-saturated CO2 exchange rates per unit leaf area (CER) and per unit leaf nitrogen (potential PNUE) were determined in seven species. Species with high CER and high n L (Phragmites, Carex and Juncus) had low potential PNUE, while species with low CER and low n L showed high potential PNUE. NUE (ratio of dry mass production to nitrogen uptake) was approximated as a reciprocal of plant nitrogen concentration. In most species, three measures of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, Φ N and potential PNUE) showed strong conformity. Nitrogen use efficiency was high in Calamagrostis and Scutellaria, intermediate in Phragmites and relatively low in Carex. Nitrogen use efficiency of subordinate species was as high as or even higher than that of dominant species, which suggests that growth is co-limited by light and nitrogen in the subordinate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316946
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